12 Vargot. D till 30° 1 Aswini              Ê 2 Bharani          » 3 Krittika ¸ 4 Rohini ¶ 5 Mrig asirsa          ¼ 7 Daiva
 
11 Pad exch. 24 D 27 Revati till 13°20 till 26°40 till 10° till 23°20 till 6°40 8 Manusya
10 Pad exch. 21 R º Dai Ma Rak Ma Rak Ma 6 Ardra          É 9 Raksasa
9 Manusya till 20° 10 Manusya

1.Vargot.

2 Varg. 
3 Pad ex. 7
2 Pad ex. 4

1 Pad ex. 1

3 Pad ex. 7
8 Raksasa till 16°40 11 Raksasa
26 Ut.bhad.

11 Manusya
7 Manusya 12 Manusya

12 Raksasa
4 Manusya

6 Manusya

4 Raksasa
9 Daiva 
5 Raksasa

7 Raksasa
6 Raksasa  ¾ 7 Punar.½ R 1 Pada exch. 1

10 Daiva

5 Daiva
6 Daiva
8 Daiva
5 Manusya till 3°20 D 2 Pada ex. 4 
4 Daiva till 3°20 D 3 Vargot.
25 D
3 Daiva Calculation for Starter;  Count from Sun Star to the Bhukti 4 Vargot.
2 Daiva  P.bhadra   lord Star and multiply it by 2.  Count from the progressed Moon star 8 Pushya¾M 5 Pada exch. 10
½ (dasha lord) to Bhukti Lord. (if the dasha lord is the 1st dasha, if it is the 2nd
1 Raksasa till 16°40 R 6 Pada ex.13
dasha from birth then moon star will progress by 1), exception for moon ;
12 Pad exch. 27 M till 20° progressed moon to bhukti lord (same progressed moon = 1)  Count the 7 Manusya
11 Vargot. R 24 Satabhi.      number of Birth Week Day from Sunday. (ex. Monday = 2) 8 Raksasa
10 Pad exch. 21 M É _Add the above three results and divide the sum by 27 (the no. of stars) and 9 Aslesha         9 Manusya
9 Raksasa count the remainder from Krittika (add 2); You get the star of the starter of º 10 Raksasa
that Bhukti Lord. You will notice symmetry among starters; In any Dasha till 30°
8 Manusya till 6°40     all the starters belong only to one group of 3 friendly planets. Likewise 11 Daiva
7 Daiva 23 their enemies are also fixed up. ʶ½, »¼¾, ¸ É º 12 Daiva
6 Daiva Dhanista Find the ruler; (for a bhukti period), count how many stars the bhukti 10 Magha    Ê 1 Daiva
¼ lord have passed since it’s own last star ownership (in zodiacal order), then till 13°20
5 Daiva 2 Manusya
from that star ownership count back the same number; that star and lord will
4 Raksasa till 23°20 be the ruler for that period. 3 Raksasa
3 Manusya 22 Sravana       rak 4 Pada exch. 8
¶ All puskara navamsas are ruled by benefics & get 4 colors= fire, earth, air &
2 Raksasa  11 ma 5 Vargot.
water,  = puskaramsa degrees (21°, 14°, 24°, & 7°of fire, earth, air & water signs) P.phalg. rak 6 Pada exch. 14
1 Manusya A planet in Puskar navamsa get strong, sees his karakas boosted, but if it »
12 Pad exch. 27 R till 10° happens in dustana in D1, then sickness (6), short life (8) or losses (12) are still till 26°40 7 Raksasa 
11 Pad exch. 24 M 21 expected but less intensely. 8 Daiva
U.ashada
10 Vargot. D ¸ 12 Ut.phal. 9 Daiva
9 Vargot. D ¸ 10 Daiva

