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 3

pozitivizmi da samarTlisa (kanonisa)

da moralis gamijvna

h. l. a. harti

I
udavoa, rom benTami da ostini samarTlis (kanonis) arsebuli da
misi savaldebulo formebis erTmaneTTan gansxvavebis daJine­biT­
moTxovnisas konkretul kanonebs gulisxmobdnen. kanonebs, romelTa
mniSvneloba naTeli da udavo iyo. isini amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi
kanonebi moralTan Seusabamobis miuxedavad, mainc kanonebad rCe-
bodnen. mogvianebiT wamoWrili kritikis da ukmayofilebis safuZv-
lis ukeT gagebis mizniT, mxolod zemoaRniSnuli mtkicebis mimarT
gamoTqmuli kritikis ganxilva sakmarisi rodia; unda gaviTvaliswin-
oT is garemoebac, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu utilitarebis mier ga-
moTqmuli azri marTebulia, maTi daJinebuli moTxovna am konkretul
aspeqtSi terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT samarTlisa da misi saval-
debulo formis gamijvnis Sesaxeb faravs im faqts, rom am or feno-
mens Soris umniSvnelovanesi kavSiri arsebobs. qvemoT, me ara mxolod
utilitarebis mier konkretuli midgo­mis kritikas ganvixilav, aramed
im garemoebis mtkicebulebasac, rom kanonsa (samarTalsa) da morals
Soris Zireuli kavSiri maSin vlindeba, rodesac vikvlevT konkre-
tul situaciaSi Tu rogor xdeba sadavo mniSvnelobis mqone kanonis
interpretacia da gamoyeneba; da rom es kavSiri, sakiTxSi CaRrmavebis
SemTxvevaSi, isev vlindeba Tu dasmuli kiTxva gaiJRers ara rogorc:
`samarTlis yovelma konkretulma wesma unda daakmayofilos moralis
minimumi raTa aRiarebul iqnas kanonad?, aramed: `SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
wesebis sistema iyos samarTlebrivi sistema Tu is ver akmayofilebs mo­
ralis minimalur principebs~.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs erTi ZiriTadi sirTule, romelmac
kritika CixSi Caayena. unda gvaxsovdes, rom utilitarebma samarTli-
sa da moralis gamojvnis moTxovniT ori sxva Tanabari mniS­vnelobis,
magram gansxvavebuli doqtrinis gaerTianeba moaxdines. erTi iyo
mniSvnelovani simarTle, rom samarTlebrivi koncefciebis mxolod
analitikuri Seswavla, samarTlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikis mniS-
vnelobis Seswavla, iseTive arsebiTi iyo samarTlis arsis aRqmisT-
vis, rogorc istoriuli da sociologiuri disciplinebis swavleba
4

(ra Tqma unda, samarTals am disciplinebis Secvla ar SeuZlia). meore

doqtrina iyo samarTlis (kanonis) imperatiuli Teoria – samarTali
(kanoni) arsebiTad brZanebas warmoadgens.
iurisprudenciaSi utilitarebis tradicia am sam doqtrinas
efuZneba; Tumca isini gansxvavebuli doqtrinebia. SesaZlebelia vam­
tkicoT samarTalsa da morals Soris gansxvaveba, samar­Tlebrivi
koncefciebis mniSvnelobaSi analitikur kvlevebs didi mniSvneloba
mivaniWoT, magram amavdroulad isicaa dasaSvebi, rom kanonis ZiriTa-
dad brZanebad moazreba arasworad CavTvaloT. utilitarebis tradi-
ciaSi rwmena imisa, rom am sam doqtrinaTagan erTis arasworoba danar-
Ceni oris arasworobas ganapirobebs, kano­nisa da moralis gamijvnisken
mimarTul kritikas CixSi ayenebda; am tradiciaSi yvelaze did Secdomas
warmoadgenda sami erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli doqtrinis ver dan-
axva. TiToeuli am sami gan­sxvavebuli doqtrinis (sxva doqtrinebTan
erTad, romlebic uti­litarelebs arasdros gamouTqvamT) bundovani
gansazRvrisaTvis `pozitivizmis~ iarliyis gaurkvevelma gamoyenebam,
sxva calkeul faqtorebze1 metad ganapiroba sakiTxis gaurkvevloba.
ostinis doqtrinis zogierTi adreuli amerikeli kritikosi calsaxa

From 71 Harv. L. Rev. 593 (1958). Copyright 1958 by the Harvard Law Review Associa-
tion. Professor Lon. L. Fuller replied to this essay in `Positivism and Fidelity to Law – A
Replay to Professor Hart~, 71 Harv. L. Rev. 630, (1958).
1 es SesaZloa `pozitivizmis~ xuTi (SesaZloa iyos metic) mniSvnelobis gansaz-
RvraSi dagexmaroT, romelic Tanamedrove iurisprudenciaSi gvxvdeba:
(1) kamaTi – adamianebisTvis kanonebi brZanebaa
(2) kamaTi – ar arsebobs savaldebulo kavSiri samarTalsa da morasl, an samar-
Talis arsebul da mis savaldebulo formas Soris.
(3) kamaTi – samarTlis koncefciebis analizis (an mniSvnelobis Seswavla) (a)
midevna mizanSewonilia da (b) unda moxdes misi gamoyofa kanonebis safuZvlebis
da warmoSobis istoriuli kvlevebisgan, samarTlis da sxva socialur fenomenTan
dakavSirebuli sociologiuri kvlevebidan da samarTlis moralis, socialuri
(sazogado) miznebis, `funqciebis~, an sapirispiros TvalsazrisiT kritikisagan
an dafasebisgan.
(4) kamaTi – samarTlebrivi sistema warmoadgens `Caketil logikur sistemas~,
sadac marTebuli samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis dadgena, socialuri miznebis,
politikis da moraluri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, winaswar gansaz-
Rvruli samarTlebrivi wesebis logikuri saSualebebis meSveobiT SeiZleba da
(5) kamaTi - faqtebis mtkicebulebebisgan gansxvavebiT mora­luri gadaw-
yvetilebis Camoyalibeba da mtkiceba raciona­luri argumentebiT da samxilebiT
(eTikaSi – `arakognitivizmi~) SeuZlebelia.­
bensami da ostini (1), (2), (3) da (4) da (5) Camoyalibebul Sexedulebas iz-
iardebdnen. (4) punqtSi miTiTebuli mosazreba analitikosi (Teoretikos)
iuristebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, magram me ar meguleba `analitikosi (Teo-
retikosi)~, romelic am mosazrebas iziarebdes.
 5

iyo am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, greim ostinis Rvawlze sa­

ubrisas daamata: `SesaZloa is cdeboda, rodesac saxelmwifos samar-
Tals, rogorc suverenis2 brZanebas ganixilavda,~ da man mravali mo-
menti aRniSna, sadac brZanebis Teoriis naklovanebebi gamoamJRavna.
magram arsebobdnen naklebad gonebagaxsnili kritikosebi, romlebic
Tvlidnen, rom brZanebis Teoriis araadekvaturoba, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gamoaSkaravda, samarTlisa (kanonis) da moralis gamijv-
nis moTxovnis arasworobis gamoaSkaravebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo.
es Secdoma iyo, magram sakmaod bunebrivi. imisaTvis, rom davi-
naxoT Tu raoden bunebrivi iyo is, brZanebis cneba ufro detalu-
rad unda ganvixiloT. kargad cnobili Teoria – samarTali (kanoni)
brZanebaa – ufro farTo da ambiciuri ganacxadis nawils warmoad-
genda. ostini ambobda, rom brZanebis cneba `iurisprudenciisa da
moralis mecnierebebis gasaRebs~ warmoadgenda da Tanamedrove
mcdelobebi moraluri gansjis `imperatiuli~ an `damavaldebule-
beli~ gamonaTqvamebis TvalsazrisiT axsnisa am ambiciuri ganacxa-
dis gamoZaxils warmoadgens. magram brZanebis Teoria, rogorc mora-
lis kvintensenciis, aseve samarTlis kvintensenciis identifikaciis
mcdelobad ganxiluli, gveCveneba saocrad Tavisi simartiviT da
sakmaod araadekvaturad.
umartives samarTlebriv sistemaSic ki mravali damaxinjebaa, Tu
is brZanebadaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad amisa, utilitarelebi Tv-
lidnen, rom samarTlebrivi sistemis arsis gadmocema SesaZlebeli
iqneboda Tu brZanebis cnebas wesebisadmi morCilebis Cveuleba dae-
mateboda. martivi sqema aseTi iyo: ra aris brZaneba? es, ubralod,
erTi adamianis nebaa meore adamiani misi survili­samebr moiqces an
Tavi Seikavos ama Tu im qcevisgan, rasac daumorCileblobis SemTx-
vevaSi sasjeli mohyveba. brZaneba kanonia Tu is or pirobas akmayofi-
lebs: pirveli, is unda iyos zogadi; meore, brZaneba unda modiodes
(rogorc aRniSnavdnen benTami da ostini) yvela politikur sazoga-
doebaSi miuxedavad misi konstituciuri formisa, adamianis an adam-
ianTa jgufis mier, romlebic sazogado­ebis umravlesobisgan iReben
CveulebiT morCilebas, magram igive morCilebas sxvebs ar ubrune-
ben. aseTi adamianebi suverenebi arian. Sedegad, kanoni warmoadgens
sazogadoebis im mbrZanebelTa brZanebebs, romlebic Tavad brZane-
bebs ar emorCilebian – suverenis, romelic gansazRvrebiT kanons
2
Gray, The Nature and Source of the Law (2nd edn., 1921), pp. 94-5
3
Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (Library of Ideas end., 1954), p.13.
6

miRma dgas, samarTlebrivad SeuzRudavi survilis qmnileba.

advilad dasanaxia, rom samarTlis msgavsi sistema moZvelebu-
lia. agreTve, imis danaxvac SeiZleba Tu ratom iyo miCneuli, rom
misi araadekvaturoba ganpirobebulia moralTan Zireuli kavSiris
gauTvaliswineblobiT. aseTi situacia, romelic SeiZleba Semdegi
cnebebis martivi trilogiiT – brZaneba, sanqcia da suvereni – Camo-
vayaliboT, hgavs SeiaraRebul adamians, romelic Tavis msxver­pls
eubneba: `momeci Seni fuli an sicocxle~. erTaderTi gansxvaveba
samarTlebrivi sistemis SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom SeiaraRebuli adami-
ani igive sityvebs ara erT aramed bevr adamians erTdroulad eub-
neba, romlebic yaCaRobas Cveuli arian da nebdebian. kanoni (samar-
Tali) SeiaraRebuli adamianis situaciis msgavsi namdvilad araa da
kanonieri brZaneba, ra Tqma unda, ZaldatanebasTan ar unda asocird-
ebodes.
msgavsi sqema, miuxedavad aSkara analogiisa kanonsa da brZanebas
Soris, samarTlisTvis yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebel elementebs
ugulebelyofs. neba miboZeT Camovayalibo ramdenime. arasworia
Tu miviCnevT, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba (da a fortiori eleq-
torati), cvladi wevrebiT, warmoadgens adamianTa gjufs, romleb-
sac Cveulebisamebr unda daemorCilo: es martivi cneba mxolod
monarqisTvisaa Sesaferi. im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu Cven gadavuxvevT
am mosazrebidan, kanonmdeblebis mier Seqmnili kanoni amaoa, Tu is
ar Seesabameba miRebul findamentalur wesebs, romlebic arsebiT
sakanonmdeblo procedurebs gansazRvraven. es savaldebuloa iseTi
martivi unitaruli konstituciis mqone saxelmwifosTvisac, rogor-
ic britaneTia. aRniSnuli fundamenturi wesebi gansazRvraven Tu
ra unda moimoqmedos kanonmdebelma kanonis gamocemisTvis, magram
isini arc CveulebiTi morCilebis brZanebas warmoadgenen da arc
adamianebisTvis wesebisadmi morCilebis Cveulebis gamomxatveli
unda iyos. isini samarTlebrivi sistemis fesvebs efuZnebian, xolo
utilitaruli sqemis ZiriTad naklovanebas warmoadgens is, rom mas-
Si ugulebelyofilia im garemoebis analizi Tu ramdenad misaRebia
msgavsi wesebi sazogadoebis jgufisTvis da maTi moxeleebisTvis. es
cneba da ara brZaneba, rogorc ostini acxadebda, `iurisprudenciis
mecnierebis gasaRebi~ an, sul mcire, erT-erTi gasaRebi iyo.
ostini, demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdeblebis nacvlad eleq-
torats aRiqvamda `suverenis~ rolSi (an, rogorc inglisSi, mis
nawilad). is Tvlida, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi eleqtora-
tis masisTvis Statis da federaluri sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba
suverens warmoadgenda, xolo sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi maTi
 7

`agentebis~ mier micemuli brZanebebi - kanonebs. magram aRniSnulis

mixedviT, kanons miRma myofi suverenis cneba, romelsac mosaxleo-
bis `ZiriTadi~ masa `CveulebiT emorCileboda~, dasaviwyebelia: sxva
sityvebiT, ZiriTadi masa ZiriTadi masis morCilebaSia, anu is sa-
kuTar Tavs imorCilebs. aSkaraa sakanonmdeblo proceduris ufle-
bamosilebis zogadi miReba, miuxedavad kanonmdebelTa cvlilebisa,
kanons miRma mdgomi konkretuli adamianebis mimarT masis Cveule-
biTi morCilebis analizisas SeiZleba damaxinjdes. aseve, wesis zog-
adi socialuri miRebis martivi fenomenis, rogoricaa ekelesiaSi
Sesvlisas qudis moxda, damaxinjeba SesaZloa Tu is wamodgenilia,
rogorc masis CveulebiTi morCileba gankuTvnili konkretuli ada-
mianebisTvis.
sxva kritikosebma brZanebis Teoriis ufro mniSvnelovani nak­
lovaneba daafiqsires. maT kidev ufro bundovani gaxades mniS-
vnelovani kritikis sazRvrebi, radgan Tvlidnen, rom naklovaneba
samarTalsa da morals Soris mniSvnelovani kavSiris aRiarebis
warumateblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. es gacilebiT radikaluri de-
feqti ki Semdegia. brZanebis TeoriiT daxatuli kanonis far­glebSi
cxovrebis suraTi mbrZanebelsa da Semsrulebels, zemdgomsa da
xelqveiTs Soris martiv urTierTkavSirs warmoadgens. urTier-
Tobas vertikaluri xasiaTi aqvs kanons miRma mdgom brZanebis gam-
cemsa da samarTlis sagans – Semsrulebels – Soris. am suraTSi
samarTlebriv wesebs Soris, romlebic sinamdvileSi radikalurad
gansxvavdebian, gansxvavebis mcdelobas adgili an sul ar eTmoba,
an Tu Cans mas mxolod SemTxveviTi an meorexarisxovani xasiaTi
aqvs. arsebobs kanonebi, romlebic adamians, miuxedavad misi sur-
vilisa konkretuli qmedebis Sesrulebas an ama Tu im qmedebis ar
Sesrulebas avaldebuleben. sisxlis samarTlis kanoni ZiriTadad
msgavsi saxis wesebisgan Sedgeba: rogorc brZanebebi, romlebsac an
`emorCilebian~ an `ar emorCilebian~. magram arsebobs sxva saxis we-
sebi, romelTa sazogadoebisTvis wardgena sxva formiT xdeba. isini
sxvagvar funqcias asruleben. msgavsi wesebi adamians metnaklebad
xelsayreli saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofen, romlebic uflebebi-
sa da movaleobebis iseTi struqturis SeqmnaSi exmareba, romlis
mixedviTac is sakuTar cxovrebas kanonis farglebSi warmarTavs. es
is wesebia, romelTa safuZvelze adamians eZleva ufleba gaafor­mos
xelSekruleba, daweros anderZi, mindobiloba, zogadad, daamyaros
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi sxvebTan. aseTi wesebi, sisxlis samar-
Tlis kanonebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gulisxmoben antisocialuri
pirovnebis survilebisa da arCevanis akrZalvas. piriqiT, isini sur-
8

vilebisa da arCevanis ganxorcielebiskenaa mimarTuli. es wesebi ar

miuTiTeben (brZanebis msgavsad) `ginda Tu ara unda gaake­To es~, ar-
amed `Tu Sen amis gakeTeba gsurs – arsebobs Sesabamisi gza~. swored
aseTi wesebi gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas gamoviyenoT da davicvaT Cveni
uflebebi. msgavsi frazebi kanonebis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs,
romlebic uflebebs gvaniWebs. es is kanonebia, romlebic, Tu Sei-
Zleba ase CamovayaliboT, adamianebisTvis iseTi formiT dgindeba,
rogoric sisxlis samarTalSi ar moiZieba. didi gamWriaxoba das-
WirdaT meore saxis kanonis pirveli saxis kompleqsur variantamde
dayvanisTvis. is Zalisxmeva, romelmac dagvanaxa, rom uflebis mom-
niWebeli kanonebi pirovnebisTvis `sinamdvileSi~ sanqciis mxolod
pirobiTi gansazRvraa, romelic saboloo jamSi mas samarTlebri-
vi valdebulebis Sesrulebas akisrebs, kelsenis naSromis umetes
nawils axasiaTebs4. aRniSnulis moTxovna sinam­dvileSi gulisxmobs
dogmaturi Seupovrobis Cvenebas, raTa moxdes samarTlis sistemis
erTi aspeqtis dafarva Teoriis SenarCunebis mizniT, romlis mixed-
viTac sanqciis gansazRvra, ostinis brZanebis msgavsad, samarTlis
kvintesencias warmoadgens. SeiZleba vinmem Tqvas, rom beisbolis we-
sebi `sinamdvileSi~ qulebis damTvle­lisTvis mxolod kompleqsuri
pirobiTi miTiTebebia da aRniSnuli maT WeSmarit an `arsebiT~ bune-
bas aCvenebs.
inglisSi erT-erTi pirveli iuristi, romelmac ostinis tradicia
daarRvia, salmondi gaxldaT. igi Tvlida, rom brZanebebis analizma
uflebis cneba ugulebelyo5. magram mas sakiTxi aeria. Tavdapirvelad
igi amtkicebda, Tan marTebulad, rom Tu kanonebi mxolod brZanebebs
warmoadgenen gaurkveveli da aux­snelia saubari samarTlebriv ufle-
bebze, romlebic gveniWeba an am kanonebidan gamomdinareobs. magram
Semdgom man araswori daskvna gaakeTa, kerZod, man miiCnia, rom samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis wesebi aucileblad moralis an samarTlianobis
principebs unda ukavSirdebodes da samarTlebrivi uflebebis feno-
menis ganmarteba mxolod aRniSnulis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, salmondis azriT, Cven iZulebuli viqnebiT miviCnioT,

4
ixileT Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State (1945), pp 58-61, 143-4. kelsenis
mixedviT yvela saxis kanoni, miuxedavad imisa gvaniWebs Tu ara is uflebas, Sesa-
Zloa iseT `ZiriTad normebamde~ davides, rogoricaa pirobiTad gansazRvruli
sanqciebi.
5
Salmond, The First Principles of Jurisprudence (1893), pp. 97-8 . is `iurispruden-
ciis inglisuri skolis mrwams~ aprotestebda, radgan es `cdilobda samarTlis
arsisTvis umniSvnelovanesi elementis – eTikuri Rirebulebis – Camocilebas,~.
Id. at 9,10.
 9

rom samar­Tlebrivi da moraluri uflebebis koncefciebs mxolod

`sityvebis Tanxvedra~ akavSirebs. msgavsad, utilitarelebis evro-
peli kritikosebi, romlebisTvisac subieqturi uflebis cnebis kom-
pleqsuroba yo­velTvis wina planze idga, Tvlidnen, rom brZanebis
Teoria uflebebs adgilis gareSe tovebda. hagerstromi amtkiceb-
da, rom Tu kanonebi ubralod brZanebebs warmoadgendnen individis
uflebis cneba gaugebari rCeboda, radganac brZanebebs, rogorc
Tavad aRniSnavda, vemorCilebiT an _ ara; isini uflebebs ar gvani-
Weben6. agreTve, man daaskvna, rom morali, an rogorc is ambobda, jan-
saRi azri da samarTlis cnebebi uflebis momniWebeli yoveli samar­
Tlebrivi struqturis analizSi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli7.
Tumca udavoa, rom es argumentebi areulia. savaldebulo
araa, rom brZanebebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli uflebebiT uz-
runvelmyofi wesebi moralur wesebs warmoadgendnen an maT Ses-
abamisobaSi iyvnen. vinaidan, sabolood uflebebi ceremoniebis,
TamaSebis da bevr sxva sferoSi arsebuli wesebiT regulirdeba,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, samarTlianobis sakiTxebs an samarTlis
savaldebulo formas ar Seesabamebian. arc aris savaldebulo
uflebebis mimniWebeli wesebi samarTliani an moralTan Sesabami-
si iyos. batonis uflebebi sakuTar monaze swored rom aRniSnul-
ze migviTiTebs.
ostinis azriT, maTi Rirebuleba Tu nakli sazogadoebaSi
uflebebis gadanawilebasa da dasaxul mizanzea damokidebuli.
udavoa, rom am kritikosebma samarTlis analizisas brZanebis da
Cveulebis martivi cnebis araadekvaturoba gamoaaSkaraves; bevr
SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom sazogadoebis mier xelisuflebis wesebis
an stan­dartebis miReba (im SeTxvevaSic ki, Tu is motivirebulia
SiSiT an crurwmeniT an inertulobas efuZneba) gaanalizebuli
unda iqnes da rom TavisTavad misi or martiv terminamde dayva-
na SeuZlebelia. Sedegad, zemoaRniSnulidan utilitarebis mier
kanonis arsebobisa da mis `sargebels~ Soris gamijvnis moTxovnis
arasworoba veraferma gviCvena.
6
Hagerstrom, Inquiries Into the Nature of Law and Morals (Olivercrona end., 1953), p. 217:
`kerZo individebis subieqturi uflebebis mTliani Teoria. . . imparatiul Teor-
iasT zan SeuTavsebelia~. agreTve ixileT id. at 221: `maTi uflebebad daxasiaTeba,
mTlianad im mosazrebidan gamodis, romlis mixedviTac uflebebTan dakavSire-
buli samarTali zustad asaxavs uflebebsa da valdebulebebs im datvirTviT, ra
datvirTviTac aRiqvavs maT samarTlis Tanamedrove cneba.~
7
Id. at 218.
10

II
axla gamijvnis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli amerikuli kritika gan-
vixiloT. is sasamarTlo procesis kritikuli swavlebidan wamovida,
romliTac mTeli amerikuli iurisprudencia ase sakeTildReod iyo
dakavebuli. am kritikosebidan yvelaze skeptikurad ganwyobilebma
– arazustad 1930-iani wlebis `realistebad~ wodebulni – SesaZloa
Zalian miamitad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis konceftualuri
struqtura adekvaturad miiCnies samarTlis daxasiaTebisTvis da
wesebiT marTvadi qmedebis analizisTvis, romelsac samarTlis saa-
rsebo sistema mTlianad Tu ara nawilobriv mainc Seicavs. magram maT
xalxs daanaxes Tu ra xdeba realurad, rodesac sasamarTlo iRebs
gadawyvetil ebas. maT mier daxatuli kontrasti sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebis realur faqtebsa da am gadawyvetilebis mTlian logikur
operaciad aRmwer tradiciul terminologias Soris aSkara iyo; miuxe-
davad garkveuli gazviadebisa, `realistebma~ naTlad warmoaCines
adamianTa enis da azrebis erTi umTavresi Tavisebureba, romlis gaT-
valiswinebac umniSvnelovanesia ara mxolod samarTlis aRqmisTvis,
aramed filosofiis im sferoebisTvisac, romlebic iurisprudencias
scdeba. am skolis gagebis mizniT Semdegi magaliTi SegviZlia moviyva-
noT. samsar­Tlebrivi wesi gikrZalavT sazogado sargeblobis parkSi
satran­sporto saSualebiT Sesvlas. aSkaraa, rom is avtomanqanas exeba,
mag­ram dasaSvebia Tu ara igive parkSi velosipediT, gorgolaWebi-
ani cigurebiT an saTamaSo manqaniT Sesvla? an Tundac aeroplaniT?
Sedis Tu ara sityva `satransporto saSualebaSi~ zemoCamoTvlili­
transporti? Tu Cven erTmaneTTan komunikaciis damyareba ­gvs­­urs­da
Tu, rogorc samarTlis yvelaze elementarul forma­Sia, Cven ­gv­­­­­s­urs
gamovxatoT Cveni ganzraxva, rom moxdes garkveuli qce­vebis wesebiT
regulireba, maSin zogad sityvebs, romlebsac Cven viyenebT – magali-
Tad, `satransporto saSualeba~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi – raime stan-
dartuli ganmarteba unda hqondes, romlis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
misi mniSvneloba sakamaTo ar gaxdeba. unda arsebobdes gansazRvruli
mniSvnelobebi, magram aseve iarsebebs sakamaTo SemTxvevebis penum-
bra, romlebSic sityvebi arc aSkarad gamosayenebelia da arc aSkarad
gamosaricxi. TiToeul aseT SemTxvevas standartul SemTxvevasTan
saerTo Tavisebureba eqneba; maTSi an ar iqneba an daemateba standar-
tul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebuli Tavisebureba. adamianis gamogonebebi
da bunebrivi procesebi mudmivad msgavs variantebs gvTavazobs da Tu
gvinda garkveva, es faqtebi Seesabameba Tu ar Seesabameba arsebul we-
sebs, maSin klasifikatorma unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, romelsac mas
ar karnaxoben, radgan faqtebi da fenomeni, romelsac vusadagebT sit­
 11

yvebs da vudgenT wesebs TiTqos munjia. saTamaSo manqanas ar SeuZlia

adges da Tqvas `am konkretuli samarTlebrivi wesisTvis me satrans-
porto saSualeba var~, iseve rogorc gorgolaWebian cigurebs ar Seu-
ZliaT gundurad SemosZaxon `Cven ar varT satran­sporto saSualeba~.
faqtobrivi situaciebi ar gvelodebian Cven zusti gansazRvrebiT an
mikruli iarliyiT da maTze arc samar­Tlebrivi klasifikaciis mimni-
Webeli warweraa gakeTebuli, romlis amokiTxvasac mosamarTle marti-
vad SeZlebs. piriqiT, rodesac sakiTxi samarTlebrivi wesis gamoyene-
bas exeba, vinmem unda aiRos pasuxismgebloba da gadawyvitos moicavs
Tu ara esa Tu is sityvebi konkretul situacias gadawyvetilebasTan
dakavSirebuli praqtikuli SedegebiT.
Camoyalibebuli mniSvnelobebis miRma gansazRvrebasTan dakav-
Sirebul problemas Cven `penumbras problema~ SegviZlia vuwodoT; es
problema yovelTvis Tangvdevs imisda miuxedavaT, is zemoaRniSnuli
sazogadoebrivi parkis magaliTis msgavs trivialur situ­aciasTanaa
dakavSirebuli, Tu konstituciis mravalmxriv ganzogadebasTan. Tu
gaurkvevlobis `penumbram~ samarTlebrivi wesebi mTlianad unda
moicvas, maSin maTi gamoyeneba konkretuli situ­aciebisTvis penum-
bras areaSi logikuri deduqciis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia. Sedegad,
deduqciuri msjeloba, romelsac Taobidan Taobaze saTuTad gadas-
cemdnen, rogorc adamianis yvelaze srul­yofil msjelobas, ver gax-
deba is modeli, romelsac mosamarTle, an sxva adamiani konkretuli
SemTxvevis sazogado wesebTan misa­dagebis mizniT gamoiyenebs. aseT
SemTxvevebSi mxolod deduqciiT Semofargvla SeuZlebelia. Sede-
gad, im SemTxvevaSi Tu penumbra­luri sakiTxebis samarTlebrivi argu-
mentebi da gadawyvetilebebi racionaluri unda iyos, maTi racional-
uroba unda efuZnebodes raRac sxva faqtors da ara winapirobasTan
logikur kavSirs. Sedegad, Tu racionaluria an `gonivrulad JR-
ers~ mtkiceba da gadawyveta imisa, rom aeroplani zemoaRniSnuli we-
sis Tanaxmad satran­sporto saSualebas ar warmoadgens, maSin es mt-
kiceba racionaluri da gonivruli unda iyos yovelgvari logikuri
damajereblobis gareSe. maSin ra aris is garemoeba, romelic msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebis siswores an sxva alternatiul gadawyvetile-
bebTan Seda­rebiT maT ukeTesobas ganapirobebs? da kvlav, TiTqos
marTebulia naTqvami, rom kriteriumi, romelic aseT SemTxvevebSi
msgavsi gadawyvetilebis gonivrulobas ganapirobebs, samarTlis
savaldebulo formis garkveul koncefcias warmoadgens; Zalian mar-
tivia am naTqvamidan Semdeg gamonaTqvamze gadavideT – samarTlis
savaldebulo forma moraluri gansjis sagani unda iyos. Sedegad aq
Cven SevexeT aucilebel pirobas, kerZod `samarTalsa da morals So-
ris gadakveTis wertils~, romelic gviCvenebs uti­litarelebis mier
12

samarTlis arsebul da mis savaldebulo formas Soris gansxva­vebis

moTxovnis simcdares, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, araswor midgomas.
udavoa, rom benTami da ostini sxvagvarad verc dawerdnen, radgan
`penumbras problemis~ ignorirebis gamo maT sasamarTlo procesis
es aspeqti ver gaiges an ugulebelyves.
sasamarTlo procesis araswor aRqmas, romelic ugulebel­yofs
penumbras problemas da process ganixilavs rogorc iseT feno-
mens, romelic mxolod deduqciuri msjelobebisgan Sedgeba, xSirad
`formalizmis~ an `literalizmis~ Secdomas uwodeben. Cemi kiTxva
axla ase JRers: rogor da ra saxiT gviCvenebs aRniSnuli Secdoma
utilitarebis mier moTxovnili gamijvnis arasworobas? aq bevri
sakiTxis erTmaneTSi areva moxda, magram me mxolod ramdenimes
gamorCeva SemiZlia. formalizmis danaSauli samarTlis pozitiviz-
mis TeoriaSi da sasamarTloSic gamovlinda, magram, ra Tqma unda,
sxvadasxva saxiT. samarTalSi pozitivismis Teoriis mimdev­risTvis
danaSauli gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebis Tavisebure-
nasTan dakavSirebul Teoriuli Secdomis daSvebas; man CaTvala, rom
msjeloba winapirobis deduqciis Sedegs efuZneboda, sadac mosamar-
Tlis praqtikuli arCevani an gadawyvetileba aranair rols ar Ta-
maSobda. martivi iqneboda ostinis mier am Secdomis udanaSaulobis
Cveneba; analitikuri iurisprudenciis mTlianad arasworma gagebam
da aRniSnulisTvis didi mniSvnelobis miniWebam is, rogorc yvela
analitikosi swored im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom samarTali Caketil
logikur sistemas warmoadgenda, sadac mosamarTleebi sakuTar
daskvnebs winapirobis safuZvelze akeTebdnen8. piriqiT, is Zalian
did yuradRebas enis Taviseburebas, mis ganusazRvrelobas, aqcev-
da;9 is Tvlida, rom penumbrul situaciaSi mosamarTleebma ganaCeni

8
Teoriuli iurisprudenciis msgavs araswor aRqmas Cven, sxveb­Tan erTad, stonis naS-
romSic vxvdebiT The Province and Function of Law, (1950), p. 141: `mokled, varaudis uaryo-
fa, rom samarTlis nawilis yvela norma logikurad urTierTSeTavsebadi unda iyos da
gagrZeldes erTi ganmartebiT. . . man (Cardozo, J.,) uaryo, rom samarTali realurad imas
warmoadgens, rasac Teoretikosi iuristebi gulisxmobdnen. agreTve ixileT id. at 49,
52, 138, 140; FFriedmann,Le gal Theory (3rd end. 1953), p. 209 msgavsi araswori aRqmis mizezi
TiTqos gamoukvlevi da mcdari rwmenaa imisa, rom samar­Tlebrivi terminebis mniSvn-
elobebis analitikuri swavlebebi SeuZlebeli an absurduli iqneba Tu konkretul
SemTxvevaSi gonivruli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad winapirobebis formalur logi-
kur msjelobaze meti iqneba saWiro.
9
gaecaniT samarTalSi ganusazRvrelobis da gaurkvevlobis gadawyvetilebebs, Austin,
op. cit., at 202-5, 207 sadac ostinma aRiara, rom am ganusazRvrelobis Sedegad, xSirad
konkretuli SemTxvevis zogad gamoxatvasTan Sesabamisobis dadgena mxolod `mcdari
testis~ gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
 13

unda gamoitanon10 da iseT tonSi, romelic zogjer mosamarTle je-

rom franks mogvagonebs, is saerTo samarTlis mosamarTleebs kicx-
avda gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sisustisa da gaubedaobisTvis, war-
sulis WeSmarit an gamogonil precendentebis analogebze brmad
dayrdnobisTvis. is Tvlida, rom maT sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi
sazogadoebis mzardi moTxovnebisTvis unda miesadagebinaT, rac ga-
moaaSkarava gamo­yenebis moralurma standartebma. 11
mSvidobis damaqcevlebi, mosamarTleebis cnebis avtomatTan
gaigivebaze pasuxismgeblebi, ar arian utilitarelebi. pasuximge-
bloba, Tu msgavsi pasuxismgebloba romelime Teoretikoss unda
10
ixileT Austin, op. cit., at 191: `CemTvis warmoudgenelia, rogor SeiZleba sakiTxSi
Caxedulma adamianma dauSvas, rom sazogadoeba ganagrZobda arseboboas Tu ar
moxda mosamarTlis mier misi legitimizacia. . .~ rogorc Sesworeba im azrisa,
rom Teoretikosma iuristma sasamarTlo procesi `saTamaSo aparatis~ saxiT an
`meqanikurad~ unda aRiqvas, aRniSvnis Rirsia ostinis Semdgomi:
(1) kanonis gamoyeneba xSir SemTxvevaSi `sapirispiro analogiebis Widils~
iwvevs. garkveulma SemTxvevam SesaZloa wamowios iseTi warsulis precendenti,
romlisTvisac esa Tu is kanoni iqna gamoyenebuli da meore SemTxveva, rodesac
kanonis gamoyeneba ar moxda. 2 Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th end., 1885), p. 633.
(2) mosamarTleebma konkretul saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT erToblivad miiRes
gadawyvetileba da Sedegad, miiRes axali wesebi, romelTa dafuZnebac, rogorc
sxvadasxva faqtorebze, aseve zogjer (ostinis azriT, Zalian iSviaTad) samarT-
lis savaldebulo formasTan dakavSirebul maT Sexedulebebzec moxda. yvelaze
xSirad isini kanonebs ukve arsebuli kanonebis safuZvelze qmnian, esenia `ana-
logiaze~ dafuZnebuli kanonebi – axali kanoni, romlis SemuSavebac `analogiur
SemTxvevebSi~ gamoyenebuli wesebis. . . ` safuZvelze moxda. 2 id. at 638-9.
(3) `im SemTxvevaSi, samarTlis sistemaSi yoveli wesi srulyofilad gansaz-
Rvruli da zusti rom yofiliyo~, msgavsi sirTuleebi kanonis gamoyenebisas ar
wamoiWreboda. `magram idealuri srulyofileba da siswore, romelic me warmov-
idgine, faqtiurad miuRwevelia. . . Tumca sistemis mSenebloba da regulireba
ubadlo gamocdilebisa da unarebis safuZvelze moxda~. 2 id. at 997-8. ra Tqma unda,
is Tvlida, rom gaurkvevlobebis aRmofxvris mizniT Zalze Sromatevadi samuSao
unda Catarebuliyo. ixileT 2 id. at 662-81.
11 2 id. at 641 `araferia imdenad bunebrivi, rogorc is kanonmdeblebi, pirda-
piri Tu sasamarTlo (gansakuTrebiT ki Tu isini arakvalificirebuli, gaubedavi
da gonebaSezRuduli arian), romlebic ramdenadac SeuZliaT winamorbedebis mier
gansazRvrul magaliTebs eyrdnobian.agreTve ixileT 2 id. at 647: `Zalian samwux-
aroa, rom gamocdilma, unarianma da dafasebulma mosamarTleebma axali wesis
SemoRebisTvis (samomavlod sasikeTo wesi) yvela SesaZlebloba ar gamoiyenes. .
. es is sayveduria, romelsac me lord eldons vucxadeb. . . saerTo samarTlis
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs ar unda emoqmedaT ise rogorc moqmedebdnen. maT
samarTlebrivi wesebis da procedurebis modelireba mzardi sazogadoebrivi
saWiroebebis mixedviT unda moexdinaT da ara sulelurad da yovlad gaumarTle-
blad misi Zveli da barbarosuli gamoyeneba daecvaT.
14

mivaweroT, ekuTvnis iseT Teoretikoss, rogoricaa bleqstouni da

ufro adre, monteskiu iyo. am borotebis fesvebi Zalauflebebis
gancalkevebiT gadaWarbebuli garToba da bleqstounis `bavSvuri
fantazia~ (rogorc mas ostinma uwoda), TiTqos mosamarTleebi
kanons mxolod `pouloben~ da `ar qmnian~.
magram CvenTvis sainteresoa `formalizmi~ ara rogorc iurist-
Ta, aramed rogorc mosamarTleTa manki. konkretulad ra aris is
faqtori, romelic mosamarTles mxridan msgavsi Secdomis daSvebas
ganapirobebs, iyos `formalisti~, `avtomati~, `saTamaSo avtomati~?
sakvirvelia, magram literatura, romelic savsea msgavsi mankeulo-
bebis uaryofiT, amas konkretul terminebSi arasdros aaSkaravebs;
piriqiT, Cven mxolod aRwerilobebi gvaqvs, romlebic SeuZlebelia
imas gulisxmobdnen, rasac gamoxataven: naTqvamia, rom formaliste-
bi Secdomis mixedviT sasamarTloebSi logikas zedmetad iyeneben,
yvelaferi `mSral logikur ukiduresobamde~ dayavT12, an analitikur
meTodebs gadaWarbebiT iyeneben. magram rogor axdens mosamarTle
formalistad yofnisas gadaWarbebuli logikis gamoyenebas? naTe-
lia, rom am Secdomis amosavali garkveuli sazogado terminebisTvis
iseTi interpretaciis miniWebaa, romlebic sazogadoebrivi Rireb-
ulebebis mimarT brmaa (an sxva SemTxvevaSi, suleluria an SesaZloa
ubralod kritikosebisTvis miuRebeli). magram logika ar axdens
terminebis interpretacias; is ama Tu im terminis arc sulelur da
arc gonivrul interpretacias gvaZlevs. logika gveubnena mxolod
hipoTetikurad, rom Tu raime termins mianiWeb garkveul miniSvn-
elobas, maSin mas konkretuli Sedegi mohyveba. logika utyvia imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moxdes wvrilmanebis klasifikacia – es
ki sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. Sedegad,
logika da logikuri ukiduresobebi sxva rames araswori gamoyenebaa
da es raRac Semdegi unda iyos: mosamarTlem konkretul SemTxvev-
asTan dakavSirebiT konkretul wess unda mimarTos – magaliTad,
wesi, romlis mixedviTac pirovnebas moparuli `satransporto sa-
SualebiT~ qveynis sazRvris gadakveTa ekrZaleba da am SemTxvevaSi
saqme aeroplans exeba.13 is an ver xedavs an Tavs aCvenebs, TiTqos
ver xedavs, rom am wesis zogadi pirobebi sxvadasxva interpreta-
cias eqvemdebareba da rom mas Ria arCevani aqvs lingvistur kanonebs

12
Hynes v. new York Cent. R.R., 231 N.Y. 223, 235, 131 N.E. 898, 900 (1921); ixileT Pound,
Interpritations of Legal History (2nd end., 1930) p. 123; Stone, op. cit., at 140-1.
13
Mr. Boyle v. United States, 283 U.S. 25 (1931).
 15

miRma. is ugulebelyofs im faqts, rom is penumbras situaciis da ara

standartuli precendentis winaSe dgas. mosamarTle, sazogadoe-
brivi miznebis gaTvaliswinebis nacvlad, mniSvnelobas sxvagvarad
gansazRvravs. is an iuridiuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
sityvis yvelaze aSkara mniSvnelobiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelic ri-
giTi moqalaqisTvisaa misaRebi, an sityvis im mniSvnelobiT, romelic
mas zogierT samarTlebriv konteqstSi mianiWes, an, ufro cudi,
is ixsenebs standartul SemTxvevas da Semdeg masSi TviTneburad
garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis identifikacias axdens – magaliTad, sa-
transporto saSualebis SemTxvevaSi,
(1) Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba miwaze gadaadgilebisTvis, (2) SesaZle-
belia xalxis transportireba, (3) TviTmavalia – da am sams aRiqvams,
rogorc yovelTvis saWiro da sakmaris pirobas sityva `satrans-
porto saSualebis~ yvela konteqstSi gamosayeneblad, miuxedavad
am sityvisTvis sazogadod miniWebuli interpretaciisa. swored ms-
gavsi arCevani da ara `logika~, aiZulebs mosamarTles am wesSi sa-
TamaSo motoriani manqanis (Tu is TviTmavalia) gaerTianebas, xolo
velosipedebis da aeroplanebis amoRebas. yvelafer amaSi SesaZloa
udidesi sisulelea, magram `logika~ arc metia da arc naklebi, vidre
im precendentebSi, sadac zogadi terminisTvis interpretaciis mini-
Weba da konkretul SemTxvevebSi zogierTi zo­gadi wesebis gamoyeneba
garkveuli socialuri miznebis Sesabamisad Segnebulad xdeba.
msgavsi brma formiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi Zlivs imsax-
urebs gadawyvetileba ewodos; aseTi formiT samarTlebrivi wesis
SemoReba monetis haerSi asrolas hgavs. magram, sul mcire, saeWvoa,
iyo Tu ara romelime sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba aseTi avtomatu-
ri (Tundac inglisSi). ufro swored, an TiToeuli interpretaciis
automaturad Seracxva Sedegia im rwmenisa, rom ufro samarTli-
ania sisxlis samarTlis kanonSi im mniSvnelobis miniWeba, romelic
Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis sxva Rirebulebebis ugulebelyofis
xarjzec ki misaRebia da es, Tavis mxriv, socialuri politikaa (Sesa-
Zloa cudic); an xSir SemTxvevaSi `avtomaturad~ an `meqanikurad~
Seracxuli gadawyvetilebebi gansazRvrul arCevans warmoadgenen,
romlebic sazogado, magram konservatuli sazogado miznebis gaT-
valiswinebiT gakeTda. udavoa, rom saukunis bolos miRebuli umaR-
lesi sasamarTlos avtomaturad miCneuli14 bevri gadawyvetileba
penumbralur situaciaSi konservatuli politikis gatarebisTvis

14
ixileT, magaliTad, Pound, `Mechanical Jurisprudence~ 8 Colum, L. Rec. 605, 615-16
(1908).
16

aSkara upiratesobis miniWebas warmoadgenen. es zustad Seesabameba

baton jastis peqhemis mosazrebebs, romelmac gansazRvra savalde-
bulo samarTlebrivi procedurebi da saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi
wyobis sferoebi.15
magram avtomaturi an meqanikuri gziT miRebuli gadaw-
yvetilebis arasworoba, xolo sazogado miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis siswore ra saxiT gviCvenebs utili-
tarelebis gamijvnis moTxovnis arasworobas? darwmunebuli var,
rom aravin, visac ki arsebulis savaldebulosTan gamijvnis aras-
worobis damtkiceba formalizmis msgavsi defeqtebis gamoyenebiT
surda, uaryofda, rom avtomaturad miCneuli gadawyvetilebebi
kanonia; arc imas uaryofda, rom sistema, sadac aseT avtomatur
gadawyvetilebebs iReben, samarTlebrivi sistemaa. udavoa, rom
formalisti ityoda amgvarad: miuxedavad imisa, rom es kanonebi
cudia da ar unda arsebobdnen, isini mainc kanonebad rCebian. ma-
gram es mxolod gansazRvreba iqneboda da ara uaryofa; da, ra Tqma
unda, benTammac da ostinmac aRniSnuli mosamarTleebis sawinaaR­
mdegod gamoiyena. kerZod, isini mosamarTleebs penumbrul precen-
dentebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis mzardi socialuri
saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe miRebisTvis akritikebdnen.
aSkaraa, rom Tu formalizmis Secdomebma utilitarelebis mier
gamijvnis moTxovnis arasworob unda gviCvenos, azri radikalurad
unda Seicvalos. saqme ara mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mosamarT-
lis gadawyvetileba racionaluri iqneba im Sem­TxvevaSi, Tu is samar-
Tlis savaldebulo formas iTvaliswinebs, aramed is miznebs da so-
cialur politikasac unda iTvaliswinebdes, romelsac mosamarTle
mimarTavs raTa misi gadawyvetileba racionaluri iyos. isini samar-
Tlis nawilad unda CaiTvalon, `samarTlis~ farTo gagebiT, ro-
melic, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT amsaxvelia, vidre is, rasac utilita-
relebi iyenebdnen. sakiTxis msgavs axlebur Camoyalibebas Semdegi
mohyveba: imis nacvlad, rom vTqvaT, rom penumbra kiTxvebis ganmeo-
reba samarTlebrivi wesebis arsebiT arasrulyofilebas gviCvenebs
da rom, rodesac isini gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi marcxs ganicdian,
mosamarTleebma kanoni unda miiRon da Sedegad maT alternativebs
Soris SemoqmedebiTi arCevani gaakeTon. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
15
ixileT, magaliTad Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905). peqhamis azri, rom ar
arsebobda keTilgonivruli safuZveli imisa, rom momxdariyo Tavisufali nebiT
dadebuli xelSekrulebis uflebaSi Careva TanamSromlis, magaliTad xabazis sa-
muSao saaTebis gansazRvris mizniT, SesaZloa konservatizmis araswori nawilia,
magram amaSi araferia `avtomaturi~ an `meqanikuri~.
 17

socialuri politika, romliTac mosamarTle xelmZRvanelobs

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT maT aRmoCenas elodeba; mosamarTleebi
ubralod wesidan, Tu is marTebulad aris gagebuli, `iReben~ imas, rac
masSia `damaluli~. aRniSnulis sasamarTlo kanonmdeblobad wodeba
niSnavs wesis gamoyenebis aSkara magaliTebsa da penumbrul gadaw-
yvetilebebs Soris ZiriTadi Tanmimdevrobis damalvas. mogvianebiT,
Cven ganvixilavT Tu ramdenad keTilgonivrulia msgavsi saubari,
magram am etapze sakiTxevis arevisgan Tavis aridebis mizniT, modiT
savsebiT aSkara garemoeba aRvniSno. miuxedavad imisa, rom formali-
stebis an literalistebis maneriT brmad miRweuli gadawyvetileba
warmoadgens gonivrulad miRweul gadawyvetilebis sapirispiros,
romelic aRniSnuli samarTlis savaldebulo formis zogierTi kon-
cefciis gaTvaliswinebiT moxda, es ar niSnavs, rom Cven moralisa da
samarTlis kav­Siri gvaqvs. Cemi azriT, Cven unda moveridoT sityva
`unda/savaldebulo~-s zedmetad martivi mniSvnelobiT aRqmas. amis
mizezi kanonis arsebul da savaldebulo formas Soris gansxvavebis
ar arseboba araa. sulac ara. piriqiT, gansxvaveba unda arsebobdes ar-
sebulsa da imas Soris, rogoric is unda iyos sxvadasxva Sexedulebis
mixedviT. sityva `unda/savaldebulo~ mxolod kritikis garkveuli
standartis arsebobas asaxavs. erT-erTi aseTi standarti moraluri
standartia, magram yvela standarti rodia moraluri. Cven mezobels
veubnebiT: `Sen ar unda icruo,~ da es aSkarad moraluri daskvnaa, ma-
gram unda gvaxsovdes, rom gaognebul momwamvlels SeiZleba eTqva:
`me misTvis damatebiT doza unda mimeca~. anu meqanikuri an formal-
uri gadawyvetilebebis sapirispiro, gonivruli gadawyvetilebebi
savalddebulo araa iyos moralze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
identuri. bevr gadawyvetilebaze Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT: `diax, es
sworia; iseTia, rogoric unda yofiliyo,~ da vigulisxmoT mxolod is,
rom miRebuli garkveuli mizani an politika garTulda; Cven SeiZle-
ba ar vgulisxmobT politikis an gadawyvetilebis moraluri Tavise-
burebebis mowonebas. Sedegad gan­sxvaveba meqanikur gadawyvetileba-
sa da gonivrul gadawyvetilebas Soris SesaZloa gamovlenili iyos
sistemis SigniT, romelic mravali mankieri miznis aRmof­xvras emsax-
ureba. is ar arsebobs, rogorc kontrasti, romlis moZieba SeiZleba
mxolod samarTlebriv sistemaSi, romelic, Cvenis ­msgavsad, samar-
Tlis principebs da adamianebis moralur moTxovnebs farTod aRi-
arebs.
magaliTi ukeT dagexmarebaT gaigoT, is razec me vsaubrob. sis­
xlis samarTlis saqmeSi mosamarTlisgan moralur gansjas yvelaze
aSkarad ganaCenis gamotana moiTxovs. naTelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi ga-
18

saTvaliswinebelia moraluri faqtori: man sazogadoebaSi ar unda

gamoiwvios umizezo gaRizianeba; gadaWarbebuli tanjva ar unda
iqnas miyenebuli arc msxverplisTvis da arc masze damokidebuli
adamianebisTvis; Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos imisken, rom man
ukeTesi cxovrebiT icxovros da aRadginos sakuTari mdgomareoba
sazogadoebaSi, romlis samarTalic man daarRvia. mosamarTlis­Tvis
am pretenziebis dabalanseba, yvela pirobis da sirTuleebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, moraluri gansjis gamoyenebis TvalsaCino magaliTs
warmoadgens; es TiTqos sajarimo tarifebis gansazRvrasTan dakav-
Sirebuli meqanikuri gadawyvetilebis gamoyenebis srul sapirispi-
ros warmoadgens, sadac moraluri moTxovnebis ugulebelyofa xde-
ba miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli Cvens sistemaSi gadamwyveti
unda iyos. Sedegad, aq gonivruli da racionaluri gadawyvetileba
imarTeba moraluri miznebiT. magram sakmarisia mxolod magaliTis
Secvla da davinaxavT, rom aRniSnulis aucilebloba araa. Sedegad,
Tu araa amis aucilebloba, utilitarelebis damokidebuleba uryevi
rCeba. nacistebis reJimSi sasamarTlo adamians reJimis kritikisTvis
sjida. am SemTxvevaSi ganaCenis arCeva mxolod da mxolod saxelmwi-
foSi tiraniis SenarCunebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeboda. ra ganaCeni
ganapirobebda, rogorc sazogado­ebis didi nawilis terors, aseve
patimris megobrebis da ojaxis sazarel molodins, - imedisa da SiSis
faqtorebis iseT gamoyenebas, romelic miznis miRwevaSi daexmarebo-
daT? aseTi sistemis patimari mxolod am miznebis miRwevis obieqts
warmoadgens. da kvlav, meqanikuri gadawyvetilebisgan gansxvavebiT,
msgavs miznebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetileba gonivruli da mizan-
Sewonili unda iyos da erTi mxriv gadawyvetileba iseTia, rogoric
is unda yofiliyo. ra Tqma unda, CemTvis cnobilia, rom filosofi-
uri tradicia im faqtis damtkicebas cdilobda, romlis mixedviT-
ac gadawyvetilebis an qcevis WeSmaritad racionalurad aRiareba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tu isini moralur miznebsa da principebs ewi-
naaRmdegebodnen. magram magaliTi, romelic moviyvane CemTvis, sul
mcire, rogorc gafrTxileba ise JRers, rom formalizmis Secdoma,
TavisTavad ar unda miviRoT imis mtkicebad, rom utilitarelebis
mier arsebul samarTalsa da mis moralurad savaldebulo formas
Soris gamij­vnis moTxovna arasworia.
axla SegviZlia ZiriTad sakiTxs davubrundeT. Tu marTalia, rom
penumbrul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gonivruli gadaw-
yvetileba is gadawyvetilebaa, romelic ara meqanikurad aramed
miznebis, mizezebis da politikis gaTvaliswinebiT iqna miRebuli,
Tumca ara aucileblad moraluri principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ram-
 19

denad keTilgonivruli iqneba am mniSvnelovani faqtis Camoyali-

beba imis TqmiT, rom utilitarelebis samarTlis arsebuli formis
da mis savaldebulo, rogoric is unda iyos, formis gamijvnis mtkice
moTxovna unda gauqmdes? SesaZloa gancxadeba, rom es brZnulia Teo-
riulad ar SeiZleba iyos uaryofili, radgan faqtiurad, is samarT-
lebrivi wesis koncefciis gadaxedvisken `mopatiJebas~ warmoadgens.
Cven migvipatiJes raTa `wesSi~ sxvadasxva miznebi da politika gaviT-
valiswinoT, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac penumbrul SamTxvevebTan
dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebia miRebuli, imis safuZvelze, rom
am miznebs, gamomdinare maTi didi mniSvnelobidan, iseTive ufleba
aqvT ewodoT kanoni, rogorc ZiriTad samarTlebriv wesebs, romelTa
mniSvnelobac gansazRvrulia. SesaZloa es mopatiJeba vuaryoT, ma-
gram maTi ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT me
or mizezs SemogTavazebT. pirveli, yvelaferi rac Cven sasamarTlo
procesTan dakavSirebiT viswavleT sxva, naklebad idumali saSulae-
biTac SeiZleba iqnes gamoxatuli. Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kanone-
bi ganukurneblad arasrulyofilia da Cven penumbrul SemTxvevebi
socialuri miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gadavwyvitoT. vTvli, rom
holmsi, romelic Zalian afasebda faqts, rom `zogadi mtkicebulebe-
bi ar wyvets konkretul sakiTxebs~ faqts swored ase Camoayalibebda.
meore, utilitarelebis moTxovnis daJinebiT mtkiceba gulisxmobs
didi mniSvnelobis miniWebas, rom gansazRvrul ganmartebaTa birTvi
garkveul centralizirebul mniSvnelobaSi kanonia da im SemTxveva-
Sic ki, Tu iq CarCoebi arsebobs, jer am CarCos monaxazi unda iyos.
es rom ase ar yofiliyo, maSin sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis
makontrolebeli wesebis cneba uazro iqneboda, rogorc ramden-
ime `realistma~ – maTi zedmetad radikaluri damokidebulebisa da
vfiqrob, cud safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT – ganacxada.16
piriqiT, gansxvavebis Serbileba imis mtkicebiT, rom arsebobs
garkveuli identuroba arsebulsa da savaldebulos Soris, es igivea
16
winamdebare konteqstSi am radikaluri damokidebulebis erTi uaryofis
aRniSvna Rirs. The Bramble Bush-is pirvel gamocemaSi profesorma levelinma ganacxa-
da: `Cemi azriT, rasac es Tanamdebobis pirebi kamaTisas akeTeben TavisTavad kanons
warmoadgens~ da rom `wesebi . . . mniSvnelovania, vinaidan isini Cven gvexmarebian. . . gvi-
winaswarmetyvelebs, Tu ras moimoqmedeben mosamarTleebi. . . es aris maTi mniSvnelo-
ba~. Llewellyn, the bramble Bush (1st edn., 1930), pp. 3, 5 meore gamocemaSi man ganacxada, rom
es `arasasiamovno sityvebi ar iyo bolomde Camoyalibebuli da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,
isini simarTlis nawils warmoadgenen. . . unda arsebobdes iuristTa ofisi, romelic
garkveul sakiTxebSi am Tanamdebobis pirTa kontrols moaxdens da uxelmZRvanelebs
kidec. . . sadac saTanado kontroli ar aris SesaZlebeli, an sasurveli. . . sityvebs ar
SeuZliaT saTanadod gadmoscen. . . samarTlis institutis ofisis, rogorc Segnebuli
formirebis instituti. . .~ Llewellyn, The Bramble Bush (2nd edn., 1951), p9.
20

rac SevTavazoT, rom yvela samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi fundamentu-

rad penumbras msgavsia. es igivea, rac vamtkicoT, rom moqmedi samar-
Tlis elementi, romlis danaxvac kanonebis centraluri mniSvnelo-
bis birTvSia SesaZlebeli, ar arsebobs da rom samarTlebriv wesSi
araferia SeuTavsebeli yvela kiTxvasTan, romelic Riaa socialuri
politikis kuTxiT gadaxedvisTvis. ra Tqma unda, kargia dakavde pen-
umbriT. misi problemebi swored rom samarTlebrivi skolis yovel-
dRiuri sakvebia. magram iyo dakavebuli penumbriT – erTia, xolo
mTilanad Cafluli masSi ki – meore. da mTlianad Cafluli penum-
braSi, Tu SemiZlia ase vTqva, amerikis samarTlebriv tradiciaSi
areulobis imdenad mdidar wyaros warmoadgens, rogorc formal-
izmi inglisSi. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia uari vTqvaT im azrze, rom
wesebs Zalaufleba gaaCnia; Cven SesaZloa arguments ar mivaniWoT
Zala an Tundac mniSvneloba, romlis mixedviTac SemTxveva moeqceva
wesis da precedentis CarCoebSi. Cven yvela msgavs msjelobas Segvi-
Zlia `avtomaturi~ an `meqanikuri~ vuwodoT, rac ukve sasamarTloe-
bis Cveuli lanZRvaa. magram sanam ar gadavwyvetT, rom aRniSnuli
aris is, rac Cven gvinda, misi xelSewyoba utilitarelebis gamijvnis
moTxovnis gauqmebiT ar Rirs.

