Module V Applications of Integration

Here, you will be introduced to the applications of integral calculus in the field
of engineering. In real-world scenarios, many objects, whether natural or man-made,
small or huge, come in different shapes and sizes. Integral calculus gives us a way to
compute areas and volumes of objects, both regular and irregular in shape. You will
find out that some common objects that we see everyday are actually solids of
revolution. In Unit 9, we start with calculations of plane areas, then move on to Unit
10, where we tackle the first two methods of solving for volumes of solids of revolution.

Unit 9 – Plane Areas

TLO addressed by the module:
TLO 6: Apply the concept of definite integrals to solve for the area under a curve as
well as the concept of limits to evaluate plane areas

Engage
Review your lesson in Solid Mensuration involving plane areas since this is the element
of the areas that you need to solve. Review also the steps in curve tracing of conic
sections and algebraic curves. You will apply here also, the concept of definite
integrals by applying the limits from the graph of the curve.

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 Explore
Let y = f(x), which is nonnegative between a and b. The area bounded by its graph,
the x axis, and the vertical lines x = a and x = b is the value of the definite integral
b
A= ! f(x)dx
a

To make it easier to remember, think of a rectangle, infinitesimally thin, whose height

is y = f(x) and whose width is dx. The area of this rectangle is y dx. If we “add up” all
b
such rectangular areas between a and b by integrating, we obtain A= ∫a ydx.

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1, the x axis,
and the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 2.
Solution
First, we sketch a graph of the region whose area to be found.

y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1
x = 0

x axis x = 2

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 The figure above shows the function y = x3 - 3x2 + 2x + 1 drawn with 21
“imaginary” vertical rectangles of height y and thickness dx. If we imagine an
infinite number of such rectangles extending from x = 0 to x = 2, each
infinitesimally thin, the rectangles will “color in” the required area. Since
2
integration is a summation process, ∫0 ydx will yield the exact area.
2 2
3
! ydx = ! (x - 3x2 + 2x + 1) dx
0 0

2
x4 3
= & -x +x'
4 0

4
(2) (0)4
=( -(2)3 +2) - & -(0)3 +0'
4 4

=2 square units
The positive value indicates that the plane area is above the horizontal axis. Now, if
you interchange the limits of the definite integral, you'll get -2 square units.
However, -2 is not the answer to this problem. To correct this, multiply -1.
Example 2: Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 6, the x axis, and
the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 4.
Solution
First, we draw a sketch of the area to be determined.

A1
A2
A3

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 Next, we determine where the graph crosses the x axis.
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 6
Let y =0,
0 = 𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 6
0 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 3
We integrate separately on the three intervals (0,2), (2,3), and (3,4).
! !
!
𝑥 $ 5𝑥 !
𝐴" = ! (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = & − + 6𝑥'
# 3 2 #

% "&
= 7$ − 10 + 129 − (0) = $
𝑠. 𝑢.

$ $
!
𝑥 $ 5𝑥 !
𝐴! = ! (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = & − + 6𝑥'
! 3 2 !

&' % "
= 79 − !
+ 189 − 7$ − 10 + 129 = − ( 𝑠. 𝑢.

& &
!
𝑥 $ 5𝑥 !
𝐴! = ! (𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = & − + 6𝑥'
$ 3 2 $

(& &' '

= 7 $ − 40 + 249 − 79 − !
+ 189 = ( 𝑠. 𝑢.

