Basic Financial Accounting and

Reporting

Ishmael Y. Reyes, CPA

 Table of Contents

Module 1: Accounting Introduction 1

Introduction 1
Learning Outcomes 1
Lesson 1. Basic Accounting Terms and Concepts 2
Lesson 2. Elements of Financial Statements 3
Lesson 3. The Accounting Equation 4
Activities 5
Assessment 8
Summary 8
References 8

Module 2: The Double-Entry System 9

Introduction 9
Learning Outcomes 9
Lesson 1. The Account 10
Lesson 2. Double-Entry Accounting 11
Activities 14
Assessment 17
Summary 18
References 18

Module 3: Recording Business Transactions: Journalizing 19

Introduction 19
Learning Outcomes 19
Lesson 1. The Accounting Cycle 20
Lesson 2. Identification of Events to be Recorded 20
Lesson 3. The Journal 20
Activities 24
Assessment 27
Summary 28
References 28
Module 4: Recording Business Transactions: Posting and the Trial
Balance 29
Introduction 29
Learning Outcomes 29
Lesson 1. The Ledger and Posting 30
Lesson 2. The Trial Balance 31
Activities 31
Assessment 35
Summary 35
References 35
Course Code: FAR 1

Course Description: This course provides an introduction to accounting

within the context of business and business decisions. Students obtain basic
understanding of the principles and concepts of accounting as well as their
applicability and relevance in the international context and learn how to use
various types of accounting information found in financial statements and
annual reports. Emphasis is placed on understanding the reasons underlying
basic accounting concepts and providing students with adequate background
on the recording, classification and summarization of accounting to enable
them to appreciate the varied uses of accounting data.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Define accounting and identify its importance in the decision-making
function in the business
2. Apply the fundamental concepts and principles, particularly the
elements of accounting, the rules of debits and credits and the double-
entry system, in recording transactions of service oriented and
merchandising businesses
3. Analyze and prepare entries in the general journal and in the special
journals, as well as adjusting entries and closing entries, post theses
entries to the general ledger, trial balance and worksheet
4. Prepare and present statement of financial position, statement of
changes in equity, income statement and cash flow statements

Course Requirements:

 Assessment Tasks - 60%

 Major Exams - 40%
Periodic Grade 100%

PRELIM GRADE : 60% (Activity 1-4) + 40% (Prelim exam)

MIDTERM GRADE : 30% (Prelim Grade) + 70 % [60% (Activity 5-7)
+ 40% (Midterm exam)]
FINAL GRADE : 30% (Midterm Grade) + 70 % [60% (Activity 8-10)
+ 40% (Final exam)]
 MODULE 1
ACCOUNTING INTRODUCTION

Introduction

This basic accounting course intends to solidify your understanding of accounting and
its importance in the decision-making function in the business. You will be equipped with the
fundamental concepts and principles, particularly the elements of accounting, the rules of
debits and credits and the double-entry system, in recording transactions of service oriented
and merchandising businesses.
This explanation of accounting basics will introduce you to some basic accounting
principles, accounting concepts, and accounting terminology. Introduced also in this section
is the accounting equation.

Learning Outcomes

After completing the module, the student should be able to:

1. Define accounting and its role in business.

2. Distinguish between the different forms and activities of business organizations.

3. Explain the fundamental accounting concepts and principles.
4. Define the elements of financial statements.

5. Manipulate the basic accounting equation

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Lesson 1. Basic Accounting Terms and Concepts (Ballada, 2019)

Definitions of Accounting
Accounting is a service activity. It’s function is to provide quantitative information,
primarily financial in nature, about economic entities that is intended to be useful in making
economic decisions - Accounting Standards Council

Accounting is an information system that measures, processes and communicates

financial information about an economic system - Financial Accounting Standards Board

Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic

information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information. -
American Accounting Association

Accounting is the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner

and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial
character, and interpreting the results thereof. - American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants

Types of Businesses
Although the fundamental business model does not vary, there are infinite ways of
applying it to provide the range of products and services that make up the business world.

1. Services - sells people’s time (ex. software development, accounting, legal services)
2. Trader - buys and sells products (ex. wholesale, retail)
3. Manufacture - designs products, aggregating components and assembling finished
products (ex. vehicle assembly, construction, engineering, electricity, water, food and
drink, chemicals, media, pharmaceuticals)
4. Raw Materials - grows or extracts raw materials (ex. farming, mining, oil)
5. Infrastructure - sells the utilization of infrastructure (ex. transport, hotels, telecoms,
sports facilities, property management)
6. Financial - receives deposits, lends and invests money (ex. bank, investment house)
7. Insurance - pools premiums of many to meet claims of a few (ex. insurance)

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Forms of Business Organization
A business generally assumes one of the three forms of organization:

1. Sole Proprietorship - this business organization has a single owner called the
proprietor who generally is also the manager.
2. Partnership - a partnership is a business owned and operated by two or more persons
who bind themselves to contribute money, property, or industry to a common fund with
the intention of dividing the profits among themselves.
3. Corporation - a corporation is a business owned by its stockholders. It is an artificial
being created by operation of law, having the rights of succession and the powers,
attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its existence.

