DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Cabambangan, Villa de Bacolor 2001, Pampanga, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Numerical Solutions (CENUMES 313)

CHAPTER 2: SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

2. Special Square Matrices

1. Commute matrix. If A and B are square matrix such that AB = BA, then A and B are called commutative or are said to commute.

2. Anti-commute matrix. If A and B are such that AB = - BA, the matrices A and B are said to be anti-commute.

3. A matrix A which A k+1 = A, where k is a positive integer, is called periodic. If k is the least positive integer for which A k+1 = A,
then A is said to be of period k. IF k = 1, so that A2 = A, then A is called idempotent.

4. Nilpotent. A matrix A for which A p = 0, where p is a positive integer, is called nilpotent. If p is the least positive integer for which
A p = 0, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.

5. Involutory. A matrix A such that A2 = I is called involutory. An identity matrix, for example, is involutory. An involutory matrix is
its own inverse.

6. Skew symmetric. A square matrix A such that AT = - A is called skew-symmetric. A square matrix A is skew symmetric provided
aij = - aji for all values of i and j. The diagonal elements are zeroes then.

7. Conjugate of a matrix. The complex numbers a + bi and a – bi are called conjugates, each conjugate of the other. When A is a
matrix having complex numbers as element, the matrix obtained from A by replacing each element by its conjugate is called
the conjugate of A and is denoted by Ā (A conjugate).

8. Tranjugate of a matrix. The transpose of the conjugate of the matrix A is the tranjugate of the matrix; ie., ĀT. It is also denoted
by A*.

9. Hermitian matrix. A square matrix A = [ aij ] such that ̅̅̅̅𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴 is called Hermitian. Thus, matrix A is hermitian provided aij =
āji for all values of i and j. The diagonal elements of an Hermitian matrix are real numbers.

10. Skew – Hermitian. A square matrix A = [ aij ] such that ̅̅̅̅ 𝐴𝑇 = −𝐴 is called skew-Hermitian. Thus, A is skew-symmetric
provided aij = - āji for all values of i and j. The diagonal elements of a skew - Hermitian matrix are either zeroes or pure
imaginaries.

11. Orthogonal matrix .If the inverse of a matrix is equal to its transpose, the matrix is referred to as an orthogonal matrix. In other
words, a matrix is orthogonal if A-1 = AT.

Examples:

1. Show that matrices E and F commute.

1 2 3 −2 −1 −6
𝐸= [ 3 2 0] 𝐹=[ 3 2 9]
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −4

2. Show that matrices G and H anti-commute.

1 −1 1 1
𝐺= [ ] 𝐻= [ ]
2 −1 4 −1
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

3. Show that matrix C is periodic of period 2.

1 −2 −6
𝐶 = [ −3 2 9]
2 0 −3

4. Show that matrix B is idempotent.

2 −2 −4
𝐵 = [−1 3 4]
1 −2 −3

5. Show that matrix A is nilpotent of index 3.

1 1 3
𝐴=[ 5 2 6]
−2 −1 −3

6. Show that matrix D is nilpotent and in what index?

1 −3 −4
𝐷 = [−1 3 4]
1 −3 −4

7. Show that matrices N and J are involutory.

0 1 −1 4 3 3
𝑁 = [4 −3 4] 𝐽 = [−1 0 −1]
3 −3 4 −4 −4 −3

8. Show that matrix K is hermitian.

1 1+𝑖 2 + 3𝑖
𝐾 = [1−𝑖 2 −𝑖 ]
2 − 3𝑖 𝑖 0

9. Using the above matrices, simplify:

a. C4 + N8J9 – B5
b. A4C15 + B8J18 – B10/N12
c. (D5E2)T -2I4 + N7C2