UNIT 4: EVOLUTION OF HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS IN INDIA

• Medieval Indian cities, factors that led to their

development.
• Influence of Islamic and Mughal in the evolution of
settlements planning.
• Colonial period and its influence – Imperialism in city
planning-New Delhi and Development of Cantonment
cities such as Bangalore
Medieval Indian cities

• Madurai
• Ahmedabad
• Gulbargaa
• Jaipur
Madurai
Madurai city
 MADURAI CITY
 MADURAI,popularly known as theTemple city, also called as
ATHENS OF THE EAST, City of Junction, City of Jasmine,
CITY THAT NEVER SLEEPS and City of four junctions.
 Madurai is third major economic, industrial, commercial,
political centre and a major transportation hub for the southern
Tamilnadu. The city is renowned for tourism, festivals and
vibrant cultural life in general and is considered to be the states
cultural capital.
 The rich and vibrant natural and cultural landscape with different
linguistic and cultural groups coexisting together in its UNIQUE
CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, AND ART FORMS make it a
classical example of an urban environment where in diversity
becomes the source of strength rather than conflicts.
 TIMELINE
Pre historic age
Kadambavanam forest

First millennium BC
Flourishing town

300 -200 BC
Trade with Greece and Rome

10th century AD
Captured by Cholas

920 AD – 13th century AD

Under the rule of Cholas
 TIMELINE
1223 AD
Pandyas regained their rule

1311 AD
Raided by Malik Kaffur of Delhi

1323 AD
Fell under Thuglaks rule

1371 AD
Under Vijayanagar empire

1530 AD
Under Thirumalai Nayaks rule
 TIMELINE
1736
End of Nayak rule

1740 – 1754
Repeatedly captured by Muslim rulers

1801
Under the control of British East India company

1837
Demolition of fortification around the temple
ARIEL VIEW OF THE CITY
 City layout
 Madurai is built around the
Meenakshi Amman Temple

 The city is divided into a

number of concentric
quadrangular streets around the
temple.

 The first Madurai Nayak king,

redesigned the city in
accordance with the principles
laid out by Shilpa Shastras
 MADURAI (16TH CENTURY)

 16th century map

showing the streets
around the temple

 The city was well

planed with bazaars
and broad streets with
luxurious mansions on
both sides
 CITY PLANNING –
SHILPASHASTRA
 The vedic era bestowed the world with vastushastra which
formed the basis for design and construction for centuries.

 All the medivial cities followed certain parts from it and kautilya
later formulated detailed regulations for defense purpose.

 The roads were generally irregular and narrow in the residential

region, while the major roads used by kings were wider.

 The cities were not made on a regular pattern to create a maze

like plan for defense purposes. Roads generally radiated from a
religious place or market place.
 CITY LAYOUT
 The concentric streets
to the temple complex
formed the major streets
Chitirai , Aavani and
Maasi streets
 A definite hierarchy of
street pattern was
adopted with the width
of streets decreasing as
they branched out
 The entire city was
surrounded by fort walls
and a moat
 Settlement pattern

 The settlement
pattern was based
on caste and
occupational
hierarchy
 VEDIC TOWN PLANNING
 Based on Varnasharama dharma or the ideal social and
spiritual order
EVOLUTION OF THE CITY
Ahmedabad
 INTRODUCTIONAHMEDABAD
• Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of
Gujarat.
• It is located in western India on the banks of
the River Sabarmati.
• The city served as political as well as
economical capital of the region since its
establishment.
• Ahmedabad is the seventh largest city of
India.
• The city of Ahmedabad, was established by
Sultan Ahmed Shah in the year 1411.
• The geographical location of the city was
along former trade routes .
• The population therefore remained
commerce oriented, with an economy based
on flourishing trade.
• The origin of the plan of the city was 'Sarvatobhadra' (happiness
everywhere) type of a settlement,
• Which developed into a 'karmuka' (bow) type of town.
• The origin of the plan of the city was 'Sarvatobhadra' (happiness
everywhere) type of a settlement, which developed into a
'karmuka' (bow) type of town.
• The city began with the construction of the citadel, the three gates,
the Friday mosque and the ceremonial avenue connecting these
elements.

The three gates The Friday mosque

• The city walls were constructed in
1457, to check the growth of the
city and, provide for security to its
inhabitants.
• The wall being a later addition,
accounts for the irregular shape of
the city.
• The city developed with seventeen
major roads, forming the main
transportation network and has "
wide streets lined with tall trees, and
many garden suburbs.
• The Muslim community that formed
most of the administrative structure,
occupied the sites near the citadel;
Hindus lived in the eastern part of
the city.
• The social divisions of the population, were reflected in the
layout of the city.
• Most people lived and worked in a house group known as the
pol.
• In 1872 there were 356 pols in the city. A pol is a residential
neighborhood with well defined boundaries.
 MARATHA RULE
• The decline of the Mughal empire, and the resulting shift of India's
political centre towards the south and east, weakened Ahmedabad's
importance as a centre of trade. The interference by the Portuguese was
another reason for the reduction in the trade.
• The city became a source of profit to the Marathas who, indulged in illegal
exaction and bribery from the citizens.
• The building restrictions were disregarded, and the wide streets narrowed
or even blocked.
• The houses were in a state of disrepair, and the people unwilling to spend
any more on the repair of their houses than was needed to prevent them
from falling.
THE BRITISH RULE
• The British annexed the city more, due to the high status that
Ahmedabad held due to its location, or reasons of collecting revenue.