Fundamental Concepts
1. Entity Concept - an organization or a section of an organization stands apart from other
organizations and individuals
2. Periodicity Concept - equal time periods for reporting purposes
3. Stable Monetary Concept - each peso has the same purchasing power at any time
4. Going Concern - financial statements are prepares with the assumption that the entity
will continue in operation for the foreseeable future

The GAAP
The recording of business transactions, the preparation of financial statements, and
the practice of accounting in general are governed by a set of ground rules and procedures.
The set of rules, procedures, assumptions, postulates, and concepts followed in recording
business transactions and events, and in the preparation of general purpose financial
statements is called generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

Lesson 2. Elements of Financial Statements (Avercamp, 2020)

Elements in the Statement of Financial Position/ Balance Sheet

Asset - present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events.
It is a right to produce economic benefits

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 Liability - present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource as a result
of past events
Equity - the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting its liabilities

Elements in the Statement of Financial Performance/ Income Statement

Income - increases in assets, or decreases in liabilities that result in increases in
equity other than relating to contributions from holders of equity claims
Expenses - decreases in assets or increases in liabilities that result in decreases in
equity other than relating to distributions to holders of equity claims

Lesson 3. The Accounting Equation (Avercamp, 2020)

The Basic Equation

From the large, multi-national corporation down to the corner beauty salon, every
business transaction will have an effect on a company's financial position. The financial
position of a company is measured by the following items:

1. Assets (what it owns)

2. Liabilities (what it owes to others)
3. Owner's Equity (the difference between assets and liabilities)

The accounting equation (or basic accounting equation) offers us a simple way to
understand how these three amounts relate to each other. The accounting equation for a sole
proprietorship is:

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity

Note that the assets are on the left side of the equation opposite the liabilities and
owner’s equity. This equation explains why increases and decreases in assets are recorded
in the opposite manner as liabilities and owner’s equity are recorded. Transactions may
require additions to both sides, subtractions from both sides, or an addition and subtraction
on the same side, but in all cases the equality must be maintained.

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 When a company records a business transaction, it is not entered into an accounting
equation, per se. Rather, transactions are recorded into specific accounts contained in the
company's general ledger. Each account is designated as an asset, liability, owner's equity,
revenue, expense, gain, or loss account. The general ledger accounts are then used to
prepare the balance sheets and income statements throughout the accounting periods.

The Expanded Accounting Equation

Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Capital - Owner’s Drawings + Income - Expenses

Owner’s Equity if broken down is made up of the owner’s capital less his drawings
from the period plus or minus the net income or net loss for the period (income - expenses).
Income and expenses are elements in that are presented in the statement of financial
performance or the income statement. If income is greater than the expenses, the statement
will present a positive amount - the net income for the period.

Activities (Ballada, 2019)

Activity 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is a trading business?
a) clinic
b) a law firm
c) a pharmacy
d) telecommunications company
2. Which of the following statements is false
a) A sole proprietor has limited risk with respect to the amount of resources he invests
in his business
b) A sole proprietorship has only one owner
c) A sole proprietorship is easy to set up
d) A sole proprietorship may not be able to obtain loans easily
3. A business which prepares financial statements every year is following the ___concept
a) Accounting entity
b) Periodicity

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 c) going concern
d) objectivity
4. The ___ concept assumes that the business has an indefinite economic life.
a) accounting entity
b) accounting period
c) going concern
d) objectivity
5. Which of the following processes best defines accounting?
a) Measuring economic activities
b) Communicating results to interested parties
c) Preventing fraud
d) Both a and b.
6. If assets total P700,000 and liabilities total P400,000, how much are the net assets?
a) P300,000
b) P400,000
c) P700,000
d) P1,100,000
7. What are increases in resources that a firm earns by providing goods or services to its
Customers
a) Assets
b) Income
c) Expenses
d) Liabilities
8. If assets increase by P100,000 and liabilities decrease by P30,000, owner's equity must
a) Remain
b) unchanged.
c) increase by P130,000
d) decrease by P70,000.
e) decrease by P130,000.

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Activity 2: Fill in the Missing Amounts
Compute the amount of the missing element of financial position.
Assets Liabilities Owner's Equity
1 845,000 542,000
2 15,000 80,000
3 65,000 17,000
4 89,000 50,000
5 1,450,000 465,000

Activity 3: Fill in the Missing Amounts

Compute the amount of the missing element of financial performance..

Income Expenses Net Income (Net Loss)

1 70,000 (65,000)

2 45,000 53,000

3 150,000 78,000

4 120,000 40,000

5 89,000 (40,000)

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 Assessment

Compute for the missing elements.