III
samarTlisa da moralis gamijvnasTan dakavSirebuli kritikis
mesame saxesxvaobas gacilebiT gansxvavebuli Tavisebureba aqvs.
is utiliratelebis gamijvnis sawinaaRmdego argumentis aSkarad
naklebad gonivrul arguments warmoadgens, vidre mgznebare mo-
wodeba, romelic ara detalur msjelobas, aramed saSineli gamoc-
dilebis mogonebebs efuZneboda. is jojoxeTSi moxvedrili adami-
anebis mtkicebulebebisgan Sedgeba da ulisesa da dantes msgavsad,
ukan adamianebisTvis Setyobineba moitanes. magram am SemTxvevaSi
jojoxeTi arc miwis qveS da arc miwis zeviT, aramed miwaze iyo. es
iyo dedamiwaze adamianis mier sxva adamianebisTvis Seqmnili jo-
joxeTi.
es mowodeba im germaneli moazrovneebisgan modis, romle-
bic nacizmis reJimSi cxovrobdnen da misi boroti gamovlinebebi
samarTlis sistemaSi gamoaaSkaraves. erT-erTi am moazrovneTa-
gani, gustav redbruxi, nacizmis reJimis damyarebamde `pozitiv-
izmis~ doqtrinas iziarebda, magram, am sazarelma gamocdilebam
Sexeduleba Seacvlevina da mis mowodebas adamianebisTvis samar­
Tlis da moralis gamijvnis doqtrinis uaryofisken, uaryofis gan-
 21

sakuTrebuli simZafre gaaCnda. am kritikis mniSvnelovan nawils

warmoadgeda is garemoeba, rom is realurad benTamis da ostinis
mier arsebuli samarTlis da misi sasurveli formis arsebobis
gamijvnis moTxovnas garkveul sakiTxebSi ewinaaRmdegeba. es ger-
maneli moazrovneebi utilitarelebis mier dayofili sakiTxebis
gaerTianebas moiTxovdnen, romlebSic utilitarelebi gamijvnis
yvelaze did aucileblobas xedavdnen; maTTvis ZiriTadi problema
gamowveuli iyo moralurad boroti kanonebis arsebobiT.
redbruxi, sakuTari damokidebulebis Secvlamde Tvlida, rom
kanonis ardacva adamianis sindisis sakiTxs warmoadgenda, misi
ganxilva adamianis moralis problemis doneze unda momxdariyo da
kanonis kanonierebis uaryofa, mxolod imitom rom misi moTxovnebi
moralur siborotes warmoadgenda an kanonis damorCilebis efeq-
ti ufro met borotebas warmoadgenda, vidre daumorCileblobis
efeqti, ar SeiZleba. SeiZleba gavixsenoT is faqtic, rom ostini
kategoriuli iyo maT mimarT, vinc ambobda, rom Tu kanonebi mora-
lis fundamentalur principebs ewinaaRmdegeba, maTi kanonebad
miCneva ar SeiZleba da am mosazrebas `sruli absurds~ uwodebda.
yvelaze saziano kanonebi, anu is kanonebi, romlebic radikalu-
rad ewinaaRmdegeba RvTis nebas, sasamarTlo tribunalis mier iyo
da aris kanonebis saxiT iZulebiT gatarebuli. warmoidgineT su-
verenma sikvdiliT dasjis SiSiT uwyinari an sasikeTo aqti akrZala;
Tu me am aqts davarRvev, maSin me davisjebi da Tu gavaprotesteb,
rac RvTis nebas ewinaaRmdegeba. . . sasamarTlo Cem msjelobas ara­
damarwmunebelad aRiarebs da kanonis saxeliT, romlis kanoniere-
bac me vuaryavi, CamomaxrCobs. gamonaklisi, SekamaTeba an gamar-
Tleba, romlic RvTis nebaSi moiZieba, sasamarTloSi, samyaros
dasabamidan dRemde, verasdros gaigebT. 17
es marTlac rom Zlieri, sastiki sityvebia, magram unda
gvaxsovdes, rom is – ostinis da, ra Tqma unda, benTamis Sem­TxvevaSi
– im rwmenas sdevs Tan, romelic gulisxmobs, rom Tu kanoni
borotebis garkveul zRvars miaRwevs, maSin Seiqmneboda moraluri
valdebuleba maTTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevisa da daumorCile-
blobis. alternativebis gaTvaliswinebisas Cven davinaxavT, rom
kacobriobis dilemis msgavs martiv wardgenas, romelic SeiZleba
wamoiWras, Tavis sasargeblod bevris Tqma SeuZlia.
redbruxma, Tumca, gamomdinare im siadvilidan, romliTac na-

wyaro: 17 Austin, The Orivunce of Jurisprudence Determind (Library of Ideas end., 1954), p.
185.
22

cistebis reJimi Tavis sasargeblod samarTals iyenebda – an gamox-

atavda, rogorc is miiCnevda, `pozitivizmis~ sloganiT `kanoni
kanonia~ (Gesetz als Gesetz) – da germanuli iuridiuli profesiis mar-
cxidan gaeprotestebina Semzaravi borotmoqmedebebi, romlebsac
isini kanonis saxeliT Cadiodnen, daaskvna, rom `pozitivizmma~ (aq
misi mniSvnelobaa samarTlis arsebuli da savaldebulo formebis
gamijvnis daJineba) udidesi wvlili Seitana yvela am saSinelebaSi.
misma mosazrebam igi im doqtrinamde miiyvana, rom humanuri zneo-
bis fundamentaluri principebi samarTlianobis an Recht koncef-
ciis nawils warmoadgenda da rom arc erTi pozitiuri kanoni an
sakanonmdeblo aqti, miuxedavad maTi srulyofili gamoxatulebi-
sa da mocemuli samarTlebrivi sistemis kanonierebis formalur
kriteriumebs zusti Sesabamisobisa, ar SeiZleba iyos kanonieri
Tu is ZiriTad zneobriv principebs ewinaaRmdegeba. am doqtrinis
saTanadod dafaseba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tu germanuli sityvis Re-
cht nuansebi gasagebia. magram aSkaraa, rom doqtrina gulisxmobda
yvela iuristis da mosamarTlis mier fundamentalur principeb­
Tan SeuTavsebeli kanonebis dagmobas, ara rogorc amoraluris an
arasworis, aramed rogorc raimes, rasac samarTlebrivi Tviseba ar
gaaCnia da sakanonmdeblo aqti, romelsac aRniSnulis safuZvelze
samarTlis xarisxi aklia konkretul viTarebaSi yoveli calkeuli
pirovnebis samarTlebrivi poziciis SemuSavebisas ar unda iqnes
gaTvaliswinebuli. misi warsuli doqtrinis es gansacvifrebeli
uaryofa samwuxarod gamotovebulia misi naSromis Targmanisas, ma-
gram is unda waikiTxos yvelam, visac samarTlisa da moralis urT-
ierTkavSiris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT jansaRad msjeloba surs.18
SeuZlebelia simpaTiis gareSe waikiTxoT redbruxis mgznebare
moTxovna, rom germanuli samarTlebrivi cnobiereba moralis
moTxovnebisTvis Ria iyos da misi ukmayofileba germanul tradici-
aSi aRniSnulis naklebobasTan dakavSirebiT. meore mxriv, gansacvi-
freblad miamitad JRers Sexeduleba, rom SeugrZnobloba zneobri-
obis moTxovnebis da monuri morCileba saxelmwifo Zalauflebis
mimarT iseT xalxSi rogoric germanelebi arian im rwmenidan unda

18
ixileT Radbruch, ‘Gesetzliches Unrecht und Ubergesetzliches Recht’, 1 Suddeutsche
Juristen-Zeitung 105 (Germany, 1946) (reprinted in Radbruch, Rechtsphilosophie’ (4th end.,
1950), p. 347). me redbruxis, ‘Die Erneuerung des Rechts’ 2 Die Wandlung 8 (Germany,
1947) da am esses nawilis Targmani gamoviyene harvardis saadvokato skolis pro-
fesor lon fuleris mier momzadebuli rogorc mimeografiuli da­mateba iuris-
prudenciis sakiTxavisa romelic gamoiyena misi kursze harvardSi.
 23

wamosuliyo, rom kanoni SesaZloa iyos kanoni im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu

is minimalur zneobriv moTxovnebsac ki ar Seesabameba. es sazareli
istoria aCens kiTxvas, Tu ratom moipova sloganma `kanoni kanonia~
da moralsa da samarTals Soris gansxvavebam, avbediTi xasiaTi
germaniaSi, sxvagan ki, rogorc Tavad utilitarebSi, kargad Seewyo
yvelaze liberalur damokidebulebebs. magram raRac gacilebiT
amaRelvebeli, vidre gulubryviloba an miamitoba ifareba red-
bruxis mTlianad sakiTxebis warmodgenaSi, romlebic moralurad
usamarTlo kanonebis arsebobam win wamowia. Cemi azriT, ar iqneba
uxeSoba Tu vityvi, rom mis argumentSi vxedavT, rom man liberaliz-
mis sulieri Setyobineba, romlis gadmotanac iuristis profesiaSi
undoda, mxolod naxevrad gaigo.
yvelaferi, rac man ganacxada damokidebulia gadaWarbebuli
mniSvnelobis miniWebaze mSrali faqtisTvis, rom wesi samarTlis
moqmedi wesia, TiTqos amis aRiarebiT saboloo zneobriv kiTxvas:
`unda davemorCiloT am kanons?~ vpasuxobT. WeSmaritad liberal-
uri pasuxi `kanoni kanonia~ mowodebis an samarTlisa da moralis
gamijvnis borotad gamoyenebaze, aseTi iqneba: `Zalian kargi, magram
amiT sakiTxi ar amoiwureba. samarTali araa zneobrivi moZRvreba;
nu miscemT mas moralis gamoZevebis saSualebas.~
miuxedavad amisa, redbruxis samarTlisa da moralis gamijvnis
sakiTxis gadaxedvasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnis Sefasebisas Cven
mxolod akademiuri msjelobiT Semofargvlas ar vapirebT. omis
Semdeg redbruxis samarTlis koncefcia, romelic humanitariz-
mis ZiriTad zneobriv principebs moicavda, germaniis sasamarTlos
mier praqtikaSi iqna gamoyenebuli. iseT saqmeebSi, romlebSic na-
cisturi reJimis periodSi Cadenili danaSaulebisTvis adgilobrivi
kriminalebi, jaSuSebi da informatorebi daisajnen. yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani am SemTxvevebSi gaxldaT is, rom am danaSaulSi braldeb-
ulni acxadebdnen, rom maT mier Cadenili qmedebebi ar iyo ukanono,
vinaidan isini im droisaTvis ZalaSi arsebul kanonebs Seesabameboda.
maT msgavs ganacxadebze pasuxi Semdegi iyo – kanonebi, romlebiTac
isini xelmZRvanelobdnen da moqmedebdnen ukanono iyo, vinaidan
isini zneobrivi moZRvrebis fundamentur principebs ewinaaRmdege-
bodnen. neba miboZeT erT-erTi am precedentTagani mimovixilo.19
1944 wels qalma, romelsac sakuTari qmris Tavidan moSoreba

19
Judgment of 27 July 1949, Oberlandesgericht, Bamberg, 5 Suddeutsche Juristen-Zeitung
207 (Germany, 1950), 64 Harv. L. Rev. 1005 (1951); see Friedmann, Legal Theory (3rd edn.,
1953).
24

surda, is xelisuflebasTan daasmina. qalma ganacxada, rom misi

qmari samxedro movaleobidan saxlSi SvebulebaSi dabrunebuli
hitleris misamarTiT Seuracxmyofel SeniSvnebs akeTebda. cols
qmris dasmenisTvis aranairi samarTlebrivi valdebuleba ar hqon-
da, Tumca misi meuRlis qmedebebi nawilobriv arRvevdnen arsebul
kanons, vinaidan mesame raixis mTavrobis mimarT Seuracxmyofeli
ganxcadebebis gakeTeba an raime saxiT germaneli xalxis Tavdacvis­
Tvis zianis miyeneba kanoniT iyo akrZaluli. qmari daapatimres da
rogorc Cans am kanonebis safuZvelze sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni
gamoutanes. marTalia is sikvdiliT ar dasajes, magram frontze
gagzavnes. 1949 wels coli dasavleT germaniis sasamarTlom gaas-
amarTla danaSaulisTvis, romelic Cven unda davaxasiaToT, ro-
gorc adamianisTvis ukanonod Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (rechtswidrige
Freiheitsberaubung). aRniSnuli qmedeba, 1871 wels miRebuli da misi
SemoRebis dRidan moqmedi germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis
mixedviT, dasjas eqvemdebareboda. colma ganacxada, rom misi meuR-
lis dapatimreba nacizmis kanonebis SesabamisobaSi iyo da Sedegad
mas aranairi danaSauli ar Caudenia. sabolood, saqme saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadaeca, romelmac coli damnaSaved cno da misi da-
naSauli warmoadgina, rogorc germaniis sasamarTloSi dasmenis
Sedegad misi qmrisTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mamakaci sasamarTlom kanonis darRvevisTvis gaasamarTla,
radgan, movaxden sasamarTlo ganaCenis citirebas, kanoni `yvela
wesieri adamianis sindissa da samarTlianobis grZnobas ewinaaR­
mdegeboda~.
msgavsi msjeloba bevr Semdgom saqmeSi iqna gamoyenebuli, rom-
lebic gamocxadda, rogorc bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinebis tri-
umfi da rogorc pozitivizmis damxobis maniSnebeli. am SedegiT
Seufebeli kmayofileba isteriad meCveneba. bevrma Cvenganma Sesa-
Zloa aplodismentebiT daajildovos es miswrafeba – qalis aRmaS-
foTeblad amoraluri saqcielisTvis dasja – magram qalbatonis
gasamarTleba imis aRiarebis safuZvelze moxda, rom 1934 wels
miRebulma kanonebma Zala dakarga da am gezis, sul mcire, sibrZne
mainc eWvqveS unda davayenoT. ra Tqma unda arsebobda ori sxva
arCevani. erTi – qalis gaSveba yovelgvari dasjis gareSe; es zo-
gierTisTvis araswor gadawyvetilebad iqneboda aRqmuli. meore
ki – Tu qali mainc unda dasjiliyo, es sapirispiro Zalis mqone ka­
nonis wardgenis Sesabamisad unda momxdariyo imis sruli aRqmiT
Tu ris Sewirvis fasad moxda msgavsi ganaCenis gamotana. raoden sa-
 25

Zulvelic ar unda yofiliyo sapirispiro Zalis mqone samarTali

da sasjeli, am SemTvevaSi mis gatarebas dadebiTi mxarec eqneboda
_ pirdapiroba. aSkara unda yofiliyo, rom qalis dasjisas arCev-
ani or borotebas Soris unda gakeTebuliyo: an dausjeli unda
gaeSvaT an samarTlebrivi sistemebis umravlesobis mier miRebuli
zneobrivi moZRvrebis Zvirfasi principebi unda SeewiraT. udavoa,
rom Tu rame gviswavlia zneobrivi moZRvrebis istoriidan es aris,
rom moraluri TvalsazrisiT mZime saqcieli ar unda damalo. Win-
Wris msgavsad, situaciebi, rodesac or boretebas Soris naklebi
unda avirCioT, im SegnebiT unda gavigoT, rom isini arian iseTebi,
rogorebic arian. principis, rom, garkveul situaciebSi, rac uki-
duresad amoraluria ar SeiZleba iyos kanoni an kanonieri, gamoy-
enebis nakli isaa, rom Cven winaSe arsebuli problemebis WeSmarit
bunebas dafaravs da gaaRvivebs romantiul optimizms, rom Cven
mier ase saTuTad Senaxuli yvela Rirebulebani sabolood erT
sistemaSi moeqceva da rom arc erTi maTganis Sewirva an kompromisi
moeres xarjze ar moxdeba.
yvelaferi rac uaryofs harmonias gaugebaria
yvela nawilobrivi boroteba saerTo sikeTisaTvis.
es, ra Tqma unda, arasworia da arsebobs aragulwrfeloba Cveni
problemis iseTi formulirebisas, romelic dilemisadmi midgomis
iseTi daxasiaTebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, TiTqos is yofiliyo
Cveuli SemTxvevis gadawyveta.
SesaZloa CavTvaloT, rom Zalian bevri formebis da Tundac si-
tyvebis gamoyeneba mxolod imisTvis moxda, rom am rTuli sakiTxis
gadaWris erTi gza dagvexasiaTebina meoresTan mimarTebaSi, rode-
sac yovel SemTxvevaSi qalisTvis, igive Sedegi moyveboda. maS ra-
tom unda movaxdinoT am ors Soris gansxvavebis dramatizireba?
Cven SegveZlo qalis gasamarTleba axali, sawinaaRmdego Zalis
mqone kanoniT da gamogvecxadebina, rom Cveni saqcieli ar Seesab-
ameba Cvens principebs, magram amiT or borotebas Soris nakleb
borotebas virCevT; an SesaZlebloba migveca saqme warmarTuliyo
ise, rogorc erT-erTi im SemTxvevaTagani, romelSic zustad ar
Cans Tu sad xdeba principebis Sewirva. pirdapiroba ar warmoadgens
samarTlis administraciis mraval mcire RirsebaTagan erT-erTs,
iseve rogorc moralis mxolod mcire Rirsebas. Tu redbruxis mo-
sazrebas vaRiarebT da masTan da germanul sasamar­TloebTan erTad
gavaprotestebT borotul samarTals gancxade­biT, rom garkveu-
li wesebi ar SeiZleba moiazrebodes kanonad maTi moralTan Seu-
26

sabamobis gamo, Cven moralis kritikis formebidan, misi simartivi-

dan gamomdinare, yvelaze Zliers avurevT. Tu utilitarelebTan
erTad gulwrfelad visaubrebT, vityviT, rom kanonebi SesaZloa
kanonebi iyos, magram dasamorCileblad zedmetad borotuli. es
aris moraluri ganaCeni, romelsac yvela gaigebs da is dauyovne-
bliv da aSkarad moiTxovs moralisadmi yu­radRebas. meore mxriv,
Tu movaxdenT Cveni protestis formulirebas, rom es borotuli
qmedebebi araa samarTali, bevri adamiani ar daijerebs amas da Tu
maT saerTod aRniSnulis ganxilvis survili gamoTqves, mis miRe-
bamde, albaT, mravali filosufiuri sakiTxebi wamoiWreba. Sede-
gad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani gakveTili, romelic Cven SegviZlia
utilitarelebis mier gamijvnis moTxovnis am formidan viswavloT
aris is, risi swavlebac utilitarelebs yvelaze metad surdaT:
rodesac aSkara saubrisTvis wyaro uxvad gvaqvs, moraluri kri-
tikis aspeqtebi filosofiis sakamaTo aspeqtebTan ar unda gavai-
givoT.

IV
me Sevecade meCvenebina, rom, miuxedavad imisa, risi Seswavlac
da gamocdac utilitarelebis Semdeg moxda da miuxedavad maTi
doqtrinis sxva aspeqtebis naklovanebebisa, maT protests samar-
Tlis arsebuli da savaldebulo formebis arevis winaaRmdeg ro-
gorc moraluri, aseve inteleqtualuri Rirebuleba gaaCnia. mainc
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marTalia es gamijvna ZalaSia da mniSvnelovani
sistemis romelime konkretuli kanonisTvis, magram mas, sul mcire,
SecdomaSi mainc SevyavarT, Tu mis gamoyenebas `kanonTan~, anu, samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis cnebasTan mimarTebaSi vcdilobT da rom Tu Cven,
rogorc me, daJinebiT moviTxovT ufro SezRudul WeSmaritebas
(an truizms), Cven ufro farTo (an Rrma) WeSmaritebas davfaravT.
saboloo jamSi Cven SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom arsebobs bevri ram,
rac arasworia calkeuli kanonebis aRebis Sem­TxvevaSi, magram isini
sworia da mniSvnelovani, rodesac mTlianad samarTlebriv siste-
mas vgulisxmobT. magaliTad, samarTalsa da sanqciebs da samarTlis
arsebobasa da mis `qmedunarianobas~ Soris kavSiri msgavsi zogadi
formiT unda aRviqvaT. sakamaTo araa (sityva `sanqciis~ aSkara gan-
vrcobis, xolo `samarTlis~ xelovnurad SezRudvis gareSe), rom
municipalur samarTlebriv sistemaSi yovel kanons sanqcia unda
hqondes. magram damajerebeli mainc aris imis mtkiceba, rom samar-
Tlebrivi sistema aRiarebulia samarTlebriv sistemad Tu TiToeul
mis wess sanqcia gaaCnia. Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samarTlis
 27

wesi arsebobs, maSinac ki Tu mas Zalian cota SemTxvevaSi iyeneben an

emorCilebian, magram igives Tqma mTlianad samarTlebriv sistemaze
ar SegviZlia. SesaZloa gansxvavebebi calkeulad aRebul kanonebsa
da mTlianad samarTlebriv sistemas Soris aseve exeba moralis (an
raime sxva) koncefciebs (Tu rogori unda iyos samarTali) da samar-
Tals (cnebis farTo gagebiT) Soris kavSirs.
ostinis naSromebSi napovni msgavsi argumentireba (sul mci-
re Canasaxis formis), sadac is yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom
yvela ganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi sistema garkveul fundamenta-
lur cnebebs moicavs, romlebic `aucilebeli~ da `adamianis bunebaze
dafuZnebulia~20, gasaTvaliswinebelia– garkveul momentamde – da
me mokled Camovayalibeb Tu ratom da sadamde.
Cven unda vecadoT Tavidan aviciloT arasaTanado gansaz-
Rvrebebis unayofo gamoyeneba iseT mravalmxriv da bindovan konce-
fciasTan dakavSirebiT, rogoric samarTlebrivi sistemaa, radgan
kamaTi TiToeuli elementis `arsebiT~ TvisebasTan, an mTlianobi-
saTvis mis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalian mokle xanSi is-
eTi saxis kamaTSi gadaizrdeba, rogoricaa iqneba TuU ara Wadraki
- `Wadraki~ Tu mas paikebis gareSe viTamaSebT. arsebobs gasagebi
survili pirdapir im sakiTxze gadasvlis, unda akmayofilebdes
Tu ara samarTlebrivi sistema garkveul moralur Tu sxva stan-
dartebs raTa aRiarebul iqnes samarTlebriv sistemad, faqtebis
martivi konstataciiT: magaliTad, rom arc erT sistemas, romelmac
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sruli marcxi ganicada ar uarsebia an
ar gauZlia; rom Cveulebrivad aRsrulebuli varaudi, rom samar-
Tlebrivi sistema miiswrafvis samarTlis garkveuli formebisken
axasiaTebs mTel gzas, romliTac konkretul situaciebSi Cven we-
sebis garkveul interpretacias vaxdenT da im SemTxvevaSi Tu es
varaudi ar dakmayofildeba, maSin morCilebis erTaderTi mizezi
SiSi iqneba da aranairi moraluri valdebuleba. Sedegad samarTli-
sa da moralis standartebsa da samarTlianobis principebs Soris
kavSiri imdenad dausabuTebeli da `savaldebuloa~, rogorc kanon-
sa da sanqciebs Soris kavSiri, xolo kiTxva logikuria Tu ara es
aucilebloba (kanonis `mniSvnelobis~ nawili), an ubralod faqti-
uri an mizezobrivi mSvidad SeiZleba davutovoT filosofosebs.­
magram arsebobs ori mizezi, ris gamoc am sakiTxSi CaRrmaveba
msurs (miuxedavad imisa, rom es filosofiuri warmosaxvis gamoy-

20
Austin, `Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence~ in The Province of Jurisprudence Determined
(Library of Ideas end., 1954), pp.365, 373, 367-8
28

enebas gulisxmobs). minda giCvenoT Tu ras gulisxmobs gancxadeba,

rom samarTlis sistemis garkveuli dadgenilebebi `savaldebuloa~.
samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT da misi macxovreblebi SeiZle-
ba erT dRes sxvadasxvagvarad SevicvaloT; da Tu es cvlileba sak-
maod radikaluri iqneba, maSin ara mxolod garkveuli faqtebis
konstatacia, romlebic dRes marTebulia mcdari gaxdeba da
piriqiT, aramed mTlianad azrovnebis da saubris forma, romelic
Cvens dRevandel samyaros da erTmaneTis danaxvis konceptualur
aparats warmoqmnis, Zalas dakargavs. Cven mxolod unda gaviaz-
roT Tu ra saxiTaa damokidebuli dRes, Cven mier aRqmuli mTeli
Cveni socialuri, moraluri da samarTlebrivi cxovreba piro-
biT faqtze, rom Tumca icvleba Cveni sxeulis forma, zoma da sxva
fizikuri Taviseburebebi, es cvlileba ar xdeba imdenad swrafad
da araTanabrad, rom xangrZlivi periodis gasvlis Semdeg erTma-
neTi ver vicnoT. marTalia es pirobiTi faqtia, romelic erT dRes
SeiZleba Seicvalos, dRes masze Cveni azrovneba da qmedebebis da
sazogado cxovrebis principebis udidesi struqturaa dafuZneb-
uli.
msgavsad, warmoidgineT Semdegi albaToba (ara imitom, rom is
albaTobaze metia, aramed imitom, rom is gamoaaSkaravebs samarT-
lis sistemaSi Tu ratom iTvleba garkveuli sakiTxebi aucileblad
da ras vgulisxmobT): davuSvaT, rom adamianebs miecaT SesaZle-
bloba erTmaneTze ieriSis mitanisas darCnen uvnebelni, davuSvaT
isini kiborCxalis msgavsad raRac SeuRweveli bakaniT Seimosnen,
xolo sakvebis miReba SeuZliaT haeridan raRac Sida qimiuri pro-
cesis meSveobiT. aseT viTarebaSi (detalebi samecniero fantasti-
kas davutovoT) wesebs, romlebic krZalaven Zaladobas da wesebs,
romlebic qonebis minimalur formas adgenen – uflebebiT da val-
debulebebiT, romlebic sakmarisia sakvebis moyvanisa da SeWmamde
Senaxvis uzrunvelsayofad – ar eqnebodaT aucileblad arasaval-
debulo statusi, rogoric CvenTvis aqvT, gamomdinare iqidan, rom
Cven vcxovrobT iseT samyaroSi, rogorSic vcxovrobT. dResdRe-
obiT, sanam msgavsi radikaluri cvlileba ar moxdeba, es kanonebi
imdenad fundamenturia, rom samarTlis sistemas msgavsi wesebi
Tu ar eqneba, sxva wesebis arseboba azrs kargavs. es wesebi emTxveva
ZiriTad moralur principebs da krZalavs mkvlelobas, Zaladobas
da qurdobas; Sedegad, im faqtis konstatacias, rom aseT arsebiT
sakiTxebSi faqtiurad yvela samarTlis sistema zneobriv moZRvre-
bas Seesabameba, Cven SeiZleba davumatoT isic, rom es aucileblad
 29

xdeba. da ratom ar SeiZleba mas `bunebrivi~ aucilebloba vu-

wodoT?
ra Tqma unda, esec ki damokidebulia im faqtze, rom dasma kiTx-
visa, Tu ra Sinaarsis unda iyos samarTlis sistema, saWiroa mxo­
lod im SemTxvevaSi Tu, Cven vafasebT axloblebTan erTad gadar-
Cenis mokrZalebul mizans. bunebrivi samarTlis Teoria cdilobs
am argumentis ufro gaRrmavebas da damtkicebas, rom adamianebi
Tanabrad Tavganwirulni da gaerTianebulni arian gadarCenis gar-
da kidev sxva miznebis SecnobaSi (codnis miReba, sxvebis mimarT
samarTlianobis gamoCena) da swored es ganapirobebs samarT-
lebrivi sistemis Semdgom aucilebel Sinaarss (Cemi mokrZalebuli
minimumis zeviT), romlis gareSec is uazro iqneboda. ra Tqma unda,
Cven didi sifrTxile gvmarTebs, raTa adamianTa Soris gansxvave-
bebi ar gavazviadoT, magram vgoneb rom am minimumis zeviT mizne-
bi, romlebic adamians aqvs sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisaTvis Zalian
konfliqturia da cvalebadi, imisTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes im
argumentis Zalian gavrcoba, rom samarTlis wesebis da moralis
standartebis garkveuli mTliani mocva `savaldebuloa~ am gage-
biT.
am sakiTxis meore aspeqtic imsaxurebs yuradRebas. Tu Cven
samarTlis sistemas mivumagrebT minimalur mniSvnelobas, anu is
unda Sedgebodes zogadi wesebisgan – zogadi im mxriv, rom igu-
lisxmeba ara konkretuli qmedeba, aramed qmedebebi, mravali ada-
miani da ara konkretuli adamiani – es mniSvneloba msgavsi Sem-
Txvevebis erTnairad warmarTvis princips gulisxmobs, Tumca ki
msgavsi SemTxvevebis gansazRvris kriteriumebi, aqamde, mxolod
wesebSi gansazRvruli zogadi elementebi iqneba. Tumca WeSmarite-
baa, rom samarTlis koncefciis erTi ZiriTadi elementi msgavsi
SemTxvevebis erTnairad warmarTvis principia. es aris samarTali
samarTlis normebis gamoyenebaSi da ara kanonis samarTali. Sede-
gad, zogadi wesebis samarTlis cnebaSi arsebobs raRac iseTi, rac
saSualebas ar gvaZlevs miviCnioT is moraluri TvalsazrisiT
ukiduresad neitralurad, zneobriv principebTan yovelgvari
aucilebeli kavSiris gareSe. Sedegad, bunebrivi proceduruli
samarTali Sedgeba im obieqturi principebisgan da miukerZoebeli
samarTlis normebisgan, romlebic samarTlis swored am aspeqts
axorcielebs da romlebic SemuSavebulia iseTi formiT, raTa uz-
runvelyos wesebis mxolod saTanado SemTxvevebis dros gamoyeneba
an, sul mcire, mxriv uTanasworobis riskis Semcireba.
30

am orma mizezma (an gamarTlebam) samarTlisa da moralis stan­

dartebs Soris konkretul damTxvevaze, rogorc savaldebulosa
da bunebiTze saubrisa, ra Tqma unda, ar unda daakmayofilos util-
itarelebis an`pozitivistebis~ samarTlisa da moralis gamijvnis
moTxovniT WeSmaritad Sewuxebuli adamianebi. es asea, radgan samar-
Tlis sistemas, romelmac daakmayofila es minimaluri moTxovne-
bi, SeeZlo sastikad ulmobeli kanonebis gamoyeneba, Tan Zalzed
pedanturi miukerZoeblobiT da uuflebo, monur mdgomareobaSi
myofi mosaxleoba SeeZlo minimaluri dacvis uzrunvelyofis ga-
reSe daetova Zaladobisa da qurdobisgan. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
aseTi sazogadoebebis myral suns mainc vgrZnobT da imis mtkiceba,
rom maT samarTlis sistema ar gaaCniaT (an ar gaaCndaT) mxolod
argumentis gameorebas gulisxmobs. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu es
wesebi yvelasaTvis am ZiriTadi sargebliT da dacviT uzrunvelyo-
fas ver SeZleben – monaTmflobelTa gjufisTvisac ki – iqneboda
minimumi daukmayofilebeli da sistema uazro tabuebis doneze
daeSveba. ra Tqma unda, aravin uaryofs, rom es sargebeli erTader-
Tis – SiSis – safuZvelze iqneba miRebuli, xolo aRSfoTebisTvis
yvela moraluri mizezi eqneboda.
 31

Tavi II
warmoadgens Tu ara samarTali
wesebis sistemas

r. m. duorkini

I pozitivizmi
pozitivizmis ConCxi ramdenime centraluri da organizebuli
normisgan Sedgeba da isic pozitivizmis mimdevar filosofoseb­
Tagan yvela rodi dasvams sakuTar xelmoweras am normebis Ceme-
buri wardgebis qveS. es normebi CemTvis sasurveli kvlevis zogad
pozicias gansazRvravs. am ZiriTadi normebis Camoyalibeba Semde-
gnairad SeiZleba:
(a) sazogadoebis samarTali gansakuTrebuli wesebis krebuls
warmoadgens, romelsac sazogadoeba, pirdapir an iribad, imis
dasadgenad iyenebs, sazogadoebis ZalauflebiT romeli saqcieli
eqvemdebareba dasjas. am gansakuTrebuli wesebis identifikacia
da gansazRvra konkretuli kriteriumebiT, testebiT aris Sesa-
Zlebeli. aRniSnuli testebi ara maT Sinaarss, aramed maT warmo-
Sobas an formas ukavSirdeba, romlis safuZvelzec maTi miReba da
Sesruleba moxda. warmoSobis ganmsazRvreli am wesebis gamoyeneba
ZalaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi wesebis, rogorc fiqtiuri samar-
Tlebrivi wesebisgan (wesebi, romlebsac iuristebi da advokatebi
SecdomiT samarTlis wesebad asaReben), aseve sxva saxis soci­aluri
wesebisgan (ZiriTadad`moraluri wesebis~qveSaa Tavmoyrili), rom-
lebsac sazogadoebis ZalauflebiT kanonieri statusi ar aqvs
miniWebuli, magram sazogadoebis zogierTi gjufi icavs, gamoyo-
fis mizniTaa SesaZlebeli.
(b) es, ZalaSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi wesebis krebuli`samarTl
is~amomwuravia, anu Tu konkretuli pirovnebis saqme aseT wess zus-
tad ar Seesabameba (imitom, rom ar moiZebna Sesatyvisi, an moiZebna,
magram bundovania, an arsebobs raime sxva mizezi), maSin am konkre-
tul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebis miReba`samarTlis
gamoyenebiT~SeuZlebelia. msgavsi gadawyvetilebis miReba Tanam-
debobis pirs, magaliTad mosamarTles,`miniWebuli Tavisufali
wyaro:`The Model of Rules”, 35 U. Chi. L.R. 14 (1967). am esses pasuxad ramdenime sta-
tia gamoqveynda. bevri solidarobas gamoxatavda, maTi kritikis zogi argumenti
motanilia duorkinis naSromSi`sazogadoebis wesebi da samarTlis Teoria”, 81,
Yale Law Journal 855 (1972).
32

qmedebis~gamoyenebiT SeuZlia, es ki samarTals zeviT sxva saxis

standartebis moZiebas gulisxmobs, romelTa safuZvelzec is axa-
li samarTlebrivi wesis dadgenas an Zvelis Sevsebas SeZlebs.
(g) Tu vityviT, rom pirovnebas`samarTlebrivi
valdebuleba~gaaCnia, igivea rac vTqvaT, rom mis SemTxvevas kano­
nieri samarTlebrivi wesi, romelic misgan konkretuli qmedebis
Cadenas an TavSekavebas moiTxovs, miesadageba. (Tu vityviT mas
kanonieri ufleba gaaCnia, an raime saxis samarTlebrivi Zala, an
samarTlebrivi privilegia an imuniteti, igivea rac vamtkicoT,
rom sxvebs konkretul situaciebSi, romlebic maT exebaT, qmedebis
Cadenis an qmedebis Cadenisgan TavSekavebis realuri an hipoTetu-
ri samarTlebrivi valdebuleba gaaCnia.) kanonieri samarTlebrivi
wesebis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi arc samarTlebrivi valdebule-
ba arsebobs; anu, rodesac mosamarTle miniWebuli Tavisufali
qmedebis gamoyenebiT gadawyvetilebas konkretul sakiTxTan daka-
vSirebiT iRebs, is ar axdens samarTlebrivi valdebulebis gatare-
bas, radgan misi gadawyvetileba konkretul SemTxvevas exeba.
aRniSnuli pozitivizmis ConCxs warmoadgens. xorcSesxmas ki sx-
vadasxva pozitivisti sxvadasxvagvarad axdens. sxvadasxva versiebi
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba warmoSobis fundamentaluri testis daxa-
siaTebaSi, romelic wesma unda daakmayofilos, raTa samarTlis
wesad iqnes aRiarebuli.
magaliTad, ostinma fundamentaluri testis miseburi versia
gansazRvrebebisa da gansxvavebebis urTierTgadabmul seriad Ca-
moayaliba.1 man valdebuleba gansazRvra, rogorc wesiT ganpiro-
bebuli, wesi, rogorc zogadi brZaneba, xolo brZaneba, rogorc
survilis gamoxatva, romelic sxvaTa qcevis formas gansazRvravs,
romlis ukan Zalaufleba da daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi misi
daZalebis neba-survili dgas. man wesebi klasebad (samarTlebrivi,
moraluri, an religiuri) dayo, romelTa mixedviTac, adamiani an
adamianTa jgufi zogadi brZanebis avtoria, romelsac wesi war-
moadgenda. is Tvlida, rom yoveli sazogadoebis politikur er-
TobaSi mioZebneba uzenaesi – pirovneba an adamianTa gansazRvruli
gjufi, romlis CveulebiT morCilebaSi imyofeboda da­narCeni,
magram, romlebic Tavad aravis CveulebiT morCilebaSi ar iyvnen.
sazogadoebis jgufis samarTlebrivi wesebi misi uzenaesis mier
gacemuli sazogado brZanebebia. ostinis samarTlebrivi valde-

1 J. Austin, The Provinces of Jurisprudence Determined (1832).

 33

bulebis gansazRvra samarTlis swored msgavsi gansazRvridan

modis. is Tvlida, rom samarTlebrivi valdebuleba arsebobs im
SemTxvevaSi Tu pirovneba im sazogadoebis nawilia, romlisTvisac
uzenaesis garkveuli brZanebebia gankuTvnili da brZanebis ar Ses-
rulebis SemTxvevaSi mas dasja emuqreba.
ra Tqma unda, uzenaesi brZanebebiT yvelafer gauTvaliswine-
bels ver moicavs. Sedegad, zogierTi misi brZaneba, aucileblad
bundovani iqneba. gamomdinare aqedan (ostinis mixedviT) uzenaesi
kanondamcvelebs (mosamarTleebs) Tavisufali qmedebis ufle-
bas aniWebs, raTa am ukanasknelebma axal an saCoTiro sakiTxebis
Sem­TxvevaSi axali brZanebebi SeimuSavon. aseT situaciebSi
mosamarTleebi axal wesebs iReben an Zvel wesebs usadageben, ris
Semdegac uzeanesi an uaryofs maT qmnilebas an Cumad amtkicebs.
ostinis modeli Tavisi ubraloebiT sakmaod lamazia. is pozi-
tivizmis pirvel normas amtkicebs, kerZod ki – samarTali sazoga-
do wesrigis samarTavad sagangebod SerCeuli wesebis krebuls
warmoadgens. is martiv faqtiur wess gvTavazobs – ra gvibrZana
uzenaesma? – rogorc im gansakuTrebuli wesebis gansazRvris
erTaderT kriteriums. droTa ganmavlobaSi maT, vinc ostinis mo­
dels mimarTavdnen aRmoaCines, rom is Zalian martivi iyo. mravali
sawinaaRmdego azri gaCnda, romelTa Soris ori fundamentaluri
iyo. pirveli, ostinis ZiriTadi mtkiceba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
yoveli sazogadoebis jgufSi gansazRvruli jgufi an instituti
arsebobs, romelic yvela danarCeni jgufebis saboloo kontrols
axorcielebda, kompleqsur sazogadoebaSi TiTqos ver gamarTlda.
Tanamedrove erebSi politikuri kontroli pluralistikuri da
cvladia, saqme metnaklebobaSia, kompromisSi, TanamSromlobasa da
aliansSi. Sedegad, xSir SemTxvevebSi ostiniseuli uzenaesis msgav-
si sruli kontrolis mqone pirovnebis an jgufis moZieba SeuZle-
belia.
vinme ityoda, magaliTad amerikaSi`xalxia~uzenaesi. magram es
xom arafers niSnavs da TavisTavad ar gvaZlevs`xalxis~mier gace-
muli brZanebis gansazRvris, an maTi samarTlis maTive socialuri
da moraluri brZanebebisgan gansxvavebis tests.
meore, kritikosebma daiwyes im faqtis gacnobiereba, rom osti-
nis analizma sruli marcxi ganicada Cveni`samarTlisadmi~damoki
debulebebis garkveuli aSkara faqtebis ara Tu mxolod gaTval-
iswinebaSi, aramed maT aRiarebaSi. Cven mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas
vxedavT samarTalsa da yaCaRebis mier gacemul zogad brZanebebs
34

Soris. Cven vgrZnobT, rom samarTlis mkacri kritika – da misi san-

qciebi – gansxvavdeba, radgan is mavaldebulebelia, maSin, rode-
sac kanons miRma mdgomi yaCaRis brZanebebi – ara. ostinis analizi
msgavs gansxvavebas ar iTvaliswinebda, radgan is valdebulebas
gansazRvravda, rogorc muqaris ZaliT morCilebas da Sedegad
samarTlis Zalauflebas uzenaesi amkvidrebs SesaZleblobaze da
survilze daumorCileblebis dasjisa. SesaZloa Cven mier gakeTe-
buli gansxvaveba iluzorulia – SesaZloa Cveni grZnoba TiTqos
samarTalze TandarTulia gansakuTrebuli Zalaufleba religiur
gadmonaSTs an masiuri Tavis motyuebis sxva saxes efuZneba. magram
ostini amas ar gviCvenebs da Cven ufleba gvaqvs moviTxovoT, rom
samarTlis Cveni koncefciis analizma aRiaros da axsnas Cveni mid-
goma, an gviCvenos Tu ratom arian isini mcdari.
h. l. i. hartis pozitivizmis versia ostinTan SedarebiT ufro
kompleqsuria. am kompleqsurobas ori ram ganapirobebs. pirveli,
man ostinisgan gansxvavebiT aRiqva, rom wesebi sxvadasxva logi-
kuri saxisaa (hartma ori saxeoba gamoyo, romlebsac`ZiriTadi~d
a`meorexarisxovani~wesebi uwoda). meore, man uaryo ostinis Teo-
ria, romlis mixedviTac wesebi brZanebas warmoadgendnen da wesis
raobis gacilebiT gulmodgined damuSavebuli zogadi analizi
SemogvTavaza. Cven TiToeuli maTgani unda ganvixiloT da mxolod
Semdeg aRvniSnoT Tu rogor moxda maTi Serwyma hartis samarTlis
koncefciaSi.
hartis mier gakeTebuli gansxvaveba ZiriTad da meorexarisxo-
van wesebs Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania.2 ZiriTadi wesebia isini,
romlebic sazogadoebis garkveul jgufs uflebebs aniWebs an
valdebulebebs akisrebs. sisxlis samarTlis wesebi, romlebic
mkvlelobas, qurdobas, an manqanis swrafad tarebas gvikrZalavs
ZiriTadi wesebis naTeli magaliTebia. meorexarisxovani wesebi
gansazRvraven rogor da vis mier SeiZleba Seiqmnas, iqnes aRiare-
buli, Seswordes an gauqmdes ZiriTadi wesebi. wesebi, romlebic
gansazRvraven ma­galiTad Tu rogor unda dakompleqtdes kon-
gresi, rogor gaataros kanoni, meorexarisxovani wesebis magaliTe-
bia. agreTve, xelSekrulebis SedgenasTan da anderZis aRsrulebas-
Tan dakavSirebuli wesebi meorexarisxovani wesebia, radgan isini
konkretuli wesis arsebobas da Secvlas gansazRvraven (magaliTad,
xelSekrulebis pirobebi an anderZis dadgenilebibi).
misi wesebis zogadi analizi aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania.3 os-
2
ix. Hart, The Concept of Law (1961), pp. 89-96
3
Op. cit., pp. 79-88
 35

tinma Tqva, rom yvela wesi zogadi brZanebaa da rom wesi TiToeuli
adamianisTvis savaldebuloa Tu daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi
mas dasja emuqreba. harti aRniSnavs, rom es Slis gansxvavebas or
fenomens Soris:`iyo valdebuli gaakeTo~da`iyo iZulebuli gaa-
keTo~. Tu adamiani SeboWilia wesiT – is ara marto valdebuli, ara­
med iZulebulia, moiqces wesis Sesabamisad. Sedegad, wesiT SeboWva
unda gansxvavdebodes brZanebis daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi
zianis miyenebisgan. wesi brZanebisgan sxvadasxvagvarad gansxvavde-
ba. erT-erTi ki isaa, rom wesi normatiulia, is qcevis standartebs
adgens, romelic muqaris Zalaze ufro metad moqmedebs. wesiT Se-
boWva mxolod fizikuri Zalis mqone adamianis survilis safuZvel-
ze ar SeiZleba. mas wesis dasadgenad Sesabamisi uflebamosileba
unda gaaCndes, Tu aseTi ar aqvs, maSin wesi ar iarsebebs. msgavsi
uflebamosileba sxva wesidan unda modiodes, romelic ukve maval-
debulebelia maTTvis, visac is exeba. swored esaa kanonier samar-
Talsa da SeiaraRebuli yaCaRis brZanebas Soris gansxvaveba.
Sedegad, harti wesebis zogad Teorias gvTavazobs, romelTa
uflebamosileba maTi avtoris fizikur Zlierebaze araa damokide-
buli. hartis sityvebiT, Tu gamovikvlevT sxvadasxva kanonis war-
momavlobas da yuradRebiT movekidebiT ZiriTad da meorexarisxo-
van wesebs Soris gansxvavebas, Cven wesis uflebamosilebis or
SesaZlo wyaros davinaxavT.4
(a) wesi SeiZleba gaxdes mavaldebulebeli, rodesac adamianTa
jgufi praqtikaSi, wess iRebs, rogorc qcevis standarts. sakmari-
si araa jgufi qcevis models mxolod daemorCilos: marTalia ing-
liselTa umetesoba SabaTs saRamos SeiZleba kinoTeatrSi wavides,
magram maT aRniSnulis mavaldebulebeli wesi ar miuRiaT. praqtika
wesis aRiarebas moicavs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini, vinc praqtikas mi-
hyvebian wess mavaldebuleblad aRiqvamen da aRiareben, rom wesi
sakuTari qcevis gansazRvris saSualebaa da sxvaTa qcevebis kriti-
kis mizezi, vinc am wess ar emorCileba.
(b) wesi mavaldebulebeli SeiZleba savsebiT sxvagvarad gaxdes,
kerZod ki Tu is dadgenilia meorexarisxovani wesis Sesabamisad,
romelic gansazRvravs, rom msgavsi saxiT dadgenili wesebi ma-
valdebulebelia. magaliTad, Tu klubis wesdebis mixedviT dad-
genilebas wevrTa umravlesoba miiRebs, maSin is mavaldebulebeli
gaxdeba da aRniSnulis mizezi ara am konkretuli dadgenilebebis
4
Op. cit., pp. 97-107.
36

miRebis raime praqtikaa, aramed _ konstitucia. Cven amasTan da-

kavSirebiT kanonierebis koncefcias viyenebT: wesebi, romlebic
mavalde­bulebelia, radgan Seqmnilia meorexarisxovani wesebis
mixedviT,`kanonieri~wesebia. Sedegad, hartis fundamentaluri
gansxvaveba ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: wesi mavaldebulebelia (a)
imitom, rom is miRebulia an (b) imitom, rom is kanonieria.
hartis samarTlis koncefcia am sxvadasxva gansxvavebebis kon-
struqciaa.5 primitiul sazogadoebebs mxolod ZiriTadi wesebi
gaaCniaT, da yvela mavaldebulebelia miRebis praqtikidan gamom-
dinare. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseT sazogadoebebs`samarTali~aq
vT, radgan samarTlebrivi wesebis krebulsa da sxva socialur we-
sebs Soris gansxvaveba SeuZlebelia, rasac pozitivizmis pirveli
norma moiTxovs.
magram, rodesac konkretulma sazogadoebam samarTlebri-
vi wesebis identifikaciis ganmsazRvreli fundamenturi meore­
xarisxovani wesebi Seqmna, samarTlebrivi wesebis gansxvavebuli
krebulis da Sedegad, samarTlis idea daibada.
hartma msgavs fundamentur meorexarisxovan wess`aRiarebis
wesi~uwoda. mocemuli sazogadoebis aRiarebis wesi SeiZleba Se-
darebiT martivi (“mefis brZaneba kanonia~) an Zalian kompleqsuri
(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, misi rTuli inter-
pretaciebiT, SeiZleba aRiarebis erT wesad iyos moazrebuli) iyos.
konkretuli wesis kanonierebis warmosaCenad SesaZloa saWiro gax
des`kanonierebis~rTuli jaWvis – konkretuli wesidan fundamen-
tur wesamde miyola. Sedegad, niu havenis qalaqis avtomanqanebis
gaCerebis wesi kanonieria, radgan is amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstituciis moTxovnebiT gansazRvruli procedurebis Tanax-
mad koneqtikutis Statis konstituciis, koneqtikutis Statis mier
miRebuli municipaluri samarTlis procedurebis Sesabamisad qa-
laqis sabWos mier iqna miRebuli.
ra Tqma unda, aRiarebis wesi TavisTavad kanonieri ar SeiZleba
iyos, vinaidan hipoTeturad is sabolooa. Sedegad, is ufro fun-
damenturi wesis mier gansazRvrul kriteriumebs ar akmayofilebs.
aRiarebis wesi samarTlebrivi sistemis erTaderTi wesia, romlis
damavaldebulebeli Zala mis miRebazea damokidebuli. Tu gvsurs
gavigoT konkretulma sazogadoebam romeli aRiarebis wesi miiRo
an icavs, misi moqalaqeebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tanamdebobis pirebis
qcevas unda davakvirdeT. Cven unda davakvirdeT ra saboloo ar-
5
Op. cit., passim, particularly Ch. VI
 37

guments iReben konkretuli wesis kanonierebis dasabuTebisTvis

da ra saboloo arguments iyeneben sxva oficialuri pirebis an
institutebis kritikisTvis. Cven ar SegviZlia meqanikuri testis
gamoyeneba, magram mainc ar aris imis saSiSroeba, rom konkretuli
sazogadoebis aRiarebis wesi mis moralur wesebTan agvereva. aRi-
arebis wesis gansazRvra SeiZleba im faqtiT, rom misi gavrcelebis
sfero aris samTavrobo sakanonmdeblo aparatis, sasamarTloebis,
saagentoebis, policiis da a.S. moqmedeba.
am gziT hartma pozitivizmis fundamentaluri aspeqtebi osti-
nis Secdomebisgan ixsna. harti ostinis azrs eTanxmeboda, romelic
Tvlida, rom samarTlis kanonieri wesebi SesaZloa Tanamdebobis
pirebis da sazogadoebrivi institutebis aqtebis meSveobiT Seqm-
niliyo. magram ostini Tvlida, rom msgavsi institutebis ufle-
bamosileba Zalauflebis monopolias eyrdnoboda. harts miaCnda,
rom maTi uflebamosileba konstituciis standartebis pirvel-
wyaros efuZneboda da es konstituciuri standartebi fundamen-
turi aRiarebis wesis formiT im sazogadoebis mier iqna miRebuli,
romlis saTaveSic isini idgnen. swored msgavsi foni mTavrobis
gadawyvetilebas kanoniers xdis da maT valdebulebebs akisrebs,
rac ostinis uzenaesis mSral brZanebebs aklda. agreTve, hartis
Teoria, ostinis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, aRiarebs, rom sxvadasx-
va sazogadoeba samarTlis sxvadasxva saboloo kriteriumebs iy-
enebs da rom zogierTi samarTlis Seqmnis sxva saSualebebs iyenebs,
garda sakanonmdeblo institutebis mier ganxiluli aqtisa. harti
axsenebs`xangrZliv Cveulebriv praqtikas~da`wesisa da sasamarT-
los gadawyvetilebas Soris kavSirs~, rogorc xSirad gamoyenebul
sxva kriteriumebs, Tumca, ZiriTadad, dakanonebis kriteriumebTan
da testTan dakavSirebiT.
Sedegad, hartis pozitivizmis versia ostinis versiasTan Se-
darebiT ufro kompleqsuria, xolo misi samarTlis wesebis kano­
nierebis testebi gacilebiT srulyofili. Tumca, erTi mxriv es
ori modeli Zalian msgavsia. harti, ostinis msgavsad, aRiarebs, rom
samarTlebriv wesebs bewvSemovlebuli kideebi aqvs (maT`kargad
gamokveTili struqtura~aqvT) da, isev ostinis msgavsad, is Tvli-
da, rom rTuli sakiTxebi mosamarTleebma Tavisufali qmedebis ga­
moyenebis safuZvelze axali kanonis SemoRebiT unda gadawyviton.6
(mogvianebiT, me Sevecdebi giCvenoT Tu ratom xdeba, rom adamiani,
romelic samarTals aRiqvams wesebis gansakuTrebul krebulad,
TiTqmis aucileblad rTul sakiTxebs vinmes Tavisufali qmedebis
38

gamoyenebiT xsnis.)