9 Pada ex. 20
8 Pada ex. 17
till 10°
9 Pada ex.20

8 Pad exch. 18  D till 26°40

8 Vargot.

7 Vargot.
11 Manusya
7 Pada ex.4
6 Raksasa 

7 Pad exch. 15 R 20 12 Raksasa

12 Manusya

10 Manusya
10 Raksasa

11 Raksasa
2 Daiva 
5 Manusya

P.ashada  
1 Raksasa
6 Manusya 13 Hasta        ¶ 1 Manusya
12 Daiva
11 Daiva

»
4 Daiva
3 Daiva

5 Raksasa till 23°20 2 Raksasa 

4 Manusya till 13°20 3 Manusya
19 Mula                 rak
3 Raksasa Ma Rak Ma Rak    Ma Dai   4 Pada exch. 8
2 Manusya Ê 18 Jyestha    º 17 Anura.          ¾ 16 Visakha    ½ 15 Swati                  É Till 14 Chitra dai 5 Pada exch. 11
1 Daiva till 30° till 16°40 till 3°20 till 20° 6°40   ¼ dai 6 Vargot.
  Latta  (kick  in  transit)  kicks  the  star  in  front  or  behind  ¸ kicks  the  12th  star  in  front,¶  the  22nd  behind  =  8th  in  front, ¼  the  3rd  in  front, º  
the  7th  behind,  ½  the  6th  in  front,  »  the  5th  behind,  ¾  the  8th  in  front, É the  9th  in  behind,   Ê no kick.  
25   23  Dhanis.  ¼ 24  Satabish.  É 25  P.bhadra  ½ 26  U.bhadra  ¾ 27  Revati  º 1  Asvini  Ê 2  Bharani  » 1  
Vowel;  ii   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Vowel;  A  
   by   № 5  by   № 10    by   № 11    by   № 12    by   № 13    by   № 17    by   № 18  
 
22  Sravana  ¶ 51   52   53   54   55   56   33   3  Krittika  ¸
Mutual  afflict.   Vowel;  ree   Cons;  g   Cons;  s   Cons;  d   Cons;  ch   Cons;  l   Vowel;   Mutual  afflict.  
 by   №  5      u(small)    by   № 16  
 
28.  Abhijit   50   69   70   71   72   57   34   4  Rohini  ¶
no  affliction   Cons;  kh   Vowel;   aqu   pis   ari   Vowel;  lu   Cons;  a   Mutual  afflict.  
   ei  (big)    by   № 15  
 
21  Ut.ashada  ¸ 49   68   79   80,  friday   73   58   35   5  Mriga  ¼
Mutual  afflict.   Cons;  j   cap   Vowel;  aha   NORTH   Vowel;  au   tau   Cons;  v   Mutual  afflict.  
 by   № 7   Rikta  tithis;     (small)    by   № 23  
4,9,14  
20  P.ashada  » 48   67   78,  thursday.   81,  saturday   74,  sun.,  Tues.   59   36   6  Ardra  É
Mutual  afflict.   Cons;  bh   sag   WEST   CENTER   EAST   gem   Cons;  k   Mutual  afflict.  
 by   № 8   Jaya  tithis;   Purna  tithis;     Nanda  tithis;    by   № 22  
3,8,13   5,10,15,30   1,6,11  
19  Moola  Ê 47   66   77   76,mon.,wedn.   75   60   37   7  Punar.  ½
Mutual  afflict.   Cons;  y   sco   Vowel;  am   SOUTH   Vowel;  au   can   Cons;  h   Mutual  afflict.  
 by   № 9   Bhadra  tithis;   (big)    by   № 21  
2,7,12  
18  Jyestha  º 46   65   64   63   62   61   38   8  Pushya  ¾
Mutual  afflict.   Cons;  n   Vowel;   lib   vir   leo   Vowel;   Cons;  d   Mutual  afflict.  
 by   № 1      ei(small)    luu    by   № 20  
 
17  Anuradha  ¾ 45   44   43   42   41   40   39   9  Aslesa  º
Mutual  afflict.   Vowel;  re   Cons;  ta   Cons;  ra   Cons;  pa   Cons;  ta   Cons;  ma   Vowel;     Mutual  afflict.  
 by   № 2     uu  (big)    by   № 19  
 
17   16  Visaka  ½ 15  Swati  É 14  Chitra  ¼ 13  Hasta  ¶ 12  Ut.phal  ¸ 11  P.phalg.  » 10  magha  Ê 9  
Vowel;  i   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   no  affliction Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Mutual  afflict.   Vowel;  aa  
   by   № 3    by   № 4    by   № 24    by   № 25    by   № 26    by   № 27  
 