Assets Liabilities Equity
Capital Income Expenses Net Income (Loss)
1 855,000.00 600,000.00 90,000.00 75,000.00
2 450,000.00 541,000.00 87,100.00 90,000.00
3 25,000.00 12,000.00 5,000.00 2,000.00
4 330,000.00 190,700.00 50,800.00 15,000.00
5 5,020,000.00 1,994,000.00 900,000.00 311,000.00

Summary

Accounting is a service activity. It is the process of identifying, measuring and

communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of
the information. To account for business transactions, transactions are entered into accounts
that balances out in the accounting equation.

References

Averkamp, H. (2020). Accounting Basics. Retrieved from accountingcoach.com.

Ballada, W. et.al. (2019). Basic Financial Accounting and Reporting. Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines. DomDane Publishers.

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 MODULE 2
THE DOUBLE-ENTRY SYSTEM

Introduction

Debits and credits are terms used by bookkeepers and accountants when recording
transactions in the accounting records. The amount in every transaction must be entered in
one account as a debit (left side of the account) and in another account as a credit (right side
of the account). This double-entry system provides accuracy in the accounting records and
financial statements.

The initial challenge is understanding which account will have the debit entry and
which account will have the credit entry. Before we explain and illustrate the debits and credits
in accounting and bookkeeping, we will discuss the accounts in which the debits and credits
will be entered or posted.

Learning Outcomes

After completing the module, the student should be able to:

1. Explain what an account is.

2. Explain how the double-entry system follows the rules of the accounting equation.
3. Define debits and credits and summarize the rules of debit and credit as applied to balance
sheet and income statement accounts.

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Lesson 1. The Account (Averkamp, 2020)

What Is An Account?
To keep a company's financial data organized, accountants developed a system that
sorts transactions into records called accounts. When a company's accounting system is set
up, the accounts most likely to be affected by the company's transactions are identified and
listed out. This list is referred to as the company's chart of accounts. Depending on the size
of a company and the complexity of its business operations, the chart of accounts may list as
few as thirty accounts or as many as thousands. A company has the flexibility of tailoring its
chart of accounts to best meet its needs.

Within the chart of accounts the balance sheet accounts are listed first, followed by
the income statement accounts. In other words, the accounts are organized in the chart of
accounts as follows:

 Assets
 Liabilities
 Owner's (Stockholders') Equity
 Revenues or Income
 Expenses

Typical Account Titles Used

 Assets - Current (Cash, Cash equivalents, Notes Receivable, Accounts Receivable,
Inventories, Prepaid Expenses,) Non-Current (Property, Plant and Equipment,
Accumulated Depreciation, Intangible Assets)
 Liabilities - Current (Accounts Payable, Notes Payable, Unearned Revenues, Current
Portion of long-term debt) Non Current (Mortgage Payable, Bonds Payable)
 Owner’s Equity - Capital, Withdrawals, Income Summary
 Income - Service Income, Sales
 Expenses - Cost of Sales, Salaries or Wages, Utilities, Rent, Supplies, Insurance,
Depreciation, Uncollectible Accounts Expense, Interest)

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Lesson 2. Double-Entry Accounting (Averkamp, 2020)

Because every business transaction affects at least two accounts, our accounting
system is known as a double-entry system. You can refer to the company's chart of accounts
to select the proper accounts. Accounts may be added to the chart of accounts when an
appropriate account cannot be found.

For example, when a company borrows P1,000 from a bank, the transaction will affect
the company's Cash account and the company's Notes Payable account. When the company
repays the bank loan, the Cash account and the Notes Payable account are also involved.

If a company buys supplies for cash, its Supplies account and its Cash account will be
affected. If the company buys supplies on credit, the accounts involved are Supplies
and Accounts Payable.

If a company pays the rent for the current month, Rent Expense and Cash are the two
accounts involved.

If a company provides a service and gives the client 30 days in which to pay, the
company's Service Revenues account and Accounts Receivable are affected.

Although the system is referred to as double-entry, a transaction may involve more

than two accounts. An example of a transaction that involves three accounts is a company's
loan payment to its bank of P3,000. This transaction will involve the following accounts: Cash,
Notes Payable, and Interest Expense.

Debits and Credits

After you have identified the two or more accounts involved in a business transaction,
you must debit at least one account and credit at least one account.

To debit an account means to enter an amount on the left side of the account. To credit
an account means to enter an amount on the right side of an account.
The normal balance of any account refers to the side of the account - debit or credit -
where increases are recorded.

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Table 1. Rules of Debit and Credit Summary
Increases Normal Balance
Account Category Debit Credit Debit Credit
Assets / /
Liabilities / /
Owner’s Equity
Capital / /
Withdrawal / /
Income / /
Expense / /

To decrease an account you do the opposite of what was done to increase the
account. For example, an asset account is increased with a debit. Therefore it
is decreased with a credit.