• There were a series of events in the nineteenth century, which

intensified the growth of the city:
1861- The first textile mill
1864- The first railways
1874-The city Municipality

• With the rise of economic prosperity in the city, the population of the
city began to increase.
• The Municipality made several new roads to encourage a spread of
settlement, relieve congestion, connect the centre of the city to the
railway station, and open up the pols.
• Most of the public and civic institutions like the government offices,
civil courts, banks, the wholesale markets, and other traditional
markets are still located in the walled city. The walled city is facing
development pressures and is already witnessing a disappearance of
some of the residential areas.
JAIPUR
 CAPITAL OF RAJASTHAN
LOCATED AMIDST THE ARAVALLI HILL RANGE
430 METRES ABOVE SEA LEVEL
 INTRODUCTION
 Jaipur lies at a distance of about 200 miles from Delhi, 150 miles
from Agra and 84 miles from Ajmer.
 Located amidst the Aravali hill ranges at an altitude of about 430 m
above sea level.
 Latitude –26 55’ ; Longitude –75 50’
 The current district of Jaipur lies in Eastern Rajasthan, in the Banas
River basin and forms a part of Eastern Plain of Rajasthan.
 The eastern Rajasthan, lying to the east and south east of the
Aravalli divide includes the modern administrative districts of –
Udaipur, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Banswara, Dungarpur, Kota,
Bundi, Baran, Jhalawar, Bhilwara, Ajmer, Jaipur, Tonk, Dausa,
Dholpur, Karauli, Bharatpur and Alwar.
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
 10th century onwards : the district Dhoondhar formed one of the
four distinguishable politico-cultural regions of Eastern Rajasthan,
in addition to Mewat, Hadauti and Mewar.
 Dhoondhar region was roughly comprised of current districts of
Jaipur, and Amber
 The region was held by Badgujars, Rajputs and Minas till the 11th
century.
 From the 11th century onwards, however, the Dhoondha region
was increasingly under the power of Kachchwaha dynasty of
Rajputs.
 Sawai Jai Singh II (1700 –1743) from the Kachchwaha dynasty
established the city of Jaipur and strengthened the boundaries of
Dhoondhar.
 Dulha/Dhola Rai of kachhchwaha
rajputs(whose reign is accepted as
being from 1006-1036 AD by most
historians) one of the rulers of this
clan, laid the foundation of Dhoondhar
kingdom in 967 AD and made Dausa
his capital.
 Kakil Dev (1036-1038) who succeeded
his father Dulha Rai in 1036 AD, seized
Amber from Meenas, laid the
foundations of the Amber Fort and
built the temple of Ambikeshwar
Mahadev – one of Amber’s earliest
extant monuments. The capital of
Dhoondar was shifted from Dausa to
Amber
 Sawai Jai Singh II (1700 – 1743) who
outlived five Mughal emperors
established the city of Jaipur and
strengthened the boundaries of
Dhoondhar.
 REASONS FOR MAHARAJA SAWAI JAI SINGH TO
CHANGE HIS CAPITAL FROM AMBER TO JAIPUR:
• Defence was an important consideration.
• A site at the South of Amber ensured
greater distance from Delhi and also
prevented the expansion of the city in that
direction.
• It was clear that the out skirting hill
ranges (Nahargarh hills) shaped as a
horseshoe would allow the new city to
expand only in the South.
• So this flat site with a basin like shape was
chosen. It was an open plain bounded on
the north-west and east by hills.
 GEOGRAPHICAL REASONS
• The rocky terrain of Amber
restricted expansion.
• Jaipur had the potentialities of
developing into a city with
adequate drinking water due to
the presence of a perennial
stream nearby and good
drainage system.
• Its rugged hills also ensured a
constant supply of building
material, which might be
required in the times to come
• Two significant facts responsible for
the origin of the city and its
subsequent layout:
• The need of a new capital for 18th
century Dhoondhar as the earlier
one of Amber built on a hill was
getting congested.
• Sawai Raja Jai Singh’s vision of the
new capital as a strong political
statement at par with Mughal cities
and as a thriving trade and
commerce hub for the region.
• site with the natural east west ridge
and the surrounding forts as
defense feature
 The site selected for establishing the new capital of Jaipur was a
valley located south of Amber and the plains beyond, a terrain
that was the bed of a dried lake. There used to be dense forest
cover to the north and the east of the city.
 The physical constraints that informed the building of Jaipur
city included the hills on the north that housed the fort of
Jaigarh and the Amber palace beyond, and the hills on the east,
which contained the sacred spot of Galtaji.
 To facilitate water supply to the new city, the Darbhavati river
in the north was dammed to create the Jai Sagar and Man Sagar
(that later housed the Jal Mahal) lakes. Later the Jhotwara River
in the north west was diverted through the Amani Shah Nallah
and a number of canals were channelised through Brahmapuri
and Jai Niwas to supply water to the city.
The medieval towns of Rajasthan were of military, agrarian, mercantile or religious nature.
•The presence of a deity marked the reference point for the ruler’s abode and the rest of the city.
•The name of the town was usually associated with the political or religious centre (with the
Ambikeshwartemple in the case of Amber and with SawaiJai Singh in the case of Jaipur).

