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Merge Sort: Merge Function Is Used For Merging Two Halves. The Merge (Arr, L, M, R) Is Key

Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that works by recursively dividing an array into two halves, sorting each half, and then merging the two sorted halves into one sorted array. It has a time complexity of O(n log n) for all cases (worst, average, best) as it always divides the array into two halves and takes linear time to merge two halves. It requires O(n) auxiliary space and is a stable sorting algorithm useful for sorting linked lists.

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143 views

Merge Sort: Merge Function Is Used For Merging Two Halves. The Merge (Arr, L, M, R) Is Key

Merge sort is a divide and conquer algorithm that works by recursively dividing an array into two halves, sorting each half, and then merging the two sorted halves into one sorted array. It has a time complexity of O(n log n) for all cases (worst, average, best) as it always divides the array into two halves and takes linear time to merge two halves. It requires O(n) auxiliary space and is a stable sorting algorithm useful for sorting linked lists.

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Pedro Figueiredo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Merge Sort

geeksforgeeks.org/merge-sort

March 15, 2013

Like QuickSort, Merge Sort is a Divide and Conquer algorithm. It divides input array in
two halves, calls itself for the two halves and then merges the two sorted halves. The
merge() function is used for merging two halves. The merge(arr, l, m, r) is key
process that assumes that arr[l..m] and arr[m+1..r] are sorted and merges the two
sorted sub-arrays into one. See following C implementation for details.

MergeSort(arr[], l, r)
If r > l
1. Find the middle point to divide the array into two halves:
middle m = (l+r)/2
2. Call mergeSort for first half:
Call mergeSort(arr, l, m)
3. Call mergeSort for second half:
Call mergeSort(arr, m+1, r)
4. Merge the two halves sorted in step 2 and 3:
Call merge(arr, l, m, r)

The following diagram from wikipedia shows the complete merge sort process for an
example array {38, 27, 43, 3, 9, 82, 10}. If we take a closer look at the diagram, we can
see that the array is recursively divided in two halves till the size becomes 1. Once the
size becomes 1, the merge processes comes into action and starts merging arrays back
till the complete array is merged.

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Recommended: Please solve it on “PRACTICE” first, before
moving on to the solution.
C/C++
Java
Python3
Python (Alternative)

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def mergeSort(arr):
if len (arr) > 1 :
mid = len (arr) / / 2
L = arr[:mid]
R = arr[mid:]

mergeSort(L)
mergeSort(R)

i = j = k = 0

while i < len (L) and j< len (R):


if L[i] < R[j]:
arr[k] = L[i]
i + = 1
else :
arr[k] = R[j]
j + = 1
k + = 1

while i < len (L):


arr[k] = L[i]
i + = 1
k + = 1

while j < len (R):


arr[k] = R[j]
j + = 1
k + = 1

def printList(arr):
for i in range ( len (arr)):
print (arr[i], end = " " )
print ()

if __name__ = = '__main__' :
arr = [ 12 , 11 , 13 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]
print ( "Given array is" , end = "\n" )
printList(arr)
mergeSort(arr)
print ( "Sorted array is: " , end = "\n" )
printList(arr)

Output:

Given array is
12 11 13 5 6 7

Sorted array is
5 6 7 11 12 13

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Time Complexity: Sorting arrays on different machines. Merge Sort is a recursive
algorithm and time complexity can be expressed as following recurrence relation.
T(n) = 2T(n/2) +
The above recurrence can be solved either using Recurrence Tree method or Master
method. It falls in case II of Master Method and solution of the recurrence is .
Time complexity of Merge Sort is in all 3 cases (worst, average and
best) as merge sort always divides the array into two halves and take
linear time to merge two halves.

Auxiliary Space: O(n)

Algorithmic Paradigm: Divide and Conquer

Sorting In Place: No in a typical implementation

Stable: Yes

Applications of Merge Sort

1. Merge Sort is useful for sorting linked lists in O(nLogn) time .In the case of linked
lists, the case is different mainly due to the difference in memory allocation of
arrays and linked lists. Unlike arrays, linked list nodes may not be adjacent in
memory. Unlike an array, in the linked list, we can insert items in the middle in
O(1) extra space and O(1) time. Therefore merge operation of merge sort can be
implemented without extra space for linked lists.
In arrays, we can do random access as elements are contiguous in memory. Let us
say we have an integer (4-byte) array A and let the address of A[0] be x then to
access A[i], we can directly access the memory at (x + i*4). Unlike arrays, we can
not do random access in the linked list. Quick Sort requires a lot of this kind of
access. In linked list to access i’th index, we have to travel each and every node
from the head to i’th node as we don’t have a continuous block of memory.
Therefore, the overhead increases for quicksort. Merge sort accesses data
sequentially and the need of random access is low.

2. Inversion Count Problem


3. Used in External Sorting

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Watch Video At: https://youtu.be/JSceec-wEyw

Snapshots:

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Recent Articles on Merge Sort
Coding practice for sorting.
Quiz on Merge Sort

Other Sorting Algorithms on GeeksforGeeks:


3-way Merge Sort, Selection Sort, Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Merge Sort, Heap Sort,
QuickSort, Radix Sort, Counting Sort, Bucket Sort, ShellSort, Comb Sort

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more
information about the topic discussed above.

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