The abbreviation for debit is dr. and the abbreviation for credit is cr.

Debits and Credits using T-accounts

Accountants and bookkeepers often use T-accounts as a visual aid to see the effect
of a transaction or journal entry on the two (or more) accounts involved.

We will begin with two T-accounts: Cash and Notes Payable.

Cash (Asset)
Debit Credit
Increases an Asset Decreases an Asset
Received Cash Paid Cash

Notes Payable (Liability)

Debit Credit

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 Decreases a Liability Increases a Liability
Repaid Loan Borrowed More

Let's demonstrate the use of these T-accounts with two transactions:

On June 1, 2019 a Polo Company borrows P5,000 from its bank. As a result, the
company's asset Cash must be increased by P5,000 and its liability Notes Payable must be
increased by P5,000. To increase the asset Cash the account needs to be debited. To
increase the company's liability Notes Payable this account needs to be credited. After
entering the debits and credits the T-accounts look like this:

Cash (Asset)
Debit Credit
Increases an Asset Decreases an Asset
Received Cash Paid Cash

June 1 5,000

Notes Payable (Liability)

Debit Credit
Decreases a Liability Increases a Liability
Repaid Loan Borrowed More

5,000 June 1

On June 2, 2019 Polo Company repays P2,000 of the bank loan. As a result, the
company's asset Cash must be decreased by P2,000 and its liability Notes Payable must be
decreased by P2,000. To reduce the asset Cash the account will need to be credited for

13
P2,000. To decrease the liability Notes Payable that account will need to be debited for
P2,000. The T-accounts now look like this:

Cash (Asset)
Debit Credit
Increases an Asset Decreases an Asset
Received Cash Paid Cash

June 1 5,000
2,000 June 2
June 2 bal 3,000

Notes Payable (Liability)

Debit Credit
Decreases a Liability Increases a Liability
Repaid Loan Borrowed More

5,000 June 1
June 2 2,000
3,000 June 2 bal

Activities (Ballada, 2019)

Activity 1: Multiple Choice Questions

1. What are increases in resources that a firm earns by providing goods or services to its
customers?
a) Assets
b) Income
c) Expenses
d) Liabilities
2. A T-account consists of how many parts?
a) One

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 b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
3. Which of the following is true?
a) The debit is on the right side of an asset account.
b) The debit is on the left side of an asset account.
c) The credit is on the left side of a liability account.
d) The debit is on the right side of an expense account.
4. Which of the following accounts has a normal debit balance?
a) Accounts Payable
b) Notes Payable
c) Consulting Revenues
d) Advertising Expense
5. Which of the following accounts is increased by a credit?
a) Accounts Receivable
b) Sales
c) Withdrawals
d) Advertising Expense
6. Which of the following is true?
a) A debit will increase a liability account.
b) A credit will increase an asset account.
c) A credit will increase a revenue account.
d) A debit will decrease an expense account.
7. In applying the rules of debits and credits, which of the following statements is correct?
a) The word "debit" means to increase, and the word "credit" means to decrease.
b) Asset, expense and capital accounts are debited for increases.
c) Liability, revenue and capital accounts are debited for increases.
d) Asset, expense and withdrawals are debited for increases.
8. Which of the following is correct under the double-entry system?
a) Asset amount must be equal to liability amount.
b) The change in asset must be compensated by a change in liability
c) The change in a debit-side entry must be compensated by a change in credit side
entry

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 d) An increase in asset must be compensated by a decrease in asset.
9. Which of the following statements regarding the double-entry system is incorrect?
a) An increase in asset means a credit entry in assets account
b) A decrease in liability means a debit entry in liabilities account
c) An increase in drawings means a debit entry in capital account.
d) A decrease in non-current asset means a credit entry in assets account
10. Which of the following transactions affects the total value of liabilities of a firm?
a) a goods purchased from suppliers by cash
b) interest received from bank
c) office equipment bought on credit
d) goods sold to customers on credit

Activity 2: The Accounting Equation

The following are some transactions of Orellano Services:
А L OE
a. Received cash as additional investment _____ _____ _____
b. Purchased supplies on account. _____ _____ _____
c. Charged customers for services made on
account _____ _____ _____
d. Rendered services to cash customers _____ _____ _____
e. Paid cash for rent on building. _____ _____ _____
f. Collected on account receivable in full. _____ _____ _____
g. Paid cash for supplies _____ _____ _____
h. Returned supplies purchased on account. _____ _____ _____
i. Paid cash to settle accounts _____ _____ _____
j. Paid cash to owner for personal use. _____ _____ _____

Required for each transaction: Indicate whether the assets (A), liabilities (L) or owner's equity
(OE) increased (+), decreased (-) or did not change (0) by placing the appropriate sign in the
appropriate column.
Activity 3: The Accounting Equation