  Vedha  from  star  (in  front  &  diagonal)=  aspects  =  bad  (all  boxes  on  these  3  lines  will  be  afflicted  by  the  star)  
 1
Naksatras table; To determine any result for a house; it’s lord, the rasi dispositor of it’s lord and the star dispositor of it’s lord will all have to be taken. Among the three that which goes most
powerful will predominate, Note: Planets situated in the stars of their own Tatwa will give their individual effects without modifications. But if they are in inimical tatwas they give untoward effects. For example, if Budha as
lord of 5th Bhava is in any of the stars of Akasha Tatwa his begetting issues is as distant as the Earth is from Akasha. If Sukra as lord of 7 be in any of the stars of Tejo Tatwa his conjugal happiness is as inimical as Water and
Fire enemies. Here Sukra is Jala Tatwa Planet. _Adhomuhha : (Signs with faces downward) 1,4,7,10, from sun ,(look for hidden, dirty things) _urdhvamukha : (Signs with faces upward) 3,6,9,12 from sun
(frank, straightforward, proud) _Tiryakmukha ; (Signs with faces backward) 2,5,8,11 from sun (tricky, tendency to lie or cheat)
L planet S A malefic nadi Mental Latent Internal goal/ ▼ext. External objective ▼
O tattva E Or dustana type Attitude ▼ Ability, Aspiration & goal. Desire, aspiration
Direction ▼ R must X Lord here can Power, Pada (1st syllable sign, symbol Class Action, shakti, keyword mood disposition Vision/ goal Vision/ goal
D agree affect varna of given name) group varna Inauspicious▼
the star raju In body sex Gana Support D A K M & star
Tattva mood From.. 1 2 3 4 gunas ▼
1 Aswini E Ê Prithivi M Feet Soles Vata Horse Deva Ashwin.k. Chu Chay Cho La D RRR Horse Head Vaisya Healing, traders star Laghu gentle Swift Straight/ tiryak tricky, tendency to lie or cheat
2 Bharani E » Prithivi F Hip Toes Pitha Eleph. Man Yama Li Lu Lay Lo A RRT Vagina candala Removing impurities, transform, Ugra, cruel Restrain Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
3 Krittika E ¸ Prithivi F Head Head kaphaGoat Raksas Agni Aa E(i) U,oo Ay K RRS Razor BrahminBurn,cut, purify, intense, sexual Misra, mixedhardwork Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
4 Rohini E ¶ Prithivi F Throat Forehead kapha Snake Man Brahma O Va Vee Vo M RTR Chariot Sudra Bestows fertility, influence, power Fixed steady Growing Up, urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
5 Mrigasira E ¼ Prithivi N Head Brows Pitha Snake Deva Moon Vay Vo Kaa Ke M RTT Deer Head Servant Enjoy, seduction, search experiences Mridu, soft soft straight
6 Ardra W É Jala F Throat Eyes Vata Dog Man Rudra Koo kha Jna tCha K RTS Head Butcher Achieve gains by tears, perseverance Daruna forceful Up,urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
7 Punarvasu W ½ Jala M Navel Nose Vata Cat Deva Aditi Kay Ko Haa Hee A RSR Bow Vaisya Give plenty, star of changes, vitality chara moving Straight/ tiryak tricky, tendency to lie or cheat
8 Pushya W ¾ Jala M Hip Face Pitha Goat Deva Brihaspati Hoo Hay Ho Daa D RST Flower Ksatriya spiritual discipline, prosperity,swift Laghu gentle Sanctify Up, urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