The hill town of Dausawith an organic layout guided

by the topograph
Amber Town with the Fort on
top of the hill and the walled
town down the slopes
 Unlike Dausa and Amber, the
two previous capital cities of the
Dhoondhar region established on
hill-top, whose planning was
guided by topographical
structure of the areas, Jaipur city
was revolutionary both in terms
of its grid-iron pattern planning
and its location at the base of the
hills.
 There was also a significant
economic shift from an
agricultural base in Dausa and
Amber to trading in the capital
of Jaipur.
The intersection of the axes to define the
Badi Chaupar (City Square).
• The layout of the city of
Jaipur wonderfully links the concept
of a Shastric city with the
practicalities of the chosen site.
• First, the straight line of the ridge
suggested itself as the route for one
of the main east-west thorough fares
and building a road along its crest
makes best possible use of the
topography for the purpose of
drainage.
• What followed then was to
regularize the Amber-Sanganer road
as a north-south route at right angles
to it.
• The point of intersection would be
one of the city’s main cross-roads
(chaupar)
• A road cutting the plain from N to S
linking Amber,the capital to Sanganer,
the principal trading town.
• This road had to be preserved and
controlled and therefore had to fall
within the city’s boundaries
• A second road ran E to W between
the Mughal cities of Agra and Ajmer
and placing the new city on this
already established communication
line would help secure its economic
success.
• However since this was an imperial
road that could not be encroached on,
thus the city had to be contained to Division in to eight portions,
the north of this line. ends of the roads marked by
Gates in the City Wall
• Also, a natural ridge runs across the
plain, N of the road and parallel to it, in a
roughly EW alignment (with a slight
deviation of15 deg. from the cardinal
axes).

• The area to its S is flat while that to its N

slopes down gently.

• In Shastric terms, this is an ideal

arrangement as declivity towards the
north-east is considered the best site. In
practical terms, the ridge too had to be
accommodated
Division in to eight portions,
ends of the roads marked by
Gates in the City Wall
 CONCEPTUAL PRASTARA PLAN

http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-
 It is a model of town
planning the FIRST

studies/2011/conceptual-prastara-plan-2.jpg
planned city in India. It is
based on Hindu systems
of town planning and
followed the principles
prescribed in the Shilpa-
shastra, an ancient Indian

Source:
treatise on architecture
Source:http://www.archinomy.com/si
.According to this shastra tes/default/files/case- prastara
the site should be divided studies/2011/int-2.jpg
Vaastu purusha
into grids or mandalas mandala
ranging from 2mx 2m to
10m x 10m.
 Planned according to the
Prastara type of layout,
which gives prominence to
the cardinal directions.
 Thus plan of jaipur is a
grid of 3x3 with gridlines
being the city’s main
streets.
Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/conceptual-prastara-pla
 The central axis of the town was laid from East to West between the gates of the
Sun(Suraj pol) and the moon(Chandpol) .
 This was crossed by two roads at right angles dividing the town into nine almost
square, almost equally sized blocks, which were further sub divided by lanes and
alleys all at right angles.
 By building the western boundary of the city right up to the hill’s southern apex, it
provided a continuous line of defence.
 The mandala could not be complete in the NW due to the presence of the hills.
 On the other hand in the SE an extra square has been added that plugged the gap
between the city and the eastern hills.

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-
studies/2011/mandala-1.jpg Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/mandala-
 South of the main road were four 1. RAMCHANDRASI
almost equal rectangles. The 2.
3.
GANGAPOI CHAUKRI
TALKATORA

rectangle opposite the palace has 4.

5.
TOPKHANA HAZURI
PURANI BASTI
6. TOPKHANA DESH
been broken up into two equal 7. MODI KHANA
/ VISHESHWARJI
and smaller rectangles by the 8.
9.
GHAT DARWAZA
PALACE
Chaura Rasta.Thus altogether
there are now five rectangles on
the south of the main road called
Chowkris.
Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/masonry-w
 On the North of the main road
from West to East are the Purani
Basti, the Palace and
Ramchandraji.
 The principal bazaar leads from
the western gate in the city wall,
The Chandpole, passing in front
of the Tripolia Gate, to the
eastern city
gate, the Surajpole.
Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/equal-rectangl
• The palace building covered
two blocks, the town six and
the remaining ninth block was
not usable on account of steep
hills. So this North-West
ward was transferred to the
South-East corner of the city,
making the shape of the plan as
a whole asymmetrical rather
than square.
• The city’s division into nine
wards was also in conformity
with the Hindu caste system
• Even the lanes were named
after the occupations of
inhabitants such as
Maniharon ka Rasta,
Thatheron ka Rasta & many
others.
• Following the directions of the
Hindu Shilpa shastra, width
of the main streets & other
lanes were fixed. Thus the
main streets of the city were
111ft. wide, secondary Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/masonry-wall-1.jpg

streets 55 ft. wide & the

smaller ones 27ft. wide.
 URBAN FORM AND ARCHITECTURAL IDENTITY

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/urban-form.jpg
WHY PINK?