16
The following selected transactions were completed by Victory Delivery Service during July
2019
1. Cash received from delivery services, P92,700.
2. Paid creditors on account. P20,000
3. Received cash from owner as additional investment, P600,000
4. Paid advertising expense, P5,000
5. Billed customers for delivery services on account, P55,200
6. Purchased supplies for cash, P5,000
7. Paid rent for July, P20,000
8. Received cash from customers on account, P25,440
9. Determined that the cost of supplies on hand was P1,440 so P4,560 of supplies
were used during the month
10. Owner withdrew cash for personal use, P20,000
Indicate the effects of each transaction.
A. increase an asset, decrease another asset
B. Increase an asset, increase a liability
C. Increase an asset, increase owner's equity
D. Decrease an asset decrease a liability
E. Decrease an asset decrease owner's equity

Assessment

To increase the balance in the following accounts, would you debit (DR) the account
or would you credit (CR) the account? (Answer with DR or CR only.)
1. Cash
2. Land
3. Notes Payable
4. Accounts Receivable
5. Mary Smith, Capital
6. Supplies Expense
7. Prepaid Insurance

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 8. Service Revenue
9. Mary Smith, Drawing
10. Unearned Revenue (Liability)

Summary

The account is a tool that sorts out business transactions. Every business transaction
affects at least two accounts, our accounting system is known as a double-entry system.
Accountants and bookkeepers often use the T-accounts as a visual aid to see the effect of a
transaction or journal entry on the two (or more) accounts involved.

References

Averkamp, H. (2020). Accounting Basics. Retrieved from accountingcoach.com.

Ballada, W. et.al. (2019). Basic Financial Accounting and Reporting. Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines. DomDane Publishers.

MODULE 3

18
 RECORDING BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS:
JOURNALIZING

Introduction

The definition of accounting provided by the Committee on Accounting Terminology of

the AICPA identifies the basic phases of accounting: the mechanical phase (recording,

classifying, summarizing) and the analytical phase (interpreting). In one accounting period,
the whole accounting process basically starts with recording and ends with the preparation

and issuance of financial statements.

Learning Outcomes

After completing the module, the student should be able to:

1. List and explain in brief the sequential steps in the accounting cycle.

2. Analyze the impact of transactions on the elements and the specific accounts.
3. Apply the rules of debits and credits in analyzing business transactions.

4. Journalize transactions in proper form.

Lesson 1. The Accounting Cycle (Ballada, 2019)

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 The accounting cycle refers to a series of sequential steps or procedures performed
to accomplish the accounting process.

1. Identification of Events to be Recorded

2. Transactions are Recorded in the Journal
3. Journal Entries are Posted to the Ledger
4. Preparation of a Trial Balance
5. Preparation of the Worksheet including Adjusting Entries
6. Preparation of the Financial Statements
7. Adjusting Journal Entries are Journalized and Posted
8. Closing Journal Entries are Journalized and Posted
9. Preparation of a Post-Closing Trial Balance
10. Reversing Journal Entries are Journalized and Posted

Lesson 2. Identification of Events to be Recorded (Ballada, 2019)

Transactions and events are the starting points in the accounting cycle. By relying on
the source documents, transactions and events can be analyzed as to how they will affect
performance and financial position. Source documents identify and describe transactions and
events entering the accounting process. These original written evidences contain information
about the nature and the amounts of the transactions. These are the bases for the journal
entries; some of the more common source documents are sales invoices, cash register tapes,
official receipts, bank deposit slips, bank statements, checks, purchase orders, time cards and
statements of account.

Lesson 3. The Journal (Averkamp, 2020)

Another way to visualize business transactions is to write a general journal entry.

The journal is a chronological record of the entity’s transactions. A journal entry shows
all the effects of a business transaction in terms of debits and credit. Each transaction is
initially recorded in a journal rather than directly in the ledger. A journal is called the book of
original entry.

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 Each general journal entry lists the date, the account title(s) to be debited and the
corresponding amount(s) followed by the account title(s) to be credited and the corresponding
amount(s). The accounts to be credited are indented. Let's illustrate the general journal entries
for the two transactions that were shown in the T-accounts in the previous section.

June 1, 2019 Cash 5,000

Notes Payable 5,000

June 2, 2019 Notes Payable 2,000

Cash 2,000

When Cash Is Debited and Credited

Whenever cash is received, debit Cash. Whenever cash is paid out, credit Cash.

With the knowledge of what happens to the Cash account, the journal entry to record
the debits and credits is easier. Let's assume that a company receives P500 on June 3, 2019
from a customer who was given 30 days in which to pay. (In May the company had recorded
the sale and an accounts receivable.) On June 3 the company will debit Cash, because cash
was received. The amount of the debit and the credit is P500. Entering this information in the
general journal format, we have:

June 3, 2019 Cash 500

??? 500

All that remains to be entered is the name of the account to be credited. Since this
was the collection of an account receivable, the credit should be Accounts Receivable.
(Because the sale was already recorded in May, you cannot enter Sales again on June 3.) .