II wesebi, principebi da politika

msurs zogadi ieriSi pozitivizmze mivitano da samizned,

konkretuli samiznes saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, h. l. i. hartis ver-
sias gamoviyeneb. Cem strategias konkretuli faqtis garSemo
avawyob, kerZod ki iuristebi samarTlebrivi uflebebis da valde-
bulebebis dasabuTebisas da kamaTisas, gansakuTrebiT im konkre-
tul SemTxvevebSi, roca Cveni problema am koncefciebTan dakav-
SirebiT Zalze mkveTria, im standartebs iyeneben, romlebic ara
wesebis, aramed sxva funqcias asruleben, magaliTad principebis,
politikis da sxva saxis standartebis. pozitivizmi wesebis siste-
mis modelia da misi samarTlis martivi fundamenturi kriteriu-
mis ZiriTadi cneba gvaiZulebs gamovtovoT am standartebis mniS-
vnelovani roli, romlebic wesebs ar warmoadgenen.
me`principebze, politikasa da sxva saxis standartebze~visaubre.
xSir SemTxvevaSi me zogad termins`principebs~gamoviyeneb, ro-
melic moicavs im standartebis krebuls, romlebic Tavis mxriv
wesebs ar warmoadgenen; magram miuxedavad amisa, zogierT Sem­
TxvevebSi me ufro konkretuli viqnebi da principebsa da poli-
tikas Soris gansxvavebas gamovyof. vecdebi Camovayalibo, rogor
ganvasxvaveb maT.`politikur~standarts vuwodeb im standarts,
romelic misaRwev mizans saxavs, ZiriTadad ki sazogadoebis eko-
nomikuri, politikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobese-
bas (Tumca zogierTi mizani negatiuria, radgan arsebulis arasa-
surveli cvlilebisgan dacvas gansazRvravs). me`princips~vuwodeb
standarts, romlis dacva saWiroa ara imitom, rom is ekonomikur,
politikur an socialur situacias gaaumjobesebs an daicavs, ar-
amed imitom, rom mas samarTlianoba, an morali moiTxovs. Sedegad,
standarti, romelic avtokatastrofebis Semcirebas moiTxovs
politikaa, xolo standarti, romlis mixedviTac adamianma sarge-
beli arasamarTliani gziT ar unda miiRos – principi. gansxvavebis
marcxi SesaZlebelia ganapirobos Semdegma faqtorebma, kerZoT:
Tu princips ganvmartavT, rogorc socialur mizans (magaliTad,
sazogadoebis mizani adamianma ar miiRos sargebeli arasamarTliani
gziT), Tu politikas, rogorc princips (magaliTad, principi _
politikis mizani Rirebulia), an Tu miviRebT utilitarebis Tez-
iss, romelic gulisxmobs, rom samarTlianobis principebi miznebis
 39

faruli gancxadebebia (adamianTa umetesobis udidesi bednierebis

dacva). zogierT konteqstSi gansxvavebas daniSnulebebi aqvs, rom-
lebic ikargeba misi marcxis SemTxvevaSi.7
Cemi mizania principebis wesebisgan zogadi gansxvaveba, ris­
Tvisac Sablonuri magaliTebis mogrovebas daviwyeb. Cem mier
SemoTavazebuli magaliTebi SemTxveviTobis principiTaa arCeuli;
samarTlis skolis TiTqmis yvela saxelmZRvaneloSi SeiZleba msgav­
si magaliTis moZieba. 1889 wels niu iorkis sasamarTloSi Riggs vs.
Palmer(rigsi palmeris winaaRmdeg)8 gaxmaurebuli saqme ixileboda,
sadac unda gadaewyvitaT babuis anderZSi moxseniebul memkvidres
SeeZlo Tu ara anderZis Sesabamisad memkvidreobiT mi eRo babuis
danatovari, miuxedavad imisa, rom man amisTvis sakuTari babua
mokla. sasamarTlom msjeloba am varaudiT daiwyo:`udavoa, rom
kanoni, romelic aregulirebs anderZis Sedgenas, damtkicebas da
ZalaSi Sesvlas da qonebis ganawilebas, Tu is pirdapir gavigeT da
misi Secvla da kontrolireba arafriT da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
SeiZleba, qonebas mkvlels gadascems~.9 magram sasamarTlom aseve
aRniSna, rom`yvela kanoni, iseve rogorc yvela xelSekruleba
SeiZleba gakontroldes da maT mimarT zogadad SeiZleba gamoy-
enebul iqnes saerTo samarTlis fundamenturi principebi. aravis
aqvs TaRliTobiT sargeblis miRebis ufleba, an raimes moTxovnis
ufleba arakanonieri qmedebis safuZvelze, an qonebis miRebis da-
naSaulis CadeniT~.10 mkvlelma memkvidreoba ar miiRo.
1960 wels niu jersis sasamarTlo Henningsen vs. Bloomfield
Motors, Inc., (heningseni blumfild motorsis winaaRmdeg)11 saqmes
ganixilavda. sasamarTlos unda gadaewyvita Zalze mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi, kerZod, unda ganesazRvra avtomobilis defeqtis Sem­
TxvevaSi avtomobilis mwarmoebels SeeZlo Tu ara (Tu SeeZlo ram-
denad) pasuxismgeblobis SezRudva. heningsenma avtomobili SeiZina
da xeli moawera xelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebis mixedviT,
mwarmoebeli pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod defeqtis mqone nawilis
gamosworebaze –`es sagarantio valdebuleba sxva sagarantio
valdebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobisgan gansxvavebiT mkveTrad

7
ix. Dworkin, Wasserstom: the Judical Decision, 75 Ethics 47 (1964)
8
115 N.Y. 506, 22 N.E. 188 (1889).
9
Id. at 509, 22 N.E. at 189.
10
Id. at 511, 22 N.E. at 190.
11
32 N.J. 358, 161 A. 2d 69 (1960).
Dworkin,`Wasserstrom: The Judical Decision”, 75 Ethics 47 (1964)
40

xazgasmulia~. heningseni amtkicebda, rom mis SemTxvevaSi mainc

mwarmoebeli msgavsi SezRudviT ar unda iyos daculi da rom is av-
tosagzao SemTxvevis Sedegad miRebuli dazianebebis samedicino
da sxva xarjebze unda iyos pasuxismgebeli. man verc erTi kanoni
an dadgenili samarTlebrivi wesi ver moiSvelia, romelic mwarmoe­
bels xelSekrulebiT apelirebas xels SeuSlida. miuxedavad amisa,
sasamarTlo heningsens daeTanxma.
sasamarTlom argumentirebisas sxvadasxva aspeqtebSi Semdeg
standartebs mimarTa: (a)`Cven zogadi principi unda gvaxsovdes,
kerZod ki TaRliTobis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi adamians, romelic
xelSekrulebas misi wakiTxvis gareSe awers xels, Semdgom pasux-
ismgebloba ar exsneba.~12 (b)`am principis gamoyenebiT gaformebu-
li xelSekrulebis mxareebis Tavisufali uflebamosilebis norma
umniSvnelovanesia~.13 (g) `xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba iseTi uc­
vleli doqtrina araa, rogorc arakvalificiurobis aRiareba Cven-
Tan dakavSirebul sferoSi~.14 (d)`iseT sazogadoebaSi, rogoric
Cvenia, sadac avtomobili yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul da saWiro
danamats warmoadgens, sadac misi gamoyeneba mZRolis, mgzavrebis
da sazogadoebisTvis mraval saSiSroebas qmnis, mwarmoebels gansa-
kuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba sakuTari manqanebis warmoe-
baze, reklamirebasa da realizaciaze. Sedegad, sasamarTloebma
nasyidobis xelSekrulebebi ufro detalurad unda Seiswavlon,
raTa gansazRvron maTi samarTlianoba momxmarebelsa da sazoga-
doebasTan mimarTebaSi.~15 (e) `arsebobs Tu ara raime principi, ro-
melic ufro Cveuli an ufro fesvmokidebulia anglo-amerikuli
samarTlis istoriaSi, vidre ZiriTadi doqtrina, romlis mixed-
viTac sasamarTloebma ar unda dauSvan maTi usamarTlobis da
ukanonobis instrumentad gamoyeneba?~16 (v)`ufro konkretulad,
sasamarTlo, zogadad, uars ambobs ganamtkicos iseTi`garigeba~ ,
sadac erTi mxare usamarTlo upiratesobis misaRebad meore mxaris
ekonomikur saWiroebebs iyenebs. . .~17
zemoaRniSnul citirebaSi moyvanili standartebi CvenSi Camo-
yalibebuli samarTlebrivi wesebis saxeobas ar warmoadgens. isini

12
Id. at 386, 161 A. 2d at 84
13
Id.
14
Id. at 388, 161 A. 2d at 86
15
Id. at 387, 161 A. 2d at 85
16
Id. at 389, 161 A. 2d at 86 (quoting Frankfurter J. in Inited States v Bethlehem Steel 315
U.S. 289, 326 (1942)).
17
Id.
 41

TiTqos Zalian gansxvavdeba im moTxovnebisgan, rogoricaa`avtomag

istralze maqsimaluri dasaSvebi siCqare saaTSi 60 milia~an`anderZi
Zaladakargulad iTvleba, Tu ar arsebobs sami mowmis xelmowera~.
isini gansxvavebulia radgan isini ufro samarTlis principebia, vi-
dre samarTlis wesebi.
samarTlebriv principebsa da samarTlebriv wesebs Soris gan-
sxvaveba logikuri gansxvavebaa. standartebis orive krebuli
konkretul viTarebaSi samarTlebriv valdebulebasTan dakavSire-
bul konkretul gadawyvetilebaze migviTiTebs, magram maTi mimar-
Tulebis Tavisebureba sxvadasxvaa. wesebi gamosadegia an yvela an
arc erTi formiT. Tu wesiT gansazRvruli faqtebi arsebobs, maSin
an wesia kanonieri da kanonze dafuZnebuli pasuxi miRebul unda
iqnes, an wesi araa kanonieri da gadawyvetilebaSi aranairi wvlili
ar Seaqvs.
es yvelaferi da araferi midgoma ukeT Cans, Tu davakvirdebiT
rogor muSaobs wesi ara samarTalSi, aramed sferoSi, romelsac mar-
Taven, magaliTad – TamaSSi. beisbolSi Tu damrtymels sami strai-
ki aqvs, is TamaSgare mdgomareobaSia. moxeles ar SeuZlia Tanmim-
devrulad amtkicos, rom es beisbolis wesis zusti konstataciaa
da miiRos gadawyvetileba – damrtymeli, romelsac sami straiki
aqvs, TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi araa. ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa wesis
gamonaklisebic arsebobdes (damrtymeli, romelmac sami straiki
aiRo, TamaSgare mdgomareobaSi araa, Tu damWers mesame straiki
Cauvarda).
Tumca, wesis zusti konstatacia am gamonakliss gaiTval-
iswinebda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is arasrulyofili iqneboda. Tu
gamonaklisebis nusxa Zalian didia, mouxerxebeli iqneboda maTi
gameoreba yovel jerze ramdenjerac kanonis citireba moxdeboda;
miuxedavad amisa, TeoriaSi yvelas ar damatebis mizezi ar arsebobs
da rac ufro mravladaa isini, miT ufro zustia wesis konstata-
cia.
Tu Cven beisbolis wesebs modelad aviRebT, davinaxavT, rom
samarTlis wesebi models kargad miesadageba, im wesis msgavsad,
romlis mixedviTac anderZi kanonieri araa Tu sami mowmis xel-
mowera araa. Tu sami mowmis moTxovna kanonier samarTlebriv wess
warmoadgens, maSin SeuZlebelia anderZi kanonierad CaiTvalos
Tu mxolod ori mowmis xelmoweraa. SeiZleba arsebobdes gamon-
aklisebi da Tu arsebobs msgavsi, arasworia da arasrulyofili
CamovayaliboT wesi gamonaklisebis CamoTvlis gareSe. sul mcire,
42

TeoriaSi mainc unda iyos gamonaklisebis sruli CamonaTvali da

rac ufro meti iqneba isini, miT ufro srulyofili iqneba wesis
konstatacia.
magram brWyalebSi magaliTad moyvanili principebi msgavsad ar
moqmedeben. wesebTan yvelaze metad mimsgavsebuli principebic ki
ar gadmogvcems samarTlebriv Sedegs, romelic Sesabamisi piro-
bebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi avtomaturad mosdevs. Cven vam-
bobT, rom Cveni samarTali aRiarebs princips adamianma sargebeli
ukanonobis gziT ar unda miiRos, magram Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom
samarTali arasdros aZlevs adamians Cadenili ukanono saqcie-
lis Sedegad sargeblis miRebis SesaZleblobas. faqtia, adamian-
ebi sargebels, sakmaod legaluri gziT, kanondarRveviT iReben.
yvelaze aSkara SemTxveva arakanonieri dapatronebaa – Tu me didi
xnis manZilze Sens kuTvnil miwaze viWrebi, erT dRes movipoveb
uflebas gadavkveTo Seni miwa maSin, rodesac momesurveba. arse-
bobs naklebad dramatuli magaliTebic. Tu adamiani datovebs sam-
saxurs da daarRvevs xelSekrulebas ukeT anazRaurebadi samsax-
urisTvis, SesaZloa igi iZlulebuli gaxdes pirvel damqiravebels
zarali aunazRauros, magram xSir SemTxvevaSi is Tavis axal xel-
fass inarCunebs. Tu adamiani TavdebiT gamoSvebis pirobas daar-
Rvevs da Statis sazRvars gadakveTs sxva StatSi SesaniSnavi inves-
ticiis gakeTebis mizniT, SesaZloa is isev cixeSi daabrunon, magram
is Tavis sargebels SeinarCunebs.
Cven aRniSnulze – da mraval sxva sapirispiro SemTxvevebze,
romelTa warmodgena martivia – ar vmsjelobT, raTa daganaxoT,
rom ukanonod miRebul sargebelTan dakavSirebuli principi Cveni
samarTlebrivi sistemis principi araa, an rom is arasrulyofilia
da gamonaklisebis axsnas saWiroebs. sapirispiro SemTxvevebs Cven
gamonaklisad ar aRviqvamT (yovel SemTxvevaSi im gagebiT, ra gage-
biTac damWeris mier mesame straikis Cavardna gamonaklisia), radgan
am sapirispiro SemTxvevebis mxolod principis ufro vrceli kon-
stataciiT mocvas ver SevZlebT. TeoriaSic ki isini CamonaTvalis
sagans ar warmoadgenen, radgan Cven ara mxolod es SemTxvevebi
(ukanono dapatronebis msgavsi) unda movicvaT, romelTa mixedviT
ukanonod sargeblis miRebas hqonda adgili, aramed is uamravi war-
mosaxviTi SemTxveva, romlebSic winaswar viciT, rom principi dac-
uli ar iqneba. msgavsma SesaZloa Cveni principebis Rirebulebis
mimarT damokidebuleba gaamZafros, magram es principis konstata-
cias ufro zusts da srulyofils ar gaxdis.
 43

`arc erT adamians ukanonod sargeblis miReba ar SeuZlia~-s msgav­

si principi pirobebis wayenebas ar gulisxmobs, romlis mixedviTac
misi gamoyeneba aucilebeli gaxdeboda. ufro swored, is mizezs
erTi mimarTulebiT gansazRvravs, magram ar moiTxovs konkretul
gadawyvetilebas. Tu adamianma sargebeli miiRo an miRebis proces-
Sia, rac mis mier ukanonobis Cadenis Sedegs warmoadgens, is aseT
SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli iqneba mizezi, romelsac samarTali gaiT-
valiswinebs imis gadawyvetisas unda SeunarCundes Tu ara konkre-
tul pirovnebas msgavsi ukanonobis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli.
SesaZloa arsebobdes sxva principebi an politika, romlebic sxva
mimarTulebas gulisxmoben – magaliTad, uflebis dacvis poli-
tika, an sasjelis SemzRudveli principi, rac kanonmdeblobazea
damokidebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveni principi SeiZleba ar gav­
rceldes, magram es ar niSnavs, rom is Cveni samarTlebrivi sistemis
principi araa, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi, roca msgavsi sapirispiro
mosazrebebi ar iarsebebs an nakleb mniSvnelovani iqneba, principi
SesaZloa gadamwyveti aRmoCndes. rodesac Cven vambobT konkre-
tuli principi Cveni samarTlis principia, Cven vgulis­xmobT, rom
principi, Tu is saTanadoa, Tanamdebobis pirebma msjelobisas
gaiTvaliswinon erTi an meore poziciisken gadaxrisas.
wesebsa da principebs Soris logikuri gansxvaveba ufro naTe-
lia, rodesac Cven iseT principebs ganvixilavT, romlebic wesebs
arc ki gvanan. modiT ganvixiloT heningsenis saqmis ganxilvidan
amoRebuli citata (d)`mwarmoebels gansakuTrebuli valdebule-
ba ekisreba sakuTari manqanebis warmoebaze, reklamirebasa da re-
alizaciaze”. aRniSnuli ar gansazRvravs Tu ra valdebulebebis
Sesrulebas gulisxmobs gansakuTrebuli valdebulebebi, an ra
uflebebs aniWebs is momxmarebels. is ubralod gansazRvravs – da
es heningsenis argumentis ZiriTadi makavSirebelia – rom avto-
mobilebis mwarmoebelma sxva mwarmoeblebTan SedarebiT ufro
maRali standartebi unda daicvas da naklebad daeyrdnos xelSek-
rulebis Tavisuflebis princips. magram aRniSnuli ar gulisxmobs,
rom maT saerTod ar SeuZliaT am principze dayrdnoba, an, rom
sasamarTloebs Tavisi neba-surviliT avtomobilis nasyidobis
xelSekrulebis xelaxali gadawera SeuZliaT; is mxolod imas gu-
lisxmobs, rom Tu konkretuli muxli usamarTloa an damamZimebeli,
sasamarTlos sxva SemTxvevasTan, magaliTad halstuxis SeZenasTan
SedarebiT am muxlis dacvis naklebi mizezi aqvs.`gansakuTrebuli
valdebuleba~ganixileba ara rogorc iZulebiTi aucilebloba,
44

aramed rogorc upiratesobis miniWebis saSualeba avtomobilis

nasyidobis xelSekrulebis pirobebis uaryofisTvis.
wesebsa da principebs Soris am pirvel gansxvavebas meore mos-
devs. principebs wesebisgan gansxvavebuli ganzomileba gaaCnia
– Rirebulebis an mniSvnelobis ganzomileba. rodesac xdeba prin-
cipebis gadakveTa (magaliTad, avtomobilis momxmareblis dacvis
politika xelSekrulebis Tavisuflebis principebs kveTs), man, vi-
sac msgavsi komfliqtis gadaWra evaleba, TiToeulis datvirTva
unda gaiTvaliswinos. ra Tqma unda, aRniSnuli sazomi zusti ver
iqneba da konkretuli principis an politikis mniSvnelobis si-
dideze msjeloba yovelTvis sakamaTo iqneba. miuxedavad amisa,
sidide principis koncefciis ganuyofeli nawilia da logikuria
kiTxva, ramdenad mniSvnelovania an ramdenad Rirebulia esa Tu is
principi.
wesebs msgavsi ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. wesebTan dakavSire-
biT saubari maT funqcionalurad mniSvnelovnobaze an aramniS-
vnelovnobaze SeiZleba (magaliTad, beisbolis wesi, romlis mixed-
viTac sami straiki TamaSgare mdgomareobas gulisxmobs, gacilebiT
mniSvnelovania, vidre wesi, rom morbenalebma ZiriTadi nakrebiT
miiRon upiratesoba, radgan pirvelis Secvla ufro metad cvlis
TamaSs, vidre meoresi). amgvarad erTi wesi meoresTan SedarebiT
SeiZleba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, radgan mas qcevis regulire-
baSi ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. magram Cven ar SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom wesebis sistemaSi erTi wesi meoreze mniSvnelovania.
amgvarad, rodesac ori wesis konfliqti arsebobs datvirTvidan
gamomdinare erTi wesis meoreTi Canacvleba xdeba. Tu ori wesis
konfliqti xdeba, erT-erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba kanonieri iyos.
wesis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebi-
sas, romeli wesia kanonieri da romeli unda amovardes, unda mox-
des samarTlebrivi sistemis gaTvaliswineba. msgavsi konfliqtis
regulireba samarTlebriv sistemaSi arsebuli sxva wesebiT xdeba,
romlebic ufro maRali uflebamosilebis mqone institutebis
mier dadgenil, an ufro gvian dakanonebul, an ufro konkretul, an
msgavsi saxis wess aniWebs upiratesobas. samarTlebrivma sistemam
upiratesoba SesaZloa aseve ufro mniSvnelovan principebs miani-
Wos. (Cveni sakuTari samarTlebrivi sistema orive zemomiTiTebul
saSualebas iyenebs.)
standartis formidan yovelTvis naTeli araa wesia is Tu
principi.`anderZi Zaladakargulad iTvleba Tu sami mowmis xel-
 45

mowera araa~didad ar gansxvavdeba`adamianma ar unda miiRos

sargebeli ukanono qmedebis Cadenis Sedegad”, magram man, visac
amerikis samarTalze garkveuli warmodgena gaaCnia, icis, rom
pirveli rogorc wesi, xolo meore rogorc principi ise unda mi-
iRos. bevr SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebis gakeTeba rTulia – SeiZleba
ar iyos Camoyalibebuli standartebis muSaobis forma, Sedegad,
aRniSnuli SesaZloa kamaTis sagani iyos. amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis konstituciaSi pirveli cvlileba aseT debulebas Sei-
cavda – kongresma sityvis Tavisufleba ar unda SezRudos. aris es
wesi, rom Tu konkretuli kanoni sityvis Tavisuflebas zRudavs,
mas SeiZleba arakonstituciuri vuwodoT? is, vinc acxadebs, rom
pirveli cvlileba`absolutia”, aRniSnuls wesad aRiqvams. an iqneb
es mxolod princips gansazRvravs imisTvis, rom Tu sityvis Tavi-
suflebis SezRudvis faqti gamoaSkaravdeba mas vaRiarebT rogorc
arakonstituciurs, Tu konteqsSi raime sxva, im konkretul viTare-
baSi ufro mniSvnelovani politika an principi SezRudvis uflebas
aZlevs? es pozicia imaTTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, vinc`aSkara da ar-
sebuli safrTxis~testis an`balansirebis~sxva formisTvis iRwvis.
zogierT situaciaSi wesebi da principebi erTi da igive rols
asruleben da maT Soris gansxvaveba formis sakiTxia. Sermanis
aqtis pirvelive paragrafi gansazRvravs, rom vaWrobis SemzRudve-
li yvela xelSekruleba baTilia. uzenaes sasamarTlos unda ga-
daewyvita aRniSnuls wesad (vaWrobis SemzRudveli yvela xelSek-
rulebis uaryofa) Tu principad miiRebsda da amiT sapirispiro
efeqturi politikis ararsebobis fonze xelSekrulebis uaryofis
mizezi unda SemoeTavazebina. sasamarTlom debuleba wesad ganmar-
ta, magram wesSi sityva`arakeTilgonivruli~gamoiyena. Sedegad,
aikrZala vaWrobis mxolod`arakeTilgonivruli~SezRudvebi.18
aRniSnulma debulebas logikurad wesad funqcionirebis SesaZle-
bloba misca (Tu sasamarTlo CaTvlis, rom SezRudva`arakeTilgon
ivrulia~is xelSekrulebas Zaladakargulad gamoacxadebs) da faq-
tobrivad principad funqcionirebis SesaZleblobac (sasamarT-
lom sxva principebis da politikis mravalferovneba unda gaiT-
valiswinos, raTa gansazRvros konkretul ekonomikur viTarebaSi
konkretuli SezRudva`keTilgonivrulia~Tu ara).
sityvebs`keTilgonivruli~,`daudevari~,`usamarTlo~da`mni
Svnelovani~xSirad mxolod aseTi datvirTva aqvT. TiToeuli am

Standard Oil vs. United States, 221 U.S. 1, 60 (1911); United States v. American Tobacco
18

Co., 221 U.S. 106, 180 (1911).

46

terminebs Semcveli kanonis gamoyeneba damokidebulia wesis miRma

arsebul principebsa da politikaze da aqedan gamomdinare, wess
principis msgavss xdis. magram isini wess principad ar aqceven,
radgan am terminebidan Tundac yvelaze nakleb SemzRudvelic ki
im sxva principebisa da politikis saxes zRudavs, romelzec wesia
damokidebuli. Tu Cven im wesiT varT SezRuduli, romelic`arake­
Tilgonivrul~xelSekrulebas baTilad cnobs, an Zalze`usamarT
lo~xelSekrulebebs aramavaldebuleblad, gacilebiT meti msje­
loba gvWirdeba, vidre iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca msgavsi terminebi
amoRebulia. magram warmoidgineT situacia, sadac zogi pilitika
Tu principi xelSekrulebis mavaldebuleblad aRiarebas moiTxovs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi SezRudva arakeTilgonivrulia, an met-
ic, gadaWarbebulad usamarTloa. msgavsi xelSekrulebis iZule-
biT Sesruleba Cveni wesebis mier iqneba akrZaluli, an daSvebuli
mxolod maSin, Tu es wesebi gauqmda an maTi cvlileba moxda. Tumca
ki, Tu Cven arakeTilgonivruli xelSekrulebis winaaRmdeg ara we-
sebs, aramed politikas mivmarTavT, an princips, romlis mixedvi-
Tac usamarTlo xelSekrulebebi mavaldebulebeli ar unda iyos,
xelSekrulebebi SesaZloa iyos mavaldebulebeli samarTlis cvli­
lebis gareSe.

III principebi da samarTlis koncefcia

Cven samarTlis principebi, rogorc standartis gancalkevebuli

saxeoba, samarTlebrivi wesebisgan ganvasxvaveT. aRniSnuls samarT-
lis maswavleblebi gvaswavlian, samarTlis saxel­mZRvaneloebi ma-
Tze migviTiTeben, samarTlis istoria qebiT aRniSnavs maT. magram
maTi datvirTva praqtikaSi, magaliTad rigsis da heningsenis Sem-
Txvevebis dros gacilebiT ukeT Cans. aseT SemTxvevebSi principebi
konkretul samarTlebriv uflebebTan da valdebulebebTan dakav-
Sirebul msjelobaSi argumentebis arsebiTi nawilia. ganaCenis ga-
motanis Semdeg vambobT, rom SemTxveva konkretul wess eyr­dnoba
(magaliTad, wess, romlis mixedviTac mkvlels msxverplis ander-
ZiT memkvidreobis miReba ar SeuZlia). magram TavisTavad wesi ar
arsebobs manam, sanam konkretul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli ga-
naCeni araa miRebuli; sasamarTlo principebiT axali kanonis dad-
genisas xelmZRvanelobs.
rigsis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom princips:`adamians ukanonobis
Cadenis Sedegad sargeblis miReba ar SeuZlia,~rogorc standarts
 47

ise daeyrdno anderZTan dakavSirebuli kanonis kiTxvisas. Sedegad,

am gziT kanonis axali interpretacia moaxdina. heningsenis SemTx-
vevaSi sasamarTlom urTierTgadamkveTi sxvadasxva principebi da
politika gamoiyena, rogorc uflebamosileba avtomobilis defeq-
tze mwarmoeblis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli axali wesis
dasadgenad.
Sedegad, samarTlebrivi valdebulebis koncefciis analizisas
konkretuli samarTlebrivi ganaCenis gamotanisas principebis
mniSvnelovani rolis gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro. arsebobs ori gansx-
vavebuli midgoma.
(a) Cven SesaZloa samarTlebrivi principebi samarTlebriv we-
sebad aRviqvaT da ganvacxadoT, rom zogi principi mavaldebule-
belia, rogorc kanoni da mosamarTleebma da iuristebma samar-
Tlebriv valdebulebebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas isini unda gaiTvaliswinon. Tu am midgomas avirCevT, Cven
unda vTqvaT, rom sul mcire amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi`samarT
ali~rogorc principebs, aseve wesebsac moicavs.
(b) magram meore mxriv, Cven SegviZlia vuaryoT is faqti, rom
principebi iseTive mavaldebulebelia rogorc zogierTi wesi.
sanacvlod Cven SegveZlo gveTqva, rom rigsis an heningsenis Sem-
TxvevebSi mosamarTle mavaldebulebel wesebs gascda da eqstra-
samarTlebriv pirincipebs mimarTa, romelTa gamoyenebac mas sur-
vilisamebr SeuZlia.
SesaZloa vinmem CaTvalos, rom am or Tavdasxmas Soris gan­
sxvaveba didi araa da rom es mxolod imis sakiTxia, Tu rogor mox-
deba sityva`samarTlis~gamoyeneba. magram es Secdomaa, radgan am
or aspeqts Soris arCevans samarTlebrivi valdebulebis anal-
izisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. es samarTlebrivi principis or
cnebas Soris arCevania, arCevani, romlis gamoaSkaravebac samarT-
lebrivi wesis or cnebas Soris arCevanTan Sedarebis safuZvelzea
SesaZlebeli. zogjer Cven vambobT – mas raimes keTeba wesad aqvs da
Cven vgulisxmobT, rom konkretulma pirovnebam konkretuli meTo-
di airCia da icavs mas. agreTve, Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT, magaliTad,
rom konkretul adamians wesad aqvs sauzmis win erTi milis garbena,
radgan mas surs iyos janmrTeli da sjera reJimis dacvis. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven ar vgulisxmobT, rom is wesiT (sauzmemde erTi milis
garbena) SeboWilia an Tavs wesiT SeboWilad Tvlis. wesis mavalde-
buleblad aRiarebasa da raimes keTebis wesad qcevas Soris gansx-
vavebaa. Tu Cven isev da isev hartis magaliTs moviSveliebT, davi-
48

naxavT gansxvavebas imis Tqmas, rom ingliselebma kviraSi erTxel

konoTeatrSi wasvla wesad aqcies da imis Tqmas Soris, rom inglis-
Si arsebobs wesi, romlis mixedviTac kviraSi erTxel yvela kinoTe-
atrs unda ewvios. meore winadadeba gulisxmobs, rom Tu ingliseli
ar daicavs wess is kritikis da dasjis sagani gaxdeba, maSin rode-
sac pirveli igives rodi gulisxmobs. pirveli kritikis garkveuli
formis arsebobas ar gamoricxavs – Cven SeiZleba vTqvaT­, rom is,
vinc kinos ar uyurebs sakuTar ganaTlebaze ar zrunavs – magram
imis Tqma, rom is ukanonobas Cadis, mxolod imitom, rom wess ar mis-
devs, ar SegviZlia.19
Tu sazogadoebis mosamarTleebze vifiqrebT rogorc jgufze,
maT mier daculi samarTlis wesebis daxasiaTebas am ori sxvadasxva
gziT SevZlebT. magaliTad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom zogierT StatSi
mosamarTleebma wesad miiRes im anderZebis baTilad cnoba, sadac
sami mowmis xelowera araa. magram es ar gulisxmobs, rom zogierTi
mosamarTle, romelic ZalaSi datovebs anderZs raime ukanonos
Cadis. meore mxriv ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am konkretuli Statis
samarTlebrivi wesi mosamarTleebisgan msgavsi anderZebis baTi-
lad cnobas moiTxovs; es ki ukve imas niSnavs, rom Tu mosamarTle
aseT anderZs ZalaSi datovebs es misi mxridan arakanonieri iqneba.
harti, ostini da ra Tqma unda, sxva pozitivistebic samarTlebri-
vi wesebis formulirebaSi gansxvavebas moiTxovdnen; isini `wesad
gaixade~-s formulirebiT ar dakmayofildebodnen. kiTxva mdgo-
mareobs SemdegSi – romeli ufro zustad aRwers socialur situa-
cias. meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ki isaa romel aRweras veTanxme-
biT. magaliTad, Tu mosamarTleebs garkveuli xelSekrulebebis
baTilad cnoba aqvT `wesad qceuli~, gadawyvetilebis miRebamde,
Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yvelas aqvs igives keTebis`ufleba~da
gadawyvetilebisTvis msgavsi mtkicebulebis ganxilva ar Segvi-
Zlia.
principebze ieriSis ori gza paraleluria am ori wesis.
pirveli midgomis mixedviT principebi mosamarTleebisTvis ma-
valdebulebelia, Sedegad maTi mxridan saTanado principebis
ar gamoyeneba arasworia. meore midgomis mixedviT ki princi-
pebi aris is, ris gakeTebasac mosamarTleebis umravlesoba
TavisTvis`principad aqceven~, roca iZulebulni arian, maTi Sem-
boWveli standartebis miRma imoqmedon. am or midgomas Soris

The distinction is in substance the same as that made by Rawls, ‘Two Concepts of
19

Rules’, 64 Philosophical Reciew 3 (1955).

 49

arCevani gavlenas iqoniebs, SesaZloa gansazRvros kidevac pa-

suxi kiTxvaze – mosamarTle rigsisa da heningsenis msgavs rTul
SemTxvevebSi cdilobs Tu ara adre arsebuli samarTlebrivi
uflebebis da valdebulebebis gatarebas. Tu Cven pirvel mid-
gomas mivmarTavT, Tavisuflad SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom Tu
aseTi mosamarTleebi mavaldebulebel samarTlebriv stand-
artebs mimarTaven, isini samarTlebriv uflebebs da valdebule-
bebs atareben. magram Tu Cven meore midgomas mivmarTavT, maSin
Cven sasamarTlos miRma vrCebiT da unda vaRiaroT, rom rigsis
Sem­TxvevaSi mkvlelis ojaxs, xolo heningsenis SemTxvevaSi mwar-
moebels CamoerTvaT kuTvnili qoneba sasamarTlos Tavisufali
qmedebis aqtis safuZvelze ex post facto. SesaZloa aman bevri
mkiTxveli SokSi ar Caagdos – sasamarTlos Tavisuflebis gan-
kargva samarTlebriv sazogadoebaSi Jonavs – magram is gviCvenebs
urTules Tavsatexs, romelic filosofosebis sadardebels war-
moadgens samarTlebriv valdebulebasTan dakavSirebiT. aseT
SemTxvevebSi Tu qonebis CamorTmevis gadawyvetilebis gamar-
Tleba arsebuli valdebulebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia, maSin
sxva gamarTlebis moZiebaa saWiro, magram jer damakmayofilebe-
li araferi gamoCenila.
Cem mier Tavidan agebuli pozitivizmis ConCxSi sasamarTlos
Tavisufali qmedebis ufleba meore normad davaxasiaTe. pozi-
tivizmis mixedviT, Tu saqme konkretul wess zustad ar Seesabam-
eba, mosamarTlem miniWebuli Tavisufali qmedebis safuZvelze am
konkretul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT unda miiRos gadawyvetileba
kanonmdeblobaSi axali wesis SemoRebiT. am doqtrinasa da kiT­
xvas – samarTlebrivi principebis or midgomas Soris romlis ar-
Ceva unda moxdes – Soris mniSvnelovani kavSiri unda arsebobdes.
Sedegad, unda daisvas kiTxva, marTebulia Tu ara doqtrina da
ganekuTvneba Tu ara is meore midgomas, rogorc pirveli Sexed-
viT Cans. am sakiTxebis garCevisas aucilebelia zedmiwevniT zus-
tad CavwvdeT`Tavisufali qmedebis~cnebas. me vecdebi giCvenoT
Tu rogor moqmedebs am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli garkveuli
areuloba, kerZod ki misi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebisas
gansxvavebis ver aRqma doqtrinis popularobaze. me davamtkiceb,
rom im mniSvnelobiT, romliTac doqtrina principebis mimarT
Cvens damokidebulebaze moqmedebs, pozitivistebis mier mis da-
sacavad moSveliebuli argumentebi savsebiT usafuZvlos xdis.
50

IV diskrecia

pozitivistebma diskreciis cneba Cveulebrivi metyvelebi-

dan wamowies da imisaTvis, rom gavigoT misi mniSvneloba cota
xniT is ukan Cveul garemoSi davabrunoT. Cveulebriv cxovre-
baSi ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT vinmes`diskreciuli ufleba
aqvs?~ upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT, rom es cneba ZiriTadad
specifiur konteqstSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad, Cven ar vambobT, rom
ojaxisTvis saxlis SerCevisTvis Cven gvaqvs an ar gvaqvs diskreci-
uli ufleba. arasworia Tu vityviT, rom me arCevisas`diskreciuli
ufleba ar maqvs”, magram analogiurad SecdomaSi Semyvani iqneba
gancxadeba, rom me maqvs diskreciuli ufleba. diskreciis cneba
zustad mxolod erTi saxeobis konteqstSi jdeba: rodesac vinmes
sasamarTloSi saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba gaaCnia
konkretuli uflebamosilebis mqone institutebis mier gansaz-
Rvruli standartebis safuZvelze. serJantis diskreciul ufle-
bebze saubari ukve logikuria, radgan is zemdgomis brZanebebs
emorCileba, an sportuli Sejibris msajTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
wesebis wigniT an Sejibris pirobebiT xelmZRvanelobs. diskrecia,
rogorc donatSi arsebuli xvreli, ar arsebobs sxvagan, garda
SezRudvebiT Semofargluli carieli Ria adgilisa. Sedegad, is
SefardebiTi cnebaa. yovelTvis logikuria kiTxvis dasma: `dis-
kreciuli ufleba romeli standartebis mixedviT?~ an `diskrecia
romeli uflebamosili organoebis?~. ZiriTadad konteqsti TviTon
gvTavazobs pasuxs, magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac uflebamosil
pirebs diskreciuli ufleba SeiZleba erTi poziciidan aqvT, meo-
redan ki _ ara.
rogorc TiTqmis yvela terminis,`diskreciis~zusti mniSvnelo-
bac konteqstiT ganisazRvreba. terminis miniSvnelobis gansaz-
Rvra gagebuli informaciis Sedegad xdeba. Tumca ki Zalian bevri
bundovani rCeba, amitom Cven am terminis ZiriTadi gansxvavebebis
codna mis gagebaSi dagvexmareba.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi `diskrecias~ misi martivi mniSvnelobiT
viyenebT, mxolod imis saTqmelad, rom garkveuli mizezebidan
gamomdinare moxeles standartebis gamoyeneba ara meqanikurad,
aramed msjelobis safuZvelze SeuZlia. am termins martivi mniS-
vnelobiT viyenebT maSin, rodesac konteqstiT gansazRvra ar
xedxdeba, rodesac Cveni sazogadoebis mier aRqmuli foni aseT
 51

informacias ar moicavs. Sedegad, Cven SegviZlia vuTxraT maT,

vinc ar icis serJantisTvis micemuli brZanebebis Sinaarsi an
maT, vinc ar icis is, rac am brZanebebs bundovans da Sesasrule-
blad rTuls xdis, rom `serJants brZanebebi diskreciul ufle-
bebs aniWebs~. azris dasakonkreteblad SesaniSnavi iqneba Tu da-
vamatebT, rom leitenentma serJants patrulirebisTvis xuTi
yvelaze gamocdili adamianis SerCeva ubrZana, magram `yvelaze
gamocdilis~ gansazRvra rTuli iyo.
zog SemTxvevaSi Cven termins sxva martivi mniSvnelobiT viy-
enebT, zogierT moxeles ufleba aqvs miiRos saboloo gadaw-
yvetileba, romlis Secvla arc erT sxva moxeles ar SeuZlia. ase
vsaubrobT maSin, rodesac moxele moxeleTa ierarqiuli struq-
turis nawilia, sadac zogs ufro maRali Tanamdeboba ukavia, ma-
gram, sadac sxvadasxva kategoriis gadawyvetilebebi sxvadasxva
uwyebis uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba. Sedegad, Sven SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom beisbolSi garkveuli gadawyvetilebebi, magaliTad
romelma _ burTma Tu morbenalma _ miaRwia pirvelma meore ba-
zas, meore bazis msajis diskreciaa, rodesac vgulisxmobT, rom
aseT Sem­TxvevaSi mTavar msajs gadawyvetilebis Secvlis ufle-
ba, miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmeba is Tu ara am gadawyvetilebas, ar
aqvs.
orive mniSvnelobas martivi vuwode, radgan isini ufro rTu-
li mniSvnelobidan ganmesxvavebina. ‘diskrecias’ zogjer Cven ara
mxo­lod imis saTqmelad viyenebT, rom romelime moxelem msj-
elobas unda mimarTos, raTa uflebamosili institutebis mier
dadgenili standartebi gamoiyenos, an rom aravin mimoixilavs am
msjelobas, aramed imitom, rom konkretul sakiTxebSi is xelisu-
flebis mier dadgenili standartebiT araa SeboWili. aseTi dat-
virTviT Cven vgulisxmobT, rom serJants diskreciuli ufleba
aqvs Tu mas nabrZanebi hqonda patrulirebisTvis xuTi adamianis
SerCeva. aseve ZaRlebis SouSi msajs diskreciuli ufleba aqvs
Seafasos boqsiorebamde erdelterielebi, Tu wesi moqmedebaTa
Tanmimdevrobas ar gansazRvravs. am datvirTviT gamoyeneba ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom Cven vaxdenT komentirebas standartebis
gaurkvevlobis an sirTulis, an vis aqvs gadamwyveti sityvis
ufleba, aramed maTi kontrolis arealsa da gadawyvetilebe-
bze. Tu serJants xuTi gamocdili adamianis SerCeva daevala,
mas diskreciis ufleba msgavsi rTuli datvirTviT ar gaaCnia,
radgan brZaneba mis gadawyvetilebas gansazRvravs. krivSi msajs,
52

romelmac unda gadawyvitos romeli mokrive iyo ufro agresiu-

li, diskreciis ufleba misi rTuli mniSvnelobiT igive mizezis
gamo ar aqvs.20
Tu vinme ityvis, rom serJants an msajs aseT situaciaSi dis-
kreciis ufleba aqvs, Cven, Tu konteqsti amis saSualebas gva-
Zlevs, termini diskrecia martivi mniSvnelobiT unda aRviqvaT.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom leitenantma serJants xuTi, misi az-
riT, kargad gamocdili adamianis SerCeva ubrZana da daamata,
rom serJants maTi SerCevis diskreciuli ufleba aqvs. an wesebis
mixedviT msajma jildo ufro agresiul mokrives unda gadasces
da amavrdoulad mas arCevanis gakeTebis diskreciuli ufleba
aqvs.
msgavsi gancxadebebi meore, anu terminis susti mniSvnelobiT
unda aRviqvaT, rogorc gadawyvetilebis mimoxilvasTan dakavSire-
biT saubrisas. pirveli martivi mniSvneloba – gadawyvetilebebi
msjelobas iTxovs - usargeblo iqneba, xolo mesame, rTul (Zlier)
mniSvnelobas Tavad gancxadeba gamoricxavs.
Cven erT macdur areulobas unda moveridoT. diskreciis rTu-
li mniSvneloba licenziis tolfasi araa da kritikas ar gamoric­
xavs. TiTqmis yvela situaciaSi adamianis qmedeba (im SemTxvevaSic
ki Tu gadawyvetileba gansakuTrebuli uflebamovaleobis insti-
tutis sakiTxs ar warmoadgens da Sedegad ar gvaqvs saqme diskre-
ciasTan) saTanado racionalobis, samarTlianobis da efeqturo-
bis garkveul standartebs Seesabameba. Cven erTmaneTis qmedebas
am standartebis safuZvelze vakritikebT da ar arsebobs aRniSnu-
lis ar gakeTebis mizezi, rodesac qmedebebi centrSia da ara gansa-
kuTrebuli uflebamosilebis donatis perimetrs gareT. Sedegad,
Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom serJantma, romelsac patrulirebis­
Tvis xalxis SerCevis diskreciuli ufleba mieniWa (rTuli mniS­
vnelobiT), SerCeva sulelurad an borotad an uyuradRebod gaa-
keTa, an msajma, romelsac ZaRlebis Sefasebis Tanmimdevrobis
diskreciuli ufleba hqonda, Secdoma Caidina, radgan man pirvelad
boqsiorebi Seafasa maSin, rodesac mxolod sami erdelterieri da
20
`SezRudul~ diskreciaze iurisprudenciuli TvalsazrisiT gangeb ar vsau-
brob, radgan cneba did sirTules ar warmoadgens, Tu gvaxsovs diskreciis Se-
fardebiTobis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, serJants daevala `gamocdil adamianTa
Soris~ arCevanis gakeTeba an SerCevisas `gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba~. maSin
vityodiT, rom mas an patrulirebisTvis xalxis SerCevis (SezRuduli) diskreci-
uli ufleba aqvs, an (sruli) diskreciuli ufleba moaxdinos gamocdilTa Soris
arCevani an gadawyvitos damatebiT ra Tviseba gaiTvaliswinos.
 53

gacilebiT meti boqsiori iyo. moxelis diskreciuli ufleba gu-

lisxmobs ara imas, rom adamiani Tavisufalia gadawyvetilebaSi
imdenad, rom ar unda moiSvelios standartebi da ar unda gaTval-
iswinos samarTlianoba, aramed mxolod im faqts, rom misi gadaw-
yvetileba ar kontrolirdeba konkretuli uflebamosilebis
mqone institutis mier gansazRvruli standartis mixedviT. ra
Tqma unda, Tavisuflebis es bolo saxeoba Zalian mniSvnelovania;
swored amitom arsebobs diskreciis rTuli mniSvneloba. mesame
mniSvnelobis diskreciuli uflebis mqone SeiZleba gaakritikon,
magram ara daumorCileblobisTvis, rogorc jariskacis SemTxveva-
Si. SesaZloa masze gveTqva, rom man Secdoma dauSva, magram ara is,
rom man monawiles damsaxurebuli Sedegi waarTva, rogorc spor-
tuli Sejibris msajis SemTxvevaSi.
axla SegviZlia pozitivistebis sasamarTlo diskreciis doq-
trinis mimoxilvas davubrundeT. doqtrinis mixedviT, Tu Sem­
Txveva ar eqvemdebareba arsebul wess, mosamarTle gadawyvetile-
bas diskreciuli uflebis gamoyenebiT iRebs. Cven am doqtrinas
gamovikvlevT da mis principis Cvenebur aRqmaze damokidebulebas
SeviswavliT; magram, upirveles yovlisa, unda gavarkvioT diskre-
ciis romeli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT is.
zogi nominalisti amtkicebs, rom aSkara wesis arsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSic ki mosamarTleebs diskreciuli ufleba aqvT, radgan
mosamarTle sabolood samarTlis ukanaskneli arbitria. es
doqtrina diskreciis meore, martiv mniSvnelobas iyenebs, vinaidan
mis mixedviT ar arsebobs ufro maRali instancia, romelic umaR-
lesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas ganixilavs. Sedegad, mas iseve
ara aqvs gavlena Cvens damokidebulebaze principebis mimarT, ro-
gorc Cvens wesebis mimarT damokidebulebaze.
pozitivistebi sakuTar doqtrinas am mniSvnelobas ar aniWe-
ben, radgan isini amboben, rom mosamarTles deskreciuli ufleba
ar aqvs, rodesac arsebuli wesi zustad Seesabameba SemTxvevas.
Tu Cven pozitivistebis doqtrinasTan dakavSirebul argumentebs
mivsdevT, SesaZloa eWvi gagviCndes, rom isini diskrecias pirve-
li martivi mniSvnelobiT iyeneben, radgan mosamarTleebma samar­
Tlebrivi standartebis gamoyenebisas xandaxan unda mimarTon
msjelobas. maTi argumentebi yuradRebas erT faqtze amaxvileben,
kerZod, samarTlis zogi wesi bundovania (magaliTad, profesori
harti ambobs, rom samarTlis wesebs `kargad gamokveTili struq-
tura~ aqvT) da rom arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebi (magaliTad henin­
54

gseni), romlebsac arc erTi arsebuli wesi ar Seesabameba. isini did

datvirTvas akeTebdnen imaze, rom mosamarTleebma zogjer samar-
Tlis garkveul sakiTxebze bevri unda imsjelon da rom identuri
gamocdelebis da ganaTlebis mqone ori mosamarTle xSirad erTma-
neTs ar daeTanxmeba.
am sakiTxebis dasma Zalian advilia; yvela maTgani banaluria maT-
Tvis, visac samarTalTan aqvs Sexeba. swored es aris sirTule, poz-
itivistebis mier `diskreciis~ martivi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis
daSvebasTan dakavSirebuli. imis mtkiceba, rom Sesaferi wesis ar
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi gansjisTvis diskrecia unda gamoiyenos,
tavtologiaa. metic, mas aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs samarTlebrivi
principis axsnasTan dakavSirebul problemasTan. srulebiT Se-
Tavsebadi iqneba Tu vityviT, rom, magaliTad, rigsis SemTxvevaSi
mosamarTles unda gamoeyenebina msjeloba da rom is valdebuli
iyo daecva principi `arc erT adamians ukanono qmedebis xarjze
sargeblis miRebis ufleba ar aqvs~. pozitivistebi sasamarTlo dis-
kreciis doqtrinaze saubroben ara rogorc tavtologiaze, aramed
intuitiurze, TiTqos mas kavSiri aqvs principebisadmi damokide-
bulebasTan. magaliTad harti ambobs, rom rodesac mosamarTle
diskreciul uflebas iyenebs, masze rogorc standartebiT Sez-
Rudulze veRar visaubrebT, aramed unda visaubroT Tu is ra stan-
dartebs `iyenebs damaxasiaTeblad~.21 harti Tvlis, rom rodesac
mosamarTle diskreciul uflebas iyenebs, mis mier moyvanili prin-
cipebi Cvens meore midgomasTan unda davakavSiroT, risi kiTebac
aqvs `principad qceuli~ sasamarTloebs.
Sedegad, Cans rom pozitivistebi, iSviaTad mainc, sakuTar
doqtrinas diskreciis mesame, rTul mniSvnelobas aniWeben. aseTi
mniSvnelobiT mas principebTan kavSiri aqvs; marTlac, aseTi mniS­­­­­­­­­v­
ne­lobiT is meore midgomis xelaxali formulirebaa. imis Tqma, rom,
rodesac mosamarTles wesebi amoewureba mas diskrecia aqvs, anu mas
aranairi samarTlebrivi wyaros standarti ar zRudavs, igivea, rac
Tqma, rom wesebis garda sxva samarTlebrivi standartebi, romleb-
sac mosamarTle eyrdnoba, mavaldebulebeli araa misTvis.
Sedegad, Cven sasamarTlos diskreciis doqtrinis rTuli mniS-
vneloba unda gamovikvlioT. (am momentidan termins`diskrecias~ am
mniSvnelobiT gamoviyeneb.) principebi, romlebsac mosamarTleebi
eyrdnobian rigsisa da heningsenis msgavs saqmeebSi akontrolebs Tu

21
Hart, The Concept of Law (1961), p. 144.
 55

ara maT gadawyvetilebebs ise, rogorc serJantisTvis yvelaze ga-

mocdili adamianebis SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT gacemuli brZaneba
an krivis msajis ufro agresiuli mokrivesTvis gamarjvebis miniWe-
basTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebas? ra argumentebi unda moi-
tanos pozitivistma raTa daamtkicos, rom es ase araa?
(1) pozitivistma SesaZloa ganacxados, rom principebi ar Sei-
Zleba iyos mavaldebulebeli an savaldebulo. es Secdoma iqnebo-
da. ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis arsebobs kiTxva aris Tu ara realo-
baSi romelime konkretuli principi mavaldebulebeli zogierTi
samarTlebrivi moxelesTvis. principis logikur TaviseburebaSi
araferia iseTi, rac mas mavaldebulebels ver gaxdis. warmoidgi-
neT, mosamarTles heningsenis SemTxvevaSi ar gaeTvaliswinebina
principi, rom avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebs gansakuTrebuli val-
debuleba aqvT momxmareblis mimarT, an principi, romlis mixed-
viTac sasamarTlom unda daicvas is, visi poziciac sustia da
martivad, yovelgvari zedmeti Sewuxebis gareSe, xelSekrulebis
Tavisuflebis principze dayrdnobiT saqme mopasuxis sasargeblod
gadaewyvita.
mis kritikas ar daiwyebdnen imis gamo, rom is sxva mosamarTle­
ebis msgavsad ar moiqca. umravlesoba ityoda, rom misi vali am prin-
cipebis gaTvaliswineba iyo da rom mosarCele uflebamosili iyo
moeTxova misgan aRniSnuli. rodesac vambobT mosamarTle wesiT
aris SezRuduli, Cven mxolod vgulisxmobT, rom Sesabamisi wesis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi is valdebulia daemorCilos mas da Tu is ase
ar moiqceva, misi mxridan es Secdomis daSveba iqneba.
araswori iqneba Tu heningsenis msgavs SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlos
mxridan mgavsi principebis gaTvaliswineba mxolod `moraluri~­
v­­­­al­debulebaa, an`institucionaluri~valdebulebaa, an sasamar-
Tlos`profesiis~codnidan gamomdinare valdebuleba, an raime
msgav­si. kiTxva ucvleli darCeba: ratom gansxvavdeba msgavsi saxe-
obis valdebuleba (rac ar unda vuwodoT) im valdebulebebisgan,
romlebsac wesebi mosamarTleebs akisrebs da ratom gvaZlevs imis
uflebas, rom principebi da politika moviazroT ara rogorc
samarTlis nawili, aramed mxolod eqstra-samarTlebrivi stan­
dartebi, romlebsac`sasamarTloebi Tvisobrivad iyeneben”.
(2) pozitivistma SesaZloa amtkicos, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogierTi principebi mavaldebulebelia, im gagebiT, rom mosamar-
Tle valdebulia gaiTvaliswinos isini, maT konkretuli Sedegis
gansazRvra ar SeuZliaT. Sesafaseblad es gacilebiT rTuli argu-
56

mentia, radgan araa naTeli standartis TvalsazrisiT Tu ra igu-

lisxmeba Sedegis`gansazRvraSi~. SesaZloa standarti, roca ar unda
moxdes misi gamoyeneba, Sedegs gvkarnaxobs, amgvarad sxva arafris
gaTvaliswineba ar xdeba. Tu asea, maSin WeSmaritebaa is faqti, rom
individualuri principebi Sedegs ar gansazRvraven, magram es xom
sxva formiT Camoyalibebuli igive azria – principebi wesebi araa.
mxolod wesebi gvkarnaxoben Sedegs. sapirispiro Sedegis miReba
wesis ugulebelyofas an cvlilebas niSnavs. principebi msgavsi
saxiT ar muSaoben; isini gadawyvetilebas mimarTulebas aZlev-
en, Tumca ara gadamwyvets da Tan xeluxlebeli rCebian, rodesac
isini ar dominireben. Cven ar gvaqvs imis mizezi, raTa davaskvnaT,
rom mosamarTleebs, romlebmac principebi unda gaiTvaliswinon,
diskreciuli ufleba aqvT, radgan principebis krebuls Sede-
gis gansazRvra SeuZlia. Tu mosamarTles sjera, rom principebi,
romelTa aRiarebac mas evaleba, erTi mimarTulebiT miuTiTeben,
xolo sxva mxares mimarTuli principebi, Tu aseTebi saerTod arse-
boben, Tanabari Rirebulebis arian, maSin man Sesabamisad unda imo-
qmedos, anu daicvas is wesi, romelsac mavaldebuleblad Tvlis. ra
Tqma unda, SesaZloa is cdebodes principebis SefasebaSi, magram
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SeiZleba is mavaldebulebeli we-
sebis gansjaSic cdebodes. SegviZlia davamatoT, rom serJanti da
krivis msaji xSirad erT navSi sxedan. arc erTi faqtori ar kar-
naxobs romeli jariskacia ufro gamocdili an romeli mokrive
ufro agresiuli. maT sxvadasxva faqtorebis Rirebulebis Sefase-
ba unda moaxdinon; am gagebiT maT diskreciuli ufleba ar aqvT.
(3)pozitivistma SesaZloa ganacxados, rom principebis, maTi
uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, samarTlad aRqma ar SeiZleba,
metic, maTi Rirebulebac Tavisi arsiT sakamaToa. namdvilia, rom
zogadad konkretuli principis uflebamosilebis da Rirebulebis
demonstrireba ise ar SegviZlia, rogorc xandaxan wesis kanon-
ierebis demonstrireba SegviZlia, misi kongresis aqtSi moTavse-
biT an avtoritetis mqone sasamarTlos SexedulebaSi. piriqiT.
TiToeuli SemTxvevis Rirebulebis testirebisTvis lakmusis fur-
celi ar arsebobs – es msjelobis sagania da keTilgonieri adamiani
SeiZleba mas ar daeTanxmos. magram, isev da isev, es mosamarTles
sxva moxeleebisgan, romlebsac diskreciuli ufleba ar aqvT, ar
ganasxvavebs. serJants gamocdilebisTvis lakmusis furceli ar
gaaCnia, iseve rogorc msajs agresiulobis Sesafaseblad. arc erT
maTgans diskreciuli ufleba ar aqvs, radgan isini valdebulni
 57

arian mividnen saboloo daskvnamde, sakamaTo iqneba is Tu ara, Tu

ras iTxovs misi brZaneba an wesi da maTi daskvnis Sesabamisad unda
imoqmedon. es mosamarTlis movaleobasac warmoadgens.
ra Tqma unda, Tu pozitivistebis meore doqtrina marTebulia
– is Teoria, romlis mixedviTac TiToeul samarTlebriv siste-
maSi mavaldebulebeli kanonis (imperatiuli normis) ZiriTadi
testi arsebobs, rogoric profesor hartis aRiarebis wesia – maSin
principebi mavaldebulebeli kanoni (imperatiuli norma) araa. ma-
gram principebis pozitivistebis TeoriasTan SeuTavsebloba nak-
lebad gamodgeba imis argumentad, rom principebs gansakuTrebuli
midgoma sWirdebaT. es kiTxvas badebs; Cven principebis statusi
gvainteresebs, radgan pozitivistebis modelis Sefaseba gvsurs.
pozitivistebs aRiarebis wesis Teoriis dacva dadgenilebiT ar
SeuZliaT. Tu principebi tests ar eqvemdebareba, maSin maT unda
dagvisaxelon sxva mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba principis
samarTlad aRqma. vinaidan principebi samarTlebrivi valdeb-
ulebis argumentirebisas garkveul rols TamaSoben(ixileT, isev
da isev, rigsi da heningseni), models, romelSic es rolia gaTval-
iswinebuli garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs mis gamomricxvel model-
Tan SedarebiT da am ukanasknelis saTanadod gamoyeneba gavrcobis
gareSe ar SeiZleba.
arsebobs Zalze Zlieri argumentebi, romlebic SesaZloa pozi-
tivistebma rTuli mniSvnelobis mqone diskreciis doqtrinis da
principebis mimarT meore midgomis dasacavad gamoiyenos. me doq-
trinis sawinaaRmdegod da pirveli midgomis sasargeblod erT um-
niSvnelovanes kontr-arguments movitan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arse-
bobs mosamarTleebisTvis mavaldebuleblad aRiarebuli ramdenime
principi, romlebis gaTvaliswinebac konkretuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas saWiroa, maSin arc erTi wesi, an sul ramdenime, agreTve
ar iqneba mavaldebulebeli maTTvis.
amerikis iurisdiqciebis umravlesobaSi da axla ukve inglis-
Si, umaRlesi sasamarTloebi arc ise iSviaTad dawesebul wesebs
uaryofen. saerTo samarTlis wesebi – sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
bebiT Seqmnili – xandaxan pirdapir uqmdeba da xSirad radikalu-
rad icvleba. dakanonebuli wesebi interpretaciis da xelaxali in-
terpretaciis sagania, zogjer maSinac ki, rodesac Sedegi ar aris
`kanonmdeblis ganzraxvas~ ganxorcieleba.22 Tu sasamarTloebs

ixileT Wellington and Albert, ‘Statutory Interpritation and the Political Process: A
22

Comment on Sinclair v. Atkinson’, 72 Yale L.J. 1547 (1963).