To obtain the required area, we add the absolute values of 𝐴" , 𝐴! , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴$ .
14 1 5 17
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = |𝐴" | + |𝐴! | + |𝐴$ | = E E + E− E + E E = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 6 6 3
Supplementary Problems:
1. Find the area lying above the x-axis under the parabola y = 4x – x2. Answer:
32/3 sq. units
2. Find the area between the curve y = x3 – 6x2 + 8x and the x-axis. Answer: 8 sq.
units

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 AREA BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES
A. Using Vertical “Imaginary” Rectangle
To determine the area bounded by two curves, y = f(x) and y = g(x), we
must first determine their points of intersection. This may be done by solving the
equation f(x) = g(x). If the curves intersect at only two locations, say x = a and
x = b, and f(x) lies above g(x), the area will be
𝒃
𝑨 = ! [𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙
𝒂
If the curves intersect at more than two locations, the area must be computed
by subdividing the interval, integrating separately in each subinterval, and
adding the absolute values of the integrals, in a manner similar to Example 2.
Consider an infinitesimally thin rectangle of width dx extending from y1
= g(x) to y2 = f(x). Its height is y2 – y1 and its area is (y2 – y1)dx. The area of the
+
region, obtained by integrating, becomes ∫, (𝑦! − 𝑦" )𝑑𝑥.

Example 3: Determine the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = 9 – x2

and the line x + y =7.
Solution
The parabola is represented by the function y2 = f(x) = 9 – x2. To determine g(x)
we solve the line’s equation for y:
x + y =7
y=7–x
y1 = g(x) = 7 – x
We will need the points of intersection of these two curves. This is accomplished by
solving the equation f(x) = g(x) for x.
9 – x2 = 7 – x
0 = x2 – x – 2
0 = (x + 1)(x + 2)
x = -1 and x = 2

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 We are now ready to compute the area of the region bounded by the curves.
+
𝐴 = ! (𝑦! − 𝑦" ) 𝑑𝑥
,
!
= ∫-"[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
!
= ∫-"[9 − 𝑥 ! − (7 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥
!
= ∫-"[2 − 𝑥 ! + 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
!
.! ."
= S2𝑥 − $
+ !
T
-"

% " " /
= 74 − $ + 29 — 72 + $ + !9 = !

B. Using Horizontal “Imaginary” Rectangle

Occasionally, it is more convenient to compute an area by evaluating an
integral with respect to y rather than with respect to x. If the region is
described as the intersection of the graphs x = f(y) and x = g(y), the area
may be represented as an integral whose variable of integration is y.
𝒃
𝑨 = ! [𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒚
𝒂

It is assumed that a and b are the y coordinates of the points of intersection

of the two graphs. In this type of problem our imaginary rectangles lie parallel
to the x axis and extended, left to right, from x1 = g(y) to x2 = f(y).

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 Example 4: Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola x = y2 and the
line y = x – 2.
Solution

The equation y = x – 2 is equivalent to x = y + 2. Since the line lies to the right

of the parabola within the region under consideration, we let f(y) = y + 2 and g(y) =
y2. Their intersection points are computed by solving the equation g(y) = f(y) for y.
𝑦! = 𝑦 + 2
𝑦! − 𝑦 − 2 = 0
(𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2) = 0

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 𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2
+
𝐴 = ! (𝑥! − 𝑥" ) 𝑑𝑦
,
+
= ∫, [𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)]𝑑𝑦
!
= ∫-"[(𝑦 + 2) − 𝑦 ! ]𝑑𝑥
!
0" 0! % " " /
= S ! + 2𝑦 + $
T = 72 + 4 − $9 − 7! − 2 + $9 = !
-"

Supplementary Problems
1. Find the area bounded by the parabolas y = 6x – x2 and y = x2 – 2x. Answer:
64/3 sq. units
2. Find the area common to the circles x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 = 4x. Answer: 8π/3-
2√3 sq. units
3. Solve the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4x and the line y = 2x – 4 in two
ways. Answer: 2 sq. units
AREAS IN POLAR COORDINATES
When the equation of the boundary of an area is given as a function of the
distance r of a point of it from a fixed point O, called the pole, and of the angle

which r makes with the positive horizontal direction OX, the process just explained
can be applied just as easily, with a small modification. Instead of a strip of area,
we consider a small triangle OAB, the angle at O being dΘ, and we find the sum of
all the little triangles making up the required area.
123
The area of such a small triangle is approximately !
× 𝑟; hence the portion
of the area included between the curve and two positions of r corresponding to
the angles 𝜃" 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃! is given by
1 3"
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ! 𝑟 ! 𝑑𝜃
2 3#

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 Example 5: Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of r = 2 + 2 cos Θ.