On June 4 the company paid P300 to a supplier for merchandise the company
received in May. (In May the company recorded the purchase and the accounts payable.) On
June 4 the company will credit Cash, because cash was paid. The amount of the debit and
credit is P300. Entering them in the general journal format, we have:
June 4, 2019 ??? 300

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 Cash 300

All that remains to be entered is the name of the account to be debited. Since this was
the payment on an account payable, the debit should be Accounts Payable. (Because the
purchase was already recorded in May, you cannot enter Purchases or Inventory again on
June 4.)

Revenues and Gains Are Usually Credited

Revenues and gains are recorded in accounts such as Sales, Service
Revenues, Interest Revenues (or Interest Income), and Gain on Sale of Assets. These
accounts normally have credit balances that are increased with a credit entry. In a T-account,
their balances will be on the right side.

The exceptions to this rule are the accounts Sales Returns, Sales
Allowances, and Sales Discounts—these accounts have debit balances because they are
reductions to sales. Accounts with balances that are the opposite of the normal balance are
called contra accounts; hence contra revenue accounts will have debit balances.
Let's illustrate revenue accounts by assuming your company performed a service and was
immediately paid the full amount of P250 for the service. The debits and credits are presented
in the following general journal format:

Cash 250
Service Revenues 250

Whenever cash is received, the asset account Cash is debited and another account
will need to be credited. Since the service was performed at the same time
2 as the cash was
received, the revenue account Service Revenues is credited, thus increasing its2account
balance.

Let's illustrate how revenues are recorded when a company performs a service on
credit (i.e., the company allows the client to pay for the service at a later date, such as 30
days from the date of the invoice). At the time the service is performed the revenues are
considered to have been earned and they are recorded in the revenue account Service

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Revenues with a credit. The other account involved, however, cannot be the asset Cash since
cash was not received. The account to be debited is the asset account Accounts Receivable.
Assuming the amount of the service performed is P400, the entry in general journal form is:

Accounts Receivable 400

Service Revenues 400

Accounts Receivable is an asset account and is increased with a debit; Service Revenues is
increased with a credit.

Expenses and Losses are Usually Debited

Expenses normally have debit balances that are increased with a debit entry. Since
expenses are usually increasing, think "debit" when expenses are incurred. (We credit
expenses only to reduce them, adjust them, or to close the expense accounts.) Examples of
expense accounts include Salaries Expense, Wages Expense, Rent Expense, Supplies
Expense, and Interest Expense. In a T-account, their balances will be on the left side.

To illustrate an expense let's assume that on June 1 your company paid P800 to the
landlord for the June rent. The debits and credits are shown in the following journal entry:

Rent Expense 800

Cash 800

Since cash was paid out, the asset account Cash is credited and another account
needs to be debited. Because the rent payment will be used up in the current period (the
month of June) it is considered to be an expense, and Rent Expense is debited. If the payment
was made on June 1 for a future month (for example, July) the debit would go to the asset
account Prepaid Rent.
As a second example of an expense, let's assume that your hourly paid employees
work the last week in the year but will not be paid until the first week of the next year. At the
end of the year, the company makes an entry to record the amount the employees earned but
have not been paid. Assuming the employees earned P1,900 during the last week of the year,
the entry in general journal form is:

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 Wages Expense 1,900
Wages Payable 1,900

As noted earlier, expenses are almost always debited, so we debit Wages Expense,
increasing its account balance. Since your company did not yet pay its employees, the Cash
account is not credited, instead, the credit is recorded in the liability account Wages Payable.
A credit to a liability account increases its credit balance.

Activities (Ballada, 2019)

Jackielyn Magpantay organized Eternal Images, a photography and portrait studio, on Oct 1,
2019. The studio completed the following transactions during the month:

Oct. 1 Deposited P350,000 in a bank account in the name of the business.

3 Paid two month's rent deposit and one-month advance, P40,500.
5 Transferred to the business personal photography equipment valued at P129,000.
7 Ordered additional photography equipment, P75,000.
8 Purchased office equipment for cash, P54,000.
10 Received and paid for the photography equipment ordered on Oct. 7, P75,000 .
12 Purchased photography supplies on credit, P21,000.
13 Received cash for previously unbilled portraits, P11,400.
17 Billed customers for portraits, P22,500.
19 Paid fifty percent of the supplies purchased on Oct. 12, P10,500.
25 Paid the electricity bill for Oct., P3,600.
26 Paid the telephone bill for Oct., P2,100.
28 Received payments from the customers billed on Oct. 17, P7,500.
29 Paid salaries to personnel, P12,000.
30 Received an advance payment from a customer, P1,500.
31 Withdrew P16,000 from the business for a personal emergency.