9 Aslesha W º Jala F Feet Ears kaphaCat Raksas Sarpas Dee Doo Day Do D RSS Serpent candala Destroy obstacles, paralyse, poison Daruna dreadful Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
10 Magha W Ê Jala F Feet Chin kaphaRat Raksas the Pitris Ma Mee Moo Mé A TRR Palanquin Sudra Mighty, dreadful, strong ego, fame Ugra, cruel fierce Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
11 Purva p W » Jala F Hip R. Hand Pitha Rat Man Bhaga Mo Ta Tee Tou K TRT Front Bed BrahminFiercely Crave for pleasure, music Ugra, cruel Procreate up ●
12 Uttara p F ¸ Tejo F Navel L.Hand Vata Cow Man Aryaman Tay To Paa Pee M TRS Back Bed Ksatriya Endurance, family unity, determined fixed steady Prosperity under
13 Hasta F ¶ Tejo M Throat Fingers Vata Buff. Deva Surya Piu Sha Nu(n Te(u M TTR Hand Vaisya Gain with tricks, heals, humorous Laghu gentle Fast,Gain Straight. / tiryak tricky, tendency to lie or cheat
14 Chitra F ¼ Tejo F Head Neck Pitha Tiger Raksas Visvakar. Pay Po Ra Ray K TTT Pearl Servant Mystical, artists, reap good karma Mridu, soft tender straight
15 Swati F É Tejo F Throat Chest kapha Buff. Deva Vayu Ru Ray Ro Ta A TTS Wheat Sprout Butcher Transform, destroy or heal, moving chara Transform Straight/ tiryak
16 Visakha F ½ Tejo F Navel Breast kaphaTiger Raksas Indragni Ti Tiou Thay To D TSR Triumph Arch candala Blossom by patience, persistence misra, mixed secretive Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
17 Anura. F ¾ Tejo M Hip Stomach Pitha Hare Deva Mitra Na Ni Nû Né D TST Lotus Sudra Skills, social organizer, plentyness Mridu Gentle,soft Straight/ tiryak tricky, tendency to lie or cheat
18 Jyestha A º Vayu F Feet R. Side Vata Hare Raksas Indra No Ya Yee You A TSS Umbrella Servant Heroism, brilliant, top of everything Daruna Cold, hard Straight/ tiryak tricky, tendency to lie or cheat
19 Mula A Ê Vayu N Feet L. Side Vata Dog Raksas Nirriti Yay Yo Baa Bee K SRR Crouch Lion Butcher Alaksmi, ruin, clever, suspicious Harass, cruel clearing Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
20 P.ashada A » Vayu F Hip Back Pitha Monk.Man Apah Bu Da Bha Dha M SRT Fan BrahminInvincible, over passion, vigorous Ugra, cruel severe Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
21 U.ashada A ¸ Vayu F Navel Waist kapha Camel Man Visvadeva Bay Bo dJa dJi M SRS Elephant TuskKsatriya Early losses, and success later steady fixed up
22 Sravana A ¶ Vayu M Throat Genitals kaphaMonk. Deva Vishnu Jû Je(t) Jo Gha A STR Arrow candala Hearing, learning, service to people chara travel Up, urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
23 Dhanista S ¼ Akash F Head Anus Pitha Lion Raksas The VasusGa dGee Geu djeu D STT Flute Servant Symphony star, difficult relations Chara movable Up, urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
24 Satabhi. S É Akash N Throat R. Thigh Vata Horse Raksas Varuna Go Sa See Seu D STS Empty Circle Butcher Removes sin, injury, debts, mystical chara eccentric Up, urdhvamukh frank, straightforward, proud