58

dadgenili wesebis Secvlis diskreciuli ufleba eqnebaT, maSin

maTTvis es wesebi, ra Tqma unda, mavaldebulebeli ar iqneba da
Sedegad pozitivistebis modelis mixedviT kanoni ar iqneba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, pozitivistma SesaZloa ganacxados, rom arsebobs
mosamarTleebisTvis mavaldebulebeli Zalis mqone standartebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven Tu rodis SeuZlia mosamarTles dadge-
nili wesis gauqmeba an Secvla da rodis ar aqvs amis ufleba.
maSin rodis aqvs mosamarTles samarTlis wesis Secvlis
ufleba? pasuxSi principi ori saxiTaa warmodgenili. pirveli,
aucilebelia, magram ara sakmarisi, mosamarTle darwmundes, rom
cvli­leba garkveuli politikisTvis warmatebuli iqneba an xels
Seuwyobs raime princips, Sedegad politika an principi cvlilebas
amarTlebs. rigsis SemTxvevaSi (anderZis kanonis axleburi inter-
pretacia) principma `arc erTma adamianma ukanono qmedebis Sede-
gad sargebeli ar unda miiRos~ cvlileba gansazRvra; heningsenis
SemTxvevaSi avtomobilis mwarmoeblebis pasuxismgeblobasTan da-
kavSirebuli garkveuli wesebis cvlileba, rogorc ukve aRvniSne
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan, principebis da politikis safuZ-
velze moxda.
magram yvela princips rodi SeuZlia cvlilebis ganpirobeba,
arc yvela wesia daculi. unda arsebobdes principebi, romelTa
gaTvaliswinebac xdeba da iseTebic, romlebsac ar iTvaliswineben.
aseve arsebobs principebi, romlebsac metad iTvaliswineben vidre
sxvebs. magram es mosamarTlis eqstra-samarTlebriv standartebs
Soris preferenciaze ar SeiZleba iyos damokidebuli, radgan aseT
SemTxvevaSi Cven ver CevZlebdiT imis Tqmas, rom yvela wesi maval-
debulebelia. yovelTvis SegviZlia warmovidginoT mosamarTle,
romlis preferenciebi eqstra-samarTlebriv standartebSi iseTi
iqneba, rom yvelaze damkvidrebuli wesebis Secvlas an radikalu-
rad sapirispiro interpretacias moaxdens.
meore, yovelma mosamarTlem, romelic arsebuli doqtri-
nis Secvlas moiTxovs, ramdenime mniSvnelovani standarti unda
gaiTvaliswinos, romlebic damkvidrebuli doqtrinidan gadaxve-
vis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da es standartebi ZiriTadad prin-
cipebia. isini moicaven `sakanonmdeblo uzenaesobis~ doqtrinas,
principebis da politikis krebuls, romelic sasamarTloebis-
gan sakanonmdeblo aqtebis kvalificiuri gansxvavebis gakeTebas
moiTxovs. agreTve, isini precedentis doqtrinasac moicaven,
principebisa da politikis meore krebuls, romelic Tanmimdev-
 59

robis samarTlianobas da efeqturobas asaxavs. `sakanonmdeblo

uzenaesobis~ da precedentis doqtrinebi status kvosken ixre-
ba, TiToeuli Tavis sferoSi, magram isini ar gankargaven maT.
miuxedavad amisa, mosamarTleebi ar arian Tavisuflebi princi-
pebsa da politikis SerCevaSi, romlebic am doqtrinebs Seadgenen
– ase rom yofiliyo, isev da isev, arc erTi wesi mavaldebulebeli
ar iqneboda.
Sedegad, warmoidgineT ras gulisxmobs pirovneba, rodesac
ambobs, garkveuli wesebi mavaldebulebelia. SesaZloa is gulis­
xmobs, rom wesebis dadebiT sayrdens principebi warmoadgenen,
is principebi, romelTa uyuradRebod datoveba sasamarTlos ar
SeuZlia da romlebic erToblivad gacilebiT Rirebulia, vidre
is principebi, romlebic cvlilebis mxaresaa. Tu ase araa, maSin is
gulisxmobs, rom yvela cvlilebis uaryofa moxdeba sakanonmde-
blo uzenaesobisa da precedentis konservatiuli principebis
kombinaciis safuZvelze, romelTa ignorirebis uflebac sa-
samarTlos ar aqvs. Zalian xSirad, is orives igulisxmebs, radgan
konservatiuli principebi, principebi da ara wesebi, Cveulebriv
arasakmarisad Zlieria, rom saerTo samarTlis wesi gadaarCinos
an xandazmuli kanoni, romelsac ar amyarebs aranairi materi-
alur-samarTlebrivi principebi, romelTa pativiscemac evaleba
sasamarTlos.
orive zemoaRniSnuli mniSvneloba, ra Tqma unda, principebs
da politikas samarTlis wesebad axasiaTebs; isini sazogadoebis
moxeleebisTvis mavaldebulebel standartebs warmoadgenen,
romlebic maTi samarTlebriv uflebasa da valdebulebasTan da-
kavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs akontroleben.
Tu pozitivistebis sasamarTlos diskreciis Teoria an triv-
ialuria, vinaidan `diskrecias~ martivi mniSvnelobiT iyenebs,
an sayrdens moklebulia, vinaidan mis dasacavad gamoyenebuli
sxva­dasxva argumentebi kraxs ganicdis, maSin ratom aris amde-
ni Wkviani iuristi amiT ase dainteresebuli? Cven bolomde ver
CavwvdebiT Teoriis arss Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar gveqneba. sak-
marisi araa imis aRniSvna (Tumca SesaZloa mas garkveuli wvlili
miuZRvis ganmartebaSi), rom `diskrecias~ sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
aqvs, romelTa arevac SeiZleba. Cven es mniSvnelobebi ar gvereva
Tu samarTalze ar msjelobT.
ganmartebis nawili mainc iuristebis bunebriv tendenciaSi
devs, rom kanonebi da wesebi erTmaneTTan daakavSiros da maT
60

warmodgenaSi – samarTali wesebis krebuli an sistemaa. rosko

faundma didi xnis win es tendencia gamoavlina. is Tvlida, rom
inglisurenovani iuristebi am xrikSi gaebnen im garemoebis gamo,
rom inglisSi erTi da igive sityvas iyeneben, mxolod artikls
ucvlian `a law~.23 (sxva enebSi, piriqiT, or sityvas iyeneben: mag-
aliTad, `Loi~ da `droit~, `Gesetz~ da `Recht~.) inglisurenovan
pozitivistebze SesaZloa aman iqonia gavlena, radgan gamoTqma
``a law~ WeSmaritad wess gulis­xmobs. magram kanonis da wesis
erTmaneTTan asocirebis principuli mizezi gacilebiT Rrmadaa,
Cemi azriT da im faqts emyareba, rom iuridiuli ganaTleba didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi mowinave samarTlis damkvidrebuli wesebis
swavlebisa da gamokvlevisgan Sedgeboda.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu iuristi samarTals wesebis sistemad mi-
iCnevs da aRiarebs im faqts, rom mosamarTleebi Zvel wesebs cvlian
da axals ayalibeben, is sasamarTlos diskreciis rTuli mniSvnelo-
bis Teoriamde bunebrivad miva. mis mier gamocdil wesebis sxva sis-
temebSi (magaliTad TamaSSi), wesebi erTaderTi saSualebaa, rom-
lis safuZvelzec oficialuri gadawyvetilebis miReba SeiZleba.
ase rom, msajs wesis Secvla rom SeeZlos, mas diskreciuli ufleba
eqneboda. msajis mier wesis SecvlisTvis moSveliebuli principi
unda warmoadgendes mxolod mis ``Tvisobriv~~ preferencias. am
mxriv pozitivistebi samarTals udgebian rogorc beisbols.
am pirveladi varaudis (samarTali wesebis sistemaa) meore,
ufro daxvewili Sedegic arsebobs. rodesac pozitivistebi prin-
cipebs da politikas mimarTaven, isini maT manquéé (potenciur) we-
sebad aRiqvamen. pozitivistebi miiCneven, rom Tu isini samarTlis
standartebia, maSin isini wesebi unda iyos da msgavs wesebs isini
kiTxuloben, rogorc wesebis formiT Camoyalibebis mcdelobis
mqone standartebs.
rodesac pozitivists vinmesgan esmis, rom samarTlebrivi prin-
cipebi samarTlis nawilia, is am gamonaTqvams aRiqvams `umaRlesi
samarTlis~ Teoriis argumentad, anu es principebi kanonze maRla
mdgomi samarTlis wesebia.24 is uaryofs am Teorias da argumentad
im garemoebas asaxelebs, rom am`wesebs~ xan icaven, xan ara da rom
wesisTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `adamians ukanono qmedebis Ca-
denis safuZvelze sargeblis miRebis ufleba ar aqvs~, arsebobs
23
R. Pound, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law (rev. edn., 1954), p. 56
24
ix. e.g., Dickinson, ‘The Law Behind Law’ (pts. I and 2), 29 Colum. L. Rev. 112, 254
(1929).
 61

sxva, konkurenti `wesi~, magaliTad, `samarTali titulis uflebis

dacvas upiratesobas aniWebs~~ da rom ar arsebobs msgavsi ``we-
sebis~~ kanonierebis Sesamowmebeli testi. is askvnis, rom es prin-
cipebi da politika kanonze maRla mdgomi samarTlis wesebi araa,
rac WeSmaritebaa, radgan isini saerTod wesebi araa. agreTve, misi
azriT, isini eqstra-samarTlis standartebia, romelTa SerCeva-
sac mosamarTleebi diskreciuli uflebis safuZvelze sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr axdens, rac arasworia. es igivea, rac zoologma
daamtkicos, rom Tevzi ZuZumwovara cxoveli araa da daaskvnas,
rom is mxolod mcenarea.

V. aRiarebis wesi

winamdebare ganxilva CvenSi samarTlebrivi principebis ori

formis arsebobam ganapiroba. Cven pozitivistebis mier sakuTari
sasamarTlo diskreciis doqtrinis meSveobiT miRebul meore
formas vikvlevdiT da mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi aRmovaCineT.
droa gzis gasayars davubrundeT. ra iqneba Tu Cven pirvel midgo-
mas avirCevT? ra Sedegs iqoniebs es pozitivizmis ConCxis struq-
turaze? ra Tqma unda, Cven unda mivatovoT meore norma, sasamarT-
lo diskreciis doqtrina (an, alternatiulad, miviRoT is rogorc
doqtrina, romelic gulisxmobs, rom mosamarTlem diskreciuli
ufleba xSirad unda gamoiyenos). aseT SemTxvevaSi dagvWirdeba Tu
ara pirveli normis gauqmeba an Secvla (norma, romlis mixedviTac
arsebobs samarTlis ganmasxvavebeli testebi, romelTa gamoyofac
ZiriTad wesSi SeiZleba, magaliTad rogoricaa profesor hartis
aRiarebis wesi)? Tu rigsisa da heningsenis principebi samarTladaa
miCneuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom ZiriTadi wesis cnebas samarTlis­
Tvis vinaxavT, maSin Cven unda SevZloT iseTi testebis gamoyeneba,
romelsac daakmayofilebs yvela (da mxolod) samarTlad miCneuli
principi. modiT hartis mier SemoTavazebuli wesiT daviwyoT. am
wesis mixedviT samarTlis kanonieri wesebis identifikaciaa Sesa-
Zlebeli. vnaxoT igives gakeTeba principebTan mimarTebaSi Tu Sei-
Zleba.
hartis mixedviT samarTlebriv wesTa umravlesoba kanonieria,
radgan isini kompetenturi institutebis mier aris dadgenili.
zogi maTgani sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier iqna miRebuli
dadgenili kanonis saxiT. zogi ki mosamarTleebis mier konkretul
SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis saxiT iqna Seqmnili,
62

anu moxda maTi precendentad dadgena samomavlod. magram warmo-

Sobis testi rigsis da heningsenis SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli
principebis mimarT ar gamodgeba. es samarTlebrivi principebi ara
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis an sasamarTlos konkretuli gadaw-
yvetilebidan, aramed droTa ganmavlobaSi profesiasa da sazoga-
doebaSi Camoyalibebuli wesierebis grZnobidan warmoiqmna. maTi
ganuwyveteli Zalaufleba am grZnobis SenarCunebas emyareba. im
SemTxvevaSi Tu dadgeba iseTi situacia, rodesac adamianebis mier
ukanono qmedebis Sedegad sargeblis miReba usamarTlod aRar
iqneba miCneuli, an aRar iqneba samarTliani gansakuTrebuli pasux-
imgeblobis dadgineba oligopoliebze, romlebic potenciurad sa-
ziano manqanebs awarmoeben, es principebi axali SemTxvevebis did
dros rols aRar iTamaSebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi gauqmeba an
cvlileba arasodes moxda.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven gvsurs sakuTari ganacxadis ``raime
principi samarTlebrivi principia~~ mxardaWera, maSin warsulis
yvela is SemTxveva unda vaxsenoT, sadac es principi iyo naxsenebi,
an argumentirebisas gamoyenebuli. agreTve, Cven aRvniSnavT yvela
im kanons, romelic am principis magaliTad iqna moyvanili (da kidev
ukeTesi iqneba Tu is kanonis preambulaSi iyo moyvanili, an komite-
tis angariSSi an sxva sakanonmdeblo dokumentebSi). im SemTxvevaSi
Tu Cven instituciurad mxardaWerili principebis magaliTebs ver
moviZiebT, maSin Cven ver SevZlebT sakiTxis damtkicebas, magram,
rac ufro met msgavs SemTxvevebs moviZiebT principisTvis, miT
ufro meti Rirebulebis miniWebas SevZlebT misTvis.
miuxedavad amisa, Cven jer kidev ar gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli
testi, romlis mixedviTac SevZlebT ganvsazRvroT Tu ra saxis
instituciuri mxardaWeraa saWiro imisTvis, rom principi samar­
Tlebrivi principi gaxdes. kidev ufro rTulia ki misi Rirebulebis
dadgena. Cven yvelafris erT Tugind rTul`wesSi~ gaerTianeba ar
SegviZlia da romc SegveZlos, Sedegi naklebad iqneboda kavSirSi
hartis aRiarebis wesis suraTTan. es ukanaskneli samarTlianad
stabiluri ZiriTadi wesis suraTia, romelic axasiaTebs `im faq-
torebis garkveul Tvisebebs an Tvisebebs, romlis flobac Semo-
Tavazebul wess sabolood amtkicebs wesad~.25
metic, sxva principis dasamtkiceblad gamoyenebuli saSualeba
ar emyareba (rogorc hartis aRiarebis wesi) maT mier mxardaWeri-
li principebisgan sruliad gansxvavebul saSualebas. hartis mier
25
Hart, op. cit., p. 92.
 63

aRiarebasa da kanonierebas Soris mkveTri gansxvaveba Zalas kar-

gavs. Tu Cven vsaubrobT principze, romlis mixedviTac aravis aqvs
ukanono qmedebis Sedegad sargeblis miRebis ufleba, Cven Segvi-
Zlia sasamarTloebis da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis aqtebSi
moyvanil amis magaliTebs daveyrdnoT, magram aRniSnuli rogorc
principis aRiarebaze, iseve mis kanonierebaze metyvelebs. (magram
ucnauria principis kanonierebaze saubari, SesaZloa imitom rom
kanoniereba yvelafris an arafris cnebaa, Sesaferi wesebisTvis,
magram principebis Rirebulebis gansazRvrisTvis Seuferebeli.)
Tu gvTxoven (rac yovlad dasaSvebia) precedentis konkretuli
doqtrinis dacvas, an dakanonebuli interpretaciis konkretul
saSualebas, romelic Cven am argumentisTvis gamoviyeneT, udavoa,
rom Cven sxvaTa mier am doqtrinis an saSualebis gamoyenebis ga-
mocdileba unda moviyvanoT magaliTad. magram agreTve Cven sxva
zogadi principebi unda CamovTvaloT, romlebic Cveni rwmeniT am
gamocdilebas waadgeba da swored es warmoadgens kanonierebis no-
tas aRiarebis akordSi.
magaliTad, Cven SesaZloa vamtkicoT, rom Cven mier Zveli saq-
meebis da kanonebis precedentis doqtrinis an sakanonmdeblo praq-
tikis garkveuli analiziT, an demokratiis Teoriis principebiT,
an erovnuli da adgilobrivi institutebis saTanado ganawilebis
konkretuli poziciiT, an raime msgavsiT aris gamagrebuli. arc
es gamagreba aris calmxrivi gza, romelsac pirincinebamde mivya-
varT mxolod aRiarebaze damyarebiT. Cveni sakanonmdeblo, sap-
recedento, demokratiuli da federaluri principebic SesaZloa
uaryofil iqnes. asec rom iyos, Cven isini unda davicvaT ara mar-
to praqtikidan gamomdinare, aramed iuridiuli da sakanonmde-
blo gadawyvetilebebidanac, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskle-
ni Cven mier principebiT gamarTlebuli interpretaciis igive
doqtrinebisadmi mimarTvas moicavs. sxva sityvebiT, abstraqciis
am doneze principebi ufro erTad dakidebulia vidre erTmaneT-
Tan dakavSirebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom principebis gamagreba samarTlebrivi in-
stitutebis oficialuri aqtebiT xdeba, maT ar gaaCniaT martivi an
pirdapiri kavSiri am aqtebTan, raTa es kavSiri aRiarebis garkveu-
li saboloo ZiriTadi wesis mier gansazRvruli kriteriumis Tval-
sazrisiT Camoayalibon. arsebobs Tu ara raime sxva gza, romelic
princips msgavsi wesis qveS moaqcevs?
hartma ganacxada, rom ZiriTadi wesis mier SesaZloa samarTals
64

miekuTvnos ara marto konkretuli sakanonmdeblo institutebis

mier miRebuli wesebi, aramed wesebi, romlebic CveulebiT aris
dadgenili. igi im problemas gulisxmobda, romliTac sxva, maT So-
ris ostinic, pozitivistebi iyvnen dainteresebulni. mravali Cve-
ni uZvelesi samarTlebrivi wesi ar iyo saxeldobr sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebis an sasamarTlos mier Seqmnili. rodesac isini pirve-
lad gamoCndnen samarTlebriv Sexedulebebsa da teqstebSi, maT
epyrobodnen, rogorc samarTlis ukve arsebul nawilas. amis mizezi
ki is gaxldaT, rom isini sazogadoebis CveulebiT praqtikas, an mis
raime specializebul nawils, magaliTad, biznes sazogadoebas,
warmoadgendnen. (aRniSnulis xSirad moyvanili magaliTia vaWro-
bis praqtikis wesebi, rogorc wesebi, romelTa mixedviTac regu-
lirdeba komerciuli veqsilis standartuli formiT miniWebuli
uflebebi.)26 gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom, ostinis azriT, yvela
kanoni gadamwyveti uzenaesis brZanebas warmoadgenda, is miiCnevda,
rom msgavsi CveulebiTi praqtika ar warmoadgens kanons manam, sanam
ar moxdeba misi sasamarTloebis (rogorc uzenaesis moxelis) mier
aRiareba. magram es dausabuTeblad JRers. Tu Cveulebrivs yvela
samarTlad aRiqvavs, maSin ostinis Teoria, romelic sapirispiros
amtkicebs, damajerebeli araa.
hartma Semoabruna ostinis Teoria am konkretul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT. is ambobda, rom ZiriTadma wesma SesaZloa gansaz-
Rvros, rom zogierTi Cveuleba kanonia iqamde, sanam misi aRiare-
ba sasamarTloebis mier moxdeba. mas sirTuleebi ar wamoWria mis
ZiriTad TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan man ar Camoayaliba kri-
teriumebi, romlebic ZiriTadma wesma unda gamoiyenos am mizniT.
mas ar SeuZlia erTaderT kriteriumad gamoiyenos dadgenileba,
romlis mixedviTac sazogadoeba praqtikas moralurad mavalde-
bulad Tvlis. aseT SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi CveulebiTi wesebis
gamoyofa moraluri CveulebiTi wesebisgan ar xdeba da ra Tqma
unda, sazogadoebis yvela Zveli CveulebiTi moraluri valdeb-
uleba ar aris gamagrebuli kanoniT. meore mxriv, Tu testi gulisx-
mobs imis dadgenas Tvlis Tu ara sazogadoba Cveulebriv praqtikas
samarTlebrivad mavaldebulebels, maSin ZiriTadi wesis mTliani
mniSvneloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi samarTlebrivi wesebis am katego-
riasTan mimarTebaSi, ZirSi ikveTeba. harti ambobs, rom ZiriTadi
wesi aRniSnavs primitiuli sazogadoebis samarTlis mqone sazoga-
26
ix. Custom and Trade Usage: Its Application to Commertial dealings and the Common
Law, 55 Colum. L. Rev. 1192 (1955).
 65

doebad transformacias, radgan is gvTavazobs tests, romliTac

sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi normebis, ara maTi aRiarebis sidi-
dis gansazRvris mixedviT, aramed sxva saSualebiT aris SesaZle-
beli. magram Tu ZiriTadi wesis mixedviT yoveli wesi, romelsac
sazogadoeba samarTlebrivad mavaldebuleblad aRiarebs samar-
Tlebrivad mavaldebulebelia, maSin is aranair msgavs tests ar
gvTavazobs, garda im testisa, romelic unda gamoviyenoT ZiriTa-
di wesis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. ZiriTadi wesi (am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi) araa aRiarebis wesi; agreTve, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom yvela primitiuli sazogadoebas aRiarebis meorexarisxovani
wesi aqvs, kerZod ki yvela mavaldebuleblad aRiarebuli wesi ma-
valdebulebelia. saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxilvisas harti das-
cinoda im mosazrebas, romelic msgavs wess aRiarebis wesad miiC-
nevda da ambobda, rom SemoTavazebuli wesi warmoadgenda martivi
faqtis ubralo gameorebas, rom sazogadoeba. . . qcevis garkveul
standartebs savaldebulo wesebad ganixilavs. 27
hartis CveulebiTi samarTlis mimarT damokidebuleba utol-
deba aRiarebas, rom, sul mcire, arsebobs samarTlis zogierTi
norma, romelic aramavaldebulebelia, vinaidan isini damtkicebu-
lia ZiriTadi wesiT gansazRvruli standartebiT, magram mavalde-
bulebelia – rogorc ZiriTadi wesi – vinaidan isini sazogadoebis
mier aris aRiarebuli. es bzars uCens hartis Teoriis Cven mier mo-
wonebul piramidul arqiteqturas: Cven aRar SegviZlia imis Tqma,
rom mxolod ZiriTadi wesia mavaldebulebeli gamomdinare misi
aRiarebidan, yvela danarCeni wesi misi pirobebiT damtkicebulia.
SesaZloa es mxolod bzaria, radgan hartis CveulebiTi wesebi
samarTlis Zalian mniSvnelovan nawils aRar warmoadgenen. magram
es migviTiTebs, rom harti ar moundeboda am zaralis gadideba
Cven mier ukve ganxiluli gadamwyveti principebis da politi-
kis CveulebiTi samarTlisaTvis mikuTvnebiT. Tu is am nawils
samar­Tlis nawils uwodebda da mainc aRiarebda, rom maTi testis
ZiriTadi datvirTva maTi sazogadoebis an romelime nawilis mier
samarTlad aRiarebis xarisxs gansazRvravs, is samarTlis im areas,
sadac misi ZiriTadi wesi dominirebs, sagrZnoblad Seamcirebda.
saqme marto imaSi ar mdgomareobs, rom yvela principi da politika
mis nakads dausxlteba, Tumca esec sakmaod cudi iqneboda. roca am
principebis da politikis samarTlad aRiareba moxdeba da Sedegad
standartebad, romelTa Sesabamisad unda imoqmedon mosamarTle­-
ebma samarTlebrivi valdebulebebis gansazRvrisas, amas mohyveba
66

is garemoeba, rom wesebi, magaliTad isini, romelTa gamocxadebac

pirvelad rigsis da heningsenis SemTxvevaSi moxda, mavaldebuleb-
el Zalas nawilobriv mainc principebisa da politikis Zalaufle-
bas unda umadloden da ara mTlianad aRiarebis ZiriTad wess.
Sedegad, Cven ar SegviZlia hartis pozitivizmis versiis morge-
ba misi aRiarebis wesis SecvliT principebis gamo. sakanonmdeblo
aqtTan principis damakavSirebeli arc erTi testis formulireba
ar SeiZleba, arc misi CveulebiTi samarTlis, Tavad pozitivizmis
pirveli normis gamonaklisis, aRiareba SeiZleba am normis mTli-
anad uaryofis gareSe. Tumca, damatebiT erTi SesaZlebloba unda
iqnes ganxiluli. Tu arc erT aRiarebis wess principebis iden-
tifikaciis testis SemoTavazeba ar SeuZlia, maSin ratom ar Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, rom principebi sabolooa da Cveni samarTlis aRi-
arebis wesis formirebas axdens? maSin pasuxi zogad kiTxvaze:`ra
aris kanonieri samarTali amerikul iurisprudenciaSi?~Cvenga
n moiTxovs im momentisaTvis iurisprudenciaSi arsebuli yvela
principis (iseve rogorc saboloo konstituciis wesebis), maTi
saTanado datvirTvis miTiTebiT, Camoyalibebas. maSin pozitiv-
istma SeiZleba am standartebis sruli krebuli iurisdiqciis
aRiarebis wesad miiCnios. msgavs gadawyvetilebas paradoqsuli
mimzidveloba aqvs, magram, ra Tqma unda, es upirobo danebebaa. Tu
Cven aRiarebis wess fraziT`ZalaSi arsebuli principebis sruli
krebuli~ganvsazRvravT, Cven tavtologiis winaSe aRmovCndebiT,
rom kanoni kanonia. magram rom gvecada ZalaSi arsebuli yvela
principis aRnusxva, Cven marcxs gavnvicdidiT. isini sakamaToa,
maTi datvirTva mniSvnelovania, raodenoba uricxvi da isini imde-
nad swrafad icvelba, rom Cveni nusxa naxevarsac ver miaRwevs ukve
moZvelebuli iqneba. da rom gagverTva kidec Tavi, Cven kanonis gas-
aRebi ar gveqneboda, radgan araferi darCeboda Cveni gasaRebiT
gasaRebi.
daskvnis saxiT SemiZlia vTqva, rom Tu Cven principebs kanon-
ad aRviqvamT, maSin pozitivistebis pirveli norma (sazogadoe-
bis samarTali sxva socialuri standartebisgan ZiriTadi wesis
ganmsazRvreli testis saSualebiT gansxvavdeba) unda vuaryoT.
Cven ukve gadavwyviteT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven meore normac an
unda vuaryoT – sasamarTlos diskreciis doqtrina – an trivial-
urad miviCnioT. axla rac Seexeba pozitivistebis samarTlebrivi
valdebulebis mesame Teorias.
am Teoriis mixedviT samarTlebrivi valdebuleba arsebobs ma-
 67

Sin (da mxolod maSin), rodesac samarTlis dadgenili wesi iTval-

iswinebs am valdebulebas. rTuli SemTxvevebisas – rodesac msgavsi
dawesebuli wesis moZieba SeuZlebelia – ar arsebobs samarTlebri-
vi valdebuleba manam, sanam mosamarTle momavlisTvis axal wess ar
Seqmnis. mosamarTles mxareebis mimarT am axali wesis gamoyeneba
SeuZlia, magram es kanonmdebloba ex post facto da ara arsebuli
valdebulebebis gamagreba.
pozitivistebis diskreciis (misi rTuli mniSvnelobiT)
doqtrina samarTlebrivi valdebulebis msgavs xedvas saWiroe-
bs, vinaidan, Tu mosamarTles diskreciuli ufleba aqvs, maSin ar
iarsebebs samarTlebrivi ufleba an valdebuleba – raimes ufle-
ba – romelsac is iZulebiT gamoiyenebs. doqtrinis uaryofiT da
principebis samarTlad miCneviT Cven davuSviT SesaZlebloba, rom
samarTlebrivi valdebulebis dakisreba SesaZloa rogorc prin-
cipebis kombinaciiT, aseve dadgenili wesebiTac moxdes. SesaZloa
gagviCndes imis Tqmis survili, rom samarTlebrivi valdebuleba
yovelTvis arsebobs, rodesac msgavsi valdebulebebis mxardam-
Weri SemTxveva, sxvadasxva saxis mavaldebulebeli samarTlebrivi
principebis mxriv, gacilebiT Zlieria vidre misi sawinaaRmdego
SemTxveva.
ra Tqma unda, sanam samarTlebrivi valdebulebis msgavs xedvas
vaRiarebT bevr kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi. Tu aRiarebis wesi ar
arsebobs, aranairi msgavsi mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvreli testi, ro-
gor unda gadavwyvitoT Tu romeli principis gaTvaliswineba unda
moxdes da ra doziT? rogor unda gadavwyvitoT romelia ukeTesi
SemTxveva? Tu samarTlebrivi valdebuleba msgavsi saxis TavSeka-
vebul msjelobas efuZneba, rogor SeuZlia mas sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebis gansazRvra, romlis mixedviTac erT-erT mxares raime
samarTlebrivi valdebuleba gaaCnia? Seefereba valdebulebis
mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba iuristebis, mosamarTleebis da
araspecialistebis saubars da Seeferaba Tu ara Cvens moraluri
valdebulebis mimarT damokidebulbas? gvexmareba Tu ara es ana-
lizi samarTlis bunebis klasikuri iurisprudenciis Tavsatexis
amoxsnaSi?
am kiTxvebis dasma saWiroa, magram Tavad kiTxvebic ki mets
gvpirdeba vidre pozitivistebi gvTavazoben. pozitivizmi Tavisi
TezisiT im rTul SemTxvevebs ar wvdeba, romlebic gvaiZuleben
samarTlis Teoriebs gadavxedoT. roca am rTul SemTvevebs gadav-
eyrebiT, pozitivizmi gvzRudavs diskreciis doqtriniT, romelic
68

araferSi gvexmareba. samarTlis wesebis sistemad misma xedvam

Cveni warmosaxva mWidrod daipyro, SesaZloa swored misi simarti-
viT. Tu SevZlebT wesebis am modelidan gaTavisuflebas, SesaZloa
SevZloT axali modelis ageba, romelic ufro WeSmaritad asaxavs
Cveni praqtikis sirTulesa da daxvewilobas.
 69

Tavi III
eTika da sisxlis samarTali

lord patrik devlini

homoseqsualuri danaSaulebis da prostituciis winaaRmdeg

brZolis komitetis moxseneba, zogadad cnobili rogorc vulfendenis
moxsenebad, aRiarebulia ori Zalze rTuli samarTlebrivi da
socialuri problemebis Seswavlis saukeTeso saSualebad. magram
mas aqvs garkveuli pretenziebi maT mimarT, vinc iurisprudenciiT
dainteresebulia; is samarTlebrivi reformebisgan gansxvavebiT,
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi samarTlis funqcias zustad gansazRvravs.1
sisxlis samarTalSi mavaldebulebeli kanonebis damateba Zalian
xSirad martivi principiT xdeba `mis winaaRmdeg kanoni unda
arsebobdes~. seqsualur danaSaulebTan dakavSirebuli samarTlis
didi nawili parlamentis sakanonmdeblo aqtiT aris Seqmnili. Sedegad,
aRniSnulsa da Cven moralur warmodgenebs Soris raime logikuri
kavSiris dadgena Zalian rTulia. Ralati, mruSoba da prostitucia,
rogorc moxsenebaSia2 aRniSnuli, danaSauls ar warmoadgens:
homoseqsualizmi mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebs Soris sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulia, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs
Soris – ara. sisxlis aRreva danaSaulad ar iTvleboda, manam, sanam
ormocdaaTi wlis win misi kanoniT aRiareba ar moxda. kanonmdeblebis
mier msgavsi danaSaulebis SerCevas SemTxveviTi xasiaTi aqvs Tu
arsebobs raime principebi, romelTa safuZvelzec moxdeba eTikis
im nawilis gansazRvra, romelic SemdgomSi sisxlis samarTlalSi
iqneba Setanili? magaliTad, mimdinareobs im winadadebis ganxilva,
romlis mixedviTac A.I.D. (qalis xelovnurad inseminacia im mamakacis
spermiT, romelic misi qmari araa) sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad
unda iqnes aRiarebuli; Tu, rogorc xSirad xdeba, qali gaTxovilia,

From The Enforcement of Morals by Patrick Devlin, published by Oxford University Press. ©
Oxford University Press 1965, reprinted by permission of the author and publisher.
1
man komitetis samarTlebrivi filosofiis gancxadeba (lord pakenhanis citireba)
1957 wlis 4 dekembris lordTa palatis debatebSi ganixila, Tanaxmad Hansard Lords
Debates, agreTve kenterberis arqiepiskoposis (753) da lord deningis (806) mier
igive debatebSi. sakiTxis ganxilva moxda b-n. j.i. hol uiliamsis mier “Law Quarterly
Review”_Si, ianvari, 1958, tomi. IXXIV, gv. 76
2
paragrafi 14
70

es SesaZloa sxva formis, magram mainc Ralatia. unda isjebodes es,

Tu Ralati ar isjeba? amgvari kiTxva praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa,
radgan kanonis, romelic despoturia da aralogikuri, bolos da
mas Semdeg, rac moraluri aRSfoTebis talRa gadaivlis, romelmac
misi sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi Cadeba ganapiroba, pativiscemas kargavs.
praqtikuli kiTxvebi xSir SemTxvevaSi swored am seqsualuri eTikis
sferoSi Cndeba, vidre romelime sxva sferoSi, magram maTze pasuxebi
ar moiZieba. kvleva zogadi da fundamenturi unda iyos. ra kavSiri
arsebobs danaSaulsa da codvas Soris da ra donemde, Tu saerTod,
unda iyos inglisis sisxlis samarTali dainteresebuli moraluri
sakiTxebis dakanonebiT da amoraluri qmedebebisa da codvebis
dasjiT?
vulfendenis moxsenebaSi principis gancxadebebi msgavsi kvlevis
SesaniSnav da Tanamedrove dawyebas gvTavazobs. maTi Seswavlisas
me im sakiTxebs moviZieb, romlebic kritikas eqvemdebareba. magram
raoden damajerebladac ar unda JRerdes Cemi kritika, is moxsenebis
naklis aRmniSvnelad ar unda iqnes miCneuli. am moxsenebis avtorebi,
Cemgan gamsxvavebiT ar cdilobdnen iurisprudenciis eTikis
Sesaxeb naSromis Seqmnas; maT samuSo formulis gamoyvana surdaT,
romlis gamoyenebiTac praqtikuli daskvnebis gamotana gaxdeboda
SesaZlebeli. me aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosazrebebis
gamoxatvas ar vapireb; es iurisprudenciasTan dakavSirebuli
leqciis sazRvrebs gascdeba. Cems interesis sferos mxolod ZiriTadi
principebi warmoadgenen. moxsenebaSi msgavsi gancxadebebi sakiTxSi
Cawvdomas asaxavs da vimedovneb, rom avtorebi momiteveben Tu me
lampars im adgilebis gasaSuqeblad moviSvelieb, romelTaTvisac
naTelis mohfena ar iyo ganzraxuli.
Tavidan moxsenebaSi3 komitetma win wamowia:
sisxlis samarTlis funqciis Cveneburi formulireba am kvlevis
sagans warmoadgens. am sferoSi, misi funqcia, rogorc vnaxavT,
sazogado wesrigis dacva, moqalaqeebis agresiisa da zianisgan
dacva, adamianebis eqspluataciis da korufciisgan Sesabamisi
dacvis uzrunvelyofaa, miT ufro ki im adamianebisa, romlebic
gansakuTrebulad daucvelia: axalgazrdebi, fizikurad da
gonebrivad susti adamianebi, gamoucdelni, an gansakuTrebuli
fizikuri, oficialuri an ekonomikuri damokidebulebis
mdgomareobaSia.
Cveni azriT, samarTlis funqcia moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi
3
paragrafi 13
 71

Carevas ar gulisxmobs an Tugind konkretuli qcevebis iZulebiT

Sesrulebis saSualebebis Ziebas, garda im qmedebebisa, romlebic
zemoT aRniSnuli miznebis ganxorcielebas ewinaaRmdegeba.
komitetma sakuTari, yvelaze mniSvnelovani rekomendacia Sesaval
nawilSi Camoayaliba:4
homoseqsualizmi or mozrdil adamians Soris urTierTTanxmobis
safuZvelze aRar unda warmoadgendes sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls,
[argumentis CamoyalibebiT 5], romelic gadamwyvetad migvaCnia,
kerZod ki is mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba, rac sazogadoebam da kanonma
adamianis arCevanis Tavisuflebas da piradi moralis sakiTxebs unda
mianiWos. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arsebobs sazogadoebis samarTlis
aRmasrulebeli moxeleebis meSveobiT danaSaulis codvasTan
gaigivebis kargad gamiznuli mcdeloba, unda darCes piradi moralis
da amoralobis sfero, romelTanac samarTals araferi esaqmeba.
msgavsi gancxadeba piradi amoralurobis patiebas an waqezebas sulac
ar gulisxmobs.
aseTive principi moxsenebis TavebSi prostituciasTan
dakavSirebiTac JRers. moxsenebis mixedviT, prostituciis ukanonod
aRiarebis xelisSemSleli faqti ar arsebobs.6
komitetma ukve Camoyalibebuli zogadi mizezebi moiSvelia da
daamata: `Cven SevTanxmdiT, rom kerZo amoraloba sisxlis samarTlis
saqmes ar warmoadgens garda gansakuTrebuli garemoebebisa.~ maT
moitanes citata7 quCaSi danaSaulebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli komitetis
mier damtkicebuli moxsenebidan8, romlis mixedviTac: `saerTo
gamonaTqvamad erTxmad miRebul iqneba is garemoeba, rom samarTlis
inter ess ar warmoadgens kerZo eTika da eTikuri sanqciebi.~ZiriTadi
aqcenti gakeTdeba pirad amoralurobaze. masSi ki is amoraluri
qmedebebi moiazreba, romlebic sazogadoebisTvis saSiSroebas ar
warmoadgenen (ixileT Cem mier pirvel nawilSi Camoyalibebuli
qmedebebi). sxva sityvebiT, arc erTi amoraluri qmedeba ar moiazreba
sisxlis samarTlis SemTxvevad garda im SemTxvevebisa, romlebsac Tan
axlavs uxamsoba, korufcia an eqspluatacia. es xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli
prostituciasTan dakavSirebiT: `samarTlis saqmes ar warmoadgens
amoraloba, rogorc aseTi. . . is unda Semoifarglos im qmedebebiT,

4
paragrafi 62
5
paragrafi 61
6
paragrafi 224
7
paragrafi 227
8
Cmd. 3231 (1928).
72

romlebic sazogadoebriv wesrigs arRvevs da rigiTi moqalaqisTvis

zianis momtania.9
principis mocemuli CamonaTvali moxsenebis ZiriTadi TemiT
Semoifargleba. magram isini zogadad arian warmodgenilni. Tu
es pirobebi dakanonebulia, maSin maTi sisxlis samarTalSi ar
gamoyenebis mizezi TiTqos araa. isini mkafio gamijvnas axdenen
danaSaulsa da codvas, RvTaebriv samarTalsa da miwiers, danaSaulsa
da morals Soris. isini moralisa da sisxlis samarTlisTvis sayrdenis
naklebobas ar gamoxataven da arc im damokidebulebas, romelsac
religiuri an arareligiuri SeiZleba ewodos. arsebobs moazrovneTa
mravali skola im moazrovneTa Soris, romelTa azriT, moraluri
sakiTxebi samarTlis SemTxvevas ar warmoadgenen. upirveles yovlisa,
arsebobs agnostikosi an Tavisufali moazrovne. mas, ra Tqma unda,
swams moralis da codvis, Tu mas oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi
Camoyalibebuli ori mniSvnelobidan ufro farTos mivaniWebT -
`danaSauli saRvTo kanonis da zneobrivi principebis winaaRmdeg~. mas
saRvTo kanonis miReba ar SeuZlia; magram es ar gulisxmobs im faqts,
rom is ver xedavs im moraluri principebidan gadaxvevas, romlebic im
sazogadoebis mier iyo TaobebiT aRiarebuli, romelSic is cxovrobs;
magram, saboloo jamSi, is sakuTar daskvnas akeTebs. agreTve,
arseobs Zalze religiuri pirovneba, romelic Tvlis, rom sisxlis
samarTali zogierT SemTxvevaSi moralur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
xelisSemSlel faqtors ufro warmoadgens, vidre xelisSemwyobs
da codvilis mier momaniebis procesi – yvela SemTxvevaSi Tu
is sakuTar Tavs ayenebs zians – ufro sulieri unda iyos da ara
droebiTi. agreTve, arsebobs iseTi adamianic, romelic yovelgvari
Zlieri grZnobis gareSe ver xedavs Tu ratom ar SeiZleba logikurad
arsebobdes Tavisufleba moralur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, Tu
arsebobs religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli
danaSaulis da codvis gaigevebis winaaRmdeg Zlier alianss
warmoadgens.
dasawyisSive unda aRvniSno, rom rogorc mosamarTle gamokvlevis
SedegiT var dainteresebuli, romelic Cavatare rogorc iuristma.
rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis mwarmoebelma da sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeebSi ganaCenis gamomtanma mosamarTlem saqmis
warmoebisas Tavi xelSeboWilad unda vigrZno Tu CavTvli, rom
sazogadoebas, romelsac me mivmarTav, codvis SegrZneba ar aqvs an
danaSauls, rogorc raRac gansxvavebuls ise aRiqvavs. magaliTad,
9
paragrafi 257.
 73

unda moiazros mosamarTlem aralegalurad momuSave meane

qalbatonis saqmis ganxilvis Semdeg ganaCenis gamotanisas is ubralod
aralicenzirebul meaned? Tu ara – ratom? magram dadebiTi pasuxis
SemTxvevaSi iqneb samarTlis mTeli abjari Camocmulia socialuri
regulaciebis krebulze? unda vaRiaro, rom Tavdapirvelad
vTvlidi, rom danaSaulis codvisgan sruli gamijvna (termins farTo
mniSvnelobiT gamoviyeneb mTeli leqciis ganmavlobaSi) moraluri
samarTlis TvalsazrisiT kargi ar iqneboda da SesaZloa savalaloc
yofiliyo sisxlis samarTlis TvalsazrisiT. magram SesaZloa msgavsi
xedva iurisprudenciiT iyos gamarTlebuli? da Tu es marTebuli
xedvaa, rogor SeiZleba sisxlis samarTalsa da moralis samarTals
Soris kavSiris gansazRvra? arsebobs Tu ara amis kargi Teoriuli
safuZveli, an iqneb es mxolod praqtikuli samuSao kavSiria, an
iqneb sulac orive? swored es aris is problema, romlis Seswavlac
msurs. am kvlevas me mSrali logikis Tvalsazrisidan daviwyeb. mis
gasamyareblad damajerebel argumentebs moviSvelieb da mjera, rom
zogierTi maTgani upasuxo darCeba. maT Semdegnairad Camovayalibeb.
moralsa da religias Soris kavSiri sakmaod CaxlarTulia –
zogadad dasavlur civilizaciaSi miRebuli moraluri standartebi
qristianul standartebs miekuTvneba. qristianuli samyaros
gareT standartebi sxva religiebidan modis. zneobrivi normebis
erTaderT sayrdens religiuri Zala warmoadgens. Zveli aRqmis
zneobrivi standartebi axali aRqmisgan garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba.
qristianul samyaroSic ki gansxvavebebi arsebobs. zogisTvis
kontracefcia amoralobaa. Tu daojaxebul mamakacs xorcieli
urTierToba sxva qalTan aqvs - es yvela aspeqtSi mruSobas niSnavs;
sxvebi, maT Soris inglisurenovani samyaro, orive damokidebulebas
uaryofs. samyaros sxvadasxva religiebs Soris, romelTa Sorisac
qristianoba mxolod erT-erTia, gacilebiT meti gansxvaveba
arsebobs. saxelmwifosTvis SesaZloa marTebuli iyos an ara am
religiaTagan erT-erTis WeSmarit religiad miReba, mis doqtrinebze
dafuZneba da sakuTari moqalaqeebisTvis sxva religiis arCevanis da
misi mimdevrobis Tavisuflebis akrZalva. Tu ase iqceva, logikuri
iqneba sajaro samarTlis iseT SemTxvevebSi gamoyeneba, roca saRvTo
samarTlis gamagreba miacnia saWirod. sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi
alogikuria saerTod moralze fiqri. magram Tu religiuri arCevani
piradi gansjis sagnad darCeba, logikurad igive damokidebuleba unda
iyos moralis mimarTac. saxelmwifo, romelic uaryofs qristianul
religias dakargavs qristianuli moralis gamoyenebis uflebasac.
74

Tu es damokidebuleba marTebulia, maSin sisxlis samarTals

arc erTi debulebis gamarTleba moralis samarTlis gamoyenebiT
ar SeuZlia. magaliTad, mas ar SeuZlia imis Tqma, rom mkvleloba
da qurdoba akrZalulia, vinaidan erTic da meorec Tavisi arsiT
amoraluria an codvaa. saxelmwifom ukanonobis Camdenebis mimarT
sasjelis dasabuTebisTvis sxva gza unda moiZios da moralisgan
damoukideblad sisxlis samarTlisTvis funqcia unda moiZios.
amis gakeTeba arc ise rTulia. sazogadoebis mSvidi qmedianoba da
wesrigis dacva garkveuli qmedebebis regulirebas saWiroebs. am
mizniT Seqmnili da sisxlis samarTlis mier aRiarebuli wesebi xSirad
simSvidisa da keTilmowyobilobis miRwevis mizniT iqmneba da Zalian
iSviaTad moicavs keTilsa da borots Soris arCevans. wesebs, romlebic
gzatkecilze siCqares zRudaven an moZraobis Seferxebas krZalaven,
araferi aqvT saerTo moralTan. gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom
sisxlis samarTalSi mravladaa msgavsi saxis wesebi, ra saWiroa
moralis CarTva? ratom ar SeiZleba sisxlis samarTlis funqciis
martivad gansazRvra, rogorc wesrigis da moqalaqeebis sicocxlis da
qonebis dacva da im terminebis konkretizireba konkretul sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi im formiT, ra formiTac volfendenis moxsenebaSia?
sisxlis samarTali am miznebis ganxorcielebisas moralis samarTals
nawilobriv udavod daemTxveva. Zaladobrivi danaSauli amoraluria
da is wesrigsac arRvevs; Sedegad, msgavsi danaSauli orive samarTlis
mixedviT danaSaulad aris aRiarebuli. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT,
rom orive samarTali sxvadasxva miznebisTvis zogjer erTi da igive
sferos moicavs. aseTia argumenti.
Seesabameba Tu ara es argumenti dRevandeli inglisis sisxlis
samarTlis fundamentur principebs? es gamocdis erT-erTi
saSualebaa, magram ara gadamwyveti. iurisprudenciaSi adamiani
Tavisufalia im fundamenturi koncefciis damxobaSic ki, romelic
aradamajereblad JRers. magram argumentis gansazRvra arsebuli
samarTlis pirobebSi kargi dasawyisia.
WeSmaritebaa, rom saukuneebis manZilze sisxlis samarTlis
datvirTva mSvidobis SenarCuneba iyo da naklebad, Tu saerTod iyo,
seqsualuri eTika. magram swori ar iqneba Tu aRniSnuliT davaskvniT,
rom mas ar gaaCnda moraluri Sinaarsi an eTikis sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT adamiani Tavisufali iyo Tavis SefasebaSi. dasabamidan
inglisis sisxlis samarTali moraluri principebiT iyo dakavebuli.
aRniSnuli midgomis testirebis martivi saSualebaa sisxlis
samarTlis mier`Tanxmobis~ mimarT damokidebulebis ganxilva.
 75

garkveuli gamonaklisebis garda konkretuli danaSaulebis

bunebidan gamomdinare, sisxlis samarTalSi msxverplis Tanxmobis
dacvisTvis gamoyeneba arasdros iyo daSvebuli. magaliTad,
gaupatiurebisas Tanxmoba mTavar elements uaryofs. magram
msxverplis Tanxmoba mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi dacvad ar miiReba.
fizikuri Zaladobis arc erTi formisas ar warmoadgens dacvas, rom
msxverplma CaTvala, TiTqos is imsaxurebda sasjels da danebda;
kargi dacvis uzrunvelsayofad msjavrdebulma unda daamtkicos,
rom kanonma msgavsi saqcielis Cadenis ufleba misca da misi gamoyeneba
mizanSewonili iyo. aseve, SesaZloa msxverplma agresors ar apatios
da sasamarTlo saqmis Sewyveta moiTxovos; sarCelze uaris Tqmis (nolle
prosequi) ganacxadis gakeTebis ufleba mxolod generalur prokurors
gaaCnia.
Tu kanoni TiToeuli adamianis dacvisTvis arsebobs, maSin ar
unda arsebobdes kanoniT ar sargeblobis mizezi, Tu mas es ar unda.
mizezi, ramac SesaZloa ganapirobos adamianis mxridan sakuTari Tavis
winaaRmdeg danaSaulis Cadenaze uaris Tqma Tavdapirvelad an Semdeg
patieba, aris is, rom danaSauli sazogadoebis winaaRmdegaa. ra Tqma
unda, es ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebis fizikur zians; es SeuZlebelia.
araa savaldebulo adamiani Cavardes SokSi, iyos korumpirebuli
an moxdes misi eqspluatireba; yvelafers SesaZloa piradi xasiaTi
hqondes. ar SeiZleba praqtikul safuZvelze moxdes im garemoebis
ganmarteba, rom moZalade adamiani warmoadgens potenciur safrTxes
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisTvis, romlebsac misi dasja sakuTari
Tavdacvis mizniT surT. aRniSnuli marTebuli iqneba im adamianis
mimarT, romlis patiebisTvisac mzadaa msxverpli da ara im adamianis
mimarT, romelmac pirvelma miiRo Tanxmoba; mkvleli, romelic
moqmedebs msxverplis mxolod Tanxmobis safuZvelze, SesaZloa
Txovnis safuZvelzec ki, sxvisTvis safrTxes ar warmoadgens, magram
is im ZiriTad moralur principebs emuqreba, romelzec sazogadoeba
efuZneba – adamianis cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobas. arsebobs mxolod
erTi ganmarteba, rac sisxlis samarTlis safuZvlad iqna miRebuli da
es aris is, rom arsebobs qcevis da moralis garkveuli standartebi,
romelTa dacvasac sazogadoeba iTxovs; da maTi xelyofa ara mxolod
erTi dazaralebuli adamianis mimarT danaSauls warmoadgens, aramed
mTlianad sazogadoebis.
Sedegad, Tu moxdeboda sisxlis samarTlis cvlileba, romlis
Sedegadac amoRebul iqneboda yvela is kanoni, romelic ar
iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebrvi wesrigis an moqalaqeebis dacvas
76

(axalgazrdebis korufciisgan dacvis CaTvliT), is fundamentalur

principebs uaryofda. agreTve, is garkveul danaSaulTa ricxvs
wertils dausmevda. evtanazia anu adamianis mkvleloba misi surviliT,
TviTmkvleloba, TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba da erToblivad
TviTmkvlelobis Cadena, dueli, aborti, sisxlis aRreva Zmasa da
das Soris, is qmedebebia, romelTa Cadenac ganvalkevebulad, sxvaTa
mimarT danaSaulis Cadenis gareSea SesaZlebeli da sxvaTa korufcias
an eqspluatacias ar saWiroebs. bevri adamiani Tvlis, rom kanoni
zogierT zemoCamoTvlil danaSaulebTan dakavSirebiT cvlilebas
saWiroebs, magram aravin wasula imdenad Sors, rom moeTxova am
garemoebebis sisxlis samarTlis miRma datoveba, rogorc piradi
zneobrivi sakiTxebisa. isini kanonSi moraluri principebis sakiTxebad
unda moiazrebodes. agreTve, unda gvaxsovdes, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom arsebobs amoralobis mravali faqti, romlis dasja kanoniT ar
xdeba, ar arsebobs arc erTi amoraluri faqti, romelsac kanoni xels
uwyobs an yuradRebis miRma tovebs. kanoni ar dauSvebs im faqts, rom
is gamoyenebul iqnes im adamianebis mier, romlebic raime amoralobas
Cadian. magaliTad, saxli ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes amoraluri
miznebisaTvis; ijara Zaladakargulia da misi dakanoneba ar moxdeba.
magram im SemTxvevaSi Tu qmedebebi, romlebic saxlis farglebs
SigniT xorcieldeba piradul xasiaTs atarebs da kanonis saqmes ar
warmoadgens, maSin saerTod ratom interesdeba kanoni aRniSnuliT?
naTelia, rom CvenTvis nacnobi sisxlis samarTali moralur
principebs efuZneba. garkveul danaSaulebSi misi funqcia mxolod
moraluri principis dakanoneba da meti araferia. rogorc sisxlis
samarTals, aseve samoqalaqosac, pretenzia aqvs zogadad imsjelos
moralsa da amoralobaze. vin an ra aZlevs mas aseT uflebas da
rogor axdens im moraluri principebis Camoyalibebas, romlebsac
Semdgom akanonebs? udavoa, rom orives qristianuli swavlebebidan
iRebs. magram, vfiqrob, rom mkacri logikis mimdevari marTalia,
rodesac ambobs – aRar SeiZleba kanoni (samarTali) im doqtrinebs
efuZnebodes, romlebisac moqalaqeebs ar swamT (da maT amis ufleba
gaaCniaT). Sedegad, savaldebuloa sxva wyaroebis moZieba.
iurisprudenciaSi, rogorc giTxariT, yvelaferi Riaa
diskusiisTvis da, im rwmeniT, rom isini yvela sferos moicaven, me
sami kiTxva davusvi sakuTar Tavs:
1.aqvs Tu ara sazogadoebas moralTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis
Sefasebis ufleba? sxva sityvebiT, unda arsebobdes Tu ara
sazogado zneobrivi moZRvreba, Tu moralTan dakavSirebuli
 77

yvela sakiTxi pirad xasiaTs atarebs?