Required: Prepare the journal entries for the following transactions for October.

Journal Entries: (Analysis given)

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Oct 1 Cash P350,000
Magpantay, Capital P350,000
Assets increased, Owner’s Equity increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits.
Oct 3 Prepaid Rent 40,500
Cash 40,500
Assets increased, Assets decreased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits. Decreases
in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 5 Photography Equipment 129,000
Magpantay, Capital 129,000
Assets increased, Owner’s Equity increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits.
Oct 7 No entry.
Oct 8 Office Equipment 54,000
Cash 54,000
Assets increased, Assets decreased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits. Decreases
in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 10 Photography Equipment 75,000
Cash 75,000
Assets increased, Assets decreased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits. Decreases
in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 12 Photography Supplies 21,000
Accounts Payable 21,000
Assets increased, Liabilities increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in liabilities are recorded by credits.
Oct 13 Cash 11,400
Portraits Revenue 11,400
Assets increased, Owner’s Equity increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits.
Oct 13 Cash 11,400
Portraits Revenue 11,400

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Assets increased, Owner’s Equity increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits.
Oct 17 Accounts Receivable 22,500
Portraits Revenue 22,500
Assets increased, Owner’s Equity increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in owner’s equity are recorded by credits.
Oct 19 Accounts Payable 10,500
Cash 10,500
Liabilities decreased. Assets decreased. Decreases in liabilities are recorded by debits.
Decreases in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 25 Telephone, light and water expense 3,600
Cash 3,600
Owner’s equity decreased. Assets decreased. Decreases in owner’s equity are recorded by
debits. Decreases in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 26 Telephone, light and water expense 2,100
Cash 2.100
Owner’s equity decreased. Assets decreased. Decreases in owner’s equity are recorded by
debits. Decreases in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 28 Cash 7,500
Accounts Receivable 7,500
Assets increased, Assets decreased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits. Decreases
in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 29 Salaries Expense 12,000
Cash 12,000
Owner’s equity decreased. Assets decreased. Decreases in owner’s equity are recorded by
debits. Decreases in assets are recorded by credits.
Oct 30 Cash 1,500
Unearned Portraits Revenue 1,500
Assets increased, Liabilities increased. Increases in assets are recorded by debits.
Increases in liabilities are recorded by credits.
Oct 30 Magpantay, Withdrawals 16,000
Cash 16,000

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Owner’s equity decreased. Assets decreased. Decreases in owner’s equity are recorded by
debits. Decreases in assets are recorded by credits.

Assessment

Jay Omotoy opened a plumbing service, Alabang Plumbing. Operations began

on Apr. 1, 2020, and the following transactions were completed during the month:

Apr. 1 Withdrew P67,000 from a personal savings account and used it to open a new
account in the name of Alabang Plumbing
2 Acquired a service vehicle costing P81,000. A payment of P17,500 in cash was
made and a note payable given for the P63,500 remainder. (compound entry; two
credits)
3 Paid rent for the month, P7,150.
6 Acquired plumbing supplies on account P15,700.
7 Paid for three months of advertising and recorded Prepaid Advertising in the
amount of P6,000.
8 Cash in the amount of P18,350 was received for plumbing services rendered
9 Acquired additional plumbing supplies for cash, P8,050.
11 Paid salaries, P11,600.
15 Rendered plumbing services and billed the customer, P42,200.
16 Paid P5,700 of the amount owed from the transaction of Apr. 6.
19 Paid miscellaneous expenses, P4,300.
20 Collected P21,000 from the customer on the Apr. 15 transaction.
21 Withdrew P14,500 from the business.
22 Paid salaries, P14,100.
24 Paid the first installment of the note payable, P3,850.
25 Paid telephone expense, P1,250.
27 Billed the Clement Resort for plumbing services rendered, P14,150.

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 The following are listed in the company’s chart of accounts: Cash; Accounts
Receivable; Plumbing Supplies; Prepaid Advertising; Service Vehicle; Notes Payable;
Accounts Payable; Omotoy, Capital; Omotoy, Withdrawals; Plumbing Revenues; Salaries
Expense; Rent Expense; Telephone Expense; and Miscellaneous Expense.

Required: Prepare the journal entries for the month of April.

Summary

The accounting cycle starts with the identification of transactions to be recorded. Then
they are entered into the journal, a chronological record of transactions. The accounts may
be picked up from the chart of accounts of the company. The accounts entered into the journal
follow the rules of debit and credit: assets, expenses, losses and withdrawals increase when
debited, liabilities, capital, revenues and gains increase when credited.

References

Averkamp, H. (2020). Accounting Basics. Retrieved from accountingcoach.com.

Ballada, W. et.al. (2019). Basic Financial Accounting and Reporting. Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines. DomDane Publishers.