25 P.bhadra S ½ Akash M Navel L.Thigh Vata Lion Man Ajaikapad Say So Da(z Dee A SSR F. Death Bed BrahminOveractive to sacrifice then detached ugra, cruel cruel Down/adhomuka ● look for hidden, dirty things
26 Ut.badra S ¾ Akash M Hip Shins Pitha Cow Man Ahirbudh. Du Tha Gya Da K SST B.Death Bed Ksatriya protect, care, nourish, far travels fixed fixed up
27 Revati S º Akash F Feet Ankles kapha Eleph, Deva Pushan De Do Chaa Chee M SSS Drum Sudra Protect and feed animals & humans Mridu soft Fertile,mild straight
Dhruva (fixed); success in sowing plant seeds, griha-pravesha, planting , (establishing a village), Vinayakashanti, first practice of music, new clothing, erotic pleasures, making and wearing ornaments.
Chara (moveable); Riding a car, scooter etc., laying out a garden, and entering that garden for the first time, opening a ship, sexual intercourse, getting gold, silver and gem jewellery, or starting a new branch of learning.
Ugra (violent, cruel or unkind); defeat to an enemy, electric or fire instruments, starting new lights or fires, poisoning, doing tantra, taming of animals, all cruelty-related works should be undertaken in ugra nakshatras.
Mishra (sadharana); Mixing of metals and other things, captivating someone, use of poison, hatred-related actions, agnikarma, starting of agnihotra (lighting fire for yagna).
Kshipra (small)(Abhijit also) Movable works (which involve movements), selling of goods, learing shastras, using and purchasing ornaments, giving and taking medicine, works related to art, culture and literature.
Mridu (maitreya, soft or friendly) ; Wearing of new clothes, making friends, making of ornaments, music-related activities are allowed.
Daruna or Teekshna (severe) ; recitation of mantras, quarrel, training of horses and elephants, sowing seeds, starting work of laying out a garden,(entering a house or a village), sangeeta¬vidyarambha (starting learning of
music), entertainment and wearing of new clothes and ornaments are permissible.
Real extension (sukshma) for each constellation is relevant in connection with marriages, pilgrimages, travels and the like & specially in the context of an enquiry into argha (worthiness, value, price of offering),
Indyarthabhoga star gives opulence; Rohini, Punarvasu, Vishakha, Uttarashadha,-Uttaraphalguni and Uttarabhadra (4, 7, 12. 16, 21, 26) have each an extension of 19° 45' 52".
Arthabhoga star gives economic prosperity; Bharani, Ardra, Ashlesha, Jyeshta, Swati and Satabhisha (2, 6, 9, 15, 18, 24) have each an extent of 6° 35' 17" only.
Ekabhoga star gives one type of enjoyment; The 15 remaining constellations (1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27) have each an arc of 13° 10' 35". Abhijit is spread over the remaining space ;4° 04' 21".
abhukta star = no enjoyment, ruin if moon is there= 3 junctions of tribhagi (water/ fire signs) or the last 6 Ghatikas of Jyeshtha and first 8 Ghatikas of Mula are known, as Abhukta Mula. § Birth in Aslesha (Cancer) –
 Table 57: Vimsottari dasa & antardasa