2.Tu sazogadoebas moralTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sefasebis
ufleba aqvs, aqvs Tu ara mas aseve misi gamoyenebis mizniT kanonis
moSveliebis ufleba?
3.Tu asea, kanonis gamoyeneba unda moxdes yvela SemTxvevaSi Tu
mxolod konkretul SemTxvevebSi; da Tu mxolod konkretul
SemTxvevebSi, ra principebs unda eyrdnobodes is?
me pirveli kiTxvidan daviwyeb da ganvixilav Tu ra igulisxmeba
sazogadoebis uflebaSi moaxdinos moraluri sakiTxebis Sefaseba,
anu gansja imisa Tu ra aris sikeTe da ra _ boroteba. is garemoba,
rom sazogadoebis didi nawili raime praqtikas kicxavs, sulac ar
gulisxmobs, rom is mTel sazogadoebas exeba. SesaZloa cxra adamiani
gmobdes meaTe adamianis mier Cadenil saqciels, magram Tqvan, rom
es maTi saqme araa. koleqtiuri gansjis SemTxvevaa (umravlesobis
Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebuli, romlis gaJRerebisgan SesaZloa
Tavi Seikavon gonierma adamianebma Tu is sxva adamianis pirad
saqmes warmoadgens) mxolod is qmedeba, romelic sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedebs. koleqtiuri gansjis gareSe intervencias ar aqvs
adgili. magaliTisTvis ingliselTa religiis mimarT dRevandeli
damokidebuleba mis warsulSi arsebul damokidebulebasTan
SevadaroT. dRes ingliseli Tvlis, rom adamianis religiuri mrwamsi
mis pirad saqmes warmoadgens; SesaZloa man sxva adamianis mrwamsi
Seafasos rogorc swori an araswori, magram ara rogorc kargi an cudi.
warsulSi es ase ar iyo; sxva religiis warmomadgeneli eretikosad iyo
Seracxuli, eretikosi ki sazogadoebis wyobis damangreveli iyo.
Cem mier vulfendenis moxsenebidan moyvanili citata gulisxmobs,
imas, rom amoralur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT koleqtiuri gansja
ar unda arsebobdes. gulisxmobs Tu ara es `kerZo zneobriobas~da
`adamianis arCevanisa da qmedebis Tavisuflebas?~ zogi adamiani
Tvlis, rom homoseqsualizmi arc amoraluria da arc arabunebrivi.
aZlevs Tu ara Tavisufali arCevanis da qmedebis ufleba TiToeul
adamians uflebas, Tavad gadawyvitos Tu raa misTvis moraluri Tu
amoraluri saqcieli, roca mis mier gakeTebuli arCevanis mimarT
sazogadoeba neitraluri rCeba; Tu es is Tavisuflebaa, romelic
adamians SesaZloblobas aZlevs misi survilidan gamomdinare iyos
amoraluri? moxsenebis ena SesaZloa Ria iyos kiTxvebisTvis, magram
komitetis mier gamotanili daskvnebi am kiTxvas erTsaxad pasuxobs.
Tu sazogadoeba mzad araa ganacxados, rom homoseqsualizmi
moralurad arasworia, maSin kanonisTvis ar iarsebebs safuZveli
78

daicvas axalgazrdebi`korufciisgan~ an dasajos adamiani, romelic

`amoraluri qmedebiT~ Semosavals homoseqsualizmis prostituciiT
iRebs.10 es damokidebuleba kidev ufro naTeli gaxada komitetma,
rodesac prostituciasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetileba miiRes.
sinamdvileSi ki, moxseneba aRiarebs, rogorc naboZebs, im faqts,
rom arsebobs sazogadoebrivi moraluroba, romelic kicxavs
homoseqsualurobas da prostitucias. Tu ras gulisxmobs moxseneba
kerZo moralSi SesaZloa ukeT davaxasiaToT, rogorc moralTan
dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi piradi qmedebebi.
es mosazreba – rom arsebobs sazogadoebis morali – SesaZloa
umniSvnelovanes argumentad Sefasdes. sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebas
ideaTa erToblioba qmnis, ara marto politikur, aramed im
mosazrebaTa erToblioba, romlis mixedviTac am sazogadoebis
wevrebma unda imoqmedon da warmarTon sakuTari cxovreba; es
ukanaskneli moralur ideebs warmoadgens. yvela sazogadoebas,
rogorc politikuri, aseve moraluri struqtura gaaCnia: miuxedavad
imisa, rom es ori struqtura damoukidebel sistemas warmoadgens,
unda vTqva, rom yvela sazogadoeba orive, politikuri da moraluri
struqturiT aris agebuli. magaliTad, aviRoT qorwinebis
instituti. eqneba Tu ara erT mamakacs erTze meti colis moyvanis
ufleba sazogadoebam unda gadawyvitos. inglisSi Cven qorwinebis
qristianuli ideis gvwams da Sedegad monogamiaa miRebuli, rogorc
moralis principi. qorwinebis qristianuli instituti ojaxuri
cxovrebis safuZveli gaxda da Sedegad Cveni sazogadoebis nawili.
es arsebobs ara mxolod qristianuli religiis mrwamsis gamo, aramed
imitom, rom sazogadoebaSi moxda misi imdenad Sesisxlxorceba,
rom misi Cveni yofidan amoReba dangrevis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
am qveyanaSi macxovrebelTa umetesobisTvis es qorwinebis
qristianul ideas ukavSirdeba da yvela maTganisTvis es erTaderTi
WeSmaritebaa. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve is garemoebac,
rom araqristianic ki aRniSnuliT aris SeboWili da ara imitom rom
is qristianobis nawilia, aramed imitom, rom, sworia Tu araswori,
is aRiarebulia im sazogadoebis mier, romelSic is cxovrobs. amao
iqneboda Tu is imis mtkicebas daiwyebda, rom poligamia Teologiurad
ufro gamarTlebulia da sazogadod ufro misaRebi; Tu mas unda im
sazogadoebaSi cxovreba, sadac cxovrobs maSin man is wesebi unda
miiRos, romlebzec es sazogadoebaa agebuli.
aRniSnuls ufro naTlad davinaxavT, Tu ganvixilavT im ideebs
10
paragrafi 76
 79

an institutebs, romlebic mxolod politikuria. sazogadoebas ar

SeuZlia amboxebis moTmena; is ar dauSvebs sakiTxis samarTlianobis
Sesaxeb arguments. saukunis Semdeg istorikosebma SesaZloa
ganacxadon, rom meamboxeebi marTlebi iyvnen da mTavroba ki mcdari,
xolo saxelmwifos normalurad da jansaRad moazrovnes ukve im
droisTvis igive damokidebuleba hqonoda. magram es araa is SemTxveva,
romelic individualuri gansjis sagnad unda darCes.
qorwinebis instituti Cemi miznisTvis kargi magaliTia, vinaidan
is garkveulwilad aerTianebs, Tu gancalkeveba arsebobs, politikas
da morals. qorwineba Cveni sazogadoebis struqturis nawilia
da agreTve is zneobrivi normebis safuZvelia, romelic kicxavs
arakanonier Tanacxovrebas da Ralats.
qorwinebis instituti seriozuli safrTxis winaSe dadgeboda
Tu dauSvebdnen individualur gansjas Ralatis moralis Sesaxeb;
aseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT unda arsebobdes sazogado morali.
magram sazogadoebrivi morali ar unda Semoifarglos im moraluri
principebiT, romlebic amagrebs im institutebs, rogoricaa
qorwineba. xalxi monogamias ar miiCnevs iseT fenomenad, romelic
mxardaWeras saWiroebs, vinaidan Cvenma sazogadoebam airCia is Tavis
wyobad; xalxi mas aRiqvams, rogorc raRac kargs, romelic cxovrebis
karg stils gvTavazobs da swored amitom miiRo is sazogadoebam.
davubrundebi Cem mier ukve gakeTebul ganacxads, rom sazogadoeba
ideebis erTobas niSnavs; SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis arseboba
politikasTan, moralTan da eTikasTan dakavSirebuli saerTo
ideebis gareSe. TiToeul Cvengans gaaCnia sakuTari warmodgena
sikeTesa da borotebasTan dakavSirebiT (ra aris sikeTe da ra aris
boroteba); maTi damalva im sazogadeobisgan, romelSic vcxovrobT,
ar SeiZleba. Tu mamakacebi da qalebi iseTi sazogadoebis Seqmnas
moisurveben, sadac ar iarsebebs fundamentaluri SeTanxmeba sikeTesa
da borotebasTan dakavSirebiT, isini marcxs ganicdian; Tu, saerTo
SeTanxmebaze dafuZnebuli SeTanxmeba dairRveva, sazogadoeba
daingreva. es sazogadoebis gaerTianebis raime fizikur kavSirs ar
warmoadgens; mas saerTo azris uxilavi kavSirebi aerTianebs. Tu
aseTi kavSirebi Zalian Sesustdeba, wevrebi erTmaneTs daSordebian.
saerTo morali uRelis erT-erTi nawilia. uReli sazogadoebis fasis
nawilia; da kacobriobam, romelsac sazogadoeba sWirdeba, misi fasi
unda gadaixados.
saerTo samarTlis iuristebi xSirad amboben, rom qristianoba
dedamiwis samarTlis nawilia. es arasodes yofila ritorikaze
80

meti, rogorc lord samnerma ganacxada naSromSi Bowman v. The Secular

Society.11 mis ukan ki is cneba Zevs, romelsac axsnisTvis veZiebdi, kerZod,
zneobrivi moZRvrebebi – da daaxloebiT erTi saukunis win aravin
fiqrobda religiis da moralis gamijvnas – saWiro iyo samoqalaqo
wesrigisTvis. 1675 wels mTavarma mosamarTlem heilma ganacxada:
`imis Tqma, rom religia tyuilia, gulisxmobs yvela im valdebulebis
gauqmebas, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba icavs~.12 1797 wels
mosamarTle eSherstma mkrexelobasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom es
`ara mxolod RvTis winaSe danaSaulia, aramed samarTlisa da mTavrobis
winaSe misi tendenciiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis valdebulebebis da
kavSirebis gauqmebisken~.13 1908 wels mosamarTle filimors SeeZlo
Tqma: `adamiani religiur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Tavisufalia
azrovnebaSi, saubarSi da swavlebaSi, magram ara zneobriv moZRvrebebTan
dakavSirebiT.~14
SesaZloa CaTvaloT, rom Zalze didi dro davuTme imis mtkicebas,
rom arsebobs iseTi fenomeni rogoricaa sazogazesaZloa Zalian
cota dro davutove sakuTar Tavs meore sakiTxis gansaxilvelad,
romelmac bevrisTvis SesaZloa seriozuli sirTuleebi warmoSvas: ra
donemde unda gamoiyenos sazogadoebam samarTali moraluri gansjis
gaZlierebisTvis? magram mjera, rom pirvel kiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi
gansazRvravs meore sakiTxisadmi midgomis gzas da SesaZloa Zalze
miaxloebuli pasuxi gaqvces meore kiTxvaze. Tu sazogadoebas zneobrivi
moZRvrebis gansjis ufleba ar aqvs, kanonma unda ipovos is saSualeba,
romliTac zneobrivi moZRvrebis garkveul modifikacias moaxdens:
im SemTxvevaSi Tu homoseqsualizmi da prostitucia TavisTavad
araa cudi, maSin pasuxismgebloba kanonmdebels ekisreba, romelsac
maTi garkveuli aspeqtebis winaaRmdeg kanonis Camoyalibeba surs
gansakuTrebuli qcevebis gamarTlebisTvis. magram Tu sazogadoebas
gansjis ufleba aqvs imis safuZvelze, rom aRiarebuli zneobrivi
moZRvreba iseve saWiroa sazogadoebisTvis, rogorc aRiarebuli
xelisufleba, maSin sazogadoebas zneobrivi moZRvrebis dacva
samarTlis gamoyenebiT imave gziT SeuZlia, ra gzasac mimarTavs imis
dasacavad, rac misi arsebobisTvis saWiroa. Sedegad, Tu pirveli
winadadeba damtkicda, maSin sazogadoebas amoralobis winaaRmdeg
kanonis gamocemis ufleba eqneba.
volfendenis moxseneba, miuxedavad imisa, rom is TiTqos aRiarebs
11
(1917), A.C. 406, at 457
12
Taylor’s Case, 1 Vent. 293
13
R. v. Williams, 26 St. Tr. 653, at 715.
14
R. v. Boulter, 72 J.P. 188.
 81

sazogadoebis uflebas homoseqsualizmi da prostitucia ganixilos

amoralurobad, saWiroebs gansakuTrebul garemoebebs samarTalSi
intervenciis damtkicebisTvis. vfiqrob, rom es principulad arasworia
da Cems meore sakiTxTan miaxoloebisTvis msgavsi saxis yvela mcdeloba
marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. vfiqrob, rom komitetis mcdelobam marcxi
ganicada da es im faqtidan Cans, rom is iZulebulia imdenad farTo
daxasiaTeba da aRweriloba moaxdinos am garkveuli garemoebebis, rom
maTi mxardaWera SesaZlebelia mxolod imis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, rom
samarTali marTlac ukavSirdeba amoralobas.
yvelaze farTo gansakuTrebuli garemoeba Camoyalibebulia,
rogorc piroba `saTanado usafrTxoebis zomebi sxvaTa
eqspluataciisa da korufciis winaaRmdeg. kerZod, im pirTa dacva,
romlebic gansakuTrebulad daucvelia: axalgazrdebi, sxeuliT an
gonebrivad sustebi, gamoucdelebi, an gansakuTrebuli fizikuri,
ekonomikuri damokidebulebis qveS arsebuli pirebi~.15 axalgazrdebis
korufcia kargad aRiarebul safuZvels warmoadgens saxelmwifos
intervenciisTvis da kanonmdeblobis SemoRebis mizniT maTi dadgena
advilad xdeba. magram im SemTxvevaSi Tu moxdeba igive dacvis meqanizmis
gamoyeneba yvela moqalaqis mimarT, maSin ar iarsebebs iseTi garemoeba,
romelsac kanoni ar moicavs. `sxvaTa korufcia da eqspluatacia~
imdenad farTo cnebaa, rom misi gamoyeneba yvela saxis amoraluri
qmedebis mimarT iqneba SesaZlebeli, im amoraluri qmedebebis mimarT,
romlebic sxvaTa Tanamonawileobas moicavs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
am frazis gamoyeneba SezRudulad moxdeba da am kategorias mxolod
`gansakuTrebulad daucvel~ pirebiT SemovfarglavT, is imdenad
elastiuria, rom praqtikulad SeuzRudavi iqneba. aq sakiTxi mxolod
sityvebs rodi gulisxmobs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu gamoyenebuli
sityvebis mniSvneloba gascdeba maT amsaxvel mniSvnelobas, isini
mainc ar arian imdebad farTo, rom moicvan rekomendaciebi, romlebic
komitetma prostituciasTan dakavSirebiT gaakeTa.
prostitucia TavisTavad aralegaluri araa da komitetis mixedviT
amis gakeTeba savaldebulo araa.16 Tu prostitucia pirovnul amoralobas
gulisxmobs da samarTlis saqme araa, maSin ra kavSiri aqvs kanons susti
yofaqcevis qalbatonebiT movaWresTan an bordelis mepatronesTan an
im saxlis mepatronesTan, romelic saxlSi prostitucias ar krZalavs?
moxsenebis mixedviT kanonebi, romlis mixedviTac msgavsi qmedebebi
kriminalur danaSaulebad klasificirdeba unda gaZlierdnen da maTi
Camoyalibeba im formiT moxdes (bordelTan dakavSirebiT is mxolod
ambobs, rom kanoni marTebulad kicxavs msgavs saqciels), romelis
mixedviTac isini eqspluataciis muxliT iqneba ganxiluli.17 SeiZleba
15
paragrafi 13
16
paragrafi 224. 185 da 318
17
paragrafi 302 da 320
82

arsebobs eqspluataciis SemTxvevebi am vaWrobaSi, magram zogadad Tu

visaubrebT sutinori meZavis eqspluatacias axdens iseve, rogorc
impresario _ msaxiobi qalisas. moxsenebis mixedviT `prostituciiT
dakavebuli qalebis umravlesobas warmoadgenen is qalbatonebi,
romlebmac aRniSnuli gza airCies, radgan CaTvales, rom cxovrebis es
stili maTTvis ufro advilia, ufro Tavisufali da sarfiani, vidre
Semosavlis sxva romelime saSualeba. . . ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi sutinorsa da
meZavs Soris kavSiri nebayoflobiTia da urTierT sargeblobis momtani~.18
komiteti unda daeTanxmos, rom msgavsi urTierTobis im mniSvnelobiT,
ra mniSvnelobac mas realurad gaaCnia eqspluataciad aRiareba ar
SeiZleba. isini amboben, rom: `Cveni azriT, zedmetad gamartivebuli
xedvaa imis CaTvla, rom is pirebi, romlebic prostituciis gziT miRebul
Semosavalze cxovroben meZavTa eqspluatacias axdenen. sinamdvileSi
isini axdenen meZavsa da klients Soris urTierTobis mTeli kompleqsis
eqspluatacias; sinamdvileSi isini adamianTa sisusteebis eqspluatacias
axdenen, romelic iwvevs klientis mxridan meZavis Ziebas, xolo meZavis
mier moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas~.19
yvela saxis seqsualuri amoraloba adamianTa sisusteebis
eqspluatacias moicavs. meZavi klientis Jinis eqspluatacias axdens,
maSin rodesac klienti – meZavis moraluri sisustis. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
adamianis sisustis eqspluatacia gansakuTrebuli garemoebis SeqmnisTvis
iqneba gamoyenebuli, ar iarsebebs moralis romelime moZRvreba, romlis
ise daxasiaTeba SeiZleba, rom kanoni gamoricxos.
Sedegad, vfiqrob, rom SeuZlebelia Teoriuli CarCoebis Camoyalibeba
saxelmwifos xelisuflebisTvis raTa man moaxdinos amoralurobis
winaaRmdeg kanonebis SemuSaveba. SeuZlebelia gamonaklisebis winaswar
Camoyalibeba an moralis im udreki areebis gansazRvra, romlebSic kanoni
verc erTi garemoebiT ver iqneba gamoyenebuli. sazogadoeba sakuTari
kanonebiT uflebamosilia safrTxisgan daicvas Tavi. da isev, vTvli, rom
politikuri paraleli legitimuria. RalatTan dakavSirebuli kanoni
mimarTulia mefis mtrebis daxmarebis winaaRmdeg da ajanyebis mowyobebis
winaaRmdeg. aRniSnulis gamarTlebas warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom
arsebuli mTavroba sazogadoebis arsebobisTvisaa saWiro da Sedegad misi
dacva Zaladobis gziT misi damxobis winaaRmdeg unda SenarCundes. magram
sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis arsebuli zneobrivi moZRvreba imdenad
saWiroa, ramdenadac kargi mTavroba. sazogadoebebis dezintegracia
ufro xSir SemTxvevebSi Signidan xdeba, vidre gare faqtorebis mier.
dezintegracia saerTo moralis ar arsebobas iwvevs da istoria gviCvenebs,
rom dezintegraciis winapiroba moraluri kavSirebis Sesustebaa. Sedegad,
sazogadoeba isea mowyobili, rom igive nabijebs dgams zneobrivi normebis

18
paragrafi 223
19
paragrafi 306
 83

SenarCunebisTvis, rogorsac is sakuTari mTavrobis da sxva mniSvnelovani

institutebisTvis dgams.20 mankis CaxSoba kanonis iseTive interesis sferoa,
rogorc damRupveli qmedebebis CaxSoba; iseve SeuZlebelia piradi moralis
20
argumentis daaxloebiT am momentSi gamoarCevs profesori harti Tavis naSromSi
Law, Liberty and Morality gamoarCevs CemTvis centralur winadadebas. is Semdegnairad
ayalibebs winadadebas mis winaaRmdeg argumentebsac.`TiTqos is scdeba aRiarebul
ganacxads, rom zogi gaziarebuli zneobrivi moZRvreba aucilebelia yoveli
sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis miiwevs miuRebeli ganacxadisken, romlis mixedviTac
sazogadoeba moralis identuria misi istoriis konkretuli momentisTvis. amdenad,
cvlileba mis moralurobaSi tolfasia sazogadoebis ngrevisa. wina ganacxadi
SesaZlebelia miRebul iqnes rogorc ufro aucilebeli, vidre empiriuli simarTle,
romelic damokidebulia sazogadoebis sakmaod damajerebel aRweraze, rogorc
saerTo moraluri Sexedulebebis mqone adamianTa erTob gancxadeba absurdulia.
mkacrad Tu mivudgebiT sakiTxs, ver vityviT, rom mocemuli sazogadoebis morali
Seicvala. piriqiT, vityviT, rom erTi sazogadoeba gaqra da misi adgili sxvam daikava.
magram mxolod am absurduli kriteriumiT gaxda SesaZlebeli dasabuTebis gareSe
imis mtkiceba, rom sazogadoebis saerTo moralidan mciredi gadaxrac mis arsebobas
emuqreba~ sabolood profesori harti mTel debulebas gmobs, rogorc`sazogadoebis
cnebis mcdar gansazRvrebaze~ dafuZnebuls.
me ar vacxadeb, rom raime gadaxra sazogadoebis mier gaziarebuli moralisgan
emuqreba mis arsebobas imaze metad, vidre Cemi mtkiceba imisa, rom raime damangreveli
moRvaweoba emuqreba mis arsebobas. me vacxadeb, rom am orive saqmianobas Tavisi arsiT
sazogadoebis dangrevis unari Seswevs. Sedegad, arc erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba kanonis
miRma davayenoT.
rac Seexeba danarCens, vTvli, rom SekamaTeba ubralod sityvebis TamaSia.
gavriskav da ganvacxadeb, rom, magaliTad, SeuZlebelia moiZioT TamaSi wesebis gareSe
da Tu wesebi ar iarsebebs – ar iqneba TamaSic. Tu mkiTxavT, gulisxmobs Tu ara es imas,
rom TamaSi wesebis `identuria~, am kiTxvaze pasuxis orive kuTxiT gacema arsad ar
migviyvans. Tu mkiTxaven, wesebSi cvlileba gulisxmobs Tu ara imas, rom erTi TamaSi
gaqra da misi adgili sxva TamaSma daikava, albad ufro uars vityodi, magram pasuxi
damokidebuli iqneboda cvlilebis sidideze.
msgavsad, vcdidi da ganvacxadebdi, rom ar SeiZleba xelSekrulebis arseboba
pirobebis gareSe. gulisxmobs Tu ara es imas, rom kontraqti, romelSic `cvlilebaa~
Setanili `axal kontraqts~ warmoadgens kanonis TvalSi? erTxel me vismendi
gonebamaxvili damcvelis arguments, romelic acxadebda, rom xelSekrulebam,
gamomdinare erTi muxlis cvlilebidan, dakarga Zala kanoniT gawerili mniSvnelobis
TvalsazrisiT. mosamarTlem argumenti ar miiRo; magram ZiriTadi fundamentaluri
pirobebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi vgoneb, rom miiRebda.
Cem mier teqstSi gakeTebuli ganacxadi aris is, rom Tu (ramdenadac mivxvdi,
profesori harti argumentis mizans eTanxmeba) ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sazogadoeba
moralis gareSe, maSin samarTlis gamoyeneba SeiZleba imisTvis, rom moxdes
sazogadoebisTvis aucilebeli moralis SemoReba. me ver vxvdebi ratom unda
gulisxmobdes es ganacxadi (sworia is Tu mcdari) imas, rom moralis cvlileba
sazogadoebis ngrevis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tu moraluri Rirebulebebi Seicvleba,
kanonic SeiZleba Seicvalos. profesori harti ganacxads aRiqvams, rogorc `kanonieri
sasjelis gamoyenebas sazogadoebis arsebobis konkretul periodSi dominanturi
moraluri moZRvrebis gayinvis mizniT~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasjelis nawilis CarTva
kanonSi, romelic garkveul qmedebebs krZalavs, mTel kanons yinavs umoZraobaSi da
xels uSlis aRkveTebis Secvlas.
84

sferos daxasiaTeba, rogorc piradi damRupveli qmedebis. araswori

iqneba Tu visaubrebT pirad moralze an kanonze, romelic ar interesdeba
amoralurobiT an vecdebiT uryevi sazRvrebis Camoyalibebas im nawilSi,
sadac kanonis roli mankis CaxSobas emsaxureba. saxelmwifosTvis Ralatis
da ajanyebis winaaRmdeg kanonebis SemoRebisTvis Teoriuli sazRvrebi
ar arsebobs da msgavsad vTvli, rom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes Teoriuli
sazRvrebi amoralurobis winaaRmdeg kanonebis SeqmnisTvis. Tqven
SesaZloa ar dameTanxmoT da miTxraT, rom Tu adamianis mier Cadenili
codva mxolod masze moqmedebs, es sazogadoebis gancdis sagnad ar unda
iqces. im SemTxvevaSi Tu adamianma airCia yovel saRamos daTroma saxlSi,
mis garda amiT vin ziandeba? magram warmoidgineT, rom mTeli mosaxleobis
mesamedi an naxevari yovel saRamos Tvreba, ra saxis sazogadoeba iqneba
es?
Tqven ar SegiZliaT Teoriuli sazRvrebis Camoyalibeba garkveuli
adamianebisTvis, romlebsac SauZliaT daTroba, manam, sanam
sazogadoebas ar eqneba ufleba miiRos kanoni aRniSnulis winaaRmdeg.
igives Tqma azartul TamaSebTan dakavSirebiTac SegviZlia. fsonebis,
latareebis da TamaSebis samefo komisiam testi Caatara moqalaqis
Tvisebaze, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrisa. maT ganacxades:`azartuli
TamaSebis eTikuri mniSvnelobis mimarT Cveni interesi Semoifargleba
im efeqtiT, romelic mas moTamaSis, rogorc sazogadoebis wevris,
Tvisebaze SeiZleba hqondes. Cven rom darwmunebuli viyoT, rom
azartuli TamaSebis xarisxis miuxedavad misi efeqti saziano iqneboda,
Cven CavTvlidiT, rom es saxelmwifos movaleoba iqneboda maqsimalurad
SeezRuda azartuli TamaSebi.~21
Cemi mesame kiTxva saxelmwifos mier sakuTari Zalauflebis gamoyenebis
garemoebebs gulisxmobs. magram manam, sanam aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
msjelobas daviwyebdi yuradReba minda im faqtze gavamaxvilo, romelic
samivesTan mimarTebaSi SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iqnes. rogor SeiZleba
sazogadoebis moraluri Sefasebis dadgena? ufro konkretuli formiT
Camovayalibeb Cems kiTxvas. rogor unda moaxdinos kanonmdebelma
sazogadoebis moraluri Sefasebis dadgena? naTelia, rom aRniSnulis
gansazRvrisaTvis sazogadoebis umravlesobis damokidebuleba
arasakmarisia; zedmeti iqneba moviTxovoT TiToeuli moqalaqis
individualuri Tanxmoba. inglisis samarTali moicavs da regularulad
iyenebs standarts, romelic Tavebis Tvlaze araa damokidebuli. is
gonieri adamianiT Semoifargleba. ar unda moxdes misi racionalur
adamianSi areva. araa imis molodini, rom mis mier moxdeba yvelafris

21
(1951) Cmd. 8190, paragrafi 159
 85

dasabuTeba. imis albaToba, rom misi Sefaseba emociebiT moxdeba didia. es

quCaSi mimavali adamianis warmodgenaa – an Tu yvela iuristisTvis nacnob
arqaizms gamoviyeneb – adamianis qleThemis omnibusidan. mas SeiZleba
keTilsindisieri adamiani ewodos. Cemi miznisTvis me mas nafic msajuls
vuwodeb, radgan sazogadoebis moraluri Sefaseba unda iyos erTsulovani
SemTxveviT arCeuli Tormeti mamakacis da qalbatonis ganxilvis Sedegad
miRebuli. es iyo is standarti, romelsac mosamarTleebi mimarTavdnen
manam, sanam parlamenti iseTi aqtiuri gaxdeboda, rogoric dResaa da
maSin, rodesac isini sazogado normebs adgendnen. isini sakuTar Tavs
ar aRiqvamdnen kanonis Semqmnelebad, aramed isini ubralod ayalibebdnen
im principebs, romlebsac yoveli keTilsindisieri adamiani miiRebda
kanonierad. es aris is, rasac poloki `praqtikul zneobriobas~ uwodebda,
romelic ara Teologiur an filosofiur fundaments efuZneboda, aramed
`nawilobriv Segnebul an Seugnebel uwyveti gamocdilebis masas, romelic
iyo akumulirebuli da gansaxierebuli saRi azris zneobriobaSi~. agreTve
is amas uwodebda `zneobriobis sakiTxebis warmodgenis konkretuli
midgoma, romelTa aRmoCenasac veliT SemTxveviTi gziT SerCeul
keTilgonier civilizebul adamianSi an keTlgonier ingliselSi~.22
maSin amoraluroba samarTlis TvalsazrisiT aris is, rasac yoveli
keTilgonieri adamiani amoralurad miiCnevs. amoralurobas aqvs
SesaZlobloba saziano gavlena moaxdinos sazogadoebaze da Cveulebriv
met-naklebi xarisxiT asec xdeba; swored aRniSnuli aZlevs kanons locus
standi (sasamarTloSi wasvlis uflebas). misi ar SeSveba SeuZlebelia.
magram – da amas mesame kiTxvamde mivyavar – individsac aqvs sasamarTloSi
wasvlis ufleba; araa mosalodneli, rom is sazogadoebriv gansjas
dauTmobs mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis yofaqcevas. es Zveli da kargad nacnobi
sakiTxia sazogadoebis da individebis uflebebsa da interesebs Soris
balansis Ziebis. es aris is, rasac kanoni mudmivad akeTebs. Zalian miwier
magaliTs moviyvan. ganvixiloT im adamianis ufleba, romlis saxlic
avtomagistrals esazRvreba, raTa masTan kavSiri hqondes; es dReisaTvis
niSnavs satransporto saSualebis stacionarulad magistralze
ganTavsebis ufleba, zogjer ki sakmao drois ganmavlobaSi, rodesac
bevria CasatvirTi an gadmosatvirTi. arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac
sasamarTlos uxdeba avtomagistralis gamoyenebis kerZo uflebasa da
misi Seferxebis gareSe gamoyenebis sajaro uflebas Soris dabalanseba.
SeuZlebelia amis dabalanseba avtomagistralis kerZo da sajaro
nawilebad dayofiT. aRniSnulis dabalanseba TiToeuli mxaris uflebis
aRiarebiT xdeba; im SemTxvevaSi Tu orive mxares sakuTari uflebis srulad

22
Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics (Macmillan, 1882) pp. 278 and 353
86

gamoyenebis saSualeba eqneba, maT Soris konfliqti gardauvali gaxdeba;

da Sedegad xdeba TiToeulis uflebis garkveulwilad SezRudva, raTa
SeZlebisdagvarad moxdes orivesTvis ZiriTadi saWiroebebis dacva.
me ar vTvli, rom vinmes SeuZlia kerZo da sazogado moralze
gonivrulad isaubros, arc avtomagistralze kerZo da sajaro uflebaze.
morali is sferoa, sadac arsebobs sazogadoebis da konkretuli
pirovnebis interesi, xSirad konfliqturi da problema maTi mogvarebaa.
es ar gulisxmobs, rom SeuZlebelia raime ZiriTadi ganacxadebis
gakeTeba Cvens sazogadoebaSi dabalansebis Sesaxeb. msgavsi gancxadebebi
Tavisi arsiT ver iqnebian mtkice da zusti; ar unda moxdes maTi imgvarad
Camoyalibeba, rom maT kanonmdeblebi SezRudon. am gancxadebebiT
xelmZRvaneloba unda SeZlon im adamianebma, romlebic iZulebulni
arian maT mimarTon. sasamarTlos yoveli gadawyvetileba, romelic
aregulirebs sazogado da kerZo interess, konkretuli SemTxvevisTvis
gankuTvnili gadawyvetilebaa. es SemTxvevebi moicavs im principebs,
romlebzec dayrdnobiT sasamarTlom esa Tu is gadawyvetileba unda
miiRos. igive gziT SesaZlebelia ZiriTadi principebis Camoyalibeba,
romlebic SesaZloa moiazrebodes kanonmdeblobaSi moralTan
dakavSirebuli kanonebis SemoRebisas.
mjera, rom umravlesoba daeTanxmeba am ZiriTad moqnil principebs.
unda moxdes individebis Tavisuflebis maqsimaluri tolerantoba,
rac SeTavsebulia sazogadoebis erTianobasTan. ar SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom es aris principi, romelic sisxlis samarTals Tansdevs. sisxlis
samarTlis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic Tavisi arsiT maregulirebelia –
is nawili, romelic gulisxmobs malum prohibitum (danaSauls warmoadgens
gamomdinare misi kanoniT akrZalvisa) da ara malum in se (Tavisi arsiT
danaSaulebrivia) – efuZneba sapirispiro princips, kerZod ki, rom
individumis arCevanze maRla umravlesobis keTilmowyoba unda
idges. magram keTilsindisierebis yvela aspeqtSi Cem mier miTiTebuli
principi ZiriTadad dominirebs. is ar izRudeba azrovnebiT da
metyvelebiT; is qmedebaze vrceldeba, rasac gviCvenebs omis dros
gaazrebuli winaaRmdegobis uflebis aRiareba; agreTve, es magaliTi
asaxavs im garemoebasac, rom erovnuli safrTxis drosac ki sindiss
mainc pativs scemen. CemTvis principi gansakuTrebiT saTanadoa
moralTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxTan. kanoniT araferi unda
daisajos, rac Semwynareblobis sazRvrebs scdeba. sakmarisi araa
imis Tqma, rom umravlesobas saqmianoba ar moswons; unda arsebobdes
dagmobis realuri grZnoba. isini, vinc homoseqsualizmTan
dakavSirebuli dRevandeli samarTliT ukmayofiloa xSirad
 87

ambobs, rom reformis oponentebis uaryofis mizezi ubralod

zizRia. es rom namdvilad ase yofiliyo, es, ra Tqma unda, araswori
iqneboda, magram me ar vTvli, rom SeiZleba Rrmad gamjdari zizRis
grZnobis ignorireba. misi arseboba kargi maniSnebelia imisa, rom
Semwynareblobis sazRvrebi miRweulia. yvelafris Sewynareba ar
SeiZleba. ar arsebobs sazogadoeba Seuwyanreblobis, aRSfoTebis
da siZulvilis gareSe; es moralis kanonis miRma mdgomi Zalebia da
marTlac, SesaZloa, rom Tu isini an mgavsi ar arsebobs, sazogadoebis
grZnobebi ar SeiZleba iqneba sakmarisad Rirebuli imisaTvis, rom
individums arCevanis Tavisufleba CamoerTvas. vgoneb, dRevandel
dRes Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTi adamiani, romelic ar gaikicxeba
cxovelebis mimarT gamiznuli Seubraleblobis gafiqrebisTvis.
aravis mizani araa sadizmis raime formis kerZo moralis sferoSi
gadatana an misi sazogado an kerZo praqtikaSi gamoyenebis daSveba.
udavod SesaZlebelia imis aRniSvna, rom sul ramdenime wlis win didad
aravin fiqrobda cxovelebis mimarT Cadenil sisastikeze da agreTve,
sibraluli da keTilSobileba da sxvisTvis tkivilis miyenebis
midrekilebis ar qona is Rirsebebia, romlebic dRes ise fasdeba,
rogorc arasdros. magram amgvari ram racionaluri argumentebiT
ar ganisazRvreba. yoveli moraluri gansja, Tu mas saRvTo wyaro ar
iTxovs, warmoadgens grZnobas, rom arc erTi keTilgonieri adamiani ar
SeiZleba moqmedebdes sxvagvarad da ar aRiarebdes amis arasworobas.
es jansaRi azris Zalaa da ara mizezisa, romelic sazogadoebis
gansjis miRma dgas. magram sanam sazogadoeba daamkvidrebs praqtikas,
Semwynareblobis sazRvrebs gareT unda moxdes srulyofili gansja
imisa, rom praqtika sazogadoebisTvis saxifaToa. magaliTad arsebobs
sazogado zizRi homoseqsualizmis mimarT. upirveles yovlisa Cven
sakuTar Tavs unda vkiTxoT, mSvidad da uemociod, aRviqvavT Tu ara
mas iseT mankierebad, romelic imdenad sazizRaria, rom misi ubralod
arsebobac ki Seuracxmyofelia. Tu es Cveni sazogadoebis WeSmariti
grZnobaa, me ver vxedav saSualebas, romliTac mas aRmofxvris
uflebas avukrZalavT. Cveni grZnoba SesaZloa aseTi Zlieri ar iyos.
Cven SesaZloa CavTvaloT, rom SezRudulia, is mosaTmenia, magram
misi gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba seriozul safrTxed iqces;
es iseTive xedvaa, rogoric bevr sazogadoebaSi arsebobs mruSobis
mimarT. mas bunebriv sisusted aRiqvamen, romelic garkveul
sazRvrebSi unda iqnes moqceuli, magram misi Zirfesvianad amoZirkva
SeuZlebelia. maSin es balansis sakiTxi xdeba, sazogadoebisTvis
arsebuli safrTxe erT mxares da SezRudvebis gafarToeba – meoreze.
88

msgavs sakiTxze kvlevis faseuloba iseTi organoebis mier, rogoricaa

volfendenis komiteti da misi daskvna aSkaraa.
Semwynareblobis sazRvrebi icvleba. es Cemi gamonaTqvamis
danamatia, magram sakmaod mniSvnelovani da imsaxurebs Camoyalibebas
calkeul principad, romelic kanonmdebels yovelTvis unda
axsovdes. vTvli, rom moraluri standartebi ar icvleba,
vinaidan isini RvTaebrivi STagonebidan modian. mimaCnia, rom
sazogadoebis moraluri Sefaseba misTvis yovelTvis sasikeTod
rCeba. magram sazogadoebaSi arsebuli Semwynablobis sazRvrebi – me
Semwynareblobas vgulisxmob da ara mowonebas – Taobebis mixedviT
icvleba. SesaZloa, rom Semwynarebloba yovelTvis matulobs.
adamianis gonebaze zewola, romelic yovelTvis azrovnebis met
Tavisuflebas eZebs, Riad ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis marwuxebs
da asustebs maT. SesaZloa istoria Semoklebis dagavrcobis ambavia
da rom yvela ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba dasasrulis gzas adgas.
me ar unda visaubro im sakiTxebze, rac ar vici; miuxedavad amisa,
rogorc praqtikuli sakiTxi arc erT sazogadoebas ar surs sakuTari
daknineba. Sedegad, me davubrundebi martiv da TvalsaCino faqts, rom
moralTan dakavSirebiT Semwynareblobis sazRvrebi gadaadgildeba.
kanonebi, miT ufro ki isini, romlebic morals efuZnebian, naklebi
siadviliT gadaadgildebian. sxva kargad gamoyenebuli principia, rom
moralis yovel axal SemTxvevaSi kanonma SenelebiT unda imoqmedos.
momdevno TaobisTvis aRSfoTebis done SesaZloa Semcirdes da kanoni
saWiro Zlieri mxardaWeris gareSe darCes. magram maSin Znelia kanonis
Secvla imis STabeWdilebis datovebis gareSe, rom moraluri gansja
Sesustda. es erT-erTi im faqtorTagania, romelsac Zlieri zegavlena
aqvs homoseqsualizmTan dakavSirebuli kanonis cvlilebaze.
mesame moqnili princips ufro eqsperimentis saxiT unda mivudgeT. is
gulisxmobs, rom pirad cxovrebas SeZlebisdagvarad pativi unda eces.
es idea arasodes yofila sisxlis samarTalSi zustad Camoyalibebuli.
qmedebebi an sityvebi sajarod an piradad gakeTebuli an naTqvami
mis farglebSia Tavmoyrili principis gansazRvris gareSe. magram
mosamarTleebi da kanonmdeblebi Tavs ikaveben danaSaulis aRmoCenis
mizniT pirad cxovrebaSi SeWris sanqcionirebisgan. policias ar aqvs
imaze meti ufleba sxvis cxovrebaSi SeiWras, vidre rigiT moqalaqes; ar
arsebobs Ziebis zogadi ufleba; am mniSvnelobiT ingliseli adamianis
saxli misi cixesimagrea. mTavroba udavod aucilebel SemTxvevebSic
Zalas didi sifrTxiliT iyenebs. satelefono saubrebis mosmena da
korespondenciis Semowmeba aRniSnulis kargi magaliTia. saidumlo
 89

sabWos sami wevrisgan dakompleqtebulma komitetma gamoikvlies23

es saqmianobebi da daadgines, rom Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma da misma
winamorbedebma zemoaRniSnuli Zalis gamoyenebis mkacri wesebi ukve
SeimuSaves da komitetma rekomendacia gasca maT gamoyenebaze igive
pirobebiT. magram maT ganacxades, rom am Zalas`iwunebdnen~.
es zogad damikidebulebas asaxavs, rom piradi cxovrebis
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba unda daregulirdes kanonis gamoyenebasTan
mimarTebaSi. kanonis Camoyalibebisas msgavs mosazrebas unda hqondes
adgili? aSkarad SemTxvevebis mxolod SezRudul raodenobaSi.
rodesac xdeba kanonis moSvelieba dazaralebuli moqalaqis mier
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba ararelevanturi unda iyos;
adamians ar SeuZlia moiTxovos piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis
ufleba maSin, rodesac sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli iqna Cadenili
sxva adamianis mimarT. magram Tu qmedebaSi CarTuli yvela piri
nebayoflobiT iRebda monawileobas da ziani meyenebulia zneobrivi
moZRvrebebisTvis, sazogadoebis moralis mimarT interesi SeiZleba
dabalansdes piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis moTxovnasTan
mimarTebiT. gamoZiebis policiis Zalauflebis SezRudva paralelis
gakeTebis SesaZleblobas scdeba; es gulisxmobs, rom Cumad Cadenili
danaSaulis dadgenis da saCivris ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi is
SemTxveviTad moinaTleba da es zomierebis damatebiTi mizezia. msgavsi
mosazrebebi ar amarTlebs yvela piradi amoralobis gamoricxvas
kanonidan. vfiqrob, rom, rogorc ukve vTqvi, `piraduli qceva~ unda
Seicvalos `piradi moralurobiT~da zemoqmedi faqtorebi unda
Semcirdes gansazRvruli SezRudvebidan im garemoebebamde, romlebis
gaTvaliswinebac unda moxdes. gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom
danaSaulis seriozuloba agreTve gasaTvaliswinebelia, gansxvaveba
SesaZlebelia moxdes homoseqsualizmTan dakavSirebiT uxamsobis
mcire qmedebasa da srul danaSauls Soris, romelic vulfendenis
moxsenebis principebis mixedviT alogikuri iqneboda.
bolo da umniSvnelovanesi ram, rac unda gvaxsovdes aris is, rom
kanoni dainteresebulia minimumiT da ara maqsimumiT; aTi mcnebis
SesabamisobaSi ar iqneba bevri ram, rac qristes qadagebaSi Sedioda.
Cven yvela vaRiarebT zneobriobis kanonsa da miwier samarTals Soris
arsebul sicarieles. adamiani ver iqneba Rirseuli, Tu is Tavis
saqciels mxolod sasjelis Tavidan acilebis mizniT aregulirebs
da yvela Rirseuli sazogadoeba Tavisi wevrebisTvis standartebs
ayalibebs, romlebic kanonze maRla dgas. Cven Tavad vgrZnobT am
23
(1957) Com. 283
90

maRali standartebis arsebobas, rodesac iseT gamoTqmebs viyenebT,

rogoricaa `moraluri valdebuleba~ da `moraliT SezRuduli~.
gansxvaveba erTi afrikeli ojaxis ufrosebis msjelobaSi gamoCnda:
`Cven imdeni Zalaufleba Segvwevs, rom gaiZuloT mosavlis gayofa
da Cven mivaRwevT amas. magram Cven ar gvaqvs imdeni Zalaufleba rom
gaiZuloT imoqmedo, rogorc patiosanma adamianma~.24

24
A case in the Saa-Katengo at Lialiu, August 1942, quoted in The Judical
Process among the Barotse of Northern Rhodesia by Max Gluckman (Manchester
University, 1955), p. 172.
 91

Tavi IV
amoraloba da Ralati
h. l. a. harti

ser patrikis leqciis yvelaze Cinebuli Tavisebureba misi eTikis

bunebis mimarT Sexedulebaa – eTika, romlis dakanonebac sisxlis
samarTals SeuZlia. gasuli wlebis moazrovneebis mier liberaluri
mosazrebis ukugdebis mizezi konkretuli sakiTxebis mimarT
damokidebuleba gaxldaT, kerZod ki isini Tvlidnen, rom eTika
RvTismetyvelebis brZanebebisgan an adamianis qcevis racionaluri
principebisgan Sedgeboda, romelTa gamovlineba adamianuri
mizezebiT xdeboda. gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom maTTvis
eTikas RvTis samarTalis an Segnebis msgavsi saRvTismetyvelo an
racionaluri statusi gaaCnda, aSkara iyo, rom saxelmwifos misi
dakanoneba unda moexdina da rom kacobriobis samarTalis funqcia
adamianisTvis mxolod kargi cxovrebis warmarTvis SesaZleblobebiT
uzrunvelyofa ar unda yofiliyo, aramed imis gakontroleba, rom
maT ase ecxovraT. ser patrikisTvis liberaluri midgomis uaryofis
mizezi msgavs religiur Tu racionalur koncefciebs ar efuZneba.
udavoa, rom misi naSromebis udidesi nawili ikiTxeba, rogorc im
cnebis uaryofa, rom msjeloba da azrovneba eTikas ukavSirdeba.
inglisis Tanamedrove eTikas istoriuli kavSiri aqvs qristianul
religiasTan: `swored ase moxvda is iq~, _ ambobs ser patriki. magram
is mis dRevandel statuss da socialur mniSvnelobas arc religias
unda umadlodes da arc Segnebas.
maSin, ra aris is? ser patrikis mixedviT is ZiriTadad grZnobebs
gulisxmobs. misi sityvebiT: `yoveli moraluri Sefaseba warmoadgens
imis SegrZnebas, rom arc erT keTilsindisier adamians ar SeuZlia
imoqmedos sxvagvarad da ar aRiaros mis mier Cadenili qmedebis
arasworoba~. maS, vin unda ganicdides amgvar grZnobas Tu Cven
gagvaCnia is, rasac ser patriki sazogadoebis morals uwodebs? misi
azriT, is `quCaSi mosiarule adamiania~, `is naficmsajulTangania~ an
(Tu gamoviyenebT ingliseli iuristebisTvis kargad nacnob frazas)
`adamiani qlefhemis omnibusidan~. radgan sazogadoebis moraluri
Sefaseba, gamomdinare samarTlis mxridan, unda moxdes, gonieri
adamianis standartebiT da is ar unda SegveSalos racionalur
adamianSi. marTlac, ser patriki ambobs `aucilebeli araa man yvela
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imsjelos, xolo imis albaToba, rom misi
92

Sefaseba grZnobebiT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli, didia~.

Seuwynarebloba, aRSfoTeba da zizRi

magram zustad raa is Sesabamisi grZnobebi, romelTa sisxlis

samarTalSi gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli iqneba?
aq argumenti odnav kompleqsuri xdeba. Cvevis mimarT farTod
gavrcelebuli arasasiamovno damokidebuleba sakmarisi ar aris.
unda arsebobdes`dagmobis WeSmariti grZnoba~ _ ambobs ser patriki.
zizRic ki sakmarisi araa. gadamwyveti Seuwynareblobis, aRSfoTebisa
da zizRis grZnobebis erTobliobaa. swored es sami grZnobaa,
romlebic moraluri samarTlis ukan dgas. am erTobliobis gareSe
`adamianisTvis arCevanis Tavisuflebis CamorTmevisTvis mizezi
arasakmarisia~. Sedegad, ser patrikis mixedviT, sazogadoebis mier
ubralod saziano moralur Sefasebasa da im Sefasebas Soris, romelic
gamowveulia SeuwynareblobiT, aRSfoTebiT da zizRiT kritikuli
gansxvaveba arsebobs.
es gansxvaveba axalia da Zalian mniSvnelovani. swored amazea
damokidebuli im faqtisTvis miniWebuli Rirebuleba, rom, rodesac
xdeba zneobrivi moZRvrebis principis dakanoneba piradi Tavisufleba
aucileblad mcirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom ser patrikis aRniSnulTan
dakavSirebiT sakuTari xedvis abstraqtuli formulirebis gageba
Zalian Znelia, misi magaliTebi mis damokidebulebas SesaniSnavad
asaxaven. aRniSnulis danaxva ser patrikis homoseqsualizmTan da
mruSobasTan dakavSirebul kontrastul gamonaTqvamebSi SegviZlia.
sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi mruSobisadmi sazogadoebrivi
damokidebuleba ar aris Zalian mZafri. Cven SesaZloa dagveuflos
iseTi grZnoba, rom is asatani iqneba Tu SezRudulia: mxolod misi
gavrceleba SeiZleba iyos Zalze saziano. aseT SemTxvevebSi kiTxvas
piradi Tavisufleba unda iqnes SezRuduli Tu ara ser partiki
balansis sakiTxs ukavSirebs, sadac erT mxares sazogadoebisTvis
ziania, xolo meore mxares _ adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudva.
magram Tu, homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis grZnoba
Zalian gamZafrebulia, Tu is `sagangebo Sefasebas~ gamoxatavs,
romlis mixedviTac es Cveva sazogadoebisTvis sazianoa, Tu arsebobs
`WeSmariti grZnoba imisa, rom es boroteba imdenad sazizRaria, rom
misi ubralod arsebobac ki danaSaulia~, maSin is daSvebis farglebs
From the Listener, 30 July 1959, pp. 162-3 Reprinted by the permission of the author. For a fuller
development of the ideas expressed here see Hart, Law , Liberty, and Morality, Oxford, 1963.
 93

scdeba da sazogadoebam SesaZloa is aRmofxvras. aseT SemTxvevaSi

TiTqos piradi Tavisuflebis moTxovnis Semdgomi balansis gakeTeba
ar SeiZleba, Tumca, sifrTxilis gamo, kanonmdebels unda axsovdes,
rom Semwynareblobis limiti SeiZleba Seicvalos: SesaZloa grZnobis
simZafrem iklos. aRniSnuls samarTlisTvis dilemis warmoqmna
SeuZlia; radgan samarTali SesaZloa misTvis saWiro moralis
dasayrdenis gareSe darCes, vinaidan misi cvlileba ar SeiZleba iseTi
grZnobis gaCenis gareSe, romelic moraluri Sefasebis Sesustebas
gulisxmobs.

saziaro zneobrivi moZRvrebani

Tu es isaa, rasac zneobrioba gulisxmobs – Seuwynareblobis,

aRSfoTebisa da zizRis erToblioba – maSin SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva:
ra aris misi sisxlis samarTalSi Setanis mizezi yvela im ubedurebiT,
rac sisxlis samarTlis sasjels mosdevs. aq ser patriki sakmaod naTel
da martiv pasuxs gvaZlevs. individebis erToblioba sazogadoebas
ar warmoadgens; is, rac sazogadoebas ayalibebs saerTo an sazogado
zneobrivi moZRvrebebia. aRniSnuli sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis
iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc organizirebuli mTavroba. Sedegad
sazogadoebas moralis dacvisTvis kanonis gamoyeneba iseve SeuZlia,
rogorc misi arsebobisTvis aucilebeli sxva ramis dacva. `samarTlis
meSveobiT borotebis CaxSoba iseve xdeba, rogorc damRupveli
qmedebebis CaxSoba~. aRniSnulis uarmyofeli liberaluri xedva
damnaSavea `iurisprudenciis SecdomaSi~: radgan iseve aRar aris
SesaZlebeli piradi moralis sferos gansazRvra, rogorc kerZo
damRupveli qmedebebis sferos gansazRvra. ar SeiZleba arsebobdes
`Teoriuli SezRudvebi~ amoralobis sawinaaRmdego kanonmdeblobaSi
iseve, rogorc ar arsebobs msgavsi SezRudvebi saxelmwifos
ZalauflebaSi kanoniT aRkveTos Ralati da ajanyebi.
udavoa, rom yvelaferi es, rac ar unda gonebamaxviluri iyos,
SecdomaSi Semyvania. milis mier formulirebuli liberaluri
xedva SesaZloa Zalze martivia. adamianis Tavisuflebis xelyofis
safuZveli gacilebiT mravalferovania, vidre erTaderTi
kriteriumi `sxvebisTvis zianis miyeneba~: cxovelebis mimarT
sisastike an prostituciis organizeba sargeblis miRebis mizniT,
milis xedviT, ar eqceva martivad sxvebisTvis miyenebuli zianis
gansazRvrebaSi. piriqiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac adgili aqvs
sxvisTvis miyenebul zians pirdapiri gagebiT, SesaZloa arsebobdes
94

principebi, romlebic saziano qmedebebis kanonis ZaliT aRkveTas

zRudaven. Sedegad, ara erTi, aramed mravali kriteriumi arsebobs,
romelic gansazRvravs Tu ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli adamianis
Tavisuflebis SezRudva. SesaZloa swored amas gulisxmobda ser
patriki, rodesac moaxdina saguldagulo gansxvaveba Teoriul da
praqtikul SezRudvebs Soris da romelzec xSirad aqcents akeTebda.
magram miuxedavad misi simartivisa liberaluri xedva, ser patrikTan
SedarebiT, ukeT gvexmareba moralsa da sisxlis samarTals Soris
arsebuli kavSiris gagebaSi: vinaidan, es xazs usvams gaurkvevlobas
- kerZod ki, im momentebs, rodesac saWiroa gonebis moxmoba, sanam
Tanamedrove moralurobas sisxlis samarTalSi gadavitanT.

sazogadoeba da moralis azri

yvela daveTanxmebiT im mosazrebas, rom moraluri azris konsensusi

garkveul sakiTxebSi arsebiTia sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis.
kanonebi mkvlelobis, qurdobis da sxva mravali SemTxvevis
winaaRmdeg naklebad gamosadegi iqneba Tu isini araa gamagrebuli
farTod gavrcelebuli rwmeniT, rom am kanonebiT akrZaluli
qmedebebi amoraluria. es yvelaferi aSkaraa. magram es ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom aRiarebuli moraliT akrZaluli qmedeba sazogadoebis
TiToeuli warmomadgenlisTvis Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqonea;
arc imis umniSvnelo mizezi arsebobs, rom morali erTian qselad
miviCnioT: qseli, romelic nawilebad daiSleba da sazogadoebasac
Tan CaiTrevs, Tu yvela misTvis mniSvnelovani akrZalvebis dakanoneba
ar moxda. udavoa, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arsebobs gamZafrebuli
moraluri grZnoba – trio: Seuwynarebloba, aRSfoTeba da zizRi
– saWiroa SevyovndeT da davfiqrdeT. Cven ori sxvadasxva donisTvis
gankuTvnili kiTxva unda davsvaT, romelTa aSkarad identifikacias
an gancalkevebas ser patriki arasdros axdens. upirveles yovlisa,
unda vikiTxoT moraluri grZnobis Seuracmxyofeli Cvevebi sazianoa
Tu ara, zogadi moralis kodeqsisgan damoukideblad. meore, ra
gamoZaxili aqvs amas moralis kodeqsze? marTalia Tu ara is faqti, rom
Tu ZiriTadi moraluri principebis sisxlis samarTalSi gadatana ar
moxda, es mTlianad moralis struqturas da Sedegad sazogadoebasac
safrTxis qveS daayenebs?
Cven ar SegviZlia am or sxvadasxva kiTxvaze fiqrisgan Tavis
daZvrena sakuTari TavisTvis bundovani nacadi saSualebis
gameorebiT: `es sazogado moralis nawilia da sazogado moralis
 95

