CSEE2123: OOP and Data Structures

Fall 2018
Object Oriented Programming(OOP),
Classes
Lecture 6
M. Tahir Awan
([email protected])
Capital University of Science & Technology (CUST),
Islamabad
Assignment # 1 :
Programming Assignment
• Due Date :
– Friday, October 12th , 2018
– Due at : 05:00 p.m.
• Late Submission
– Not Allowed
• Assignment Submission
– Separate *.cpp file for each Question
– Submit in zip format
– File name : “Name_RollNo_AssignNo.zip”
– Submission Path
» \\fs\assignments$\mTahir\Assignment1

CSEE1133:Data Structures © M. Tahir Awan, CUST 2

Dynamic Memory Allocation :
2 D Array
• To dynamically allocate 2D array
– Dynamically create array of pointers
– Dynamically create multiple 1D array
– Map 1D arrays to array of pointers

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Dynamic Memory Allocation :
2 D Array
• Definition of Class and Object

#include <iostream> // Display the array

using namespace std; for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
for(int j = 0; j < M; ++j)
void main() { cout << ary[i][j] << endl;
int N = 3;
int M = 3; // free the memory
for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
//Dynamic Memory Allocation delete [] ary[i];
int** ary = new int*[N]; delete [] ary;
for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
ary[i] = new int[M];
//Fill the array }
for(int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
for(int j = 0; j < M; ++j)
cin>>ary[i][j];

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C++ : User-Defined Data Types

User-Defined Data
Types

enum struct union class

Programming Paradigms
• In computer programming following paradigms
exist :
–Procedural Programming
» C, Fortran, Pascal
–Object Oriented Programming
» C++, Java, Python

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Object Oriented Paradigm
• Fundamental idea in
object oriented
programming is to
model entities like
real world objects
• An OOP program can
be viewed as a
collection of
cooperating objects

CSEE1133:Data Structures © M. Tahir Awan, CUST 7

Features of Object Oriented
Programming
• Features of OOP are :
–Encapsulation or Data hiding
–Inheritance and Reusability
–Polymorphism
–Templates and Template Classes

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Definition of a „class‟
• Definition of a class is composed of
• 1. Data Members
• The data items within a class are
called data members or data fields
that define its attributes
• 2. Function Members
• Member functions are included
within a class to define its behavior
• All computations on an object are
done using member functions

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{private , public} Access Specifier
• Data encapsulation in OOP is done using access
specifiers
• Private (private)
• A private member (data or functions) can only be
accessed from inside class. Only the class and
friend functions can access private members.
• Public (public)
• A Public member (data or functions) can be
accessed from anywhere outside of class
• By default all the members of a class are private
• Mostly data members of class are made private
while function members are made public
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C++ : Class Definition
Definition of a class starts with the keyword „class‟
followed by class name
C++ Class Definition : Example
• Definition of Class and Object

#include <iostream> void main() {

using namespace std; Circle C1;
cout<<“Area of circle = “ <<
class Circle { C1.getArea();
private: }
float radius;

public:
Circle() {
radius = 5.0;
}
float getArea() {
return radius* radius* 3.14159;
}
};

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Class Definition :
Member functions Out-side class
• Member functions of class can be defined out-
side of class definition
float Circle::getArea() {
return radius* radius* 3.14159;
}

• Scope resolution operator ::

• Class Name :: function Name

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C++ Class Definition 2: Example
• Member Function Definition outside of class

#include <iostream> Circle::Circle() {

using namespace std; radius = 5.0;
}
class Circle {
private: float Circle::getArea() {
float radius; return radius* radius* 3.14159;
}
public:
Circle() ; void main() {
float getArea(); Circle C1;
}; cout<<“Area of circle = “ <<
C1.getArea();
}

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Special Function : Constructor
• A class constructor is a special member function
of the class that is executed automatically
whenever new object of that class is created
• Constructor will have exact same name as the
class and it does not have any return type at all,
not even void
• Constructors are useful for setting initial values
for certain member variables
• A class may be declared without a constructor.
In this case, a no-argument constructor with an
empty body is implicitly declared known as
default constructor

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Special Function : Destructor
• A class destructor is a special member function
of the class that is executed automatically
whenever an object of it's class goes out of
scope
• Destructor will have exact same name as the
class prefixed with a tilde (~) and it can neither
return a value nor can it take any parameters.
~circle () {};
• Destructor are useful for releasing resources
before coming out of the program like closing
files, releasing dynamically allocated memories

• Constructor and destructor are never explicitly

called in the program
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C++ Class Definition : Example
• Definition of Class and Object

#include <iostream> float getArea() {

using namespace std; return radius* radius* 3.14159;
}
class Circle { };
private:
float radius; void main() {
Circle C1;
public: cout<<“Area of circle = “ <<
C1.getArea();
Circle() {
}
radius = 5.0;
}
~Circle() {
cout<<“Object out of scope”;
}

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C++ Point Class : Example
• Definition of Class and Object

#include <iostream> int getY() {

using namespace std; return y;
};
class Point {
private: void main() {
int x; Point p1;
int y; cout<<“Coordinates of Point are
( “ << p1.getX
<<“,”<<p1.getY()<<endl;
public:
}
Point() {
x = 2;y=3;
}

int getX() {
return x; }
};

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C++ Class : Get & Set Functions
• To access private members of a class in outside
world, get and set methods are used. A get
function is referred to as a getter (or accessor),
and a set function is referred to as a setter (or
mutator).