Jaipur is known as the Pink City, a rather idealized description of the

terra-cotta-colored lime plaster that coats the old part of the city's walls,
buildings, and temples.
The reasons for painting the town pink are unknown, but
various theories have been tossed about:

• using pink to cut down glare

• Others believe Singh wanted to imitate the color of

the sandstone used in the forts and palaces of his
Mughal emperor-friends.

• The most popular reason is that pink is the

traditional color of hospitality, and the city was
freshly painted and paved with pink gravel to warmly
welcome Prince of Wales and Queen Victoria for
his visit here in 1876.
 ROAD NETWORK
• Jaipur’s road network follows a definite hierarchy. The major east-west and north-south road ,form the
sector boundaries and are called Rajmarg as they lead to the city gates.

• Next there is a network of 16.5m wide which runs north-south in each sector linking the internal areas of the
sectors to the major activity spine.

• An orthogonal grid of 8.25mx4.00m roads in the prastara-chessboard pattern further divide sectors
into Mohallas.

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/road-network.png
PUBLIC SPACES

 Chaupars

 Bazaars

 Mohallas

 Streets

 Temples
CONCEPTUAL PLAN - CHAUPAR
• a square that occurs at the intersection of east west roads with three north south roads.
• 100m x 100m
• used for public gathering on festive occasions
• The distance between two chaupars is about 700m which is ideal for pedestrian movement.
• It has controlled façade treatment enveloping it.
 STREETSCAPES AND CHOWKS

• The main markets, havelis and

temples on the main streets in Jaipur
were constructed by the state in the
18th century, thus ensuring that a
uniform street facade is maintained.
The widths of roads were
predetermined.

• Functions of the main axial streets

View of a main bazaar street - the width of the main roads was kept 39 1/4 formed the open spaces called
gaz - 108 feet, secondary roads are half this size - 54 feet, the tertiary
roads are 27 feet and the inner mohalla streets are 13 feet wide.
chaupars. The width of the square
chaupars was three times that of the
main street.

• Historically, the chaupars were outlets

for intense social use with water
structures connected by
underground aqueducts, supplying
numerous sources of drinking water at
street level. Presently, the centre of each
View of a chaupar today chaupar has square enclosures with
ornamental fountains.
 Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/streetscapes-3.jpg

View of the badi chaupar by raja deen dayal 1876 with the stepwell partly enclosed
 The view westwards across the city from the
direction of galtaji.

Sanganeri gate
BAZAARS
• Original markets in the city include Kishanpole bazaar, Gangauri bazaar, Johari bazaar, Sireh Deorhi
bazaar, along the main north-south and east-west axes that intersect at Chhoti and Badi Chaupars.
• Typical architectural features of the bazaar streets are - use of chhajjas (sunshades) resulting in strong
horizontal lines, projecting vertical blocks on brackets, a modular system of arches filled with delicate latticed
screens to cut direct sun and glare of reflected sun in the street.
• Bazaar streets have temples above shops with wide staircase starting from pavement to the temple level. Space
above shops at first floor level originally functioned as galleries for watching royal processions, religious
festivals and public celebrations
• On the main streets strict control was exercised on the street façade, along which were located shops and
arcades- one storey high, but beyond the frontage the buildings could be of any height or any shape, some built with
flat roofs & others with traditional chattris.

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/bazaars-1.jpg
 Uniform planned shop
fronts on bazaar
streets.

Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/bazaars-2.jpg

Defined street façade at a chaupar with sunshades

and latticed colonnades at upper floors and shop
fronts on the ground floor.
Source: http://www.archinomy.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/2011/bazaars
 ARCHITECTURE OF JAIPUR
HAWA MAHAL

• The main architect of this palace built of red and pink sandstone, is Lal Chand Ustad and the
palace is believed to have been constructed in the form of the crown of Krishna, the Hindu god.
Considered as an embodiment of Rajputana architecture, the main highlight of Hawa Mahal is its
pyramid shape and its 953 windows or 'Jharokhas' which are decorated with intricate
designs.

• The main intention behind the construction of the Mahal was to facilitate the royal women and
provide them a view of everyday life through the windows, as they never appeared in public.
Architecture

• Hawa Mahal, designed as a beehive castle with small windows, has a

height of 50 feet from its base.
• This structure, erected on a thin shield or podium approximately fifty feet
high, has walls less than a foot thick.
• Constructed of red and pink sandstones by Lal Chand Ustad,

• Hawa Mahal is famous for its windows or 'Jharokhas' which enable free
circulation of air within the structure.