SenarCuneba sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis aucilebelia.~ zogjer

ser patriki TiTqos aRiarebs amas, radgan is im sityvebs ambobs,
romlebic SesaZloa milsa da volfendens gamoeyenebina, rom unda
arsebobdes sazogadoebis erTianobasTan SeTavsebuli piradi
Tavisuflebis maqsimaluri pativiscema. da mainc, es, gamomdinare misi
homoseqsualizmsa da prostituciasTan dakavSirebuli kontrastuli
magaliTebidan, mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom amoraloba, romelic
SesaZloa kanoniT daisajos zogadad miuReblad unda iqnes miCneuli.
es aSkarad ar warmoadgens safrTxis gonivruli Sefasebis adekvatur
cvlilebas, romelic mTlianad sazogadoebas elis, Tu ar moxda misi
CaxSoba.
ser patrikis problemisadmi araadekvatur midgomas araferi ar
asaxavs ise naTlad, rogorc misi Sedareba seqsualuri amoralobis
da Ralatis an mavne qmedebebis CaxSobas Soris. ra Tqma unda, piradi
damangreveli qmedebebi arsiT urTierTsapirispiroa, radgan
`damxoba~ xelisuflebis Camogdebas gulisxmobs, rac sajaro saqmea.
magram, iqac ki, sadac moraluri grZnoba homoseqsualizmis mimarT
gamZafrebulia, or zrdasrul adamians Soris homoseqsualuri
urTierTobis Ralatad an ajanyebis mowyobis ganzraxvad Tu Sedegad
miCneva absurdulia. Cven is Ralatad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
SevracxoT Tu davuSvebT, rom zogadi moralis kodeqsisgan gadaxra
am kodeqsze zemoqmedebas ukavSirdeba, romlis mizani ara mxolod
cvlileba, aramed misi ganadgurebaa. aRniSnulis ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu moralis am konkretuli
normis darRveva mis mTlian struqturas aSkara safrTxis qveS
daayenebs. Cven sakmarisi damadasturebeli masala gvaqvs imisa, rom
xalxi ar ityvis uars moralze da mkvlelobasTan, sisastikesa da
upatiosnebasTan mimarT maTi damokidebuleba ar gaumjobesdeba
mxolod imitom, rom maTTvis zogi adamianis zizRis momgvreli piradi
seqsualuri praqtika kanoniT ar isjeba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare RalatTan analogia absurdulia.
ra Tqma unda, `arc erTi adamiani kunZuls ar warmoadgens~: iman, rasac
adamiani pirad cxovrebaSi sCadis da sxvebisTvis cnobili xdeba,
SesaZloa sxvebze gavlena iqonios sxvadasxva formiT. marTlac,
ZiriTadi seqsualuri moralobidan gadaxra im adamianebis mier,
romelTa cxovrebac, bevri homoseqsualis msgavsad, keTilSobiluria
da yvela sxva mxriv samagaliTo, iqamde migviyvans, rasac ser patriki
moTmenis sazRvrebis cvlilebas uwodebs. magram Tu mas gaaCnia
analogia mTavrobasTan, is mowesrigebuli mTavrobis damxobas
96

ar gulisxmobs, aramed misi formis mSvidobian cvlilebas. Cven

SesaZloa visminoT logikuri da saRi azriT motanili dasabuTeba da
ganvacxadoT, rom logikurad piradi Ralatis sfero ver iarsebebs,
Tumca piradi moralis da amoralobis sfero arsebobs.
ser patrikis doqtrina agreTve Riaa kritikisTvis. racionaluri
moralurobis winaaRmdeg reaqciiTa da grZnobebze gakeTebuli
aqcentiT, Cemi azriT, man bavSvi abazanidan amoiyvana, magram abazanaSi
wyali Seinaxa; da SesaZloa es wyali Zalian binZuri aRmoCndes.
rodesac ser patrikis leqciis teqsti pirvelad `taimsSi~ miitanes,
mas Semdegi sityvebiT Sexvdnen: `aris moZravi da misasalmebeli
Tavmdabloba koncefciaSi, romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebas ar unda
moekiTxos imis atanaze uaris Tqmis mizezi, rasac is mTeli Tavisi
arsiT autanlad miiCnevs.~ amaze korespondentma qembrijSi upasuxa:
`vSiSob, rom Cven naklebad Tavmdabali varT, vidre adre viyaviT. Cven
erT dros moxucebul qalbatonebs vwvavdiT yovelgvari mizezebis
dakonkretebis gareSe mxolod imitom, rom Cven gulSi grZneulobas
dauSveblad miviCnevdiT.~
es gonebamaxvili pasuxi mwarea, magram misi simware margebelia.
vTvli, rom inglisSi Cven aRar davwvavT moxucebul qals
grZneulobisTvis an ar davsjiT xalxs mxolod imitom, rom
sxva rasas ganekuTvneba, an gansxvavebuli feris kani aqvs, an
Tundac RalatisTvis. da mainc, Tu zemoaRniSnuls SevxedavT
SeuwynareblobiT, guliswyromiTa da zizRiT, zogierT qveynebSi
zemoT CamoTvlilidan meores asec uyureben, iseTi grZnoba gveufleba
TiTqos ser patrikis principebSi ar moiZieba iseTi, romelic im
mosazrebas daupirispirdeboda, romlis mixedviTac yoveli maTgani
kanoniT dasjas saWiroebs. misi sityvebiT, Cven mxolod isRa gvrCeba,
rom vilocoT moTmenis zRvari Seicvalos.

sakvirveli logika

SeuZlebelia davinaxoT is sakvirveli logika, romelmac

ser patriki am daskvnamde miiyvana. misTvis Cveva amoraluria Tu
masze gafiqrebac ki adamians qlefhemis omnibusze cudad xdis.
ase iyos. da mainc, ratom ar unda movixmoT Cveni TanagrZnoba,
gonebamaxviloba da daJinebiT moviTxovoT ZiriTadi moraluri
grZnobebis sisxlis samarTalSi gadatanamde ser patrikisgan
damokidebulebisgan gansxvavebuli sxva seriozuli Seswavla moxdes?
 97

udavoa, kanonmdebelma unda ikiTxos zogadi morali efuZneba Tu

ara umecrebas, crurwmenas, an araswore gagebas; arsebobs Tu ara
mcdari koncefcia imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom is, vinc praqtikaSi
iyenebs mis mierve dawunebul Cvevas, raime formiT saxifaToa
an sazianoa sazogadoebisTvis; ubedureba, SantaJi da sisxlis
samarTliT dasjadi sxva saxis boroteba, miT ufro ki seqsualuri
danaSauli bevri mxarisTvis kargad gasagebi aris Tu ara. gasaocaria,
rom aRniSnuli arsad Cans ser patrikis mier Camoyalibebul
garemoebebSi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac unda moxdes manam, sanam
amoralobis winaaRmdeg kanonis SemoReba moxdeba; isini `praqtikul
mosazrebebadac~ ki ar moixsenieba, rom araferi vTqvaT `Teoriul
Sezudvebze~. zemoaRniSnulis msgavs yovel Teoriaze, romelic
amtkicebs, rom sisxlis samarTlis gamoyeneba im bundovani mizeziT,
rom sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis arsebiTi moralis SenarCuneba
aucilebelia, magram amasTan xazs ar usvams kritikuli ganxilvis
saWiroebas, Cveni mxridan sapasuxo reaqcia ase unda JRerdes:
`moraluroba, ra danaSaulis Cadena SeiZleba Seni saxeliT!~
rogorc milma dainaxa, xolo de tokvilma gacilebiT adre ufro
detalurad mis kritikul, magram keTilganwyobil demokratiis
swavlebaSi warmogvidgina, Zalze advilia demokratiis principis areva,
rom Zalaufleba umravlesobis xelSi unda iyos, misgan ukiduresad
gansxvavebul mtkicebasTan – Zalauflebis mqone umravlesobas ar
esaWiroeba pativi sces raime SezRudvebs. ueWvelia, demokratiaSi
gansakuTerebuli riski arsebobs. es riski ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
umravlesobam SesaZloa moiTxovos danarCenisgan cxovrebis im wesiT
warmarTva, rasac is misaRebad CaTvlis. Cven am riskze mivdivarT, Tan
didi siamovnebiT; vinaidan es aris sazRauri yvela im sikeTisa, rac
demokratiul wyobas moaqvs. magram demokratiuli praqtikisadmi
erTguleba ar moiTxovs Cvengan am riskis maqsimizacias: Tumca, swored
amas gavakeTebT Cven, Tu Cven quCaSi mosiarule adamians qlefhemis
omnibusSi CavsvamT da vetyviT, rom Tu is imdenad cudad gaxdeba sxva
adamianebis mier Cadenili saqcielis mier, rom moiTxovs misi kanonis
ZaliT akrZalvas, aranairi Teoriuli kritika ar gakeTdeba misi
moTxovnisa.
98

V
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria
j. roulsi
55. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gansazRvreba
axla warmogidgenT bunebrivi valdebulebisa da movaleobis
principebis arss, risTvisac zogadad ganvixilav samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis Teorias. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, es Teoria
SemuSavebulia maqsimalurad samarTlebrivi sazogadoebis mxolod
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisTvis - sazogadoebisTvis, romelic umravles
sferoebSi mowesrigebulia, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, adgili aqvs
kanonis ramdenime seriozul darRvevas. vinaidan, Cemi TvalsazrisiT,
maqsimalurad samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba moiTxovs demokratiul
sistemas, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoria ukavSirdeba kanonierad
arCeuli demokratiuli mTavrobisadmi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
rolsa da gamarTlebas. is ar miesadageba arc mmarTvelobis sxva formebs,
iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda da arc sxvadasxva saxis dapirispirebasa Tu
winaaRmdegobas. protestis am formas iseve, rogorc samxedro moqmedebasa
da amboxebas, ar ganvixilav usamarTlo da korumpirebuli sistemis
Secvlis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis taqtikad. aseT SemTxvevaSi
xsenebuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba sirTules ar warmoadgens. Tu
SeiZleba gaamarTlo raime saSualeba, rac aseT Sedegs mogvitans, maSin,
rasakvirvelia, araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobac gamarTlebulia.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis problema, rogorc mas ganvixilav, Tavs
iCens mxolod metad an naklebad samarTlebrivi demokratiuli qveynebis
moqalaqeebSi, romelTac Segnebuli aqvT da aRiareben konstituciis
kanonierebas. erT-erT sirTules warmoadgens valdebulebaTa
konfliqti. sakanonmdeblo umravlesobis mier dadgenili kanonebis
(an aRmasrulebeli aqtebis, romelTac mxars uWers sakanonmdeblo
umravlesoba) Sesrulebis valdebuleba ra punqtSi modis konfliqtSi
pirovnebis TavisuflebasTan da mis movaleobasTan, win aRudges
usamarTlobas? es kiTxva moicavs mmarTveli umravlesobis principebsa
da sazRvrebs. swored amitom, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis problema
gadamwyveti gamocdaa demokratiis zneobrivi bazisis nebismieri
TeoriisaTvis.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis konstituciuri Teoria sami
nawilisgan Sedgeba: pirveli - samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
Teoria gansazRvravs am tipis uTanxmoebas da gamoarCevs
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarT gaweuli winaaRmdegobis sxva
formebisgan. eseni vrceldeba kanonier demonstraciebsa da im
 99

kanonebis darRvevebze, romlebic SemuSavebulia gamosacdeli

SemTxvevebis Sesaqmnelad sasamarTloze, samxedro qmedebebsa da
organizebul winaaRmdegobamde. es Teoria akonkretebs samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis sazRvrebs am SesaZleblobebis speqtrSi.
amasTanave, is naTels hfens samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis sawyisebs
da garemoebebs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT aseTi qmedebebi marTldeba
(met-naklebad) samarTlebriv demokratiul sistemaSi. dabolos,
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoriam unda ganmartos samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis roli konstituciuri sistemis farglebSi da
gadmosces, ramdenad misaRebia protestis es forma Tavisufal
sazogadoebaSi.
vidre am sakiTxebs ganvixilav, minda gagafrTxiloT, rom
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoriisgan bevrs ar unda velodoT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seqmnilia garkveuli garemoebebisTvis. ar
arsebobs zusti principebi, romlebic myisve moagvarebdnen arsebul
SemTxvevebs. piriqiT, swori Teoria gansazRvravs im perspeqtivas,
romliTac SeiZleba mivudgeT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
problemas. misi meSveobiT vayalibebT saTanado daskvnebs, rac
xels gviwyobs mniSvnelovan faqtorebs Sesabamisi prioritetebi
mivaniWoT. Tu Teoriam im sakiTxebze, romlebzec vmsjelobT, eWvebi
gagvifanta da Cveni msjeloba ufro Tanmimdevruli gaxada, maSasadame
is Rirebuli yofila. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoriam, jer-
jerobiT, miaRwia imas, rac misgan logikurad iyo mosalodneli:
saxeldobr, Seamcira uTanasworoba im adamianTa gulwrfel mrwamss
Soris, romlebic aRiareben demokratiuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad
principebs.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, pirvel rigSi, aris saxalxo,
araZaladobrivi, keTilsindisieri, Tumca mainc politikuri, kanonis
sapirispiro aqti, romelic, rogorc wesi, moiTxovs cvlilebebis
Setanas mTavrobis kanonebsa Tu politikaSi.1 am qmedebiT pirovneba

aq v (1961), gv. 653-61. unda aRiniSnos, rom xsenebuli gansazRvreba gacilebiT viwroa,
1

vidre is, romelsac Toros narkvevi gvTavazobs, rogorc aRvniSne Semdeg nawilSi.
igive Tvalsazrisi gvxvdeba martin luTer kingis nawarmoebSi “werili birminhemis
cixidan” (1963), xelaxla daibeWda h. a. bedos redaqtorobiT, “samoqalaqo daumor-
Cilebloba” (niu-iurki, Pegasus, 1969), gv. 72-99. am teqstSi aris mcdeloba, rom samoqa-
laqo daumorCileblobis Teoriis patara koncefciis sazRvrebi ufro gafarTovdes.
zogierTma Tanamedrove avtormac samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoriis gansaz-
Rvreba ufro ganavrco. magaliTad, hovard cini Tavis wignSi “daumorCilebloba
da demokratia” (niu-iorki, Random House, 1968), gv.119v, mas gansazRvravs, rogorc
“kanonis aSkara, gaazrebul darRvevas sazogadoebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
miznisTvis.” me ufro konkretuli gansazRvreba mainteresebs. sulac ar minda imis
Tqma, rom demokratiul sistemaSi winaaRmdegobis mxolod es formaa gamarTlebuli.
100

axdens mosaxleobis umravlesobis samarTlianobis SegrZnebis

mobilizebas da acxadebs, rom irRveva socialuri erTianobis
principebi Tavisufal da Tanasworuflebian adamianTa Soris. am
gansazRvrebis preliminaruli SeniSvna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis aqtisgan ar moiTxovs isve kanonis
darRvevas, romelsac aprotesteben2. aseve iZleva imis saSualebas,
rasac zogierTebma, rogorc iribi, aseve pirdapiri samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba uwodes. swored amas unda emsaxurebodes
nebismieri Teoria, rameTu zogjer arsebobs mtkice safuZvlebi
imisaTvis, rom ar dairRves kanoni an politika, romelic
usamarTloa. metic, pirovnebam raime SemTxvevis wardgenis
saSualebad SeiZleba sagzao wesebis an kerZo teritoriis sazRvris
Sesaxeb kanonis darRveviT isargeblos. amitom, Tu saxelmwifo
miiRebs bundovan da mkacr kanons danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, es
ukanaskneli aRar iqneba gamarTlebuli, rogorc ukanonobis
aRmofxvris saSualeba da nebismier SemTxvevaSi sasjeli gacilebiT
didi iqneba, vidre logikurad unda iyos misaRebi. sxva SemTxvevebSi
SeuZlebelia, pirdapir iqnes darRveuli mTavrobis politika
maSin, rodesac is exeba sagareo saqmeebs an gavlenas axdens
saxelmwifos sxva sferoze. meore SeniSvna is aris, rom samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis aqti marTlac iTvleba kanonsawinaaRmdegod,
sul mcire, im TvalsazrisiT, rom masSi monawile pirebi ar
warmoadgenen mxolod da mxolod gamosacdel SemTxvevas
konstituciuri gadawyvetilebisaTvis; isini Semzadebulebi
arian SeewinaaRmdegon mdgomare obas, im SemTxvevaSi ki Tu mas
mxari unda daeWiros. rasakvirvelia, sakonstitucio sistemaSi,
mosamarTleebs SeuZliaT, miemxron mowinaaRmdege mxares da
garkveuli kanoni an politika arakonstituciurad gamoacxadon.
es xSirad xdeba maSin, roca bolomde darwmunebulebi ar arian,
mowinaaRmdegis qmedeba kanonierad iqnes miCneuli Tu ara. Tumca es
metad rTuli elementia. isini, vinc samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
gziT aprotesteben kanonebis arasamarTlianobas, mzad ar arian am
procesis saTanadod SewyvetisaTvis. sabolood, mosamarTleebi
SesaZloa maT ar daeTanxmon, Tumca protestantebi kmayofilebi
darCnen miRebuli sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebiT.
garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
warmoadgens politikur aqts ara mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom is
2
es da momdevno SeniSvna aRebulia marSal koenis wignidan “samoqalaqo daumor-
Cilebloba konstituciur demokratiaSi,” The Massachusetts Review, vol. 10 (1969), gv.
224-226, 218-212, Sesabamisad.
 101

mimarTulia politikuri Zalauflebis mqone umravlesobisadmi,

aramed imitomac, rom imarTeba da gamarTlebulia politikuri
principebiT, ese igi, samarTlis principebiT, romelic aregulirebs
konstitucias da socialur institutebs zogadad. samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis gamarTlebis mizniT pirovneba ar mimarTavs
sakuTar zneobriv Tu religiur doqtrinebs, Tumca es garemoebani
SeiZleba daemTxves da ganamtkicos pirovnebis moTxovnebi. amaSi
TavisTavad igulisxmeba, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
SeuZlebelia efuZnebodes mxolod erTi jgufis an calkeuli
pirovnebis interesebs. nacvlad amisa, pirovneba mouwodebs
samarTlis sayovelTaod miRebuli koncefciisaken, romelic
safuZvlad udevs politikur wesrigs. aRiarebulia, rom samarTlian
demokratiul sistemaSi arsebobs samarTlis sazogadoebrivi
koncefcia, romlis meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi aregulireben TavianT
politikur qmedebebs da ganmartaven konstitucias. am koncefciis
ZiriTadi principebis mudmivi da mizanmimarTuli darRveva
didi xnis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT fundamentaluri, Tanaswori
uflebebis xelyofa, iwvevs an morCilebas, an winaaRmdegobas.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawileobiT umciresoba
aiZulebs umravlesobas dafiqrdes, surs Tu ara ase ganixilos maTi
qmedeba, an, samarTlis jansaRi TvalsazrisiT, surs Tu ara aRiaros
umciresobis moTxovnaTa kanoniereba.
Semdegi punqti aris is, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba saxalxo
aqtia. garda imisa, rom mimarTulia sazogadoebis principebisken,
is sajarod xorcieldeba. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
sazogadoebisTvis Riad mimdinareobs da ar aris gasaidumloebuli
da miCqmaluli. is SeiZleba SevadaroT sityviT sajaro gamosvlas,
mimarTvis formas, Rrma da keTilsindisieri politikuri msjelobis
gamoxatulebas. saxalxo daumorCilebloba mimdinareobs
sazogadoebrivi azris samsjavroze. amitom, sxva danarCenebTan
erTad, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba Zaladobrivi ar aris. is
erideba Zalis gamoyenebas, gansakuTrebiT calkeuli pirovnebebis
mimarT, ara imitom, rom mas principulad sZuls Zalis gamoyeneba,
aramed imitom, rom es ukve ukanaskneli nabijia. Zaladobrivi aqtebi,
rogoricaa fizikuri zianis an Seuracxyofis miyeneba, SeuTavsebelia
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasTan, rogorc mimarTvis formasTan.
nebismieri Careva sxva adamianebis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaSi
marTlac abundovanebs daumorCileblobis civilurobis xarisxs
pirovnebis qmedebaSi. zogjer, Tu mimarTva mizans ver aRwevs,
102

mogvianebiT SeiZleba Tavi iCinos Zaladobrivma dapirispirebam,

Tumca samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba mxars uWers keTilsindisier
da Rrmad gaazrebul mrwamss. is gafrTxilebac aris da mowodebac,
Tumca TavisTavad muqaras ar warmoadgens.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba araZaladobrivia sxva mizezis
gamoc. is kanonisadmi daumorCileblobas gamoxatavs kanonierebis
dacvis farglebSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonis zRvarzea.3 kanoni
dairRva, magram kanonisadmi erTguleba gamoxatulia qmedebis
sajaro da araZaladobrivi bunebiT, Cadenili qmedebis legaluri
Sedegebis nebayoflobiTi aRiarebiT.4 kanonis erTguleba xels
uwyobs imas, rom umravlesobam dainaxos, rom es aqti politikurad
kargad gaazrebulia, gulwrfelia da moiazrebs sazogadoebis
samarTlianobis grZnobisadmi mimarTvas. imisaTvis, rom iyo sruliad
gaxsnili da araZaladobrivi, saWiroa gamoxato gulwrfeloba,
rameTu advili ar aris vinme daarwmuno, rom pirovnebis qmedeba
keTilsindisieria, an Tundac piradad darwmundeT amaSi.
rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba warmovidginoT kanonieri sistema,
romelSic gulwrfeli rwmena, rom kanoni usamarTloa, miRebulia,
rogorc daumorCileblobis mxardamWeri faqtori. erTmaneTis
ndobiT aRWurvil Rrmad patiosan adamianebs erToblivad SeuZliaT
Seqmnan aseTi sistema, magram sinamdvileSi, aseTi sqema TavisTavadve
ver iqneba stabiluri, TviT maqsimalurad samarTlebriv
sistemaSic ki. garkveuli safasuris gaReba gviwevs imisaTvis, rom
sxvebi davarwmunoT, rom Cvens qmedebebs, Cveni saguldagulod
awon-dawonili TvalsazrisiT, aqvs sakmao moraluri safuZveli
sazogadoebis politikur mrwamsSi.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ise iqna gansazRvruli, rom,
erTi mxriv, kanonier protestsa da gamosacdel situaciebSi
Tavsdeba da meore mxriv, - Segnebul uaryofasa da sxvadasxva
3
am sakiTxze sruli warmodgenisTvis ix. Carlz fridis “zneobrivi mizez-Sede-
gobrioba,” 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1268 (1964). qvemoT naxsenebi samxedro qmedebis cnebis
ganmarteba jerald loevs davesesxe.
4
is, vinc samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas ufro vrcel sazRvrebs aniWebs, SesaZloa
am ganmartebas ar daeTanxmos. ix. magaliTad, cinis “daumorCilebloba da demokra-
tia,” gv. 27-31, 39, 119v. metic, is uaryofs, rom samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba araZa-
ladobrivi unda iyos. ra Tqma unda, sasjels samarTlianad yvela ar aRiarebs, anu
yvela ar Tvlis, rom pirovneba damsaxurebulad daisaja arasamarTlebrivi qmedebis
gamo. metic, yvelas surs daeqvemdebaros kanonier Sedegebs kanonis erTgulebis
gulisTvis, rac sxva sakiTxia. aq sakmao Tavisuflebaa, ramdenadac es gansazRvreba
iZleva saSualebas, rom braldeba gasaCivrdes sasamarTloSi, Tu saWiro aRmoCnda.
magram arsebobs zRvari, romlis miRma uTanxmoebas samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad
miiCneven, rogorc aq aris ganmartebuli.
 103

formiT gamoxatul winaaRmdegobaSi. am SesaZleblobebis speqtrSi

is inarCunebs winaaRmdegobis formas kanonis dacvis farglebSi.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, aseTi gagebiT, aSkarad ganirCeva
samxedro moqmedebisagan da dapirispirebisagan. is Zalian Sors
dgas organizebuli, Zalismieri winaaRmdegobisgan. am ukanasknelis
momxre, magaliTad, bevrad ufro mwvaved ewinaaRmdegeba arsebul
politikur sistemas da ar aRiarebs, rogorc maqsimalurad
samarTlian an, ase vTqvaT, keTilgonivrul sistemas. aseTi
radikalurad ganwyobili pirebis azriT, arsebuli sistema an
Zalian dacilebulia aRiarebuli principebisgan an amaxinjebs
samarTlis principebs. radganac misi qmedeba gulwrfelia sakuTari
mrwamsidan gamomdinare, ar asaCivrebs umravlesobis (an politikuri
Zalauflebis mqoneTa) mier aRiarebuli samarTlis cnebas, vinaidan
miaCnia, rom samarTlianobis maTeuli gageba mcdaria. nacvlad
amisa, is iswrafvis kargad organizebuli, damangreveli saomari
qmedebisaken da surs, Seutios samarTlis gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss
an moZraoba warmarTos misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT.
maSasadame, radikaluri meamboxe cdilobs Tavidan aicilos sasjeli,
radgan mzad ar aris miiRos Sedegebi, rac kanonis darRvevis gamo
daimsaxura. es ara mxolod Zalis wisqvilze asxams wyals, romelic,
rogorc swams, sando ar aris, aramed konstituciis legitimurobis
aRiarebis gamoxatvac, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeba. am TvalsazrisiT
Zaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba araTu kanonis dacvis CarCoebSi ar
Tavsdeba, aramed warmoadgens kanonieri wesrigis gacilebiT
siRrmiseul winaaRmdegobas. ZiriTadi struqtura efuZneba imas,
rom kanons miiCneven imdenad usamarTlod an sakuTari idealebisgan
daSorebulad, rom viRacam unda moamzados gza radikaluri an
Tundac revoluciuri cvlilebisaTvis: es ki unda ganxorcieldes
xalxis gamofxizlebiT, rom dainaxon fundamentaluri reformebis
Sesrulebis aucilebloba. amdenad, garkveul garemoebebSi
Zaladobrivi qmedeba da sxva saxis winaaRmdegoba namdvilad
gamarTlebulia, Tumca, aseT SemTxvevebs ar ganvixilav. rogorc
ukve vTqvi, Cemi mizani mxolod samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
koncefciis gansazRvriT da misi roliT Semoifargleba maqsimalurad
samarTlebriv konstituciur sistemaSi.

56. kanonis Segnebuli uaryofis gansazRvreba

marTalia, gamovyavi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba kanonis
Segnebuli uaryofisgan, magram mainc unda ganvmarto es
104

ukanaskneli. unda vaRiaroT, rom am ori cnebis gamijvnisaTvis

aucilebelia samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba moviazroT ufro viwro
CarCoebSi, vidre tradiciulad miRebulia,5 vinaidan samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis cneba farTo gagebiT (rogorc zogadad
aris gavrcelebuli) aris kanonis Segnebulad darRveva, Tuki is
gasaidumloebuli ar aris da ar moiazrebs Zalis gamoyenebas. Toros
narkvevi warmoadgens zemoxsenebuli tradiciuli gagebis magaliTs.
Cemi azriT, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba viwro gagebiT srulad
naTeli gaxdeba mas Semdeg, rac ganvixilavT Segnebuli uaryofis
gansazRvrebas.
kanonis Segnebuli uaryofa aris met-naklebad uSualo iuridiuli
brZanebis an administraciuli wesrigis darRveva. is uaryofad
iTvleba, radganac kanoni Cven gvexeba da mocemulia garkveul
situaciaze, vRebulobT Tu ara mas xelisufalTaTvis cnobilia.
amis tipuri magaliTebia: adreuli qristianebis mier warmarTuli
RvTaebebis Tayvaniscema; iehovas mowmeebis mier saxelmwifo
droSisaTvis sazeimo salmis micemaze uaris Tqma. sxva magaliTebia
pacifistebis mier samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqma an jariskacis
mier brZanebisadmi daumorCilebloba, romelic, misi azriT, aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba moralur kanons. an kidev, Toros SemTxvevaSi,
pirovnebis mier gadasaxadis gadaxdaze uaris Tqma imis safuZvelze,
rom mas ase unda, meore adamianis mimarT seriozuli usamarTloba
iqneba. misi qmedeba, savaraudod, cnobilia xelisufalTaTvis,
Tumca zogierT SemTxvevebSi, mas Zalian unda, rom ase ar iyos.
kanondarRvevis dafarvis SemTxvevaSi saubaria ufro kanonisgan
Segnebulad Tavis daZvrenaze, vidre Segnebul uaryofaze. kanonisgan
damalvis magaliTia gaqceuli monebis kanonis darRvevis SemTxvevebi.
6

kanonis Segnebul uaryofasa (an kanonisgan damalvas) da

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas Soris arsebobs ramdenime
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba. pirvel rigSi, Segnebuli uaryofa ar aris
mimarTuli umravlesobis samarTlianobis gagebisken. sinamdvileSi
aseTi qmedeba, zogadad, ar aris gasaidumloebuli an dafaruli,
rameTu dafarva xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia. pirovneba ubralod
Segnebulad ambobs uars, daemorCilos kanons an Seasrulos
iuridiuli dadgenileba. is ar ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis mrwamss da
5
ix. henri devid Toros “samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba” (1848), xelaxla gamoica h.
a. bedos redaqtorobiT “samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba”, gv. 27-48. kritikuli msj-
elobisTvis ix. bedos SeniSvna, gv. 15-26.
6
am sxvaobis TvalsaCinoebisTvis barton drebens davesesxe.
 105

am TvalsazrisiT, Segnebuli uaryofa ar xorcieldeba sazogadoebis

monawileobiT. isini, vinc uars amboben kanonmorCilebaze, kargad
acnobiereben, rom ar arsebobs safuZveli urTierTgagebisaTvis.
aseTi pirebi ar cdiloben isargeblon SemTxveviT, ris safuZvelzec
ganacxadeben TavianTi qmedebis gamamarTlebel mizezebs.
metic, elodebian dros, roca daumorCileblobis saWiroeba ar
iqneba. aseTebi naklebad optimistebi arian, vidre samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis momxreni da ara aqvT imedi, rom SesaZloa
raime Seicvalos saxelmwifos kanonebSi Tu politikaSi. arsebuli
garemoeba dRis wesrigSi TavisTavad ar daayenebs maT sakiTxs,
anu SesaZloa, umravlesobam verasdros miiRos da gaiziaros maTi
moTxovnebi.
kanonis Segnebuli uaryofa aucilebeli ar aris, politikur
principebs efuZnebodes; is SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes religiuri an
sxva principebidan, romelic gansxvavdeba sakonstitucio wesebisgan.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba mimarTavs samarTlis zogadad
aRiarebul koncefcias, xolo Segnebul uaryofas SesaZloa sxva
safuZvlebi hqondes. magaliTad, adreuli qristianebi saxelmwifos
warmarTuli tradiciebis Seusruleblobas amarTlebdnen ara
marTlmsajulebis safuZvelze, aramed es tradiciebi ubralod
ewinaaRmdegeboda maT aRmsareblobas. maTi argumenti politikuri
ar iyo. aseTive xasiaTisaa pacifistis mrwamsic, varaudobs ra,
rom omebi Tavdacvis mizniT, sul mcire, samarTlis koncefciiT
aris aRiarebuli, romelic safuZvlad udevs konstituciur
mmarTvelobas. Tumca, kanonis Segnebuli uaryofa SesaZloa
politikur principebs efuZnebodes. pirovnebam SeiZleba uari Tqvas
kanonis Sesrulebaze, miaCnia ra, rom is imdenad arasamarTlebrivia,
rom misi dacva, ubralod, SeuZlebelia. sityvaze, es SesaZloa iseTi
SemTxveva iyos, Tu kanoni gvTxovs viRacis damonebas an piriqiT,
Cven mogvTxovos monis bedis morCileba. es aRiarebuli politikuri
principebis aSkara darRveva iqneboda.
sakmaod rTulia, ipovo swori kursi, rodesac pirovneba
mimarTavs religiur principebs, rodesac uars ambobs politikuri
samarTlis principebze dafuZnebuli kanonis Sesrulebaze. aris
pacifisti Tavisufali samxedro samsaxuridan samarTliani imis
dros, Tuki aseTi omi arsebobs? an saxelmwifos aqvs ki ufleba,
garkveuli sirTuleebi Seqmnas urCobisaTvis? SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom
kanoni mudam pativs unda scemdes sindisis Tavisuflebas, magram es
ar iqneba swori. rogorc Seuwynareblobis SemTxvevaSi davinaxeT,
106

iuridiulma kanonma unda daareguliros adamianTa religiuri

interesebi ise, rom ar dairRves Tanaswori Tavisuflebis principi da
amave dros, mas SeuZlia akrZalos garkveuli religiuri saqmianoba,
rogoricaa adamianis msxverplSewirva (ukiduresi SemTxveva rom
vTqvaT). arc religiuroba da arc gulwrfeloba ar aris aseTi
qmedebis gamamarTlebeli. samarTlis Teoriis amosavali wertili
unda iyos is, Tu rogor moeqces maT, vinc mas ewinaaRmdegeba. kargad
mowesrigebuli sazogadoebis, an maqsimalurad samarTlebrivi
sistemis mizania SeinarCunos da gaaZlieros samarTlebrivi
dadgenilebebi. Tu raime religia bolomde izRudeba, es savaraudod
imitom xdeba, rom is xelyofs sxvaTa Tanaswor Tavisuflebas.
zogadad, Semwynareblobis xarisxi sawinaaRmdego moraluri
koncefciebisadmi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad Tanaswori
adgili SeiZleba mieniWoT maT Tavisufal samarTlebriv sistemaSi.
Tu pacifizms unda movepyroT pativiscemiT da ara mxolod
tolerantulad, amis safuZveli unda iyos is, rom is logikurad
kargad Seesabameba samarTlis principebs. mTavari gamonaklisi
mxolod misi damokidebulebaa samarTlian omTan (davuSvaT, rom
zogierT situaciaSi omi samarTlianad iTvleba, roca is Tavdacvis
mizniT warmoebs). sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli politikuri
principebi garkveulwilad uaxlovdeba im doqtrinebs, romlebsac
pacifisti iziarebs. es aris omisa da Zalis gamoyenebis siZulvili
da yvela adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis, Tanasworobis rwmena.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erebis tendencias, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri
saxelmwifoebisa, omebSi usamarTlod CaerTon da aamoqmedon
saxelmwifo aparati, raTa CaaxSon gansxvavebuli azri, maSin
pacifizmisadmi gamovlenili pativiscema emsaxureba mizans,
gaafrTxilos moqalaqeebi, rom saxelmwifo apirebs araswori
qmedebebis Cadenas maTi saxeliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es
Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, pacifistis mier gamoxatulma
protestma da gafrTxilebam SesaZloa is Sedegi gamoiRos, rom
saboloo jamSi, samarTlis principebi gacilebiT usafrTxoa.
pacifizmi, rogorc bunebrivi gandgoma swori doqtrinisagan,
rogorc Cans, warmoadgens kompensacias susti mamakacebisTvis, rom
icxovron sakuTari profesiis Sesabamisad.
unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs situaciebi, sadac ar arsebobs
mkveTri gansxvaveba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasa da Segnebul
uaryofas Soris. metic, erTi da igive qmedebas (an maT Sedegebs)
SesaZloa orive maTganisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi hqondes.
 107

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobisa

da Segnebuli uaryofis naTeli SemTxvevebi, maT Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba gankuTvnilia imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobisa da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi misi rolis
interpretacia. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, rogorc politikuri
mimarTvis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba, rogorc wesi ar gamarTldeba,
vidre sxva nabijebi ar gadaidgmeba kanonierebis farglebSi. xolo
kanonis Segnebuli uaryofis gamokveTil SemTxvevebSi es piroba
xSirad marcxs ganicdis. Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi aravin unda
aiZulon, adreuli qristianebis msgavsad, rom Seasrulon religiuri
aqtebi Tanasworuflebianobis darRveviT. arc jariskacma unda
Seasrulos sastiki brZaneba zemdegebisadmi mimarTvis molodinSi.
am SeniSvnebs gamamarTlebeli garemoebebis sakiTxamde mivyavarT.

57. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebeli

garemoebani
zemoxsenebuli gansxvavebebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixiloT
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebeli garemoebebi.
simartivisaTvis, Cems mimoxilvas Semovfarglav Sida institutebiT
da mocemuli sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli usamarTlobiT. es
SezRudva odnav Serbildeba, rodesac visaubreb Segnebuli uaryofis
gansxvavebis problemaze moralur kanonTan mimarTebaSi, rodesac is
oms exeba. daviwyeb im garemoebebze saubriT, rac SeiZleba logikurad
CaiTvalos samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawileobisaTvis
da Semdeg am garemoebebs meTodurad davukavSireb im adgils, rac
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas uWiravs maqsimalurad samarTlebriv
sistemaSi. ra Tqma unda, CamoTvlili SemTxvevebi unda miviRoT,
rogorc varaudi; udavoa, iqneba situaciebi, romlebsac ver
miemxrobi, Tumca aris iseTi argumentebic, romlebic amarTlebs
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas.
pirveli saxis gaurkvevloba ukavSirdeba samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis miznebs. Tu amgvari daumorCilebloba
ganixileba politikur aqtad, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebaSi
samarTlis cnebisken, maSin is gamarTlebulad iTvleba. sxva Tanabar
SemTxvevebSi, mas Tvlian mniSvnelovan da aSkara usamarTlobad,
gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc gzas uRobavs sxva saxis usamarTlobis
aRmofxvras. am mizeziT arsebobs prezumfcia samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis sasargeblod, rom is ar CaiTvalos samarTlis
pirveli principis – Tanasworuflebianobis principis – darRvevad
108

da meore principis meore nawilis aSkara xelyofad. am ukanasknelis

Tanaxmad yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari SesaZleblobebi. ra Tqma unda,
yovelTvis ioli ar aris Tqva, Tu ramdenad srulad kmayofildeba
es principebi. da mainc, Tu maT miviCnevT sabaziso Tavisuflebis
garantiad, xSir SemTxvevaSi naTlad davinaxavT, rom am Tavisuflebas
saTanado pativs ar scemen. bolos da bolos, isini adgenen mkacr
moTxovnebs, romlebic sxvadasxva institutebSi TvalsaCinod unda
iqnes gamoxatuli. amdenad, rodesac romelime umciresobas ar
aZleven xmis micemis an garkveuli qmedebis Sesrulebis uflebas, an
ukrZalaven sakuTrebis qonas Tu erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvlas,
an idevneba garkveuli religiuri jgufi da ukrZalaven sxvadasxva
qmedebas, aseTi usamarTloba yvelasaTvis TvalsaCinoa. isini
sajarod, sul mcire werilobiT, uerTdebian socialuri mowyobis
aRiarebul praqtikas. aseTi usamarTlobis dakanoneba pirobiTad ar
moiTxovs miRebuli Sedegebis sainformacio gamokvlevebs.
gacilebiT Zneli dasadgenia gansxvavebuli principebis
kontrastuli darRvevebi. rogorc wesi, arsebobs racionalur
TvalsazrisTa konfliqtebis farTo diapazoni, Tu ramdenad
dakmayofilda xsenebuli principi. amis mizezi is gaxlavT, rom is
miesadageba, pirvel rigSi, ekonomikur da socialur dadgenilebebsa
da politikas. maT Soris arCevani damokidebulia Teoriul da
azrovnebidan gamomdinare mrwamsze iseve, rogorc statistikur da
sxva saxis informaciis siuxveze, am yvelafridan gonivruli daskvnis
gamotanasa da ubralo gamWriaxobaze. am sakiTxebis kompleqsurobidan
gamomdinare, Znelia daadgino sakuTari interesebisa da winaswar
Camoyalibebuli warmodgenis gavlena. marTalia, amis gakeTeba Cvens
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, magram meore sakiTxia, sxvebi daarwmuno
sakuTar keTilsindisierebaSi. magaliTad, Tu kanoni gadasaxadebis
Sesaxeb aSkarad SemuSavebulia Tanaswori Tavisuflebis safuZvlebis
sawinaaRmdegod an Sesamcireblad, rogorc wesi, maTi gaprotesteba
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gziT SeuZlebelia. samoqalaqo
samarTlis koncefciaze apelireba arasakmarisad naTelia. am
sakiTxis gadawyveta umjobesia mivandoT politikur procesebs
im pirobiT, rom aucilebeli Tanaswori uflebebi usafrTxoa.
am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, miRweul iqnes gonivruli kompromisi.
Sesabamisad, Tanaswori Tavisuflebis principis darRveva samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi mizezia. es principi
gansazRvravs Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqeobis saerTo statuss
konstituciur sistemaSi da safuZvlad udevs politikur wesrigs.
 109

rodesac is srulad aris daculi, prezumfcias warmoadgens is,

rom sxva usamarTlobebi, romlebic SeiZleba mudmivad arsebobdes,
kontrols daeqvemdebareba.
qvemoT ganvixilav samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis kidev erT
garemoebas. davuSvaT, politikur umravlesobas ukve mivmarTeT
keTilsindisierad, magram uSedegod. Cveni moTxovnebis iuridiuli
saSualebebi usargeblo aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad, vTqvaT, rom
arsebulma politikurma partiebma sruli gulgriloba gamoiCines
umciresobis moTxovnisadmi an daamtkices, rom ar surT maTi
dakmayofileba. kanonebis gauqmebis mcdeloba ugulebelyofil iqna
da legalurma protestma da demonstraciebma Sedegs ver miaRwia.
radganac samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba ukanaskneli saSualebaa,
darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom saWiroa misi gamoyeneba. Tumca,
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom zemoT ar Tqmula, rom iuridiuli
saSualebebi amoiwura. nebismier SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, rom
gameordes normaluri mimarTva. Tavisufali sityva yovelTvis
SesaZlebelia, Tumca Tu warsulma faqtebma umravlesobis
umoqmedobasa da gulgrilobaSi dagvarwmuna, ganmeorebiTi
mcdelobebi logikurad SeiZleba unayofod CaiTvalos, rac
akmayofilebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis meore gamamarTlebel
garemoebas. Tumca es garemoeba mxolod varaudia. zogierTi SemTxveva
imdenad ukiduresia, rom sruliad ar iyos savaldebulo, rom pirvel
rigSi gamoyenebul iqnes politikuri dapirispirebis iuridiuli
saSualebebi. magaliTad, Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas miewereba
Tanabari Tavisuflebis darRvevis aRmaSfoTebeli faqtebi, vTqvaT,
susti da daucveli umciresobis religiis akrZalva, darwmunebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebuli jgufi ver SeewinaaRmdegeba
kanons normaluri politikuri procedurebiT. sinamdvileSi,
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobac ki SeiZleba zedmetad rbili iyos,
umravlesoba ki sakuTar Tavs amxels Segnebul usamarTlobasa da
Riad dapirispirebul miznebSi.
mesame da ukanaskneli garemoeba SeiZleba, ufro rTuli aRmoCndes.
is warmoiqmneba Semdegi faqtidan: miuxedavad imisa, rom winamorbedi
ori garemoeba aSkarad amarTlebs samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas,
yovelTvis ase ar xdeba. garkveul garemoebebSi samarTlis bunebrivi
valdebuleba SesaZloa moiTxovdes garkveul TavSekavebulobas.
amis magaliTs axlave mogaxsenebT. Tu erTi konkretuli umciresobis
mier mowyobili samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gamarTlebulia, aseve
nebismieri sxva umciresobac unda gamarTldes msgavs garemoebebSi.
110

Tu orive winamorbed garemoebas msgavsi SemTxvevebis kriteriumad

gamoviyenebT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ori umciresoba Tanabrad
marTalia samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis mowyobaSi, Tu orive
maTgani Tanabari drois ganmavlobaSi itanjeboda Tanabari xarisxis
usamarTlobiT da Tu maTi Sesabamisi keTilsindisiereba da normaluri
politikuri mimarTva erTnairad iqna ugulebelyofili. gasagebia,
rom samoqalaqo daumorCileblobisaTvis bevri jgufi unda iyos
Tanabrad SezRudul mdgomareobaSi (samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT),
Tundac es naklebad SesaZlebeli iyos. magram yvelam rom ase
erTnairad imoqmedos, adgili eqneba seriozul uwesrigobas, rac xels
SeuSlida samarTliani konstituciis efeqturobas. Cemi varaudiT,
arsebobs zRvari, sadamdec SeiZleba samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
ganaxorcielo ise, rom ar iqnes Seuracxyofili kanoni da
konstitucia, riTac gamoaSkaravdeba yvelasaTvis arasasurveli
Sedegebi. aseve, arsebobs saxalxo forumis SesaZleblobebis zeda
zRvari amgvari winaaRmdegobis ganxorcielebisaTvis; mimarTva,
romelic surs gaakeTon samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawile
jgufebma SesaZloa damaxinjdes da umravlesobis samarTlianobis
cnebisadmi maTi mimarTva Tvalsawieridan gaqres. aqedan erT-erTi an
orive mizeziT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, rogorc protestis
erT-erTi formis, efeqturoba Tavis mizans ver aRwevs da isini, vinc
am moZraobaSi erTiandebian, mzad unda iyvnen TanamSromlobisaTvis.
idealuri gadawyvetileba Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT gulisxmobs
umciresobaTa kooperaciul politikur alianss, raTa daareguliros
dapirispirebis yvela safexuri. ganvixiloT Semdegi situacia:
arsebobs ramdenime jgufi, romelic samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi
monawileobis Tanasworuflebian kandidats warmoadgens. garda amisa,
maT surT yvela sferoSi bolomde gamoiyenon es ufleba, magram ase
Tu moiqcevian, SesaZloa Sedegad didi ziani miayenon konstituciur
samarTals, romelsac yoveli maTgani samarTlis bunebriv
valdebulebad aRiarebs. maSasadame, rodesac arsebobs mravali
Tanabari Zalis Tvalsazrisi, romelic erTad aRebuli aRemateba
dasaSveb zRvars, miRebul unda iqnes garkveuli samarTliani gegma,
romelsac yvela maTgani miukerZoeblad CaTvlis. im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac Tanabari Rirebulebis TvalsazrisTa ricxvi sakmaod didia,
garkveuli monacvleoba an latariis msgavsi sqema samarTliani
gadawyvetileba iqneba.7 magram am saxis meqanizmi aq sruliad
7
im garemoebebze msjelobisTvis, rodesac saWiroa zogierTi samarTliani SeTanx-
mebis miRweva, ixileT kurt baieris “moraluri Tvalsazrisi” (Itacha, N.Y., Cornell
University Press, 1958), gv. 207-213 da devid lionsis “utilitarizmis formebi da saz-
 111

ararealuria. rac SeiZleba gamosadegi iyos, es aris politikuri

urTierTgageba usamarTlobis qveS myof umciresobaTa Soris.
maT SeuZliaT Seasrulon sakuTari valdebuleba demokratiuli
institutebis winaSe koordinirebuli qmedebiT sakuTari
uflebebis gamoyenebis farglebSi, rom ar gadaaWarbon samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis sazRvrebs. simarTle rom iTqvas, amgvari
aliansis Seqmna sakmaod rTulia, Tumca gamWriaxi mmarTvelobiT, es
sulac ar aris SeuZlebeli.
ra Tqma unda, ganxiluli situacia gansakuTrebulia da sruliad
SesaZlebelia, rom aseTi saxis SemTxvevebi ar iyos samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebeli argumentebi. saeWvoa, rom
am saxis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaSi gaerTianebis kandidati bevri
jgufi iyos, romlebic amave dros aRiareben valdebulebas
konstituciuri samarTlisadmi. Tumca erTi ram unda aRiniSnos,
rom ganawyenebul umciresobas aqvs tendencia miaCndes, rom misi
moTxovna iseTive mtkicea, rogorc nebismieri danarCenis; amitom,
miuxedavad imisa, aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva jgufebs Tanabari mizezebi
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawileobisTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi
ufro gonivruli iqneba, Tuki maT moTxovnebs erTmaneTisgan
ar ganvasxvavebT. amis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom warmosaxviTi situaciebi realurad moxdes.
aseTi SemTxvevebi gviCvenebs, rom dapirispirebis ufleba, rogorc
kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebi zogadad, zogjer SezRudulia imiT,
rom sxvebsac igive uflebebi aqvT. am uflebis sayovelTao gamoyeneba
yvelas mavne Sedegebs moutanda da swored amitom keTdeba mowodeba
Tanasworuflebiani gegmisaken.
davuSvaT, rom zemoxsenebuli sami garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT
pirovnebas aqvs ufleba gaasaCivros raime mdgomareoba samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobiT. usamarTloba, romelsac is aprotestebs,
moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobis an Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
kanonis aSkara darRvevaa, rac garkveuli drois manZilze met-
naklebad ganzrax grZeldeboda normaluri politikuri opoziciis
pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, samarTlianobis sakiTxidan gamomdinare
warmoiqmna sxvadasxva saxis garTuleba. aseTi situaciebi usazRvro
Rvrebi (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1965), gv. 160-176. lionsi asaxelebs samarTliani
monacvleobis sqemis magaliTs da aseve, askvnis, rom aseTi samarTliani proce-
durebi namdvilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos efeqturad. ix. gv. 169-171. me veTanxmebi
am daskvnas da mis pozicias, rom samarTlianobis cneba ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros
sargeblianobasTan Sedarebis gziT (gv. 176v). aqve unda aRiniSnos k. d. broudis msj-
eloba narkvevidan - “eTikis cru hipoTezebis funqciebis Sesaxeb,” International Jour-
nal of Ethics, vol. 26 (1916), gans. gv. 385-390.
112

ar aris; zogierTi SeRavaTi kvlavac saWiroa, raTa gamoiricxos

usamarTlobis SesaZlebloba mesame pirTa, ase vTqvaT, udanaSauloTa
mimarT. Cemi varaudiT, es SeRavaTebi mTavar punqtebs moicaven.
Tumca, kvlavac kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas sakiTxi, gonivrulia Tu ara
am uflebis gamoyeneba. am uflebis miRebiT yvelas mieca saSualeba,
gansxvavebiT warsulisgan, am sakiTxebiT moagvaros arsebuli
problema. SesaZloa vmoqmedebdeT Cveni uflebebis sazRvrebSi,
Tumca ugunurad, Tuki Cveni qmedeba umravlesobis mxridan sastik
Surisgebas iwvevs. sinamdvileSi, maqsimalurad samarTlebriv
sistemaSi, kanonieri winaaRmdegobis gamo SurisZieba da devna
naklebad savaraudoa, Tumca Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom garkveuli
nabijebi sworad gadaidgas, raTa efeqturad gakeTdes mimarTva
farTo sazogadoebisadmi. vinaidan samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
warmoadgens mimarTvis formas, romelic sazogadoebis samsjavroze
xorcieldeba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom is xalxisTvis gasagebi
iyos. amdenad, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis uflebis gamoyeneba,
sxva uflebebis msgavsad, winaswar unda iyos racionalurad
Camoyalibebuli maTi mxridan, vinc am moZraobas axorcielebs an
sxvas exmareba. samarTlis TeoriaSi konkretuli araferia naTqvami,
rac am praqtikul meqanizmebs ukavSirdeba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi
strategiisa da taqtikis sakiTxi damokidebulia garemoebebze.
magram samarTlis Teoriam unda Tqvas, Tu ra punqtSia misaRebi am
sakiTxebis wamoweva.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebeli garemoebebis
Sesaxeb mocemul msjelobaSi ar mixsenebia samarTlianobis
Tanasworobis principi. samarTlianobis bunebrivi movaleoba, pirvel
rigSi, is safuZvelia, romelic Cvens politikas sakonstitucio
sistemasTan akavSirebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT ($52), savaraudod,
mxolod sazogadoebis SedarebiT privilegirebul wevrebs gaaCniaT
aSkara politikuri Zala oponirebisaTvis. isini kargad ergebian
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs da advilad aRweven upiratesobas
politikur sistemaSi. amis Semdeg iReben moqalaqeTa mimarT
valdebulebas, rom mxars dauWeren samarTlian konstitucias.
magram daqvemdebarebuli umciresobis wevrebs, ase vTqvaT,
romelTac xelT upyriaT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis sadaveebi,
zogadad ar eqnebaT aseTi politikuri movaleoba. Tumca es ar
niSnavs, rom Tanasworobis principi maT movaleobaSi umniSvnelo
adgils daikavebs.8 vinaidan am principidan gamomdinareobs ara
8
am valdebulebebis Sesaxeb ix. maikl volzeris “valdebulebani: narkvevi daumor-
Cileblobis, omisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb (Cambridge, Harvard University Press,
 113

mxolod pirad cxovrebaSi arsebuli ara erTi moTxovnileba,

aramed is moqmedebaSi modis maSinac, roca adamianebi an adamianTa
jgufebi erTad ikribebian saerTo politikuri miznebiT. rogorc
Cven viRebT garkveul valdebulebebs sxvebis mimarT, visTanac
sxvadasxva saxis axlo urTierTobaSi SevdivarT, politikur
sferoSi moRvaweebic erTimeoresTan mWidro kavSirSi arian
sxvadasxva valdebulebebiT. amdenad, vinaidan gansxvavebuli azris
mqoneTa politikuri valdebuleba moqalaqeebisadmi zogadad
problematuri sakiTxia, loialobisa da erTgulebis valdebuleba
maT Soris Rrmavdeba, iswrafvian ra dasaxuli miznebisaken. zogadad,
Tavisufali gaerTianeba samarTliani konstituciis qveS iwvevs
valdebulebis amoqmedebas im pirobiT, rom jgufebi kanonieri da
Tanasworuflebianebi arian. es exeba rogorc politikur, ise sxva
saxis gaerTianebebs. am valdebulebebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
da didwilad gansazRvraven calkeuli pirebis saqmianobas, Tumca
gansxvavdebian im valdebulebebisgan, romlebic samarTlebriv
konstitucias eqvemdebarebian. aq samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba
ganvixile mxolod samarTlis valdebulebis farglebSi; ufro
srul mimoxilvaSi samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis sxva pirobebzec
visaubrebdi.

58. Segnebuli uaryofis gamamarTlebeli garemoebani

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebeli garemoebebis
mimoxilvisas aRvniSne is SemTxvevebi, rodesac gaprotestebuli
kanonebi da politika ukavSirdeboda qveynis saSinao saqmeebs.
bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba politikuri
valdebulebis Teoria sagareo politikaSi. amis pasuxad aucilebelia
samarTlis Teoria ganvavrcoT erebis Sesaxeb kanonebamde.
imisaTvis, rom garkveuli warmodgena SegiqmnaT, mokled ganvixilav
Segnebuli uaryofis gamamarTlebel garemoebas omSi monawileobaze
an samxedro samsaxurze uaris Tqmis magaliTze. davuSvaT, amas
safuZvlad udevs politikuri da ara religiuri an sxva saxis
principi. ese igi, gamamarTlebel saSualebebad CamoTvlilia is
principebi, romlebic aRebulia samarTlis koncefciidan, romelic
konstitucias udevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, Cveni problema aris
samarTlebrivi politikis principebi, romlebic aregulireben
saxelmwifoebis qmedebebs, davukavSiroT SromiTi xelSekrulebis
doqtrinas da am poziciidan ganvsazRvroT saerTaSoriso kanonis
moraluri safuZvlebi.
1970), Tavi III.
114

davuSvaT, ukve miviReT samarTlis principebi, rogorc is

gamoiyeneba sazogadoebebTan, rogorc erTeulebTan da maTi
struqturis safuZvelTan kavSirSi. aseve, warmovidginoT,
rom miviReT bunebrivi movaleobebis sxvadasxva principebi da
valdebulebebi, romlebic calkeul pirebTan gamoiyeneba. amdenad
pirovnebebi TavianT sawyis mdgomareobebSi SeTanxmdnen uflebebis
principebze, rogorc miesadageboda maT sazogadoebas da uSualod
maT, rogorc am sazogadoebis wevrebs. axla am rakursidan SeiZleba
ganisazRvros maTi sawyisi mdgomareoba da partiebi CaiTvalos
sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebad, romlebmac erTad unda airCion
fundamentaluri principebi, raTa aRiarebul iqnes saxelmwifoebs
Soris arsebuli konfliqturi moTxovnebi. sawyisi situaciis
koncefciidan gamomdinare, davuSvaT, rom es warmomadgenlebi ar
floben sxvadasxva saxis informacias. marTalia maT ician, rom
warmoadgenen sxvadasxva erebs, romlebic adamianuri cxovrebis
normalur pirobebSi cxovroben, magram sxva erebTan SedarebiT
araferi ician sakuTar sazogadoebaSi arsebul calkeul
garemoebebze, maT Zalasa da SesaZleblobaze da arc Tavisi adgili
ician sakuTar sazogadoebaSi. SekavSirebulma partiebma, rogorc
qveynis warmomadgenlebma, mxolod imdeni ician, ramdenic saWiroa
sakuTari racionaluri interesebis dacvisTvis da ara imdeni, rom
yvelaze iRblianma danarCen partiebs Soris isargeblos Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli situaciiT. sawyisi mdgomareoba erebs Soris
Tanabaria; is auqmebs gauTvaliswinebel situaciebs da istoriuli
bedisweris simrudeebs. qveynebs Soris samarTlianoba ganisazRvreba
principebiT, romlebic arCeuli iqneba amgvarad gagebul sawyis
mdgomareobaSi. es principebi politikuria, radgan isini marTaven
saxalxo wesrigs sxva erebTan mimarTebaSi.
SemiZlia mxolod miniSneba gavakeTo am principebze, romlebsac
airCevdnen. magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, moulodneli araferi
iqneboda, radgan, Cemi azriT, kargad nacnobi principebi iqneboda
arCeuli.9 erebis Sesaxeb kanonis mTavari principia Tanasworobis
principi. damoukidebel adamianebs, romlebic qmnian qveyanas, aqvT
Tanabari fundamentaluri uflebebi. es principebi analogiuria
moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobis principisa konstituciur
sistemaSi. erebis am Tanasworobis erT-erTi Sedegia TviTgamorkvevis
principi, xalxis ufleba, gauZRves sakuTar saqmeebs gareSe Zalebis
Carevis gareSe. sxva Sedegs warmoadgens Tavdacvis ufleba, maT
9
ix. j. l. brirlis “kanoni erebis Sesaxeb,” 6-e gamocema. (Oxford, The Clarendon Press,
1963), gansak. IV_V Tavebi. es namuSevari Seicavs yvelafers, rac aq gvesaWiroeba.
 115

Soris TavdacviTi aliansis Seqmna, raTa daicvas es ufleba. Semdegi

principi is gaxlavT, rom SeTanxmeba unda iqnes SenarCunebuli, Tuki
is Tavsebadia sxva principebTan, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifoebs
Soris urTierTobebs. Tavdacvis es SeTanxmebebi SemakavSirebeli
iqneba, Tumca usafuZvlo TavdasxmaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba
Tavidanve gamoricxulia.
es principebi gansazRvravs, aqvs Tu ara romelime ers omis

wamowyebisaTvis samarTliani mizezi anu jus ad bellum. garda amisa,

arsebobs principebi, romlebic aregulireben saSualebebs, romelTa

gamoyenebiT ers SeuZlia awarmoos omi anu jus in bello.10 samarTlian

omSic ki arsebobs Zaladobis garkveuli formebi, romlebic mkacrad
dauSvebelia da sadac qveynis ufleba omis warmoebisa saeWvoa da
gaurkveveli, SezRudvebi im saSualebebze, romelTa gamoyenebac
daSvebulia, kidev ufro mkacria. xolo ufro saeWvo situaciaSi
kanonieri Tavdacvis mizniT mimdinare omSi nebadarTuli qmedebebi,
Tuki aucilebelia, SeiZleba kategoriulad gamoiricxos. omis
mizania samarTliani mSvidoba da amitomac masSi gamoyenebulma
saSualebebma mSvidobis SesaZlebloba ar unda gaanadguros da xeli
ar unda Seuwyos adamianis sicocxlis ugulebelyofas. es saSiSroebas
uqmnis piradad Cvensa da mTlianad kacobriobis usafrTxoebas. omis
warmoeba am kuTxiT unda ganisazRvros da daregulirdes. qveynis
warmomadgenlebi ganacxadebdnen, rogorc sawyisi mdgomareobidan
Cans, rom omis saSualebebze aseTi SezRudvis SemoReba yvelaze ukeT
moemsaxureba maT erovnul interesebs. es imitom, rom samarTlebrivi
qveynis erovnuli interesi ganisazRvreba samarTlis principiT,
romelic ukve aRiarebulia. amitom aseTi eri yvelaze maRla
daayenebs Tavisi samarTliani institutebisa da maTi xelSemwyobi
pirobebis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebas. es ar aris aRZruli
msoflio batonobis an eris gandidebis surviliT. arc oms awarmoebs
ekonomikuri sargeblis an sakuTari teritoriis gafarToebis
mizniT. xsenebuli faqtorebi ewinaaRmdegeba samarTlis koncefcias,
romelic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis iuridiul interess, Tumca
garkveuli qveynebi realurad swored ase iqceodnen. am faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebiT logikuri iqneba Tu CavTvliT, rom arCeuli iqneba
is tradiciuli akrZalvebi, maT Soris bunebrivi valdebulebani,
10
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. pol. remzis “omi da qristianuli sindisi” (Durham,
N.C., The Duke University Press, 1961); da, aseve, r. b. poteris “omi da moraluri msj-
eloba” (Richmond, Va., John Knox Press, 1969). es ukanaskneli Seicavs sasargeblo bib-
liografiul narkvevs, gv. 87-123.
116

romlebic icaven adamianis sicocxles.