Solution
The region together with the element of area is shown above. Since the
curve is symmetric with respect to the polar axis, we shall take the Θ limits
from 0 to π which will give us the area of the region bounded by the curve
above the polar axis. The area of the entire region then will be obtained by
multiplying that area by 2. So, we have
1 4 4
𝐴 = 2 ∙ ! [𝑓𝜃 ]! 𝑑𝜃 = ! (2 + 2 cos 𝜃)! 𝑑𝜃
2 # #
4
= 4 ∫# (1 + 2 cos 𝜃 + cos ! 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
3 567 !3 4
= 4 S𝜃 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + ! + &
T
#

4 $4
= 4 7𝜋 + 0 + ! + 0 − 09 = 4 7 ! 9 = 6𝜋

Example 6: Find the area of the region inside the circle r1 = 3 sin Θ and outside the
limaçon r2 = 2 – sin Θ.

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 Graph:

Solution: To find the points of intersection, we set r1 = r2

3 sin 𝜃 = 2 − sin 𝜃
1
sin 𝜃 =
2
4 '4
So 𝜃 = !
and (

We let f(Θ) = 3 sin Θ and g(Θ) = 2 – sin Θ. Instead of taking the limits π/6 to
5π/6, we shall use the property of symmetry with r2espect to the π/2 axis and
take the limits from π/6 to π/2 and multiply by 2. So we have
4 4
1 ! !
𝐴 = 2 ∙ ! ([𝑓(𝜃)! − 𝑔(𝜃)! ])𝑑𝜃 = ! ([9 sin! 𝜃 − (2 − sin 𝜃)]! )𝑑𝜃
2 4 4
( (
4 4 4
! ! !
= 10 ! sin! 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 4 ! 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 4 ! 𝑑𝜃
4 4 4
( ( (

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 4
4
10 !
= ! (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + [−4 cos 𝜃 − 4𝜃 ]4!
2 4 (
(
4
5 !
= 5𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 − 4𝜃b4
2
(

𝜋 5 𝜋 𝜋 5 𝜋
= c − sin 𝜋 − 4 cos d − ( − sin − 4 cos 𝜋/6)
2 2 2 6 2 3
𝜋 𝜋 5 √3 √3 𝜋 13
= − + ∙ +4∙ = + ∙ √3 ≅ 6.6764
2 6 2 2 2 3 4
Supplementary Problems
1. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of r = 3 cos Θ. Answer:
9π/4 sq. units
2. Find the area of the region which is enclosed by both of the graphs of the
two given equations.
𝑟 = 3 cos 𝜃
a. g Answer: 5π/4 sq. units
𝑟 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟 = 3 sin 𝜃
b. g Answer: 9(π –2)/2 sq. units
𝑟 = 3 cos 2𝜃
Explain

What did you learn from Unit 9? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the
lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the
following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry” by Leithold, study
The following topics: Area of a plane region, pages 389-397.

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Plane Areas, pages106-117; Plane areas, improper integrals, pages 283-295

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 Elaborate

Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluation

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 3. Unit 5 will cover Part 1 of the quiz.
Please click on the link that will be provided in Google class.

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 Unit 10 – Solids of revolution: Circular disk and circular ring
At the end of Unit 8, you must be able to:
TLO 10: Solve for the volume generated by solids of revolution through integration

Engage

Review the formulas of volumes of solids that you learned from Solid Mensuration,
namely, the circular disk and circular ring as they are the elements of the solids whose
volumes you need to solve.