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content/uploads/2011/08/hawamahal1-600x250.jpg
Jharokas
Amer fort

Architectural Layout
The structure has four different parts, each with a separate entrance. The
main entry to the fort is through the 'Suraj Pol' or Sun Gate which opens up
into the main courtyard. This east-facing gate is also the main entrance to
the palace and its position with respect to the rising sun is the source of its
name. The 'Jaleb Chowk' is one of the four courtyards of the Amer Palace.
The 'Sila Devi' Temple is right at the entrance to the main palace grounds.
The second courtyard is famous for its 'Diwan-i-Aam' (Public Audience
Hall), the 'Sheesh Mahal' and the 'Sukh Mahal'. A very famous attraction
here is the 'Magic Flower', a fresco carved out of marble.

Courtyard
GULBARGA
INTRODUCTION
 Gulbarga is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka,
India. It is the administrative headquarters of the
Gulbarga District and a major city of the North
Karnataka region.
 It is a rapidly urbanizing city which comes
under Gulbarga Metropolitan area. The city is
well known for its many places of architectural,
historical and religious importance.
HISTORY
 The city of Kalburgi was founded in the 10-11th
century. Thereafter, during 13th century,
the Bahmani Sultans chose the city as their capital
they called Gulbarga.
 Gulbarga literally means garden of roses. However,
the history of the region dates back to the 6th Century
when the Rashtrakutas gained control over the area,
but the Chalukyas regained their domain and reigned
for over two hundred years.
HISTORY
 From 1724 to 1948 the territory occupied by the
present-day Gulbarga district was part
of Hyderabad state ruled by the famous and one of
the richest kings in the world, the Nizam. They
developed roads, railways, educational system and
established airport and many more. It was
integrated into India in September 1948.
BAHMANI ARCHITECTURE
 The various buildings of the bahmani architecture were
very influenced by the persian style of architecture.
 When bahmani was ruling delhi,the persian style of
architecture and the architecture in delhi fused together
to a new style called bahmani architecture.This was the
prominent evolution in the settlements of gulburga.
SATH GUMBAZ,BAHMANI
ARCHITECTURE
JAMA MOSQUE,GULBARGA
BAHMANI ARCHITECTURE

CHARMINAR PALACE,HAMPI
BAHMANI ARCHITECTURE-TOMB
 Influence of Islamic and Mughal
in the evolution of settlements planning
 INTRODUCTION
• Located near Agra in Northern Delhi
•Built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar this city has a long
story, which says that Akbar built this city in the honour
of the saint, Shaikh Salim Chishti.
•Henceforth, the city was established ‐ the Fatehpur Sikri.
•According to a popular popular belief, named the village
Shukri, meaning thanksgiving.
 CONSTRUCTION
• Fatehpur Sikri is said to be the look‐alike of the mosque in Mecca
and has designs, taken from :
• Persian &
• Hindu architecture.
• It was planned as the cultural, commercial and administrative
centre of Mughal empire.
• Fatehpur Sikri is built in red sandstone, and is a beautiful blend of
Hindu and Islamic architectural elements.
• The sandstone is richly ornamented ornamented with carving
carving and fretwork.
 PLANNING
• The Fatehpur Sikri complex stands on a ridge and the city is
enclosed by an embattlement on three sides and on the fourth by a
vast artificial lake which was the main source of water supply to
the city.
• An elaborate water supply system existed, activating the linear
channels and tanks at the upper courtyard level.
• The seven entrance gates in the city wall lead to major settlements
in the regions of which the Agra gate is the most important (since
Akbar had already built his fort there).
• This road lies in the same direction as the ridge and gradually rises
to provide access to the palace complex on top.
• The orientation of the mosque and the palace complex is in the
direction of Mecca whereas the other civic buildings observe the
landform as a major determinant.
Plan
SPACES
 A - STABLES FOR CAMELS & HORSES
 B - RAJA BIRBAL'S HOUSE
 C - JODH BAI'S HOUSE
 D - MARYAM'S GARDEN
 E - MARYAM'S HOUSE
 F - HOSPITAL AND GARDEN
 G - PANCH MAHAL
 H - EMPEROR'S STUDY
 I - DIWAN-E-KHAS
SPACES
J - PACHISI COURT
K - GARDEN
L - EMPEROR'S PRIVATE APTS
M - EMPEROR EMPEROR’S SLEEPING QUARTERS
N - HOUSE OF THE TURKISH SULTANA
O - ADMINISTRATION AND ARCHIVES
P - DIWAN-E-AM PAVILION
Q - DIWAN-E-AM
R - ENTRANCES FOR PUBLIC
S - RESERVED ENTRANCE FOR IMPERIAL FAMILY
PROGRAMMES
 Diwan‐ I ‐Am (Hall of Public Audience)
 Diwan‐ I ‐Khas (Hall of Private Audience)
 Diwan Khana‐i‐Khass (Discussion Space)
 Anup Talao (Peerless Pool)
 Pachisi Court (On the open floor are the markings of a board
game called Pachisi)
 Miriam’s house (Houses for Akbar’s Mother and his Mistress)
 SPATIAL ORGANISATION
• The Royal Complex which occupies the crown of a linear ridge at
Fatehpur Sikri is unique for its open spaces and courtyards.
•Distinctly different from other Islamic complexes which are usually axial
in plan, the Sikri complex is a sequential organisation of enclosed
open spaces of different sizes and varying levels of privacy.
• Within the complex, there are no defined paths and most of the
movement is from space to space.
• Spaces and functions are carefully articulated and closely interlinked.
•The topography has moderated the rigid geometry by creating levels
within the Royal Complex.
•The main part of the complex, consisting of the royal residences,
pavilions, halls and meeting areas, occupies the central and
comparatively flat part of the ridge.
 SPATIAL ORGANISATION
• The general attitude of the builders to the organisation of
spaces can be perceived in the three broad categories which
can be identified.
• Firstly, there are the larger enclosed public and semi-public
spaces which, at times, have buildings juxtaposed within the
enclosed space.
• The second category of spaces are those which are external
to buildings, yet give a sense of being enclosed owing to the
manner in which other structures are disposed around them.
• Thirdly, there are internal open spaces with a higher degree
of privacy attached to them. The courtyards within Jodha
Bai’s Palace and the houses of Abul Fazi and Faizi, Samosa
Mahal and the caravanserai are some such spaces.
Panch Mahal