Tu Segnebuli uaryofa omis dros am principebs mimarTavs, is
efuZneba politikur koncefcias da ara aucileblad religiur an
sxva cnebebs. radganac am formis uaryofa SesaZloa ar warmoadgendes
politikur aqts, rameTu is ar xorcieldeba sajarod, is efuZneba
samarTlis imave Teorias, romelic safuZvlad udevs konstitucias.
metic, is ganapirobebs mis Sinaarss. garda amisa, rogorc Cans,
iuridiuli kanoni SeTanxmebis formiT uSualod aRiarebs eris
Sesaxeb kanonis zogierT princips. amitom, Tu jariskacs nabrZanebi
aqvs monawileoba miiRos garkveul saomar moqmedebaSi, mas SeuZlia
uari Tqvas Tu gaazrebulad da gulwrfelad sjera, rom saomari
moqmedebis principebi aSkarad irRveva. mas SeuZlia daamtkicos,
rom yvelafris gaanalizebis Semdeg misi bunebrivi movaleoba,
romelic ar Seqmnila seriozuli usamarTlobisa da sxvaTa mimarT
borotebis CadenisTvis, aRemateba mis valdebulebas, daemorCilos
brZanebas. aq ver vimsjeleb, Tu ra warmoadgens am principebis
darRvevis deklaracias. sruliad sakmarisia imis aRniSvna, rom
garkveuli situaciebi yvelasTvis kargad nacnobia. mTavari is aris,
rom gamamarTlebeli garemoebani axdenen politikuri principebis
citirebas, romlebic SeiZleba ganisazRvros samuSao xelSekrulebis
doqtrinis Sesabamisad. Cemi azriT, samarTlis Teoria SeiZleba ise
ganivrcos, rom es SemTxvevac moicvas.
garkveulwilad sxva kiTxvaa pirovnebas SeuZlia Tu ara saerTod
SeuerTdes samxedro Zalebs omis dros. pasuxi, savaraudod,
damokidebulia omis mizanze iseve, rogorc misi warmoebis
saSualebebze. situacia ufro gasagebi rom iyos, davuSvaT, ZalaSia
samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva da pirovneba unda dafiqrdes, Seasrulos
Tu ara samxedro samsaxurSi Sesvlis kanonieri valdebuleba. radganac
samxedro morCileba Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis
safuZvlebSi sastik Carevas warmoadgens, is ar SeiZleba gamarTldes
raime garemoebiT, rac erovnul usafrTxoebas CamorCeba Tavisi
mniSvnelobiT.11 saTanadod mowesrigebul sazogadoebaSi (an
maqsimalurad samarTlebriv sistemaSi) es garemoebani ganisazRvreba
samarTlebrivi institutebis mxridan. samxedro morCileba mxolod
maSin aris dasaSvebi, Tu amas moiTxovs uSualod Tavisuflebis
dacva, maT Soris, ara mxolod romelime konkretuli sazogadoebis
moqalaqeTa, aramed nebismieri sazogadoebis warmomadgenel pirTa
Tavisuflebis dacva. amdenad, Tu jari iqneba naklebad sazRvrebs
11
am SemTxvevisa da mocemuli paragrafis sxva sakiTxebis ganmartebisaTvis dav-
esesxebi r. g. albritons.
 117

gareT usafuZvlo “Tavgadasavlis” instrumenti, misi arseboba

SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod amis safuZvelze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom samxedro morCileba arRvevs Tanasworuflebiani moqalaqeebis
Tavisuflebas. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tavisuflebis
prioriteti moiTxovs, rom jarSi gawveva gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod
Tavisuflebis dacvis aucileblobiT. sakanonmdeblo organos (am
kiTxvisTvis Sesaferisi donis) poziciidan gamomdinare, samxedro
samsaxurSi gawvevis meqanizmi mxolod amis safuZvelze unda
ganisazRvros. moqalaqeebi eTanxmebian am dadgenilebas, rogorc
qveynis Tavdacvis tvirTis gaziarebis samarTlian meTods. safrTxe,
romelic calkeul pirovnebas SeiZleba daemuqros, nawilobriv
ubeduri SemTxvevis an istoriuli SemTxveviTobis Sedegia. Tumca,
saTanadod mowesrigebul sazogadoebaSi es boroteba qveynis
garedan iRebs saTaves anu warmoiSoba usamarTlo Tavdasxmis
Sedegad. SeuZlebelia, rom samarTlebrivma institutebma bolomde
aicilon sirTuleebi. yvelaze meti, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT aris
is, rom darwmundnen, rom am Tavsmoxveuli usiamovnebis simZime met-
naklebad Tanabrad nawildeba sazogadoebis yvela wevrze da rom
Tavi ar aaridon im adamianTa gansxvavebul kategorias, romelTac
movaleobis Sesrulebisken mouwodeben.
warmoidgineT demokratiuli sazogadoeba, sadac aqtualuria
samxedro samsaxurSi gawveva. pirovnebam SesaZloa Segnebulad
ganacxados uari Tavis valdebulebaze, rom konkretuli omis
dros SeuerTdes SeiaraRebul Zalebs da amis mizezad daasaxelos
is, rom konfliqtis mizani arasamarTliania. SesaZloa, omis mizezi
iyos ekonomikuri interesebi an qveynis gaZliereba. moqalaqeTa
Tavisufleba ar unda Seilaxos am miznebis miRwevis gamo da, ra
Tqma unda, am miznebis gamo sxva sazogadoebis Tavisuflebaze
ieriSis mitana usamarTloa da ewinaaRmdegeba kanons erebis Sesaxeb.
amdenad omis samarTliani mizezi ar arsebobs da es kargad Cans maSin,
rodesac moqalaqe marTldeba Tavisi iuridiuli valdebulebis
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. moqalaqis aseT moTxovnas
ganamtkicebs erebis Sesaxeb kanonic da misi sazogadoebisTvis
samarTlianobis principic. zogjer valdebulebis Sesrulebaze
uaris Tqmis sxva safuZvelic arsebobs, romelic efuZneba ara omis
miznebs, aramed – saSualebebs. moqalaqes SeuZlia ganacxados, rom
radganac aSkaraa omis moraluri kanonis regularuli darRveva, mas
aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas samxedro samsaxurze imis safuZvelze, rom
daicvas Tavisi bunebrivi valdebuleba. radganac is SeiaraRebuli
118

Zalebis rigebSia da im situaciaSi imyofeba, sadac ubrZaneben imis

Sesrulebas, rac ewinaaRmdegeba omis moralur kanons, SesaZloa
ver SeZlos brZanebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. sinamdvileSi, Tu
konfliqtis miznebi aSkarad saeWvoa da skandalurad usamarTlo
brZanebis gacemis albaToba namdvilad didia, pirovnebas araTu
ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas mis Sesrulebaze, aramed valdebulia ase
moiqces. marTlac, omis mwarmoebeli qveynis, gansakuTrebiT ki didi
da Zlieri qveynebis, qmedeba da miznebi zog garemoebaSi imdenad
aSkarad usamarTloa jarSi yvela askvnis, rom axlo momavalSi
aucilebeli iqneba, rom yvelam uari ganacxados samxedro samsaxurze.
ase gagebuli SemTxveviTi pacifizmis forma SesaZloa sruliad
logikuri pozicia iyos: amiT samarTliani omis cneba kraxs ganicdis,
magram ara amJamad arsebul viTarebaSi.12
maSin saWiroa ara zogadad pacifizmi, aramed mocemul
garemoebaSi omSi monawileobaze Segnebuli uaris Tqma. qveynebs ar
surT pacifizmis aRiareba da misTvis gansakuTrebuli statusis
miniWeba. nebismier garemoebaSi omSi monawileobaze uaris Tqma
arasaxelmwifoebrivi poziciaa da gandgomilebis doqtrinad
aRiqmeba. es isve gamowvevaa qveynis mmarTvelebisTvis, rogorc
mRvdlis ucoloba – qorwinebis siwmindisadmi.13 pacifistebis
samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebiT mTavroba,
erTi SexedviT, didsulovnebas gamoavlens. magram Segnebuli
uaryofa, romelic emyareba samarTlis principebs adamianebs
Soris arsebuli konkretuli konfliqtebisas, sul sxva sakiTxia.
radganac am saxis uari mTavrobis miznebisadmi Seuracxmyofelia da
rodesac es protesti farTod vrceldeba, usamarTlo omi SesaZloa
Sewydes. qveynis xelisufalTa mtacebluri miznebisa da mamakacTa
midrekilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, daemorCilon sakuTar mTavrobas
omis warmoebaSi, saerTo mzaobas, rom winaaRdegoba gaewios
mTavrobis moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs.

59. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis roli

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Teoriis mesame mizania ganmartos
misi roli konstituciur sistemaSi da gadmosces, Tu ra kavSiri
aqvs demokratiul politikasTan. rogorc yovelTvis, axlac
mxedvelobaSi meqneba maqsimalurad samarTliani sazogadoeba da es
moiazrebs imas, rom mas aqvs demokratiuli mmarTvelobis garkveuli
12
ix. “birTvuli iaraRi da qristianuli sindisi,” uolter steini (London, The Merlin
Press, 1965 am tipis doqtrinis gansaxilvelad), birTvul omTan kavSirSi.
13
es Sedareba aviRe valzerisgan, “movaleobani,” gv. 127
 119

forma, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes ara erT

usamarTlobas. aseT sazogadoebaSi vgulisxmob, rom samarTlis
principebi sazogadoebis udidesi nawilis mier aRiarebulia,
rogorc Tavisufal da Tanasworuflebian adamianebs Soris
nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis fundamentaluri gamoxatuleba.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawileobiT pirovneba cdilobs
mimarTos umravlesobiseul samarTlis cnebas da gaakeTos mowodeba
samarTlianobisken, rom misi gulwrfeli da kargad gaanalizebuli
TvalsazrisiT, irRveva Tavisufali TanamSromlobis pirobebi. Cven
mivmarTavT sxvebs, rom sakuTari Tavi Cvens adgilze warmoidginon da
gaacnobieron, rom ar SeveguebiT im mdgomareobas, raSic gvayeneben.
am mimarTvis Zala damokidebulia sazogadoebis demokratiul,
rogorc Tanasworuflebian adamianebs Soris TanamSromlobis
sistemis, koncefciaze. Tu viRac sazogadoebas sxva kuTxiT ganixilavs,
protestis es forma SesaZloa uadgilo aRmoCndes. magaliTad,
Tu fundamentaluri kanoni, rogorc miaCniaT, gamoxatavs bunebis
wesrigs da Tu xelisufali dadgenilia imisTvis, rom marTos, rogorc
RmerTis rCeulma damxmarem, maSin mis qveSevrdomebs erTaderTi
ufleba darCeniaT da es aris Txovnis ufleba. maT SeuZliaT
TxovniT mimarTva, magram ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon maTi Txovnis
ugulebelyofas. winaaRmdegobis gaweva iqneboda amboxeba umaRlesi
kanonieri moraluri (da ara ubralod kanonieri) xelisuflebis
mimarT. amiT imas ki ar vambob, rom SeuZlebelia xelisufali Secdes,
aramed mxolod imas, rom situaciis gamosworeba mxolod mis
qveSevrdomebs ar esaWiroebaT. vinaidan sazogadoeba ganmartebulia,
rogorc Tanasworuflebiani adamianebis TanamSromlobis sqema,
maT, vinc dazaralda seriozuli usamarTlobiT, morCileba ar unda
gamoiCinon. marTlac, samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba (da Segnebuli
uaryofac) warmoadgens konstituciuri sistemis stabilizaciis erT-
erT meqanizms, Tumca Tavisi gansazRvrebiT arakanonierad iTvleba.
iseT faqtorebTan erTad, rogoricaa Tavisufali da regularuli
arCevnebi da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia
ganmartos konstitucia (aucilebeli ar aris werilobiTi formiT),
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, Sesabamisi zomierebiTa da jansaRi
msjelobiT, xels uwyobs samarTlebrivi institutebis SenarCunebasa
da gaZlierebas. usamarTlobasTan dapirispireba kanonis farglebSi
emsaxureba samarTlisgan gadaxvevis SeCerebas da mis gamosworebas.
gamarTlebul samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawileoba miznad
isaxavs stabilurobas mowesrigebul an maqsimalurad samarTlian
120

sazogadoebaSi.
aucilebelia, es doqtrina ganvixiloT sawyis mdgomareobaSi
myofi pirebis Tvalsazrisidan. arsebobs ori problema, romlebic
maT unda gaiTvaliswinon. pirveli – radganac airCies ra principebi
adamianebisTvis, unda daadginon saxelmZRvanelo principebi,
raTa Seafason bunebrivi valdebulebebisa da movaleobebis
simtkice, gansakuTrebiT, valdebulebis simtkice, raTa daicvas
samarTlebrivi konstitucia da misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi wesi,
umravlesobis principi. meore problemas warmoadgens misaRebi
principebis migneba usamarTlo situaciebis an im garemoebebis
mogvarebisaTvis, rodesac samarTlebriv principebs mxolod partiebi
eTanxmebian. rogorc Cans, varaudebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic
damaxasiaTebelia maqsimalurad samarTliani sazogadoebisTvis,
partiebi unda SeTanxmdnen prezumfciebze (zemoT rom visaubreT),
romlebic daakonkreteben, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi iqneba samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba gamarTlebuli. maT unda daadginon es
kriteriumebi, rogorc ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, Tu rodis iqneba
misaRebi winaaRmdegobis es forma. am gziT gairkveva samarTlianobis
bunebrivi valdebuleba erT konkretul, mniSvnelovan SemTxvevaSi.
garda amisa, adamianTa TviTSefasebis amaRleba da erTimeoris mimarT
meti pativiscemis gamovlineba gaafarToebs samarTlis realizacias
mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT. rogorc SromiTi xelSekrulebis
doqtrina aRniSnavs, samarTlis principebi warmoadgens
Tanasworuflebian adamianTa Soris nebayoflobiT TanamSromlobis
principebs. pirovnebis mimarT usamarTlobis gamovlineba
niSnavs an ar aRiaro is Tanasworuflebianad (adamiani, romlis
mimarT vzRudavT sakuTar qmedebebs im principebiT, romlebsac
avirCevdiT samarTlebrivi Tanasworuflebianobis situaciaSi), an
gamoavlino mzadyofna, isargeblo gauTvaliswinebeli, xelsayreli
SemTxveviT da is sakuTari keTildReobisTvis gamoiyeno. sxva
SemTxvevaSi winaswar ganzraxuli usamarTloba iwvevs an morCilebas,
an winaaRmdegobas. morCileba iwvevs maT mimarT siZulvils,
vinc akanonebs usamarTlobas da sakuTar miznebs maSin, roca
winaaRmdegoba wyvets sazogadoebis kavSirebs. Tu im drois Semdeg,
rac saWiro iyo gaazrebuli politikuri mimarTvebis normaluri
gziT ganxorcielebisTvis, moqalaqeebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen
winaaRmdegoba samoqalaqo daumorCileblobiT gamoexataT maSin,
roca dairRva Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi principi, am ukanasknels,
rogorc Cans, am gziT ufro naklebi safrTxe daemuqra. am mizezebis
 121

gaTvaliswinebiT, partiebi daadgenen garemoebebs, romlebic

gansazRvraven samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamamarTlebel
pirobebs, rogorc problemis mogvarebis saSualebas kanonis dacvis
farglebSi da rogorc samarTlebrivi konstituciis stabilurobis
SenarCunebis saboloo meqanizms. miuxedavad imisa, rom qmedebis
aseTi forma mkacrad upirispirdeba kanons, is konstituciuri
sistemis SenarCunebis moralurad gamarTlebuli gzaa.
igive saxis ganmartebis ufro sruli saxiT gadmocemiT
SesaZlebeli iqneboda Segnebuli uaryofis gamamarTlebeli
garemoebebis dasaxeleba (kvlav vimeoreb, rom vgulisxmob
maqsimalurad samarTlian qveyanas). Tumca axla aq ar visaubreb
am garemoebebze. piriqiT, minda aRvniSno, rom samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis sakonstitucio Teoria mxolod da mxolod
samarTlis koncefcias efuZneba. misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sajarooba da araZaladobriobac am bazisze ganisazRvreba. igive
unda iTqvas Segnebuli uaryofis SemTxvevazec, miuxedavad imisa,
rom is saWiroebs SromiTi xelSekrulebis doqtrinis ufro
Rrma damuSavebas. aq saubaria mxolod politikur principebze;
religiuri da pacifisturi principebi aq meorexarisxovania.
marTalia, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobaSi monawile pirebs xSirad
am tipis mosazrebebi amoZravebT, magram aucilebeli ar aris maTsa da
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobdes.
radganac politikuri qmedebis es forma SeiZleba gagebul iqnes,
rogorc sazogadoebis samarTlianobis gagebis mimarTvis saSualeba,
rogorc Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeTa TanamSromlobis aRiarebuli
principebisadmi mowodeba. radganac mimarTva xorcieldeba
samoqalaqo cxovrebis moralur safuZvelze, is aris politikuri da
ara religiuri aqti. is emyareba samarTlianobis principebis saerTo
cnebas, romlis dacvasac adamianebi erTmaneTisgan moiTxoven
da ara dakanonebul religiur mrwamssa da siyvaruls, romlis
aRiarebasac yvelas ver mosTxov. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom
arapolitikur koncefciebs safuZveli ar gaaCniaT. sinamdvileSi
maT SeuZliaT daamtkicon Cveni mosazrebani da Cveni qmedeba sxva
safuZvelze gaamarTlon. miuxedavad amisa, es aris samarTlis
principebi, sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali da Tanaswori adamianebis
TanamSromlobis fundamentaluri gamoxatuleba, rac safuZvlad
udevs konstitucias. samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba, gansazRvrebis
Tanaxmad, ar saWiroebs gandgomas, aramed is gamomdinareobs samarTlis
samoqalaqo koncefciidan, rac demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis
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aris damaxasiaTebeli. samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis koncefciis

aseTi gageba Tavisufali mmarTvelobis Teoriis erT-erTi nawilia.
Suasaukuneebisa da Tanamedrove konstitucionalizms Soris
erT-erTi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adre kanonis
uzenaesoba daculi ar iyo dadgenili instituciuri kontroliT.
sazogadoebas nawilobriv an sruliad SezRuduli hqonda ufleba
Seemowmebina mmarTveli, romelic Tavis gadawyvetilebebsa da
brZanebebSi ewinaaRmdegeboda sazogadoebis samarTlis cnebas. TviT
es ufleba, rogorc Cans, ar iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc sayovelTao
aqti. usamarTlo mefes ubralod gadaayenebdnen xolme.14 amdenad
Sua saukuneebs aklda Tanamedrove sakonstitucio mmarTvelobis
ZiriTadi idea, Tavisufal xalxis saboloo uflebamosilebis
idea da am uflebamosilebis dadgena arCevnebis, parlamentisa
da sxva konstituciuri formebis meSveobiT. dRes samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis Teoria TiTqmis iseve avsebs konstituciuri
demokratiis wminda iuridiul koncefcias, rogorc konstituciuri
mmarTvelobis Tanamedrove koncefcia _ Suasaukuneebisas. is
cdilobs, Camoayalibos safuZvlebi, romlebsac SeiZleba kanonieri
demokratiuli mmarTveloba ar daeTanxmos garkveul sferoebSi,
rameTu aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba miRebul kanonebs, Tumca mainc
gamoxatavs kanonis mimarT erTgulebas da mimarTavs demokratiuli
sistemis fundamentalur politikur principebs. amdenad
konstituciuri mmarTvelobis kanonier formebs SeiZleba daematos
arakanonieri protestis garkveuli formebi, romlebic ar arRveven
demokratiuli konstituciis miznebs im principebis TvalsazrisiT,
romlebiTac xdeba aseTi azrTa sxvadasxvaobis regulireba. me
Sevecade amexsna, Tu rogor SeiZleba ganixilebodes es principebi
SromiTi xelSekrulebis doqtrinis Tanaxmad.
zogierTebma SeiZleba ganacxadon, rom samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis es Teoria ararealuria. isini varaudoben, rom
umravlesobas aqvs samarTlianobis gancda da moraluri poziciebi
ar warmoadgens arsebiT politikur Zalas. adamianebs amoZravebT
sxvadasxva interesebi, Zalauflebis survili, saxeli, simdidre da
ase Semdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kargad axerxeben moraluri
argumentebis dasaxelebas sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dasacavad,
sxvadasxva situaciebSi maTi azrebi ar Tavsdeba samarTlis Sesabamis
koncefciaSi. metic, maTi Tvalsazrisi nebismier mocemulobaSi
SemTxveviT aris ganpirobebuli, rac gaTvlilia maTive garkveuli
14 ix. j. franklinis “konstitucionalizmi da winaaRmdegoba meTeqvsmete saukune-
Si” (New York, Pegasus, 1969), Sesavali, gv. 11-15.
 123

interesebis wamosawevad. udavoa, rom am ganacxadSi garkveuli

simarTlea da zogierT sazogadoebasTan umetesad ase xdeba, zogSi –
SedarebiT naklebad. magram arsebiTi sakiTxia, Tu ramdenad Zlieria
is Canafiqri, romelic upirispirdeba samarTlis cnebas da es
ukanaskneli Tu aris imdenad Zlieri, rom Sedegianad daicvas Tavi.
imisaTvis, rom es msjeloba ufro damajerebeli iyos, neba momeciT,
ramdenime komentari gavakeTo. pirvel rigSi, rogorc aRvniSne,
Cven saqme gvaqvs maqsimalurad samarTlebriv sazogadoebasTan. es
gulisxmobs, rom masSi aris konstituciuri sistema da samarTlis
principebi sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli. ra Tqma unda, calkeul
situaciebSi konkretul pirebsa da jgufebs SesaZloa gauCndeT
cduneba daarRvion es principebi, magram koleqtiur azrs sakmao
Zala aqvs, rodesac saTanadod aris mimarTuli. es principebi
damtkicebulia, rogorc Tavisufali da Tanasworuflebiani
adamianebis TanamSromlobis aucilebeli pirobebi. Tu
SesaZlebelia samarTaldamrRvevi pirebis gamoaSkaraveba da farTo
sazogadoebisgan izolireba, am ukanasknelis udidesi nawilis
ganaCeni SesaZloa sakmaod mkacri iyos. an Tu modave partiebi
SedarebiT Tanasworebi arian, opoziciis samarTlianobis cneba
SesaZloa gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoCndes. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
SeuZlebeli rom iyos mimarTva farTo sazogadoebis samarTlianobis
cnebisTvis, umravlesoba ubralod ufro mkacr zewolas moaxdenda,
Tuki winaswari gaTvliT maTi upiratesoba am gziT gaizrdeboda.
sasamarTlom protestantebis qmedebaSi unda gaiTvaliswinos
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Tvisebebi da faqti, rom is
gamarTlebadia politikuri principebiT, romlebic safuZvlad
udevs konstitucias da amis safuZvelze Seamsubuqos da zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ar miiRos kanonieri sanqciebi.15 Tumca SeiZleba
moxdes sruliad sapirispiro, rodesac ar arsebobs samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobisaTvis aucilebeli foni. aseT SemTxvevaSi
unda vaRiaroT, rom gamarTlebadi samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba,
Cveulebriv, warmoadgens protestis misaReb da efeqtur formas
mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad regulirdeba
samarTlis cnebiT.
SesaZloa mcire gaugebroba iyos, rogorc amboben, samarTlis
cnebis moqmedebis wesTan dakavSirebiT. erTma SeiZleba ifiqros,
rom es cneba gamoixateba principebis gulwrfel Camoyalibebasa da
qmedebebSi, romlebic moiTxoven seriozul Tavdadebas. magram aseTi
15
zogadi warmodgenisaTvis ix. ronald dvorkinis “samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
Sewynarebis Sesaxeb,” The New York Review of Books, 6 ivnisi, 1968.
124

warmodgena bevr kiTxvas badebs. ufro sarwmunoa, rom sazogadoebis

samarTlis cneba gamovlindes Semdeg faqtSi: umravlesobas ar
SeuZlia TavisTavad gadadgas iseTi nabijebi, rac aucilebelia
umciresobis Seviwrovebisa da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis
aqtebis dasjisaTvis, ris saSualebasac kanoni iZleva. sastiki
taqtika, romelsac SeiZleba adgili hqondes zogierT sazogadoebaSi,
ar ganixileba, rogorc realuri alternativa. amdenad samarTlis
cneba gavlenas axdens, xSirad CvenTvis ucnobi gzebiT, Cvens
politikur cxovrebaze, Cveni qmedebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaze,
Cvens survilze SevewinaaRmdegoT sxvaTa gamarTlebul protests
da a. S. miuxedavad umaRlesi Zalauflebisa, umravlesobam SeiZleba
daTmos Tavisi poziciebi da daTanxmdes im pirobebs, romlebsac
mowinaaRmdegeni sTavazoben. samarTlis damkvidrebis survili
asustebs umravlesobis SesaZleblobas daicvas Tavisi usamarTlo
upiratesoba. samarTlis grZnoba aRqmuli iqneba ufro arsebiT
politikur Zalad, rogorc ki cxadi gaxdeba is uCinari formebi,
romlebSic umravlesoba cdilobs gavlenis moxdenas – kerZod, misi
roli garkveuli socialuri poziciebis daucvelad warmoCinebaSi.
zemoxsenebul SeniSvnebSi vigulisxme, rom maqsimalurad
samarTlebriv sazogadoebaSi sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli
samarTlis erTi da igive principebi. sinamdvileSi, moqalaqeebis
Tvalsazrisebi samarTlis koncefciis Sesaxeb SesaZloa
erTimeorisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyos im pirobiT, Tu es
koncefciebi msgavs politikur gadawyvetilebebamde midian. da
es SesaZlebelia, rameTu sxvadasxva varaudebma SesaZloa erT
daskvnamde migviyvanos. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs, rogorc vuwodebT,
damTxvevas da ara mkacr konsesuss. zogadad, samarTlis aRiarebuli
koncefciebis damTxveva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba CaiTvalos politikuri winaaRmdegobis misaReb
da keTilgonivrul formad. ra Tqma unda, aucilebeli ar aris, rom
es damTxveva absoluturi iyos; sruliad sakmarisia Tanaziarobis
pirobis dakmayofileba. orive mxares unda swamdes, rom rogorc ar
unda gansxvavdebodes samarTlis maTeuli koncefciebi, arsebul
situaciaSi maTi azrebi mxars uWeren erTsa da imave daskvnas da asec
iqneba, maT Soris adgilebis gacvlac rom moxdes. Tumca, saboloo
jamSi, arsebobs zRvari, romlis miRma daskvnebSi aucilebeli
erTianoba irRveva da sazogadoeba iyofa or an met nawilad, romelTac
gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi aqvT fundamentalur politikur
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. am mkacrad danawevrebuli SeTanxmebis
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SemTxvevaSi, samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis safuZveli metad aRar

arsebobs. magaliTad, davuSvaT, maT, vinc ar emxroba tolerantobas
da ar egueba maT, visac aqvs Zalaufleba, surT gaaproteston TavianTi
SezRuduli uflebebi da amisaTvis asaCivreben umravlesobiseuli
samarTlis cnebas, romelic mxars uWers moqalaqeTa Tanabar
Tavisuflebas. vinc am princips aRiarebs, Semwynarebloba unda
gamoiCinon aratolerantebis mimarT, ramdenadac amis nebas iZleva
arsebuli Tavisufali institutebis usafrTxoeba. isini, albaT,
ganawyendebian, Tuki maT Semwynareblobis valdebulebas Seaxsenebs
aratoleranti, romelic poziciebis gacvlis SemTxvevaSi sakuTar
batonobas daamyarebda. umravlesoba valdebulia igrZnos, rom maT
mier Tanaswori Tavisuflebis dacviT sxva arasamarTliani mxareebi
borotad sargebloben. es situacia kidev erTxel gviCvenebs
faqts, rom marTlmsajulebis jansaRi arsi aris didi koleqtiuri
monapovari, romlis SenarCunebac moiTxovs erTobliv muSaobas.
aratoleranti SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc adamiani, romelic
ar imsaxurebs raimeTi sargeblobas (privilegiiT da sxva); rogorc
pirovneba, romelsac surs, isargeblos Tavisufali institutebiT,
Tumca arafers akeTebs mis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, isini, vinc
aRiareben samarTlis principebs, yovelTvis maT meSveobiT unda
xelmZRvanelobdnen, Tumca rogorc danawevrebul, ise erTian
sazogadoebaSi, romelsac egoistebis jgufi marTavs, samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis pirobebi ar arsebobs. da mainc, aucilebeli
ar aris arsebobdes absoluturi konsesusi, radgan xSirad
TvalsazrisebSi garkveuli xarisxis damTxveva iZleva pirobiTi
Tanaziarobis saSualebas.
unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs garkveuli safrTxe samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobis gamoyenebaSi. erT-erTi mizezi konstituciuri
formebisa da maTi iuridiul ganmartebisaTvis samarTlis
politikuri koncefciebis sajaro wakiTxva da socialur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT maTi principebis gamoyenebis ganmartebaa. garkveul
donemde, umjobesia kanoni da misi mniSvneloba gansazRvruli
iyos, vidre kanoni sworad iyos gansazRruli. amitom SesaZloa
gaprotestdes es ukanaskneli SemTxveva, radgan ar aris dadgenili,
Tu vin gadawyvets ra garemoebaSi gamarTldeboda samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobas. Tu yvela TviTneburad miiRebs gadawyvetilebas
da sazogadoebas ar waredgineba politikuri principebi, adgili
eqneba anarqias. TiToeulma pirovnebam marTlac uSualod unda
miiRos gadawyvetileba. isini im SemTxvevaSic ki angariSvaldebulni
126

arian TavianT qmedebebze, roca adamianebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben

miiRon rCeva-darigeba da aRiareben xelisufalTa mier dadgenil
akrZalvebs, romlebic logikurad miaCniaT. ara gvaqvs ufleba
movixsnaT sakuTari pasuxismgebloba da danaSaulis simZime sxvas
davakisroT. es WeSmaritebaa politikuri valdebulebisa da
movaleobis nebismieri Teoriis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Seesabameba
demokratiuli konstituciis principebs. moqalaqe damoukidebelia,
Tumca igi pasuxismgebelia Tavis qmedebebze. Tu Cven, Cveulebriv,
vfiqrobT, rom unda davemorCiloT kanons, es imitom, rom am
daskvnamde Cvens politikur principebs mivyavarT. Cveulebriv,
maqsimalurad samarTlian qveyanaSi arsebobs prezumfcia
kanonmorCilebis sasargeblod, Tuki mis sapirispirod ar arsebobs
mtkice safuZveli. calkeul adamianTa ara erTi damoukidebeli da
keTilgonivruli gadawyvetileba erTiandeba saTanado politikur
sistemaSi.
Tumca, vinaidan TiToeulma adamianma Tavad unda daadginos,
amarTleben Tu ara arsebuli garemoebani samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobas, es imas ar niSnavs, rom pirovnebam is
gadawyvetileba unda miiRos, rac esiamovneba. gadawyvetilebebSi
is arc pirad interesebs unda eZebdes da arc politikuri
mikerZoebuloba unda gamoavlinos. damoukideblad da
pasuxismgeblobiT moqmedi moqalaqe unda iTvaliswinebdes
politikur principebs, romlebic safuZvlad udevs konstitucias
da romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben misi ganmartebisas. moqalaqem
unda Seafasos, Tu rogor miesadageba es principebi arsebul
garemoebebs. Tu is saTanado gansjis Semdeg askvnis, rom samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba gamarTlebulia da isic Sesabamisad iqceva – misi
qmedeba keTilsindisieria. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia es
pirovneba cdebodes, mas gadawyvetileba xom sakuTari interesebis
mixedviT mainc ar miuRia. politikuri valdebulebisa da movaleobis
Teoria gvaZlevs saSualebas gamovarkvioT es gansxvavebebi.
arsebobs paralelebi saerTo warmodgenebsa da mecnier
miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli SemTxvevis mogvarebaSi bolo
sityva SesaZloa sasamarTlos ekuTvnodes, is dazRveuli
ar aris mZlavri politikuri zegavlenisgan, ramac SeiZleba
gamoiwvios sasamarTlos mier wakiTxuli konstituciis xelmeore
gadaxedva. sasamarTlo warmoadgens Tavis doqtrinas mizezebiTa
da argumentebiT. konstituciis miseulma koncefciam, Tuki
saqmem aseTi gagrZeleba moiTxova, moqalaqeTa udidesi nawili
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mis jansaR simtkiceSi unda daarwmunos. saboloo saapelacio

sasamarTlo aris ara aRmasrulebeli an sakanonmdeblo organo,
aramed amomrCevelTa kontingenti, rogorc erTi mTliani.
samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis apelacia am organosadmi mimarTvis
gansakuTrebuli formaa. ar arsebobs anarqiis saSiSroeba, sanam
adgili aqvs moqalaqeTa aSkara Tanxmobas samarTlis maTeul
koncefciebSi da im garemoebebis gaziarebaSi, romelTa gamoc
mimarTes samoqalaqo daumorCileblobas. am adamianebs SeuZliaT
miaRwion aseTi pirobebis gagebasa da pativiscemas maSin, rodesac
daculi ZiriTadi politikuri Tavisufleba warmoadgens bundovan
varauds demokratiul politikaSi. SeuZlebelia bolomde aicilo
ganxeTqilebis momtani kamaTis saSiSroeba da amisaTvis maqsimalurad
unda gamoiricxos Rrma mecnieruli paeqroba. da mainc, Tu vxedavT,
rom samarTliani samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba safrTxes uqmnis
moqalaqeTa Tanxmobas, pasuxismgebloba ekisreba ara protestantebs,
aramed maT, visi damaxinjebuli avtoriteti da Zalaufleba
amarTlebs aseT winaaRmdegobas, radgan Tu saxelmwifo aparati
ar mimarTavs iZulebiT sanqciebs da am gziT aSkarad inarCunebs
arasamarTlebriv dadgenilebebs, es ukve TavisTavad warmoadgens
arakanonier qmedebas, romlisTvisac winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba
aqvT zemoxsenebul adamianebs.
128

VI
abortis mxardaWera1
j. j. Tomsoni
abortis mowinaaRmdegeTa udidesi nawili eyrdnoba mosazrebas,
rom nayofi Casaxvis wuTidanve adamiania, pirovnebaa. es mosazreba
araerTxel ganxilula, Tumca, Cemi azriT, arasaTanadod. magaliTad
aviRoT yvelaze gavrcelebuli argumenti, sadac gvTxoven
aRvniSnoT, rom adamiani Casaxvidanve mudmivad viTardeba da Semdeg
bavSvad ibadeba; pirobiTi xazis gavleba, aTvlis wertilis arCeva
da Tqma, rom “am wertilamde es arseba pirovneba ar aris, xolo mis
Semdeg pirovnebad yalibdeba,” TviTneburi arCevania, romlisTvisac
bunebaSi saTanado mizezi ar arsebobs. dadgenilia, rom nayofi aris
pirovneba Casaxvis wuTidan. Tumca am daskvnas ver daveyrdnobiT,
radgan igive SeiZleba iTqvas rkoze, romelic muxis xeze izrdeba,
Tumca aravin ambobs, rom rko muxis xea. am saxis argumentebs zogjer
“Tavis moxerxebulad dasaZvren argumentebs” uwodeben – fraza,
romelic, albaT, Tavis arss TviTonve ganmartavs – da samwuxaroa,
rom abortis mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad aseT argumentebs seriozulad
da arakritikulad uyureben.
Tumca, veTanxmebi azrs, rom nayofis ganviTarebaSi “pirobiTi
xazis gavleba” sakmaod bundovani cnebaa. aseve, unda SevTanxmdeT, rom
nayofi dabadebamde ukve adamianad aris Camoyalibebuli. marTlac,
gaocebas iwvevs faqti, Tu Tavisi sicocxlis ra adreul etapze iZens
nayofi adamianis Tvisebebs. magaliTad, meaTe kviraSi mas ukve aqvs
saxe, xelebi, fexebi, TiTebi. aseve ukve gaaCnia Sinagani organoebi da
SesamCnevia tvinis aqtivoba.2 amdenad, Cemi azriT, varaudi mcdaria
da nayofi CasaxvisTanave pirovneba ar aris. axlad ganayofierebuli
kvercxujredi, axlad danergili ujredebis jgufi, iseTive
“pirovnebaa,” rogorc rko muxis xea. magram me am or SemTxvevaze
aRar visaubreb, radgan, Cemi azriT, ufro sainteresoa vikiTxoT
msjelobis mizniT, Tu ra moxdeba, Tuki daveTanxmebiT zemoxsenebul
1
“filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba”, naw. 1, #1 (1971), 47-66. gamocemulia
Princeton University Press-is nebarTviT.
Ddid madlobas vuxdi jeims Tomsons ganxilvisTvis, kritikisTvisa da sxva sasarge-
blo rCevebisTvis.
2
deniel kalahanis “aborti: kanoni, arCevani da morali” (New York, 1970), gv. 373. es
wigni SesaniSnav informacias gvawvdis abortis Sesxeb. ebrauli tradicia ganxilu-
lia devid m. feldmanis wignSi “Sobadobis kontroli ebrauli kanonebiT” (New York,
1968), naw. 5, xolo kaTolikuri tradicia – jon t. nunan umcrosis wignis, “abortis
morali,” nawilSi “TiTqmis absoluturi faseuloba istoriaSi,” gam. jon t. nunani
umcrosi (kembriji, masaCusetsi, 1970).
 129

varauds. raoden didi sizuste gvmarTebs, rom aqedan gamomdinare

mivideT daskvnamde, rom aborti moralurad dauSvebelia. abortis
mowinaaRmdegeni, zogadad, drois umetes nawils atareben imis
mtkicebaSi, rom nayofi pirovnebaa da Zalze ezarebaT nabijis
gadadgma, raTa daasabuTon abortis dauSvebloba. albaT, fiqroben,
rom es ukanaskneli isedac cxadia da zedmet komentarebs ar saWiroebs,
an SesaZloa kamaTSi metismetad mokrZalebulebi arian. abortis
momxreTa umravlesoba eyrdnoba varauds, rom nayofi pirovneba ki
ara, aramed patara qsovilia, romelic pirovnebad dabadebis Semdeg
iqceva da raRa saWiroa imaze meti argumentebis Zieba, rac ukve xelT
gvaqvs? rogorc ar unda iyos, Cemi azriT, maTi pozicia naCqarevia da
bundovani, vinaidan es sakiTxi ufro saguldagulo kvlevas moiTxovs,
vidre zogadad aris mocemuli da ase ufro iolad gadavwyvetT,
daveTanxmoT Tu ara mas.
maSasadame, davuSvaT, rom nayofi Casaxvis wuTidanve pirovnebaa.
ra argumenti gveqneba am SemTxvevaSi? daaxloebiT Semdegi: yvela
pirovnebas aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. amdenad, nayofs aqvs sicocxlis
ufleba. rasakvirvelia, dedas aqvs ufleba, miiRos gadawyvetileba
Tavis TavTan da sakuTar sxeulTan dakavSirebiT. amaSi yvela
dameTanxmeba. magram adamianis sicocxlis ufleba udavod imaze
metia da xelSeuxebelia, vidre dedis ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba
sakuTar sxeulTan dakavSirebiT. am ukanasknels pirveli gadawonis.
amdenad, nayofi ar unda moiklas; aborti ar unda gakeTdes.
es sakmaod damajereblad JRers. magram axla minda warmoidginoT
Semdegi situacia: diliT iRviZebT da xedavT, rom zurgSeqceviT
gZinavT saxelganTqmul meviolinesTan, romelic ugono mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. gondakarguli cnobili mevioline! rogorc gairkva, is
Tirkmelebis mZime daavadebiT yofila avad. musikis moyvarulTa
sazogadoebas Seugrovebia mTeli samedicino dokumentacia da
aRmouCenia, rom mxolod Tqveni sisxli miesadageba avadmyofs. maT
mogitaces da wina RamiT meviolines sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema Tqvensas
miuerTes, raTa Tqvens Tirkmelebs misi sisxli Tqvens sisxlTan erTad
Sxamebisgan gaewminda. saavadmyofos direqtori modis TqvenTan da
geubnebaT: “Zalian vwuxvarT, rom musikis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba ase
mogeqcaT. rom gvcodnoda, Cven amas ar davuSvebdiT. magram radgan ase
moxda, icodeT, rom mevioline Tqvenzea mierTebuli. rom gamovrToT,
daiRupeba. magram nu RelavT, es mxolod cxra Tve gagrZeldeba. Semdeg
igi gamojanmrTeldeba da Tqveni organizmidan frTxilad gamovrTavT.”
moralurad valdebuli xarT Tu ara daTanxmdeT aseT situacias?
130

dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, es Tqveni mxridan didi

sikeTe iqneboda. magram valdebuli xarT Tu ara, daTanxmdeT? ras
izamdiT cxra Tvis nacvlad cxra weli rom yofiliyo, an ufro meti?
rogor moiqceodiT, direqtors rom eTqva: “mesmis, rTulia, magram
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze sawolSi unda iwveT meviolinesTan erTad,
romelic Tqvenze iqneba mierTebuli. gaxsovdeT, rom yvela adamians
aqvs sicocxlis ufleba. meviolineebic xom adamianebi arian. marTalia,
gaqvT ufleba, miiRoT gadawyvetileba Tqvens sxeulSi da masze
mimdinare procesebze, magram pirovnebis sicocxlis ufleba masze
metia. ase rom, ar SegiZliaT avadmyofi meviolines Tqveni sxeulidan
gamorTva.” warmomidgenia, rogor aSfoTdebodiT da ganacxadebdiT,
rom raRac gaugebrobaa da namdvilad arasworia aseTi msjeloba.
am SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, mogitaces. Tqven nebayoflobiT
ar misulxarT operaciaze, rom mevioline Tqvens Tirkmelebze
mieerTebinaT. SeuZliaT Tu ara abortis mowinaaRmdegeebs imis
safuZvelze, rac zemoT vaxsene, gaupatiurebis SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisi
dauSvan orsulobasTan dakavSirebiT? ra Tqma unda. maT SeuZliaT
Tqvan, rom adamians mxolod maSin aqvs sicocxlis ufleba, Tuki is
Zaladobis Sedegad ar ibadeba; an SeuZliaT ganacxadon, rom yvela
adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba, magram zogs metad, zogs ki naklebad;
kerZod, am qveynad Zaladobis Sedegad movlenilebs - naklebad. albaT,
dameTanxmebiT, rom es mosazrebebi metad arasasiamovnod JRers, ara?
sinamdvileSi, Semdegi kiTxva, gaqvs Tu ara saerTod sicocxlis ufleba,
an ramdenad gaqvs sicocxlis ufleba, ar unda iqces kiTxvad, esa Tu
is pirovneba am qveynad Zaladobis Sedegad gaCnda Tu ara. faqtiurad,
xalxi, romelic aborts ewinaaRmdegeba, arc Cem mier zemoT xsenebuli
magaliTis safuZvelze akeTebs aseT gansxvavebas da arc Zaladobis
SemTxvevaSi uSveben gamonakliss.
abortis mowinaaRmdegeni arc im SemTxvevaSi uSveben gamonakliss,
rodesac deda iZulebulia orsulobis cxra Tve sawolSi gaataros.
isini dagveTanxmebian, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi dedas Zalian
gauWirdeba da namdvilad imsaxurebs TanagrZnobas, magram kvlav igives
gaimeoreben: yvela adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba; nayofi pirovnebaa
da a. S. sinamdvileSi, mgonia, rom isini gamonakliss im SemTxvevaSic ar
dauSvebdnen, orsuloba cxra weliwads an mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
rom grZeldebodes.
zogierTebi gamonakliss maSinac ki ar dauSvebdnen, rodesac
orsulobis gagrZelebam SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles.
isini aborts dauSveblad miiCneven im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac saqme
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gvaqvs dedis sicocxlis SenarCunebasTan. Cvens droSi aseTi SemTxvevebi

ukve iSviaTia da abortis ara erTi mowinaaRmdege ar iziarebs aseT
ukidures Tvalsazriss. rogorc ar unda iyos, daviwyoT Semdegidan:
1. modiT, “ukiduresi pozicia” vuwodoT im Tvalsazriss, rom
aborti dauSvebelia im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca saqme gvaqvs dedis
sicocxlis SenarCunebasTan. pirvel rigSi, neba momeciT SegaxsenoT,
es ar gamomdinareobs Cem mier zemoxsenebuli argumentidan, Tuki
mas kidev ar davumatebT sxva pirobebs, romelTac myari safuZveli
eqnebaT. davuSvaT, qali daorsulda da Semdeg aRmoaCina, rom gulze
iseTi problema aqvs, rom mokvdeba, Tu nayofs bolomde SeinarCunebs.
rogor unda moiqces? nayofs, radganac pirovnebaa, aqvs sicocxlis
ufleba. magram dedac xom pirovnebaa? Sesabamisad masac aqvs sicocxlis
ufleba. savaraudod orives Tanabari ufleba aqvs, rom icocxlos.
rogor unda moviqceT, Tuki aborti nebadarTuli ar aris? Tu dedas
da Svils sicocxlis Tanabari ufleba aqvT, kenWi xom ar gveyara?
Tu dedis sicocxlis uflebas davumatoT ufleba, TviTon miiRos
gadawyvetileba Tavis sxeulTan dakavSirebiT? am ukanaskneli uflebis
miniWebaSi, rogorc Cans, yvela Tanaxma iqneba. Sesabamisad, dedis
uflebaTa jami gadawonis nayofis sicocxlis uflebas?
am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze nacnobi argumenti aris Semdegi: viciT, rom
abortis gakeTebiT bavSvs pirdapir movklavT,3 xolo Caurevlobis
SemTxvevaSi dedas ki ar movklavT, aramed TviTon mokvdeba. garda
amisa, bavSvis mokvliT movklavT udanaSaulo pirovnebas, rameTu mas
aranairi danaSauli ar Caudenia da arc dedis sikvdilia misi mizani. es
situacia SeiZleba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gagrZeldes: (1) radganac
udanaSaulo adamianis mokvla yovelTvis da absoluturad dauSvebelia,
Sesabamisad aborti ar unda gakeTdes. an (2) radganac udanaSaulo
adamianis mokvla Cveulebrivi mkvlelobaa, xolo es yovelTvis da
sruliad dauSvebelia, Sesabamisad abortic ar unda gakeTdes.4 an (3)

3 sityva “pirdapiri” am argumentSi teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT gamoviyene. uxeSad

rom vTqvaT, “pirdapir mkvlelobaSi” vigulixsme, erTi mxriv, mkvleloba, anu ada-
mianis sicocxlis dasasrulis saSualeba. mag: sikvdili sxva adamianis sicocxlis
SesanarCuneblad. misi gamoyenebis magaliTisaTvis ix. #6.
4
cit. “papi pius XI-is saeklesio werili qristianuli qorwinebis Sesaxeb,” St. Paul
Editions (bostoni), gv. 32: “miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian gvebraleba deda, romlis
janmrTelobas da SesaZloa, sicocxlesac seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba bunebiT
boZebuli movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ra SeiZle-
ba iyos ucodveli adamianis uSualo mkvlelobis gamamarTlebeli mizezi? axla
swored am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.” nunans (“abortis morali,” gv. 43) es sityvebi Sem-
degnairad esmis: “gana arsebobs raime mizezi imisaTvis, rom udanaSaulo adamiani
mokla? swored amaSi mdgomareobs sakiTxis arsi.”
132