MODULE 4
RECORDING BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS:
POSTING AND THE TRIAL BALANCE

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 Introduction

After you have learned how to identify transactions that can be accounted for and

make journal entries in the general journal, the next steps in the accounting cycle are posting

the entries to the ledger and creating a trial balance.

Learning Outcomes

After completing the module, the student should be able to:

1. Describe a general ledger and understand what purpose it serves.

2. Post entries from the general journal to the general ledger.

3. Prepare and explain the use of a trial balance.

Lesson 1. The Ledger and Posting (Ballada, 2019)

The ledger accumulates all data necessary prior to the preparation of financial
statements. All similar transactions recorded in the journal are grouped together in the ledger.

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 The ledger appears basically in the form of capital letter T. the left side of the ledger
provides the data for debit entry, and the right side of it presents information about the credit
entry.

The number of ledgers to be provided is highly dependent on the number of account

titles used in the recording process. The ledgers are arranged in the following order of
accounting elements: assets, liabilities, capital, income, and expense accounts. Actually, the
arrangement of the ledger is in accordance with the listing in the chart of accounts.

Posting

Posting means transferring the amounts from the journal to the appropriate accounts
in the ledger. Debits in the journal are posted as debits in the ledger, and credits in the journal
as credits in the ledger (Ballada, 2019).

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 At the end of an accounting period, the debit or credit balance of each account must
be determined to enable us to come ip with a trial balance.

After posting, the amounts of debit and credit are added. This process is technically
referred to as footing. Footing is the process of adding the debit and the credit money columns
of the ledger and finding their balances.

The footing of accounts ends the posting process. The next step in the accounting
cycle which is the preparation of the trial balance may be started.

Lesson 2. The Trial Balance (Ballada, 2019)

The fourth step in the accounting cycle is the preparation of the trial balance. Trial
balance is the listing of the debit and credit balances of accounts from general ledger. In other
words, it is the aggregate of all the debits and credits at the end of the accounting period. A
trial balance is, therefore, an informal accounting schedule that lists accounts appearing in
the ledger with corresponding amounts.

The trial balance has the following purposes:

1. It proves the equality of debit and credit
2. It determined nominal accounts to be closed
3. It serves as a basis for making draft financial statements.

The term “trial balance itself suggests that this statement proves the fundamental concept
that debit should be equal to credit in all instances.

The procedures in the preparation of a trial balance follow:

1. List all the account titles in numerical order
2. Obtain the account balance of each account from the ledger and enter the debit
balances in the debit column and the credit balances in the credit column
3. Add the debit and credit columns
4. Compare the totals

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Activities

Refer to the Module 3 activity. Post the entries to the ledger accounts and prepare the trial
balance.

T-accounts:

Accounts Receivable
Oct-17 22,500 Oct-28 7,500
22500 7500
15000

Photography Supplies
Oct-12 21,000 Oct-28 7,500
21000 7500

Prepaid Rent
Oct-03 40,500 Oct-28 7,500
40500 7500

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 Photography Equipment
Oct-05 129,000 Oct-28 7,500
Oct-10 75000
204000

Office Equipment
Oct-08 54,000 Oct-28 7,500
54000

Accounts Payable
Oct-19 10,500 Oct-12 21,000
10500 21000
10500

Unearned Portraits Revenues

Oct-08 54,000 Oct-30 1,500
1,500

Magpantay, Capital
Oct-08 54,000 Oct-01 350,000
Oct-05 129,000
479,000

Magpantay, Withdrawals
Oct-31 16,000 Oct-01 350,000
16000 479,000

Portraits Revenues
Oct-08 54,000 Oct-13 11,400
Oct-17 22,500
33,900

Salaries Expense
Oct-29 12,000 Oct-30 7,500

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 12000

Telephone, Light and Water Expense

Oct-25 3,600 Oct-30 7,500
Oct-26 2100
5700

Trial Balance:

Eternal Images

Trial Balance

October 2019

Debit Credit

Cash 156,700

Accounts Receivable 15,000

Photography Supplies 21,000

Prepaid Rent 40,500

Photography Equipment 204,000

Office Equipment 54,000

Accounts Payable 10,500

Unearned Portraits Revenue 1,500

Magpantay, Capital 479,000

Magpantay, WIthdrawals 16,000

Portraits Revenues 33,900

Salaries Expense 12,000

Telephone, Light and Water Expense 5,700

Total 524,900.00 524,900.00

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 Assessment

Refer to the Module 3 assessment. Post the entries to the ledger accounts and prepare
the trial balance.

Summary

The ledger accumulates all data necessary prior to the preparation of financial
statements. All similar transactions recorded in the journal are grouped together in the ledger.
These entries are then footed and listed in a trial balance to test the balance of total debits
and credits.

Reference

Ballada, W. et.al. (2019). Basic Financial Accounting and Reporting. Sampaloc, Manila,
Philippines. DomDane Publishers.

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