Astrologers Seat
 CONCLUSION
• Akbar attempted to create a utopian society.
• He made a profound and powerful social and political statement
through architecture.
• By accepting design elements from Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic
architecture, he used a unique secular approach, which blended
together the different religious and cultural traditions of his
empire.
• During Akbar's reign, diverse religious and ethnic groups
coexisted peacefully.
 CONCLUSION
• Akbar attempted to create a utopian society.
COLONIAL PERIOD AND ITS
INFLUENCE
•Delhi
 DELHI
 Delhi is a city that bridges two
different worlds……
 Old Delhi, once the capital of
Islamic India, is a web of narrow
lanes lined with crumbling
haveli’s and mosques.
 New Delhi, created by the
British Raj is composed of
spacious, tree-lined avenues and
imposing government buildings.
 SHAHAJAHANABAD (1639)
 Shahjahanabad was the city
with the colossal Red Fort and
its 14 gates.
 The Mughal emperors shifted
their base from Delhi to Agra.
 The fort still stands along with
the historic architecture of the
Jama Masjid and Chandni
Chowk.
 The old city was surrounded
by a wall enclosing
approximately 1500 acres,
with several gates.
 SPATIAL STRUCTURE
 Urban spatial structure of Shahjahanabad was different from that of
the other Mughal Capitals, because it was planned and built by one
concentrated planning effort.
 The shurafaur ignited from the qasbahgarr is on
posts&admn.settlements in which Islamic scholars also met their
clients & where an integrative or even syncretizes cultured
prevailed–usually established around a tomb or a waqf.
 The shurafa usually were situated to the west of t the place,along one
of the two boulevards at ChandniChowk,& originated from the
employer’s palace,thus furnishing the city with an unequivocal
structure.
 SPATIAL STRUCTURE
 Those professional groups delivering fresh agrarian products to the
city must have settled along the southern and south-south-western
rim of the city walls (Delhigate & Turkmangate):this is where
institutions,such as Masjidgadarion(shephered’s
mosque),Masjidkasai(butcher’s mosque)were located.They all
represent “lowrankingtraders”.
 The closer to the core of the city the more socially recognized are
the professional settled there: weavers, producers of wool,traders of
saddle-horses, oil extractors & manufacturers of straw goods, each of
them represented by their respective mosques.
 Further, in the direction of Chandni Chowk, mostly representative of
the trading professions,e.g.t raders of fabrics, fish, meats and luxury
goods, but also some of the professional groups processing goods,
e.g.producers of water pipes can be found, all of them are
characterized by the spatial proximity to the imperial house.
 PLANNING OF SHAHAJAHANABAD
 The city was planned according to Hindu planning principles of
Shilpashastra from Vastushastra.
 The site was placed on a high land as in the shastra and was karmukha or
bow shaped

 The arm of the archer was Chandni Chowk.