Explore
A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area about a line, called the
axis of revolution, in the plane. The volume of a solid of revolution may be found by
using one of the following procedures.
Disk Method
Let’s say that the region bounded by the function y = f(x) and the x axis,
between x = a and x = b is revolved about the x axis. Its cross-sectional area is
circular, and its volume may be computed by evaluating the integral
+
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 ! [𝑓(𝑥)]! 𝑑𝑥
,

or
+
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋 ! 𝑦 ! 𝑑𝑥
,

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 A mnemonic device for remembering this formula is to think of the solid being
“sliced” into infinitesimally thin disks of radius y and thickness dx. The volume
of a typical disk is π (radius)2(thickness) = π2dx and the sum of the volumes is
+
𝜋 ∫, 𝑦 ! 𝑑𝑥.

Example 1: Find the volume of the solid of revolution obtained by revolving

the region bounded by y = x – x2 and the x axis about the x axis.
Solution:
First, we sketch the graph of the equation, and then we revolve it about the x
axis

The graph intersects the x axis when y = 0.

y = x – x2
Let y = 0 0 = x – x2
0 = x(1 – x)
x = 0 and x = 1

The volume of each “imaginary” circular disk is πy2 dx and the volume of the
region is obtained by integrating with respect to x, from 0 to 1.
"
𝑉 = 𝜋 ! 𝑦 ! 𝑑𝑥
#
"
= 𝜋 ∫# (𝑥 − 𝑥 ! )! 𝑑𝑥
"
= 𝜋 ∫# (𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 $ + 𝑥 & )𝑑𝑥
"
𝑥 $ 2𝑥 & 𝑥 '
= 𝜋& − + '
3 4 5 #

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 " ! " 4
= 𝜋 S$ − & + ' − 0T = $# 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Supplementary Problems
1. Find the volume generated by revolving the first quadrant area bounded by
the parabola y2 = 8x and its latus rectum (x=2) about the x-axis. Answer: 16π
cubic units
2. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola
!'(
y2 = x and its latus rectum x = 2 about the latus rectum. Answer: "'
π cubic units.

Washer Method
If the region bounded by two curves is revolved about the x axis, the
resulting solid of revolution will be hollow. Its cross section will be in the shape
of a washer, i.e., the area between two concentric circles. The following
method of computing volume is called the washer method.
If the inner radius is y1 and the outer radius is y2, and we think of the
thickness of the washer as dx, the volume of the washer is Vouter disk – Vinner disk =
π (y2)2 dx - π (y1)2 dx = π [(y2)2 – (y1)2]dx.

The volume of the solid of revolution, expressed as an integral,

becomes
𝒃
𝑽 = 𝝅 ! p𝒚𝟐𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐𝟏 q𝒅𝒙
𝒂

Example 2: Find the volume obtained if the region bounded by y = x2 and y =

2x is rotated about the x axis.
Solution
First, we sketch the graph of the equation, and then we revolve it
about the x axis

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 Next, we must determine the points of intersection of the two curves.
x2 = 2x
x2 – 2x = 0
x(x – 2) = 0

x = 0 and x = 2
When the region is rotated, the outer radius of the washer, y2 is determined
by the line and the inner radius, y1, by the parabola.
+
𝑉 = 𝜋 ! (𝑦!! − 𝑦"! )𝑑𝑥
,
! !
! (𝑥 ! )!
= 𝜋 ! [(2𝑥) − ]𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ! [4𝑥 ! − 𝑥 & ]𝑑𝑥
# #
!
4𝑥 $ 𝑥 ' 32 32 64
= 𝜋 & − ' = 𝜋r − − 0b = 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3 5 # 3 5 15

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 Supplementary Problems:
1. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the
parabola y2 = 8x and its latus rectum (x=2) about the y-axis. Answer:
"!%
'
𝜋 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
2. Find the volume generated by revolving the area cut off from the
parabola y=4x – x2 by the x-axis about the line y = 6. Answer:
"&#%
"'
𝜋 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Shell Method
Another method for computing volumes of solids of revolution, the shell
method, uses a different approach for constructing an integral
representing volume. Consider a thin-wall cylindrical shell having inner
and outer radii r1 and r2, respectively, where r1 ≈ r2, and height h.
(imagine a can with its top and bottom cut out. The thickness of the
wall of the can is r2 – r1.)