Das»> Sun
·-
Mars 1 v....,
Moon Rahu Jup Sat Mere

An tar y m d ym d ym d ym d y ra d y m d yrn d y ra d

Sun 0 3 18 0 6 0 0 4 6 010 24 0 918 01112 010 6 I 0 0

Moon 0 6 0 010 0 0 7 0 I 6 0 I 4 0 I 7 0 I 5 0 I 8 0

Mars 0 4 6 0 7 0 0 4 27 I 0 18 0 II 6 I I 9 011 27 I 2 0

Rahu 0 10 24 I 6 0 I 0 18 2 8 12 2 424 210 6 2 6 IS 3 0 0

Jup 0 9 18 I 4 0 011 6 2 4 24 2 118 2 612 2 3 6 2 8 0

Sat 0 II 12 I 7 0 I 1 9 210 6 2 612 3 0 3 2 8 9 3 2 0

Mer 0 10 6 I 5 0 011 27 2 6 18 2 3 6 2 8 9 2 4 27 210 0

Keto 0 4 6 0 7 0 0 4 27 1 0 18 0 11 6 1. 1 9 Oil 27 t 2 0

Yen I 0 0 1 8 0 I 2 0 3 0 0 2 8 0 3 2 0 210 0 3 4 0

6 0 010 0 0 70 0 18 0 0 16 00 19 0 0 17 0 0 20 0 0
 2
Amrit (¶ lord) : Indicate everlasting benefic results, which the native enjoys through out his life.
general indications will be modified (substantially) on the basis, of ownership, placement and aspects of the lord of the 3 stars as well as by planets occupying these 3 stars.
NAVATARA CAKRA-TABLE Temp. Temporary nadi lord & Cycle 1 ; planets there will give Cycle 2 ,anujanma; planets there will Cycle 3,trijanma ; planets there will
Navatara name and meaning Malefic stars are in bold & Tarab signification; Whenever any planet or results in childhood and youth = give results in middle age and give results in old age as well as the
filled in grey + Permanent Deity and carrier. ala planets transit this Nadi Star/lord, it full results,100%, at the carreer= 50 % results (good or bad) time in the womb = almost no
Planets in malefic stars can give very bad results especially if Star gives result as under; (look at Sapta beginning of the dasha (even or during the middle of the dasha tangible results, or at the end of the
they are in the very beginning of the star (1 star= 60 ghatis) lord Nadi Chakra to fill ) before the dasha starts) dasha or not at all= doesn’t last
Tarabala # Special taras, the lord of the naksatra acts as a karaka representing the following topics
Janma, general well-being, one's own nature, most influential 1 Danger to body, disease 10 Karmaksha,Profession, 19 Deposit, entrust, settle, causes
naksatra. can bring ill-health, (very bad in the first 7 ghatis) the 108th navamsa is evil (the one working place, loss of money fear and anxiety,shows the
Everlasting results depending on the nature of the planet (mal. just before moon) Karmabham navamsa (vikrama- circumstances before birth or
or ben.) amsa) from moon if moon is in pada during CONCEPTION/ (adhana),
¸, peacock 2,3 or 4 malefics here = troubles
Sampat, wealth/food grains, efforts, progress, prosperity, 2. 11 Manasa, mind controlled 20
shows the kind of wealth you should possess, how your mind
works in taking the resources available. Planet here gives
maximum benefic results, have great impact in the life of
native. Benefic planets give more benefic results. º, horse
Vipat, danger to life, calamity, losses in business, accidents, 3 12 21
bad days. (very bad in the first 3 ghatis) creates maximum
obstructions and malefic results according to the planet
karaka(Ex; Jupiter = malefic results to children & family.
benefic results are insignificant.). É, goat
Ksema,safety, healing time, happiness progress, if not healed 4 Jati,community, caste, 13 22nd ; Vainasika = Destroy, kills,
here then can cause problems in next naksatra. according to cole especially saturn here
gives benefic results, which are enjoyed by whole-family/ 88th khara navamsa (from lagna)
community. ½, elephant
Pratyak, antagonistic achievements, obstructions, setback, 5 14 +hindrances 23
obstacles, bhadaka, can cause death or death-like suffering, At the time of marriage no planet the 88th khara navamsa will be in the
if an activity starts on this naksatra there will be many should be in the 55th Navamsa, 1st to 3rd pada of this star if lagna is in
obstacles. (very bad in the first 8 ghatis) (from Ascendant) the 2nd to 4th pada of janma star,
Does not give results directly. It gives disappointments. It otherwise if will be in next star
affects others, who associate with the native. Ê, crow
Sadhana, 100% success and benefits but after efforts and 6 15 24,
delay, ambitions fulfilled. 96th pada is manasa naksatra
¶, jackal
Naidhana, (Badha dasa) indicates too many obstacles planets 7 Naidhana, death 16 Sanghatika, Social group 25 ,Manasa, mental state or jati
here give hopes & dreams only but rarely something 36th nav.= trine to 64th = same activities, inner core friends according to Saravali prog.
happens… death, failure, dangers, (very bad in the first 6 effect 64th Nav.= 8th house= very bad if ¾
ghatis) transit natal ¶. 100h nav.= trine to 64th = same effect
¾, lion
Mitra, friends, closer friend, benefic. Planets occupying this 8 17 26 Desa, same place or country
Star indicate all types of achievements through friends.
Specially while travelling, through known or unknown persons.
», Garuda
Param mitra, prosperity, supporters, very friendly, friends 9 .The 36th Navamsa from¶ is 18 Samudayika, Masses, crowds, 27 Abhisek, power, fame,
will meet you, good for things dealing with crowds. Karmabham, if ¶ is in 1st pada, the 36th everybody coronation
Planets here give results through a person or an organisation will be in 4th pada here. The 36th nav. lord the 108th navamsa is evil (the one just
during travelling. Malefics destroys the achievements of the becomes a maraka as well as the lord of before moon)
native. ¼, swan 22nd drekkana especially in low SAV transit
Malefics in transit in 36th, 64th, 72nd, or 96th navamsa from natal moon will bring bodily or mental pain ;