 The string was the Yamuna river.
 The junction of the two main axes is the most auspicious point in the
whole region and was therefore the red fort.
PLANNING OF SHAHAJAHANABAD
 INFRASTRUCTURE OF
SHAHAJAHANABAD
The urban infrastructure was laid out in a geometric pattern
The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised,
 The fort
 The Friday mosque.
 The other major mosques, including the corresponding properties.
 The two main a wide street in town or city.
 The bazaars around the Friday mosque.
 The elaborate system of water channels.
 The major gardens and the city wall.
 THE FORT & THE MOSQUE
 The Red Fort and Jama Masjid were
thorough fares that framed the city.
 From Lahore Gate ran a broad avenue
with a covered arcade designed and paid
for by Jahan Ara‐ that housed over 1500
shops. Today known as Chatta Bazaar.
 The remainder of Shahjahanabad took
shape within the city walls with its havelis
mansions, mosques, temples temples,
Sikh shrines and the gardens of the
nobility.
 The walled and guarded establishments
of these grandees included private living
quarters for the nobles and their harem.
 THE RED FORT (PALACE COMPLEX)
 • The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim
architects. The foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in
1638. Construction work began in 1639 and was complete in just
nine year.
 The palace complex located along the western river front was built
as an ideal residence for the emperor, it was conceived and designed
as a paradise on Earth.
 THE RED FORT (PALACE COMPLEX)
 The layout of the fort was drawn on a formal geometrical plan
actually an irregular octagon with two long sides on east and west. It
has two gates, on the west was called the Lh i a or Darwaza, while
on the south was the Delhi Darwaza.
 Bearing on the cardinal points, the elements of the fort were
arranged in the geometrical pattern that reflected the life and
customs of Mughal court.
 THE JAMI MASJID
 The Jami Masjid was the principal mosque of
the capital, the congregational centre and
one of the most important institutions for
the Muslims in Shahjahanabad. ShaJahan
commenced building the mosque in 1650,
and completed it 6years later.
 It is located at the central part of the city and
on a raised foundation at the top of a hill
9mts above the street level.
 The mosque dominated the walled city as a
visual as well as a spiritual symbol of
supreme god. Its architectural design
followed by traditional style, but
improvements were made here as well.
 THE JAMI MASJID
 The courtyard was large and was enclosed by pillared corridors.
Its layouts, having a main entrance on the east, was geometric and
the whole mosque faced west towards Mecca. Muslim urban life
was closely evolved around the Jami Masjid.
 MAJOR STREETS
 The major streets in the new
capital were designed as wide and
straight.
 The streets in Mughal capital were
usually narrow and crooked.
 The east-west street called
Chandni Chowk connected the
Red fort
 It ran in a straight line forming a
wide street with broad vista..
 The Fort was visible from any
place on the street.
 This perspective view marked a
new concept of town planning for
the Mughal capital.
 MAJOR STREETS
Another main street the Faiz
Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar, was
also wide and straight.
It had a north-south axis and
connected the Red fort with the
city walls Delhi gate and is about
1km in length.
These major two streets
developed as processional routes,
as well as commercial arteries.
 MAJOR STREETS
Five Main Streets:
The basic network of the five main
streets extended from Chandni Chowk
and Faiz Bazaar to other gates and to
different part of the walled city.
The streets were built as the spines of
major activities and developed as
commercial thorough affairs.
They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza
with the JamiMasjid and Turkman and
Lahori Darwazas.
The other streets were less significant
and were mainly built as access roads to
the residential areas.
 MAHALLA/ KATRA
 There was a tendency of the cities‘ population to settle by ethnic
affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods. The urban community
and the Mughal capital was formed by such districts torwards, known as
mahall and katras.
 These homogeneous units also define cultural as well as socio-economic
activities.
 There were 36 mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an enclosed space
created between residential and commercial buildings having entry to
akatra made through a gate.
 These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation
shafts in a hot and arid climate.
 Communal opens pace was conspicuously absent as it is so today. There was
not much need for communal openspace, other than for worship which is
why the Jami Masjid was provided with a spacious courtyard.
 Thus,it is clear that planning of a residential area in the Mughal capital did
not provide for social units.
 HAVELLIS
 The members of the imperial house hold lived outside the fort/palace
built large mansions(havellis) on the model of the imperial design of
the red fort.
 As a rule these city palaces accommodated not only the owner and his
family, but also their numerous followers, servants, and craftsmen
with their workshops.
 The internal organisation of the space within the havellis was
therefore also based on the strict distinction between the public,
semiprivate and private spaces.
 Interior courtyard of a Havelli in the walled city
 Notice the spill out of day to day activities in the courtyard-thus the
typology was not only suited climatically but also enhanced the living.
 STREETS, BAZZARS , CHOWKS AND BAGH
 The city was separated from the surrounding land by a wall and a
moat.
 Passing through the city’s gates marked the passage from one
domination to another.
 The main thorough fares, the secondary roads and the bazaars were
public space.
BAGH:
 The north area of Chandni Chowk was occupied by a bagh called the
Jahanara Begumi’s Garden. It was laid out in a planned fashion, in
addition to the road planning of Chandni Chowk.
 CHANDNI CHOWK
 The favourite daughter of Shah jahan, Jahanara laid the foundation of
today Chandni Chowk, which is the largest trading centre of North
India.
 Market was once divided by canals to reflect moonlight hence the
name.
 One of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi has around 2500
shops.
 Chandni Chowk runs through the middle of the walled city, from the
Lahori Darwaza (Lahore Gate) of the Red Fort to Fatehpuri Masjid.
 Situated opposite the Red Fort, the bazaar has several galis (lanes).
 Each of these galis represent a specialty of this market located in
Central Delhi.
 STREET SCAPES
 There emerges a hierarchy of streets in the
layout of the city.
 The secondary streets were the ones
which entered the south of the city from
Chandni Chowk. (thus they were
perpendicular for some distance and then
assumed an organic form once deep in the
city).
 The secondary street structure also
includes the streets that are parallel to the
city walls‐ forming a concentric
concentric ring so to say, in the southern
part of the city.
 They then intermingle at chowks with the
third layering of streets, which derive their
character from the fact that they are
perpendicular to the main mosque, Jama
Masjid.
 CITY WALLS
 The layout of the city walls was based on a geometrical planning;
 A polygonal plan with gateways.
 There are seven gates, out of which the four important main gates were:
 Delhi Darwaza on south,
 Ajmeri Darwaza on the south-west,
 Lahori Darwaza on the west and
 Kashmiri Darwaza on the north.
 These four important gates were positioned according to the basic
network of the city being laced on the cardinal points.
 The graphic representation of the city was indicated geometric planning
and the geometric placement of the main gates.
 NIGAMBODH GATE
 North/East, leading to historic Nigambodh
gate on Yamuna River.
 It was built on the north eastern side of the
Shahajahanabad.
 It is located on the Ring Road near the Yamuna
Bazaar.
 It derives its name Nigambodh Gate from the
burial ground here.
 The etymology of Nigambodh is derived from
Sanskrit words ‘Nigam’ which means the “Ved”
and ‘bodh’ means “knowledge”, meaning
realization of knowledge.
 KASHMIRI GATE-NORTH
 It is the northern gate to the historic
walled city of Delhi.
 Built by Military Engineer Robert
Smith in 1835, the gate is so named
because it used to start a road that
led to Kashmir.
 Kashmiri Gate is one of the original
14 gates built into the wall to the
north of the city.
 MORI GATE