The volume of the shell is the difference between two cylindrical

volumes.

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 1" -1#
If we let 𝑟,: = !
represent the average radius and ∆r = r2 – r1
represent the shell wall thickness, we may write

Vshell = 2πravh∆r

As ∆r→0, and the number of shells within the solid → ∞, the sum of their
volumes will approach the volume of the solid of revolution.
As a mnemonic device we may represent the average radius by r, the
thickness by dr. The volume of a typical shell may be thought of as
2πhdr and the total volume is
+
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ! 𝑟ℎ𝑑𝑟
,

In a given problem, dr will be replaced by either dx or dy, depending

upon the axis of rotation (dx if rotated about the y axis and dy if
rotated about the x axis). In either case, the height h and the radius r
must be expressed in terms of the variable of integration. The limits of
integration must correspond to the variable of integration as well.

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 Example 3: Find the volume of the solid of revolution formed by rotating the
region bounded by the parabola y = x^2 and the lines y = 0 and x = 2 about
the x axis.
Solution

If (x,y) represents an arbitrary point on the graph y = x2, the length of the
generated shell is h = 2 – x, the radius r = y, and the thickness of the shell is dy.
Since the volume of the shell involves dy, integration will be with respect to y.
Since y = x2, y = 0 when x =0 and y = 4 when x =2. Therefore,
&
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ! 𝑦(2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦
#

The variable x must be expressed in terms of y before the integration can be

performed. Since y = x2, x = v𝑦 .
& & $
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ! 𝑦p2 − v𝑦q𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ! (2𝑦 − 𝑦 ! )𝑑𝑦
# #

2 ' &
!
2 '
= 2𝜋 r𝑦 − 𝑦 ! b = 2𝜋(16 − c d (4)! − 0
5 # 5
32
= 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
5

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 Example 4: Find the volume obtained if the region bounded by y = x2 and y =
2x is rotated about the x axis. (This problem was solved previously using the
washer method. See Example 2 for comparison.)
Solution

The length of each shell h = x2 – x1 and the radius r = y. the thickness of each
shell si dy. Therefore, the volume of a typical shell is 2π(x2 – x1)y dy and the total
volume is
+
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ! (𝑥! − 𝑥" )𝑦𝑑𝑦
,
The variable of integration is y so both x1 and x2 must be expressed in terms of
y. The limits of integration must also correspond to y.
Since the equation of the parabola is y = x2, x2 = v𝑦 and the line’s
equation y = 2x gives x1=y/2; The points of intersection are (0,0) and (2, 4). The
volume is therefore
&
𝑦
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ! 7v𝑦 − 9 𝑦𝑑𝑦
# 2
& $ 1 !
= 2𝜋 ! c𝑦 ! − 𝑦 d 𝑑𝑦
# 2
2 ' 1 $ &
= 2𝜋 r 𝑦 ! − 𝑦 b
5 6 #
64 64
= 2𝜋 c − − 0d
5 6
64
= 𝜋 𝑐𝑢. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
15

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 Supplementary Problems
1. Find the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by the parabola
y2 = 8x and its latus rectum about the latus rectum. Use the shell method.
!'(
Answer: "' 𝜋
2. Find the volume when the plane area bounded by y = -x2 – 3x + 6 and x + y –
3 = 0 is revolved (a) about x = 3, (b) about y = 0.
!'( ";/!4
Answers: (a) $ 𝜋, (b) "'

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 8? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the
lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the
following topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: The Definite Integral, pages 364-368

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Definite Integrals; Wallis’ Formula, pages 273-282.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google
class or through fb messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate
Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluation
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 4. Unit 8 will cover Part 2 of the quiz.
Please click on the link that will be provided in Google class.

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