• Get function will return value of member

int getradius(){ return radius; }

• Set function will modify value of member

void setradius (int r){ radius = r; }

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C++ Class : Complex Number
• Definition of Class and Object

#include <iostream> Complex::Complex(float real, float

using namespace std; imag)
: real(real), imag(imag) { }
class Complex {
private: float Complex::getReal() {
float real; return real;
float imag; }

public: void Complex::setReal(float r) {

Complex(float real = 0.0, float real = r;
imag = 0.0); }
float getReal();
void setReal(float real); float Complex::getImag() {
float getImag() ; return imag;
void setImag(float imag); }
};

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C++ Class : Complex Number
• Definition of Class and Object

void Complex::setImag(float im) { cout << "C2:Real Part = "

imag = im; <<c2.getReal() <<", Imaginary
Part = "<<c2.getImag()<<endl;
}

}
int main() {
Complex c1, c2(4, 5);

c1.setReal(0);
c1.setImag(8);

cout << "C1:Real Part = "

<<c1.getReal() <<", Imaginary
Part = "<<c1.getImag()<<endl;

CSEE1133:Data Structures © M. Tahir Awan, CUST 21

Class Constructor : Definitions
• Class Constructor can be defined in one of many
ways to initialize class attributes
Circle() : radius(0) {}
Circle()
{ radius = 0; }
Circle (int r) : radius(r)
{}
Circle (int r)
{ radius = r; }
Circle (int r = 1)
{ radius = r; }
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C++ Classes : Practice Questions
• Define and instantiate objects of following
classes in C++ Program
• Distance Class
• Primitives : feet , inches of type float

• Time Class
• Primitives : hours, minutes, seconds type int

• Student Class
• Primitives : Name of type string, marks of type
int , grade of type char
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Constructor Overloading
• In C++ multiple constructors can be defined
within a class. Concept is known as constructor
overloading
• Compiler will differentiate between multiple
constructors depending upon number of
arguments in constructor definition
• Constructor Overloading is used to increase the
flexibility in variable initialization
Complex() Complex( float r, float i)
{ {
real = 0.0; real = r;
imag = 0.0; imag = i;
} }

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C++ Class : Distance
• Constructor Overloading

#include <iostream> void showdist(){

using namespace std; cout << feet << "-" << inches
<<endl;
class Distance { }
private: };
int feet; void main() {
float inches; Distance d1;
public: Distance d2(20, 5);
Distance():feet(0),inches(0) {}
Distance(int ft, float in) : d1.showdist();
feet(ft), inches(in) {} d2.showdist();
void setdist() { }
cout << "Enter feet: ";
cin >> feet;
cout << "Enter inches: ";
cin >> inches;
}
CSEE1133:Data Structures © M. Tahir Awan, CUST 25
Default Copy Constructor
• Default copy constructor is a one argument
constructor implicitly defined by the compiler
• Default Copy Constructor is used for copying
contents of one object into another

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C++ Class : Distance
• Default copy constructor

#include <iostream> void showdist(){

using namespace std; cout << feet << "-" << inches
<<endl;
class Distance { }
private: };
int feet; void main() {
float inches; Distance d1(20, 5);
public: Distance d2(d1);
Distance():feet(0),inches(0) {}
Distance(int ft, float in) : d1.showdist();
feet(ft), inches(in) {} d2.showdist();
void setdist() { }
cout << "Enter feet: ";
cin >> feet;
cout << "Enter inches: ";
cin >> inches;
}
CSEE1133:Data Structures © M. Tahir Awan, CUST 27
Objects as Function Arguments
• Class objects can also be passed as arguments
in class member functions
• Syntax for passing objects as function
arguments is same as for other data types and
structures
void Distance::addDistance(Distance d2, Distance d3)
{
inches = d2.inches + d3.inches;
feet = 0;
if(inches >= 12.0)
{
inches -= 12.0;
feet++;
}
feet += d2.feet + d3.feet;
}
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Objects as Function Arguments
void Distance::addDistance(Distance d2, Distance d3)

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Returning Objects from Functions
• Functions can also return Class objects
• Syntax for returning objects from functions is
same as for variables of different types and
structures
Distance Distance::addDistance(Distance d)
{
Distance temp;
temp.inches = inches + d.inches;
temp.feet = 0;
if(temp.inches >= 12.0) {
temp.inches -= 12.0;
temp.feet++;
}
temp.feet += feet + d.feet;
return temp;
}

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Practice Question
• Modify the complexNumber class and add a
number function „addComplexNumbers()‟ that
can add two complex numbers. Complex number
will be passed as argument to function and
function will return resultant complex number
• Implement a Time Class that will have three
members, Hours, Minutes and Seconds. Add a
constructor to initialize the members. Also add a
member function to add two time instants.

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