 Mori Gate, located in the Civil

Lines area in north Delhi above the
Red Fort, could be reached via the
Dufferin Bridge.
 This walls within the Mori Gate
area were fortified in 1809 after an
attack on the city by Jaswant Rao
Holkar.
 KABULI GATE
 Located at the west.
 Kabuli Gate or Khooni Darwaza literally
translated means “Bloody Gate”, a “morbid
sounding name”.
 It is an impressive double–storied structure.
 Its construction is credited to Sher Shah Suri's
reign from 1540-1545 (though the fort walls
of the Suri period have not been seen to
extend to this gate).
 It was built largely with grey stone but red
stones were also used in the frames of its
windows.
 LAHORI GATE
 The Lahori gate of the Old Delhi city,
now only a bazaar square with small
remnants at one end, used to lead east
along the Chandni Chowk to the Lahore
gate of the Red Fort.
 Inside the Lahori gate is the grain market.
 This Lahori Gate was also one of the last
points captured during the siege of 1857.
 AJMERI GATE
 Ajmeri Gate, built in 1644, to the south–
west of Shahjahanabad with a square plan,
has high arched openings.
 The Sepoy Mutiny or the first war of Indian
Independence in 1857 was fought at this
venue also.
 The road, through this gate, leads to the city
of Ajmer in Rajasthan, and hence its name. A
lovely park surrounds the gate.
 The Madrasa (Islamic school of learning)
built by Nawab Ghazi uddin Bahadur father
of the first Nizamof Hyderabadin 1811,
west of the college lies the tomb of the
founder and a mosque. In the following
years, it converted to Delhi college .
 TURKMAN GATE
South East
Turkman Gate, located to the southern edge
of Shahajahanabadis named after the Sufi Saint
Hazrat Shah Turkman Bayabani.
His tomb dated to 1240, before building of
Shahjahanabad, is located to the east of the
gate.
It has a square plan with high arched
openings.
 DELHI GATE
 -South
 The gate links the New Delhi city with the
old walled city of Delhi.
 The Gate was built by Emperor Shah Jahan
in 1638 as part of the rubble–built high fort
walls that encircled the Shahajahanabad,
 The gate is similar in design and
architecture to the northern gate of the
walled city, the Kashmiri Gate (1853).
 It was built in sandstone and is an impressive
and large structure.
 Near the gate entry, two stone carvings of
elephants were erected.
 CONCLUSION
 The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal
city and a paradise on Earth.
 The design and planning methods were geometric and
provided for green areas (gardens) and water facilities.
 Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the
Jami Masjid, two major streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh,
the Id‐gah and the Karawan Sarai.
 The Redfort was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and
as an ideal living space on a formal geometrical plan.
 The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power
and of the capital.
 CONCLUSION
 Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as
processional routes and they were new elements in the capital;
the design and the planning method was a new concept in town
planning in the Mughal capital.
 Planning in the capital did not provide planning of residential
areas.
 The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan.
 Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response
to the emperor’s basic need and idea and little attention was paid
to the social planning
Colonial period and its influence – Imperialism in city
planning-New Delhi and Development of Cantonment
cities such as Bangalore.