Tu viRacis movaleoba, Tavi Seikavos udanaSaulo adamianis mokvlisgan

ufro momTxovnia, vidre sxvisi movaleoba, sicocxle SeunarCunos
adamians, maSin aborti ar unda gakeTdes. xolo (4) Tu pirovnebam unda
gaakeTos arCevani: moklas ucodveli adamiani an adamians saSualeba
misces TavisiT mokvdes, man es ukanaskneli unda arCios. Sesabamisad
aborti ar unda gakeTdes.5
rogorc Cans, zogierTebi Tvlian, rom es ar aris sakmarisi
pirobebi saboloo daskvnisaTvis da isini emxrobian erTaderT
faqts, rom udanaSaulo adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba.6 magram,
Cemi azriT, es arasworia da albaT, amis dadasturebis yvelaze
martivi saSualeba iqneba ganvacxadoT, rom marTalia unda vaRiaroT,
rom udanaSaulo adamians aqvT sicocxlis ufleba, (1)-(4) Tezisebi
mcdaria. magaliTad, aviRoT (2) punqti. Tu udanaSaulo adamianis
mkvleloba danaSaulia da Sesabamisad, es dauSvebelia, maSin dedis
mier sakuTar TavSi udanaSaulo adamianis mokvlac igive mkvlelobaa,
romelic dauSvebelia. magram SeuZlebelia seriozulad miviCnioT
ganacxadi, rom deda Tavad gadawyvets abortis gakeTebas sakuTari
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, es ar SeiZleba mkvlelobad CaiTvalos.
aseve, SeuZlebelia seriozulad miviRoT mosazreba, rom man Tavi
unda Seikavos, dajdes da sikvdils daelodos. davubrundeT Tqveni da
meviolines SemTxvevas. warmoidgineT, wevxarT meviolines gverdiT,
saavadmyofos direqtori modis da geubnebaT: “Zalian SeSfoTebuli
var, Rrmad TanagigrZnobT, magram Tqveni Tirkmelebi metismetad
itvirTeba da amis gamo erTi Tvis sicocxle dagrCeniaT. miuxedavad
amisa, verafers SecvliT; yvelaferi ise unda darCes, rogorc
aris. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqvens gamo udanaSaulo mevioline
mokvdeba. mkvleloba ki, mogexsenebaT, dauSvebelia.” am qveynad
5
(4) Tezisi sainteresoa da odnav susti (1), (2) da (3) punqtebSi Camoyalibebul Tval-
sazrisebTan SedarebiT: isini aborts gamoricxaven im pirobebSic ki, rodesac de-
dac da Svilic mokvdeba abortis gaukeTeblobis SemTxvevaSi. xolo is, vinc izi-
arebs (4) punqtSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, Sesabamisad SeuZlia ganacxados, rom ar
SeiZleba erTi adamianis mkvlelobas oris sikvdili amjobino.
6
cit. Semdegi nawyveti aRebulia pius XII-sgan, “mimarTva italieli kaTolike meani
qalebis sazogadoebas.” “dedis muclad myof Cvils RmerTisgan myisve eZleva si-
cocxlis ufleba. – maSasadame, ar arsebobs adamianuri, amqveyniuri mmarTvelo-
biTi, mecnieruli, samedicino, socialuri, ekonomikuri an moraluri “miniSneba,”
romelic daadgenda an mianiWebda iuridiul safuZvels udanaSaulo adamianis si-
cocxlis ganzrax, mizanmimarTul xelyofas, romelic warmoadgens, erTi mxriv,
erTi adamianis ganadgurebas, xolo, meore mxriv, sxva adamianis gadarCenis saSu-
alebas, rac, TavisTavad, ukanonoba ar aris. – Cvili, romelic jer ar dabadebula,
srulyofili adamiania da gamomdinare aqedan, iseTive, rogorc dedamisi. (citire-
bulia nunanis wignSi, “abortis morali,” gv. 45).
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SeuZlebelia arsebobdes imaze didi simarTle, vidre is, rom Tu

sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad meviolines Tqveni Tirkmelebidan
gamorTavT, amiT ar CaidenT arc mkvlelobas da arc raime dauSvebel
qmedebas.
ZiriTadi yuradReba abortis Sesaxeb arsebul statiebSi
gadatanilia imaze, Tu ra unda gaakeTos an ar gaakeTos mesame
mxarem qalis mier abortis moTxovnaze. es gasagebicaa. asea Tu ise,
SeuZlebelia qalma sakuTari ZalisxmeviT usafrTxod gaikeTos
aborti. amdenad saqme mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ra SeuZloa gaakeTos
mesame pirma da ras gaakeTebs deda, Tuki misi azri gamoiricxeba da
ar iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli im gadawyvetilebaSi, rasac mesame piri
miiRebs. Cemi azriT, sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgoma niSnavs dedis, rogorc
pirovnebis statusis uaryofas maSin, roca daJinebiT acxadeben, rom
nayofi pirovnebaa. vinaidan ar SegviZlia, zustad ganvsazRvroT, ras
gaakeTebs pirovneba mesame mxaris qmedebidan gamomdinare. davuSvaT,
Zalian patara saxlSi aRmoCndiT bavSvTan erTad. vgulisxmob Zalian
patara saxls da bavSvs, romelic ise swrafad izrdeba, rom mokle
xanSi ukve kedels gaekrobiT da ramdenime wuTSi sasikvdilod
gaisrisebiT. bavSvi, Tavis mxriv, ar gaiWyliteba; Tu araferi iRoneT
misi zrdis SesaCereblad, isic travmebs miiRebs, Tumca sabolood
gaangrevs saxls da gaTavisuflebuli gareT gava. axla ukve vxvdebi,
rasac getyodaT am ambis mowme: “verafriT dagexmarebiT. arCevans ver
gavakeTebT Tqvensa da mis sicocxles Soris. Cven ver gadavwyvetT,
vin icocxlos da vin – ara. am situaciaSi Careva ar SegviZlia.”
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom Tqvenc arafris gakeTeba ar SegiZliaT;
rom ar SegiZliaT ibrZoloT sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad.
gulxeldakrefili ver daelodebiT, Tu rodis migasresT kedelze
udanaSaulo bavSvi. SesaZloa, orsuli qali sakuTar Tavs saxlTan
aigivebdes, romelSic ara gvaqvs Tavdacvis ufleba. magram Tu qali
bavSvs sacxovrebel binas aZlevs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom is am saxlis
mflobelia.
aq unda SevCerde da xazgasmiT aRvniSno, rom ar viziareb
Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmad adamians yvelafris Cadenis ufleba
aqvs sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad. piriqiT, mimaCnia, rom
Tavdacvis ufleba mkacr sazRvrebSia moTavsebuli. Tu vinme
mokvliT gemuqrebaT, Tu Tqven sxva adamians sikvdilamde ar awamebT,
Cemi azriT, ara gaqvT amis gakeTebis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
saubaria Tqveni sicocxlis gadarCenaze. Tumca situacia, romelsac aq
ganvixilavT, sruliad gansxvavebulia. Cvens SemTxvevaSi mxolod ori
134

adamiani moqmedebs: erTis sicocxle safrTxeSia, meore ki – safrTxes

qmnis. orive maTgani udanaSauloa: erT-erT maTgans safrTxe imitom
ar emuqreba, rom raime daaSava; amave dros, isic udanaSauloa, vinc
safrTxeSi agdebs mis sicocxles. amis gamo SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom
mesame piri ver Caereva. xolo safrTxeSi myof pirs SeuZlia raime
iRonos.
saboloo jamSi, qals, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlia daicvas sakuTari
sicocxle da airidos is safrTxe, romelsac mucladmyofi bavSvi
uqmnis, Tundac es nayofis sikvdils gulisxmobdes. es naTlad
gviCvenebs, rom (1) – (4) Tezisebi mcdaria; garda amisa, es amtkicebs,
rom abortTan dakavSirebiT ukiduresi poziciac arasworia.
amdenad SeZlebisdagvarad unda vecadoT, rom ar mivideT aseT
Tvalsazrisebamde im argumentebidan, romlebic dasawyisSi vaxsene.
2. ukiduresi pozicia, ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia odnav SevasustoT,
Tu vityviT, rom Tu aborti daSvebulia dedis sicocxlis
gadasarCenad, igi SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes ara mesame piris
CareviT, aramed – uSualod dedis mier. Tumca, arc es aris marTebuli.
radgan unda gvaxsovdes, rom deda da mucladmyofi Cvili erTi
patara saxlis ori mobinadre ar aris, romelmac SecdomiT erTi

da igive saxli iqirava: saxlis patroni dedaa. es faqti emateba

im Seuracxmyofel daskvnas, rom dedas arafris gakeTeba SeuZlia
iqidan gamomdinare, rom mesame pirs ara aqvs arsebul viTarebaSi
Carevis ufleba. Tumca es gacilebiT mets niSnavs: is naTels hfens
Tvalsazriss, TiTqos mesame pirs arafris gakeTeba SeuZlia, riTac
sinamdvileSi vxedavT, rom mesame piri, romelic ambobs – “Tqven
Soris arCevanis gakeTeba ar SemiZlia” – Tavs isulelebs, Tu fiqrobs,
rom am gziT miukerZoeblobas iCens. Tu jonsma ipova qurTuki da
Caicva, radgan cioda, xolo amave dros smiTsac civa. namdvilad
ver davarqmevT miukerZoeblobas sityvebs – “Tqven Soris arCevanis
gakeTeba ar SemiZlia” – miT umetes, rom qurTuki smiTs ekuTvnis.
Zneli dasajerebelia, smiTma dagvlocos, Tu mas vetyviT: “ra Tqma
unda, qurTuki Senia da amaSi yvela dageTanxmeba. magram arCevans
veravin gaakeTebs, Tu vis unda ecvas is, Sen Tu jonss.”
marTlac unda vikiTxoT, Tu ras niSnavs Tqva – “aravis SeuZlia
arCevanis gakeTeba” – faqtis winaSe, rodesac sxeuli, romelSic
bavSvi imyofeba, dedas ekuTvnis? es sxva araferia, Tu ara faqtis
ar aRiareba. es SeiZleba kidev ufro sainteresoc iyos, saxeldobr
is, rom adamians aqvs ufleba, uari Tqvas vinmes mxardaWeraze,
Tundac es mxardaWera samarTliani iyos, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca
 135

samarTali moiTxovs aseT qmedebas. amdenad samarTlianoba SesaZloa

moiTxovdes, rom jonsma qurTuki smiTs daubrunos, magram Tqven
gaqvT ufleba, miemxroT jonss. gaqvT ufleba, uari TqvaT mis mimarT
fizikur Zaladobaze. vfiqrob, amaSi yvela dameTanxmeba. magram unda
iTqvas ara is, rom “aravis SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba,” aramed – “me
ar SemiZlia arCevanis gakeTeba,” ufro sworad – “me ar Caverevi,” rac
niSnavs, rom sxvas SeuZlia Careva an unda Caerios. kerZod, nebismier
moxeles, romelsac evaleba adamianTa uflebebis dacva, SeuZlia
Caerios da valdebulic aris, ase moiqces. amdenad, es sirTules
ar warmoadgens. me ar vamtkiceb, rom mesame piri aucileblad unda
daeTanxmos dedis moTxovnas, rom aborti gaakeTos misi sicocxlis
SenarCunebisaTvis. ubralod vambob, rom mas SeuZlia, ase moiqces.
adamianis sicocxlesTan dakavSirebiT zogierTi warmodgenis
Tanaxmad dedas sxeuli “nasesxebi” aqvs anu mas ufleba ara aqvs, sxeuli
Tavis sakuTrebad CaTvalos. man, vinc am mosazrebas emxroba, sityvebi
- “arCevanis gakeTeba ar SemiZlia” – miukerZoeblobad SeiZleba
CaTvalos. Cemi azriT, Tu adamians saerTod aqvs ufleba raimeze,
es aris is, rom Tavisi uflebebi ganacxados sakuTar sxeulTan
dakavSirebiT. SesaZloa, am sakiTxze kamaTis saWiroeba aRarc iyos,
radgan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, abortis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi
qals aniWeben uflebas, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba Tavis sxeulTan
dakavSirebiT.
magram miuxedavad amisa, isini seriozulad ar aRiqvamen im
Sedegebs, rac qalisaTvis zemoxsenebuli uflebis miniWebiT miiReba.
Cemi azriT, es kidev ufro cxadad gamoCndeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
dedis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba da yuradReba miaqcieT im farTod
gavrcelebul situaciebs, rodesac deda aborts iTxovs gacilebiT
naklebmniSvnelovani mizezebiT, vidre misi sicocxlis SenarCunebaa.
3. rodesac dedis sicocxles safrTxe ar emuqreba, argumenti,
romelic zemoT vaxsene, kidev ufro damajereblad JRers. “yvelas
aqvs sicocxlis ufleba, maT Soris, mucladmyof adamians.” gana
bavSvis sicocxlis ufleba ar aRemateba sxva danarCens, Tundac dedis
sicocxlis uflebas, romelic man SeiZleba abortis gamamarTlebel
mizezad daasaxelos?
es argumenti sicocxlis uflebas ise ganixilavs, TiTqos is
araproblematuri iyos. es ase ar aris da Cemi azriT, swored es
argumenti warmoadgens Secdomis uSualo wyaros.
axla ganvixiloT, Tu ras niSnavs sicocxlis ufleba. zogierTis
azriT, sicocxlis uflebaSi Sedis adamianis ufleba, miiRos, sul
136

mcire, minimaluri pirobebi, rac sicocxlisTvis aris aucilebeli.

magram davuSvaT, adamianisTvis sicocxlisTvis aucilebeli minimumi
aris is, risi miRebis ufleba mas saerTod ara aqvs. Tu momakvdavi
avadmyofi var da erTaderTi, rac gadamarCens, aris is, rom henri
fondam grili xeli Semaxos gaxurebul Sublze, xolo me ar maqvs
saSualeba, rom henri fonda xeliT Semexos. ra Tqma unda, misi mxridan
metad keTilSobiluri saqcieli iqneboda, CemTan rom gamofreniliyo
dasavleT sanapirodan. gacilebiT naklebi fasi eqneboda amas,
Cemi megobrebi rom gafreniliyvnen henri fondasTan da is CemTan
CamoeyvanaT. Tumca me ara maqvs ufleba, vinmes movTxovo, rom es
survili Semisrulos. Tundac mivubrundeT meviolines ambavs, zemoT
rom visaubre. vinaidan mas sicocxlis gagrZelebisTvis esaWiroeba
Tqveni Tirkmelebis mudmivi gamoyeneba, es ar niSnavs, rom mas aqvs
ufleba, mTeli sicocxlis manZilze isargeblos Tqveni TirkmelebiT.
mas namdvilad ara aqvs ufleba moiTxovos, rom mudmivad isargeblos
Tqveni TirkmelebiT. aravis aqvs Tqveni TirkmelebiT sargeblobis
ufleba, Tu amis nebas uSualod Tqven ar miscemT da aravis aqvs
ufleba es mogTxovoT. Tu vinmes daTanxmdebiT, isargeblos Tqveni
TirkmelebiT, es Tqveni mxridan sikeTe iqneba da ara im movaleobis
Sesruleba, rasac is Tqvengan moiTxovs. meviolines arc imis
ufleba aqvs, rom musikis moyvarulTa sazogadoebisaTvis moeTxova,
mieerTebinaT Tqvens Tirkmelebze. xolo rodesac SeityveT, rom
masTan erTad cxra weli mogiwevdaT sawolSi yofna da daiwyeT
avadmyofis Tqvengan gamorTva, msoflioSi kaciSvili ar moiZebneba,
romelic SegaCerebT imis safuZvelze, rom man miiRos is, risi miRebis
uflebac aqvs.
zogierTebi ufro met simkacres iCenen sicocxlis uflebasTan
dakavSirebiT. maTi azriT, sicocxlis ufleba moiazrebs ara ramis
miRebas, aramed mxolod da mxolod imas, rom erTi adamiani meoris
mier ar iqnes mokluli. magram am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiTac
warmoiSoba sirTuleebi. Tu yvela unda moeridos zemoxsenebuli
meviolines mkvlelobas, maSin yvelam Tavi unda Seikavos iseTi
mniSvnelovani saqmeebis Sesrulebisgan, rogoricaa misTvis traqeaSi
Wrilis gakeTeba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi gakveTa da rac
mTavaria, aravin unda gamorTos is Tqveni Tirkmelebidan. magram
gana mas aqvs ufleba, vinmes mosTxovos, rom ar gamorTos Tqvengan?
amis Sesruleba niSnavs, rom meviolinem kvlav unda isargeblos
Tqveni TirkmelebiT. SesaZloa vinme Segvedavos da Tqvas, rom mas aqvs
ufleba mogvTxovos, rom mivceT Tqveni Tirkmelebis gamoyenebis
 137

saSualeba. anu mosazreba, rom mas ara aqvs ufleba, mogvTxovos

Tqveni TirkmelebiT sargebloba, SesaZloa sakamaTo gaxdes da iTqvas,
rom meviolines mainc aqvs ufleba mogvTxovos, rom ar CaverioT
da mivceT mas Tqveni Tirkmelebis gamoyenebis saSualeba. mesame
piris Carevis Temas mogvianebiT davubrundebi. magram sinamdvileSi
meviolines ara aqvs ufleba moiTxovos, rom kvlav isargeblos Tqveni
TirkmelebiT. rogorc vTqvi, Tu Tanxmobas ganacxadebT, es Tqveni
mxridan keTilSobiluri saqcieli iqneba, Tumca Tqven davalebuli
ar xarT mis winaSe.
sirTule, romelzec aq vsaubrob, konkretulad sicocxlis
uflebas ar ukavSirdeba. is Tavs iCens yvela sxva bunebriv
uflebebTan mimarTebaSi da maSinac, rodesac saqme gvaqvs Tanabari
uflebebis sakiTxis gadawyvetasTan. garkveuli miznebisTvis is
namdvilad gasaTvaliswinebeli da sayuradReboa. magram minda
xazgasmiT aRvniSno, rom ar vdaob imaze, rom adamianebs sicocxlis
ufleba ara aqvT. piriqiT, Cemi azriT, rodesac saqme gvaqvs adamianis
uflebebTan, pirvel rigSi, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom situacia
samarTliani iyos gamomdinare iqidan, rom yvelas aqvs sicocxlis
ufleba. me mxolod imaze vkamaTob, rom sicocxlis ufleba ar niSnavs
imas, rom valdebuli xar sakuTari sicocxle sxvas misce, an rom sxvisi
sxeuliT gaixangrZlivo sakuTari sicocxle. amdenad sicocxlis
ufleba ar gamoadgebaT abortis mowinaaRmdegeebs iseTi martivi da
gasagebi gziT, rogorc maT egonaT.
4. am sirTulis gamosavlenad sxva gzac arsebobs. yvelaze
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva gaxlavT erTi adamianisTvis kanonieri
uflebis warTmeva, rac mis mimarT usamarTlobaa. davuSvaT, biWs
da mis Zmas saSobaod misces erTi kolofi Sokoladi. ufrosi bavSvi
Tu aiRebs mTlian kolofs da Zmas erT Sokoladsac ki ar miscems,
es usamarTloba iqneba, radgan umcros Zmasac aqvs ufleba miiRos
Tavisi wili. magram meviolines usamarTlod ar moepyrobiT, Tu mas
Tqvengan gaTiSavT, miT umetes mas Semdeg, rac SeityveT, rom cxra
weli unda iwveT mis gverdiT. garda amisa, misTvis ar migiciaT Tqveni
TirkmelebiT sargeblobis ufleba da aseT uflebas mas veravin
miscemda. unda aRiniSnos, rom am qmedebiT Tqven meviolines klavT,
xolo mas, rogorc yvela adamians, aqvs sicocxlis ufleba da zemoT
ganxiluli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, ufleba, rom misi sicocxle
aravin xelyos. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi akeTebT imas, rac misi
uflebebidan gamomdinare ar unda gaakeToT, magram amiT meviolines
mimarT usamarTlobas ar iCenT.
138

zemoxsenebul situaciaSi SeiZleba Semdegi Sesworeba SevitanoT:

sicocxlis ufleba moicavs ara adamianis uflebas, rom ar iqnes
mokluli, aramed uflebas, rom ar iqnes usamarTlod mokluli.
meviolines aqvs sicocxlis ufleba im faqtiT, rom Tqven mas
usamarTlod ar moeqeciT, rodesac gamorTeT sakuTari sxeulidan,
rac mis sikvdils ganapirobebs. amdenad Tqven mas usamarTlod ar
klavT, ar xelyofT misi sicocxlis uflebas da amdenad ueWvelia,
rom Tqven mis mimarT usamarTloba ar CaidineT.
magram Tu es pozicia misaRebia, pirdapir vawydebiT abortis
winaaRmdeg arsebul argumentebs: araviTar SemTxvevaSi sakmarisi ar
aris mtkicebuleba, rom nayofi pirovnebaa da yvelas aqvs sicocxlis
ufleba. xsenebulis garda saWiroa imis Cvenebac, rom nayofis mokvla
arRvevs misi sicocxlis uflebas, anu rom aborti nayofis usamarTlo
mkvlelobaa. asea?
Cemi azriT, es SegviZlia miviRoT, rogorc mocemuloba, rom
Zaladobis Sedegad daorsulebis SemTxvevaSi qals Casaxuli
bavSvisTvis ar miucia ufleba, rom misi sxeuli gamoiyenos sakvebisa
da TavSesafrisaTvis. marTlac, ra saxis orsulobaSi SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom dedam mucladmyof bavSvs es ufleba misca? ise xom ar aris,
TiTqos CanasaxSi myofi adamianebi am qveynad daxetialoben da deda
erT-erT maTgans, romelsac Svilad airCevs, etyvis: “Cems sxeulSi
gepatiJebi.”
magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aris sxva gzebi, romliTac erT
adamians SeuZlia moipovos ufleba isargeblos meores sxeuliT.
davuSvaT, qali nebayoflobiT Tanxmdeba mamakacs sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebze, Tumca icis, rom SeiZleba daorsuldes. gadis dro
da qali orsuldeba. gana is nawilobriv pasuxismgebeli ar aris mis
SigniT arsebul pirovnebaze? ra Tqma unda, qals ar miuwvevia bavSvi.
magram gana qalis nawilobrivi pasuxismgebloba mucladmyof bavSvs
ar aZlevs uflebas, isargeblos misi sxeuliT?7 Tu asea, maSin misi
aborti ufro metad mogvagonebs biWisTvis Sokoladis warTmevis
SemTxvevas, vidre meviolines gamorTvas Tqveni sxeulidan. amis
gakeTeba iqneboda miniWebuli uflebis warTmeva da Sesabamisad,
usamarTlobis Cadena.
Semdeg SeiZleba daisvas Semdegi kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara
zemoxsenebul qals nayofis mokvla, Tundac es saWiro iyos sakuTari

7
am argumentis ganxilvis saWiroeba mimaxvedra eTikisa da kanonis
filosofiis sazogadoebis wevrebma, romlebsac Tavdapirvelad
waredginaT es naSromi.
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sicocxlis gadasarCenad? Tu man nebayoflobiT “miiwvia” bavSvi,

rogor SeuZlia misi mokvla, Tundac Tavdacvis mizniT?
pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom es raRac axalia. abortis
mowinaaRmdegeni metismetad gaitaca mtkicebam, rom nayofi
damoukidebeli pirovnebaa. amiT surT daadasturon, rom masac aqvs
sicocxlis iseTive ufleba, rogorc dedamiss. zemoxsenebulis
gamo abortis mowinaaRmdegeni xelidan uSveben SesaZlo
mxardaWeras, romelsac miiRebdnen imis dadgeniT, rom nayofi
dedazea damokidebuli, rac dedas nayofis mimarT gansakuTrebul
pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. es ki nayofs dedis sawinaaRmdegod iseT
uflebas aniWebs, rogoric ar gaaCniaT damoukidebel pirovnebebs.
magaliTad, igive avadmyof meviolines.
meore mxriv, es argumenti mucladmyof adamians miscemda dedis
sxeuliT sargeblobis uflebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es orsuloba
qalis nebayoflobiTi aqtis Sedegia, romelic ganxorcielda
daorsulebis SesaZleblobis srulad gacnobierebiT. es gamoricxavs
im mucladmyof adamianebs, romlebic Zaladobis gziT Caisaxnen. sxva
uamravi argumentic arsebobs, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac mivalT
daskvnamde, rom Zaladobis gziT Casaxul adamianebs ufleba ara
aqvT isargeblon dedis sxeuliT da am SemTxvevaSi aborti ar niSnavs
misTvis miniWebuli uflebis warTmevas da Sesabamisad, misi dedis
sxeulidan mocileba usamarTlo sikvdilad ar CaiTvleba.
garda amisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom es argumenti srulebiT ar
midis ise Sors, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. arsebobs situaciebi da
detalebi, romlebic ganapirobeben maT Soris gansxvavebebs. vTqvaT,
gaaReT fanjara, rom CaxuTuli oTaxi gaaniavoT da am dros qurdi
gadmoZvra, absurduli iqneba TqvaT: “kargi, axla qurds SeuZlia
aq darCes. mas oTaxSi cxovrebis ufleba aqvs, radgan momxdarSi
nawilobriv me var pasuxismgebeli. me xom Cemi nebiT gavaRe fanjara,
riTac qurds saxlSi Semosvlis saSualeba miveci, miT umetes, kargad
vici, rom arseboben qurdebi, mZarcvelebi da a. S.” ufro didi
sisulele iqneboda Tuki, fanjrebze garedan cxaurebs miamagrebdiT
qurdebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, Tumca erT-erTma mainc SemoaRwia
cxauris defeqtis gamo. igive absurdi iqneboda, Tu warmovidgenT,
rom fanjridan qurdis nacvlad udanaSaulo adamiani Semovida.
davuSvaT, es ase moxda: vTqvaT adamianis sperma haerSi mcenaris
mtveriviT dafrinavs. Tqven aRebT fanjaras, SemTxveviT erT-erTi
maTgani oTaxSi Semofrinda da fesvi gaidga Tqvens xaliCaze da
kedelze. radganac Svilebi ar gindaT, fanjaraze amagrebT wminda
140

bades, rac arasasurveli “stumrebisgan” dagicavT. es erT-erTi

saukeTeso gamosavalia. Tumca SeiZleba, marTalia Zalze iSviaTad,
rom bade dazianebuli aRmoCndes, Teslma oTaxSi SemoaRwios da
ganviTareba daiwyos. gana mas aqvs ufleba isargeblos Tqveni saxliT?
ra Tqma unda, ara, miuxedavad faqtisa, rom fanjara nebayoflobiT
gaaReT, oTaxSi Segnebulad gaqvT xaliCa da aveji da kargad iciT,
rom fanjris bades SesaZloa zogjer defeqti hqondes. zogierTi
SeiZleba SegedavoT da Tqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebeli
Tqven xarT da mas aqvs saxlis gamoyenebis ufleba, radgan bolos da
bolos, SegiZliaT Cveulebriv icxovroT xaliCisa da avejis gareSe
an daWedebuli fanjrebisa da karebis pirobebSi. magram ase ar xdeba.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, yvelas SeeZleba sterilizaciis meSveobiT
Tavidan aicilos ZaladobiT gamowveuli orsuloba, an saxlidan
arasdros gamovides saimedo dacvis gareSe.
Cemi azriT, argumenti, romelsac ganvixilavdiT, umeteswilad
adasturebs, rom zog SemTxvevaSi mucladmyof adamians aqvs ufleba
isargeblos dedis sxeuliT. Sesabamisad, aseT viTarebaSi aborti
usamarTlo mkvleloba iqneba. SegviZlia kidev didxans vikamaToT
da vimsjeloT, magram axla es sakiTxi gverdze gadavdoT da Riad
davtovoT, radgan veranairi tipis argumenti ueWvelad ver daadgens,
rom yvela aborti usamarTlo mkvlelobaa.
5. Tumca aqve SegviZlia kidev erTi argumenti ganvixiloT. ra
Tqma unda, yvelani dameTanxmebiT, rom arsebobs iseTi situaciebi,
rodesac moralurad gaumarTlebelia ganacalkevo adamiani Tqveni
sxeulidan, rac misi sicocxlis fasad dajdeba. davuSvaT, SeityveT,
rom meviolines cxra weli ki ara, mxolod erTi saaTi sWirdeba:
erTaderTi, rac unda gaakeToT meviolines gadasarCenad, mis gverdiT
sawolSi erTi saaTis gatarebaa. amasTanave, iciT, rom es procedura
Tqvens janmrTelobas safrTxes ar Seuqmnis. savaraudod, mogitaces
da aravisTvis migiciaT avadmyofis Tqvenze mierTebis nebarTva.

miuxedavad amisa, Cemi azriT, unda daTanxmdeT, rom avadmyofma

erTi saaTiT Tqveni TirkmelebiT isargeblos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
Tqveni qmedeba moralurad gaumarTlebeli iqneboda.
isev da isev, davuSvaT orsuloba mxolod erTi saaTi grZeldeba da
safrTxes ar uqmnis arc sicocxles da arc janmrTelobas. davuSvaT
qali daorsulda gaupatiurebis Sedegad, anu mas nebayoflobiT
araferi gaukeTebia, rom bavSvi Casaxuliyo. Sesabamisad, qals araferi
gaukeTebia imisTvis, rom mucladmyof adamians sakuTari sxeuliT
sargeblobis ufleba misces. meviolines zemoxsenebuli magaliTidan
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gamomdinare, igive SeiZleba iTqvas am SemTxvevaSic: qalma unda misces

nayofs ufleba erTi saaTiT isargeblos misi sxeuliT. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi qalis qmedeba moralurad gaumarTlebeli iqneboda.
zogi sityva “uflebas” ise iyenebs, rom im SemTxvevaSi, roca
adamians uSualod Tqven aZlevT saSualebas erTi saaTiT isargeblos
Tqveni sxeuliT, ise gebulobs, TiTqos im pirovnebas aqvs amis ufleba.
Tumca, Tqveni sxeuliT sargeblobis ufleba misTvis konkretulad
aravis miucia. SesaZloa isic Tqvan, rom Tu uars ityviT daxmarebaze,
avadmyofis mimarT usamarTlobas gamoiCenT. SesaZloa, am terminis
gamoyeneba imdenad gaubralovda, rom mcdars veRarc vuwodebT;
magram, Cemi azriT, es aris im sadaveebis miSveba, romelic umjobesia
saimedod gveWiros. davuSvaT Sokoladis kolofi, romelic zemoT
vaxsene, Zmebs saziarod ki ara, aramed mxolod ufros Zmas misces.
is zis, auCqareblad Wams, xolo umcrosi Zma SuriT Sescqeris. aseT
SemTxvevaSi ufross, albaT, vetyodiT: “ar unda iyo Zunwi. Sokoladi
Sens Zmasac unda gaunawilo.” Cemi azriT, am SemTxvevaSi ufrosi Zma
srulebiT ar aris valdebuli, rom Sokoladi umcros Zmas gaunawilos.
Tu is uars ambobs, ubralod gamodis, rom aris Zunwi, xarbi, moTavise
– magram ara usamarTlo. ra Tqma unda, zogierTebi ar dameTanxmebian
da ityvian, rom umcros Zmasac aqvs garkveuli uflebebi Sokoladze
da ufrosi usamarTlod iqceva, ambobs ra uars Sokoladis micemaze.
magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT gansxvaveba, rom am SemTxvevaSi
Sokoladi mxolod ufros Zmas misces, xolo pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
romelic adre vaxsene, orives saziarod da amdenad umcross aSkarad
hqonda Tavisi wili Sokoladis miRebis ufleba.
sityva “uflebis” gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi

mosazreba mdgomareobs faqtSi, rom Tu A-m B-sTvis raRac unda

gaakeTos, gamodis, rom B-s aqvs ufleba, A-s mosTxovos misTvis
garkveuli qmedebis Sesruleba. es badebs kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad aqvs
adamians ufleba moiTxovos raime, rogori ioli Sesasrulebelic
ar unda iyos misi survili. Cemi azriT, es ubralod usindisoba ki
ar aris, aramed – moralurad miuRebelia. kvlav mivubrundeT henri
fondas SemTxvevas. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, me ar mqonda ufleba,
SubliT Sevxebodi henri fondas gril xels, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cemi sicocxle amaze iyo damokidebuli. misi mxridan udidesi sikeTe
iqneboda dasavleT sanapirodan amisaTvis gamofreniliyo, magram
mas ver davavaldebulebdi, rom Cemi es survili Seesrulebina.
davuSvaT, is dasavleT sanapiroze ki ara, oTaxSia da mxolod xeli
142

unda gamoiwvdinos, rom Sublze Semexos da gadavrCebi. asec unda

moiqces, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi qmedeba dasagmobi iqneba. aqve
SeiZleba iTqvas: “keTili, ese igi, am SemTxvevaSi avadmyofs aqvs
ufleba Seexos henri fondas xels, xolo uaris Tqma misi mxridan
usamarTloba iqneboda?” amdenad, me ufleba maqvs raimeze, roca is
ioli Sesasrulebelia, xolo ufleba ar maqvs – roca Znelia? idea,
rom adamians uflebebi unda CamoerTvas imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad
rTulia misi survili, miuRebeli da dasagmobia.
maSasadame, Cemi Tvalsazrisi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: miuxedavad
imisa, rom meviolines unda misceT ufleba, isargeblos Tqveni
TirkmelebiT mxolod erTi saaTiT, anu ramden xansac sWirdeba, ar
unda davaskvnaT, rom mas aqvs amisi moTxovnis ufleba. piriqiT, Tu
uars ityviT meviolines daxmarebaze, iqnebiT egoisti da gulqva
pirovneba, magram ara usamarTlo, im biWis msgavsad, romelic
Sokolads ar aZlevs Tavis Zmas. analogiurad, im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac Zaladobis Sedegad daorsulebulma qalma nayofs saSualeba
unda misces erTi saaTiT isargeblos misi sxeuliT, ar unda davaskvnaT,
rom nayofs aqvs amis moTxovnis ufleba. Tu qali amaze uars ityvis,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is ugulo da egoistia, magram ara usamarTlo.
aseTi Tvisebebis gamovlena nakleb seriozuli ar aris, ubralod
usamarTlobisgan Tavisi arsiT gansxvavdebian. Tumca, aq am sakiTxze
SeCerebis aranairi aucilebloba ar aris. Tu vinme “Sen unda”-dan
askvnis, rom “aqvs ufleba moiTxovos,” maSin is unda dameTanxmos,
rom arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac moralurad valdebuli xarT
meviolines misceT Tqveni TirkmelebiT sargeblobis saSualeba da
amave dros, mas ara aqvs ufleba, rom es mogTxovoT. aqedan gamomdinare
Tu uars ityviT daxmarebaze, mis mimarT usamarTlobas ar gamoiCenT.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas dedisa da mucladmyofi bavSvis Sesaxeb, garda
iseTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac nayofs aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dedis
sxeuliT sargebloba. Cven vuSvebT, rom SesaZloa arsebobdes aseTi
SemTxvevebic, rameTu aravin aris moralurad valdebuli, rom sxvisi
sicocxlisTvis cxra wlis, Tundac cxra Tvis manZilze msxverplad
gaiRos sakuTari janmrTeloba, interesebi, miznebi da a. S.
6. axla, neba momeciT, CamovayaliboT gansxvaveba ori tipis
samaritels Soris: gulmowyale samaritelsa da mas, visac SeiZleba
vuwodoT mcired gulmowyale samariteli. “gulmowyale samaritelis
igavSi”, rogorc gaxsovT, moTxrobilia Semdegi ambavi:
“vinme kaci midioda ierusalimidan ierixons, daesxnen yaCaRebi,
romlebmac tansacmeli gaxades, daWres da wavidnen; is ki cocxal-
 143

mkvdari miatoves.
SemTxveviT erTma mRvdelma Camoiara gzaze, dainaxa igi da gverdi
auqcia.
aseve levianma Camoiara im adgilas, dainaxa da gverdi auqcia.
mere viRac samaritelma gamoiara, dainaxa da Seicoda.
mivida masTan, Wrilobebi Seuxvia, zeTi da Rvino daasxa, Sesva Tavis
pirutyvze, miiyvana sastumroSi da izruna masze.
meore dRes amoiRo ori dinari, misca sastumros patrons da uTxra:
izrune masze da, Tu zedmeti xarji mogiva, rom davbrundebi,
mogcemo.
(luka 10:30-35)

gulmowyale samaritelma Tavisi saqme miatova, raTa gasaWirSi

myof adamians daxmareboda, rac mas garkveul safasurad daujda.
igavSi ar gvaqvs mocemuli sxvadasxva variantebi, anu mRvdeli
da leviani SeZlebdnen Tu ara ucxo adamianis daxmarebas, Tuki
gulmowyale samaritelTan SedarebiT nakleb mzrunvelobas
gamoiCendnen. davuSvaT, SeeZloT; Tumca faqtia, rom maT gulgrilad
Cauares momakvdav adamians. es niSnavs, rom isini mcired gulmowyale
samaritelebic ki ar iyvnen. ara imitom, rom zogadad samaritelebi ar
iyvnen, aramed imitom, rom maTSi mciredi gulmowyalebac ki ar iyo.
es yvelaferi SedarebiTia, ra Tqma unda, magram arsebobs
erTi gansxvaveba, romelsac ufro naTlad, albaT, qiTi jinovesis
magaliTze davinaxavT. Tu gaxsovT, qiTi jinovesi moklul iqna
ocdaTvrameti adamianis Tvalwin, romelTac araferi gaukeTebiaT
mis gadasarCenad. gulmowyale samariteli, albaT, daufiqreblad
SeewinaaRmdegeboda mkvlels, an ukeTesia Tu vityviT, rom es iqneboda
didebuli samariteli, romelmac ucxo adamianis gulisTvis sakuTari
sicocxle safrTxeSi Caigdo. xolo ocdaTvrametma kacma araferi
gaakeTa, telefonis yurmilis aRebazec ki aravin Seiwuxa Tavi, rom
policiaSi daereka. amisTvis maTTvis SeiZleba mcired gulmowyale
samaritelebi dagverqmia, magram esec ar gaakeTes. am adamianTa
umoqmedoba kategoriulad miuRebelia.
rodesac iesom daasrula “gulmowyale samaritelis igavi,” Tqva:
“wadi da Senc aseve moiqeci.” SesaZloa, is gulisxmobda, rom Cven
moralurad gvevaleba iseve moviqceT, rogorc gulmowyale samarieli.
SeiZleba ieso adamianebs mouwodebda imaze meti gaekeTebinaT, vidre
moralurad moeTxovebodaT. zemoT xsenebuli faqtebidan naTlad
Cans, rom ocdaTvramet adamians moralurad ar evaleboda sakuTari
144

sicocxlis riskis fasad winaaRmdegoba gaewia mkvlelisaTvis da rom

moralurad aravis evaleba Tavisi sicocxlis xangrZlivi periodi
– cxra weli Tu cxra Tve – dauTmos viRacis sicocxlis SenarCunebas
(Tumca davuSviT, rom es SesaZlebelia), romelsac amisi moTxovnis
uflebac ki ara aqvs.
marTlac, TvalSisacemi gamonaklisis garda, msoflioSi arc erT
qveyanaSi kanonierad aravis evaleba odnav imaze meti mainc gaakeTos,
vidre sakuTar Tavs gaukeTebda. TvalSisacem gamonakliss yovelTvis
naTlad vxedavT. mocemul SemTxvevaSi sayuradReboa ara saxelmwifo
kanoni abortis Sesaxeb, aramed is faqti, rom amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi aravis aiZulebs kanoni, rom iyos Tundac mcired gulmowyale
samariteli sxva adamians mimarT. ar arsebobs kanoni, romelic im
ocdaTvramet adamians dasjida, vinc gulgrilad idga maSin, roca
qiTi jinovesi kvdeboda. amis sapirispirod, amerikis bevr StatSi qals
kanoni aiZulebs, rom araTu mcired gulmowyale samariteli iyos
mucladmyofi adamianis mimarT, aramed – gulmowyale samariteli. es
TavisTavad ver aregulirebs situacias, radgan amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi – rogorc evropis bevr qveyanaSi – unda iyos kanoni,
romelic dasjis, sul mcire, mcired gulmowyale samaritelobas.8 es
gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo kanonSi aqvs adgili did usamarTlobas.
garda amisa, naTeli xdeba, rom jgufma, romelic amJamad ibrZvis
abortis liberalizaciis sawinaaRmdegod da faqtiurad cdilobs
arakonstituciurad gamoacxados kanoni abortis Sesaxeb im StatebSi,
sadac aborti nebadarTulia, umjobesia daiwyos muSaoba gulmowyale
samaritelis kanonis miRebaze, an aRiaron braldeba, rom maTi qmedeba
arakeTilsindiseria.
Cemi azriT, kanoni mcired gulmowyale samaritelis Sesaxeb erTi
iqneba, xolo kanoni gulmowyale samaritelis Sesaxeb – meore da,
faqtiurad, didad gansxvavebuli. magram kanonebze msjeloba gverdze
gadavdoT da gavarkvioT ara is, kanoni unda aiZulebdes Tu ara adamians
gulmowyale samaritelobas, aramed is, rom unda gavamarTloT Tu
ara situacia, roca adamiani asrulebs – SesaZloa, Tavisi bunebidan
gamomdinare - gulmowyale samaritelis rols. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, es aris mesame piris Careva. rogorc zemoT vTqvi, aravin aris
moralurad valdebuli gaiRos didi msxverpli, Tundac es msxverpli

8
xsenebuli problemebisa da evropuli gamocdilebis amgvari
kanonebis Sesabamisad ganxilvisTvis ixileT “gulmowyale samarite-
li da kanoni,”. jeims m. retklifi (New York, 1966).
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uSualod sicocxles ar gulisxmobdes, sxva adamianis sicocxlisTvis,

romelsac amis moTxovnis ufleba ara aqvs. moralurad ar varT
valdebulni, rom sxvebis mimarT viyoT gulmowyale samarielebi
an Tundac, mxolod keTili samaritelebi. magram rogor unda
moviqceT, Tu adamians ar SeuZlia Tavs uSvelos? Tu is gvTxovs, rom
davexmaroT? Cemi azriT, naTelia, rom arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac
daxmarebas SevZlebdiT anu situaciebi, romlebSic gulmowyale
samariteli daexmareboda gasaWirSi myof adamians. vTqvaT, mogitaces
da geubnebian, rom cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi meviolines gverdiT unda
iwveT. Tqven Tqveni cxovreba gaqvT. Zalian wuxxarT, magram ubralod
ar SegiZliaT yvelaferi gadadoT meviolines sicocxlisaTvis. Tqven
uZluri xarT am situaciaSi da daxmarebisTvis Cven mogvmarTavT. me
vaskvni – gamomdinare iqidan, rom aravis aqvs ufleba isargeblos
Tqveni sxeuliT – rom cxadia, Zalian bevrs moiTxoven Tqvengan da
amas ver gavamarTlebT. amitom unda gavakeToT is, rasac gvTxovT.
Cveni qmedeba, anu TqvenTvis daxmarebis gaweva, meviolines mimarT
usamarTlobad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
7. rodesac nayofze vsaubrobdi, masSi mudam vgulisxmobdi
pirovnebas. Cemi kiTxva mdgomareobs SemdegSi: arguments, riTac
daviwyeT da romelic gamomdinareobs mxolod iqidan, rom nayofi
pirovnebaa, marTlac mivyavarT Tu ara am daskvnamde. me vamtkiceb,
rom ara.
ra Tqma unda, uamravi argumenti arsebobs da aqve aRvniSnav,
rom mizanSi mcdari mosazrebebi amoviRe. SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari
uSualod is ki ar aris, rom nayofi pirovnebaa, aramed is, rom es aris
pirovneba, romlis mimarT qals gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba
ekisreba, iqidan gamomdinare, rom is misi dedaa. SesaZloa vinme
Semedavos, rom Cem mier moyvanili magaliTebi araadekvaturia, radgan
Tqven gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba ar gekisrebaT zemoxsenebuli
meviolines mimarT iseve, rogorc henri fondas – Cem mimarT. Cveni
yuradReba SeiZleba gadatanil iqnes faqtze, rom qalsac da kacsac

kanoniT avaldebulebs izrunon sakuTar Svilebze.

sinamdvileSi am argumentze vsaubrobdi (mokled) zemoT, meoTxe
punqtSi da urigo ar iqneboda aqve Segvejamebina (kvlav mokled) es
sakiTxi. ra Tqma unda, sulac ar gvekisreba raime “gansakuTrebuli
pasuxismgebloba” pirovnebis mimarT, Tu Cven ar aviRebT mas sakuTar
Tavze, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir. roca mSoblebi ar cdiloben Tavi
daicvan orsulobisgan, ar mimarTaven aborts, xolo dabadebul
bavSvs ar gaaSvileben da saxlSi waiyvanen, es niSnavs, rom maT aiRes
146

bavSvze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba. droTa ganmavlobaSi mSoblebma

aRmoaCines, rom uWirT bavSvis uzrunvelyofa saWiro pirobebiT,
magram, radganac aiRes valdebulebebi Svilze, mas uflebebi

mianiWes, axla aRar SeuZliaT uaris Tqma Svilis sicocxlis fasad.

magram Tu mSoblebi bavSvis Casaxvis sawinaaRmdegod yvela misaReb
zomas mimarTaven, bavSvisadmi ubralod TavianTi biologiuri
damokidebulebidan gamomdinare maT ar ekisrebaT gansakuTrebuli
pasuxismgebloba. maT SesaZloa surdeT am pasuxismgeblobis aReba,
SesaZloa – ara. Cemi azriT, Tu es pasuxismgebloba did msxverpls
moiTxovs, maSin SeiZleba mSoblebma uari Tqvan masze. gulmowyale
samariteli, uars ar ityoda, Tundac misgan ganuzomlad didi
msxverplis gaReba yofiliyo saWiro. maSin gulmowyale samariteli
pasuxismgeblobas aiRebda meviolinezec; aseve henri fondac,YTu
is gulmowyale samariteli iqneboda, gadmofrindeboda dasavleT
sanapirodan da izrunebda Cemze, rogorc pasuxismgebeli piri.
8. Cemi argumentebi SeiZleba abortis, rogorc moralurad
misaRebi qmedebis, momxreebma aradamakmayofileblad CaTvalon or
SemTxvevaSi. pirveli, rodesac vambob, rom aborti dasaSvebia, ar
vamtkiceb imas, rom es yovelTvis asea. SesaZloa iyos SemTxvevebi,
rodesac Canasaxis bolomde SenarCuneba dedisgan mxolod mcired
gulmowyale samaritelobas moiTxovdes da es gaxlavT standarti,
romlis qvemoTac ar unda davideT. me vfiqrob, Cemi poziciis
damsaxureba isaa, rom is moqnilia da sworxazovani ar aris. is
iTvaliswinebs da mxars uWers Tvalsazriss, rom magaliTad,
avadmyof da SeSinebul ToTxmeti wlis skolis moswavles, romelic
gaupatiurebis Sedegad daorsulda, SeuZlia airCios aborti da
nebismieri kanoni, romelic am SemTxvevaSi amas akrZalavs, sisulelea.
garda amisa, Cemi pozicia iTvaliswinebs da mxars uWers imas, rom sxva
SemTxvevebSi aborti sruliad gaumarTlebelia. magaliTad, aborti
dasagmobia, Tu qals, romelic orsulobis meSvide Tvezea, ar surs
sazRvargareT mogzaurobis gadadeba da amis gamo abortisTvis
mimarTavs eqims. aseve dasagmobi iqneba is eqimic, romelic amas
gaakeTebs. argumentebSi, romlebzec yuradReba gavamaxvile, roca
abortis yvela, an TiTqmis yvela, im SemTxvevas ganvixilavdi,
sadac dedis sicocxles safrTxe ar emuqreboda, dedac da nayofic
moralurad Tanabar doneze imyofebian da es Tavidanve unda iyos
gaTvaliswinebuli.
meore, vsaubrob ra, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi aborti dasaSvebia,
ar vkamaTob mucladmyofi bavSvis umtkivneulo sikvdilis uflebaze.
 147

iolad SeiZleba erTmaneTSi agverios es ori sakiTxi (abortis daSveba

da nayofis sikvdili), radgan garkveul donemde nayofs ar SeuZlia
icocxlos dedis organizmis gareT; Sesabamisad nayofis mocileba
dedis sxeulidan misi sikvdilis winapirobaa. maT Soris mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebaa. me vamtkicebdi, rom moralurad valdebuli ar xarT cxra
Tve gaataroT sawolSi meviolinesTvis sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad,
magram amiT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar vambob, rom Tu meviolines
gamorTavT Tqveni sxeulidan da is saswaulebrivad gadarCa, ufleba
gaqvT miubrundeT mas da yeli gamoWraT. SegiZliaT is gamorToT
Tqveni sxeulidan, Tundac es misi sicocxlis fasad dajdes. magram
Tqven ar gaqvT aranairi ufleba, es adamiani raime sxva saSualebiT
moklaT, Tu is Tqveni sxeulidan gamorTvis Semdeg gadarCeba. arian
adamianebi, romelTac ar daakmayofilebT Cem mier dasaxelebuli
argumentebi. qali SesaZloa sasowarkveTili iyos bavSvze fiqriT,
romelic unda gaaSvilos da sakuTari mdgomareobac adardebs,
roca mas veRar naxavs da verasdros moismens mis xmas. amitom,
SesaZloa man ubralod moisurvos ara ubralod bavSvis mocileba,
aramed metic, misi sikvdili. abortis zogierTi mowinaaRmdegis
SefasebiT aseTi ram sasaciloa da amiT saboloo jamSi, Cemi azriT,
avlens Tavis gulqvaobas imis mimarT, rac ukiduresi sasowarkveTis
wyaros warmoadgens. isev da isev vacxadeb, rom ara mgonia vinmes
undodes bavSvis sikvdili, Tuki SesaZlebeli iqneba bavSvis cocxlad
mocileba.
minda SegaxsenoT, rom Cveni msjelobis dros mxolod da mxolod
vvaraudobdiT, rom nayofi adamiania Casaxvis wuTidanve. aborti
nayofis ganviTarebis sawyis an adreul etapze namdvilad ar
warmoadgens adamianis mkvlelobas da ar ukavSirdeba imas, razec
zemoT visaubre.
148

VII
abortis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi:
pasuxi judiT Tomsons
j. finisi
sabednierod, abortis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego arc erTi
argumenti ar unda ganisazRvros terminiT – “ufleba.” rogorc
davinaxavT, judiT Tomsoni faqtobrivad aRiarebs amas Tavis narkvevSi
– “abortis mxardaWera.”1 vinaidan man gadawyvita, rom dasaxelebuli
SemTxvevebi ganexila “sicocxlis uflebis” dapirispirebiT “sakuTar
sxeulze gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebasTan”, vecdebi giCvenoT,
Tu rogor amaod arTulebs da abundovanebs abortis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb aseTi saxis msjeloba sakiTxs. ufro
misaRebi da gamarTlebulia, Tuki “uflebebze” vilaparakebT
daniSnulebisamebr da im konteqstSi, romelsac qvemoT ganvsazRvrav.
metad uxerxuli da miuRebelia, rodesac pirovneba kamaTobs, Tu
ramdenad dasaSvebia moralurad iseTi qmedeba, rogoricaa “abortis
gakeTeba bavSvis sikvdilis survilis gareSe.” Tomsoni, umetes
SemTxvevebSi, cdilobs daamtkicos, rom am saxis qmedeba moralurad
dasaSvebia. amdenad am narkvevis pirvel nawilSi giCvenebT, rom aseTi
qmedebis miseuli gansazRvreba da moraluri aRwera logikurad
sruliad ar ukavSirdeba miseul msjelobas “uflebebis” Sesaxeb.
meore nawilSi CamovTvli moralisa da moralurad dasaSvebi qmedebis
ramdenime princips. am principebs SeuZliaT naTeli mohfinon
zogierT moralur braldebas, romelzec Tomsoni saubrobs, Tumca es
mis narkvevSi kvlav metismetad susti da bundovani sakiTxebia. mesame
nawilSi giCvenebT, am principebis damuSaveba rogor adasturebs
abortis dagmobas, romelsac Tomsoni Secdomad miiCnevs iseve,
rogorc adamianis uflebebis mraval mxares, romelsac is aqsiomad
miiCnevs. meoTxe nawilSi mokled Camovayalibeb mizezs (romelsac
arasworad gansazRvraven Tomsonic da uerThaimeric2), Tu ratom

“filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba”, naw. 2, #2 (1973), 117-145. gamocemulia

Princeton University Press-is nebarTviT. profesorma Tomsonma dr. finisis pasuxad dawera
“uflebebi da sikvdili,” “filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba”, naw. 2, #2 (1973,
zamTari), 146-159.
1
“filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba”, naw. 1, #1 (1971, Semodgoma), 47-66. gamoce-
mulia Princeton University Press-is nebarTviT.
2
rojer uerThaimeri, “abortis argumentis gansazRvreba,” “filosofia da sazogadoebas-

Tan urTierToba”, naw. 1, #1 (1971, Semodgoma), gv. 67-95.

 149

aqvs nayofs Casaxvidanve adamianis uflebebi, anu iseTive uflebebi,

rogorc sxva adamianebs.
I
Tomsonis msjeloba uflebebis Sesaxeb sam etapad mimdinareobs.
(a) is gamoyofs problemebis jaWvs uflebebis Sesaxeb. Tomsoni
konkretulad xazs usvams problemas, “ras niSnavs sicocxlis
ufleba” da (b) bundovnad mianiSnebs uflebebis wyaroze; kerZod,
is ambobs, rom sxvadasxva tipis uflebebis pirobebSi (Tumca
konkretulad ar asaxelebs), pirovnebas ufleba mxolod imaze aqvs,
rasac sxva adamiani SesTavazebs, aCuqebs, dauTmobs da a.S. (g) Tomsoni
problemaTa jaWvs wyvets aRiarebiT (Tumca Zalian frTxilad), rom
mTeli misi msjeloba abortTan dakavSirebiT ukavSirdeba imas, Tu
ra aris “moraluri valdebuleba” anu “moralurad dasaSvebi”; rom
sinamdvileSi sakiTxavia dedis pasuxismgeblobis wyaro da sazRvrebi
(da Sesabamisad, mucladmyofi bavSvis uflebebis wyaro da sazRvrebi).
am sam etaps ufro detalurad ganvixilav da Semdeg (d) ganvmartav,
Tu ratom mimaCnia Cemi msjelobis meTodi sasargeblod.
(a) rogor ganvsazRvravT uflebis arss? ra aris swori
uflebasTan dakavSirebiT? Tomsoni, sul mcire, cxra sxvadasxva
uflebas axsenebs, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas (sworad an arasworad),
rom miniWebuli aqvs pirovnebas.3 am cxra uflebidan Svids aqvs erTi
da igive logikuri struqtura;4 kerZod, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi,
savaraudo ufleba es aris ufleba, romelic erTi pirovnebis im
saqciels (moqmedebas, umoqmedobas) ukavSirdeba, romelic gavlenas

3
uflebebi, romlebic, Tomsonis azriT, pirovnebas aqvs:
ufleba 1: sicocxlis ufleba;
ufleba 2: ufleba, miiRo gadawyvetleba sakuTar sxeulSi mimdinare procesebTan da sa-
kuTar sxeulTan dakavSirebiT;
ufleba 3: sakuTari Tavis dacvis ufleba (anu Tavdacva);
ufleba 4: ufleba, uari Tqva sxva adamians xeliT Seexo (im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac es
samarTliani da gamarTlebuli iqneboda) – ufro sworad, ufleba, ar Seexo xeliT sxva
adamianebs.
uflebebi, romelTa gamoyenebac, Tomsonis azriT, misaRebia, Tumca arasworia imis mt-
kiceba, rom pirovnebam am uflebebiT nebismier situaciaSi unda isargeblos:.
ufleba 5: ufleba, vinmes daxmareba mosTxovo - ufro zustad, ufleba, miiRo daxmareba....
mier;
ufleba 6: ufleba, adamianma miiRos yvelaferi, rac sicocxlisTvis sWirdeba;
ufleba 7: ufleba, isargeblo sxvisi sxeuliT (an saxliT);
ufleba 8: ufleba, rom ar iyo vinmes mier mokluli;
ufleba 9: ufleba, yeli gamosWra sxva adamians (rogorc Cans, SemTxveva – “sxva adamianis
sikvdilis garantiis ufleba”);
4
saxeldobr, 3-9 ufleba zemoxsenebul siaSi.
150

axdens meore pirovnebaze. xsenebuli Svidi SemTxvevidan ramdenimeSi5

ufleba uSualod erTi pirovnebis qmedebas ukavSirdeba (romelsac
hofeldma6 - privilegia, xolo hofeldis momxreebma Tavisufleba
uwodes). danarCen SemTxvevebSi7 ufleba erTi pirovnebis qmedebasTan
dakavSirebiT aris meore pirovnebis ufleba (romelsac hofeldis
mimdevrebi “moTxovnis uflebas” uwodeben). magram xsenebul Svidive
SemTxvevaSi aris is, rasac me “hofeldelTa uflebas” davarqmevdi:
hofeldelTa uflebis aRiareba niSnavs aRiaro sammxrivi urTierToba
or pirovnebasa da erT-erTi maTganis qmedebas Soris imdenad,
ramdenadac igi ukavSirdeba meore pirovnebas.
danarCen or uflebas, romelsac Tomsoni axsenebs, gansxvavebuli
logikuri struqtura aqvs.8 orive SemTxvevaSi daSvebuli ufleba aris
ufleba, romelic ukavSirdeba sagans (adamianis “sakuTar sxeuls,”
an koniuqturas, romelSic adamianis sicocxles igulisxmeba). aq
urTierToba ormagia: pirovnebasa da raime sagans an koniuqturas
Soris. am mxriv SeuZlebelia uflebebis srulad gaanalizeba
hofeldelTa uflebebis zogierTi unikaluri kombinaciebis
farglebSi.9 erTi pirovnebis ufleba raime saganze (miwa, sxeuli,
sicocxle) SesaZloa (sinamdvileSi asec unda iyos) daculi iyos
misTvis an sxvebisTvis hofeldelTa uflebebis miniWebiT. magram
hofeldelTa uflebebis romeli kombinacia miesadageboda yvelaze
ukeT adamianis uflebas saganze? es kiTxva icvleba drois, adgilis,
pirovnebisa da viTarebis Sesabamisad. radganac moraluri gansja

uSualod ukavSirdeba qmedebas, hofeldelTa uflebebis aseTi

gansazRvreba moraluri miznebisTvis ufro gvesaWiroeba, vidre
sagnebze uflebebis mopovebis moTxovnisTvis.
radganac Tomsoni yuradRebas amaxviles “sicocxlis uflebis”
problematur mxareebze, iZulebuli var ganvsazRvro, Tu ras
vgulisxmob “sakuTar sxeulze uflebaSi,” rac wesiT (Tumca
praqtikulad ase ar aris) Tomsonma Tanabrad problematurad
unda aRiaros. xsenebuli uflebis miseuli ori gamokveTili
versia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: “pirovnebis samarTliani aRiareba
sakuTari sxeulis Tavis sakuTrebad” da “pirovnebis ufleba,
5
saxeldobr, 3 da 4 ufleba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi – 7-9 ufleba.
6
u. h. hofeldi, “fundamentaluri iuridiuli kocnefciebi” (New Haven, 1923).
7
saxeldobr, 5, 6, 8 ufleba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi 7 da 9 ufleba.
8
saxeldobr, 1 da 2 ufleba.
9
es mtkicebuleba iuridiul konteqstSi ganixila a. m. onorma, “gamonaklisisa da imu-
nitetis uflebebi sakuTrebis CamorTmevis winaaRmdeg,” University of Tulane Law Review,
naw. 34 (1960), gv. 453.
 151

TviTon miiRos gadawyvetileba Tavis sxeulSi mimdinare an masTan

dakavSirebul procesebze.” magram orive versias meti dakonkreteba
esaWiroeba,10 vidre garkveuli qmedebis moralur mxares ganixilaven.
magaliTad, “gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba” SesaZloa iyos (I)
ufleba (hofeldelTa Tavisufleba), gaakeTo raime sagnebTan
an sakuTar sxeulTan dakavSirebiT (mag. gamorTo Tirkmelebze
SeerTebuli aparatura, moicilo nayofi – kidev ra? yvelaferi?
maqvs ki moraluri Tavisufleba, gadavwyvito, rom telefonze ar

davreko qiTi jinovesis gadasarCenad?); an (II) ufleba (hofeldelTa

privilegia), rom sxva pirebma ar gaakeTon raime sagnebTan an viRacis
sxeulTan dakavSirebiT (mag. saxlSi Semomisaxldnen, damtovon
sakvebis gareSe – kidev ra? yvelaferi?); an aseTi tipis uflebebis
zogierTi kombinacia an maTi kombinacia sxva tipis uflebebTan,
rogoricaa (a) ufleba (hofeldelTa uflebamosileba), darTo vinmes
nebarTva isargeblos viRacis sxeuliT, riTac xelyof mis uflebas
(Tavisuflebas), an (b) ufleba (hofeldelTa imuniteti), rom uari Tqva
sxvisi sxeuliT sargeblobaze, romlis uflebebic (privilegiebi)
dakninebulia an Selaxulia mesame mxaris mier gacemuli nebarTvis
Sedegad. ganvsazRvreT ra uflebebis SesaZlo variantebi, romlebic
akonkreteben moralur Sinaarss “sxeulis uflebebTan” dakavSirebiT,
naTeli xdeba, rom qmedebebi, romlis Sesrulebis uflebas aZleven, an
ar aZleven, an moiTxoven pirovnebisgan (romlis Sesrulebis uflebas
aZleven, an ar aZleven sxvebs, an maTgan moiTxoven) icvlebian
garemoebebisa da im ori piris Sesabamisad, visTvisac misaRebi da
10
bundovani gansazRvreba, teqstSi naxsenebi problemebis garda, warmoSobs damatebiT
problemebs. magaliTad, sityva “uflebis” gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi mosaz-
reba mdgomareobs faqtSi, rom “Tu A-m B-sTvis raRac unda gaakeTos, gamodis, rom B-s
aqvs ufleba, A-s�������������������������������������������������������������������
mosTxovos misTvis garkveuli qmedebis Sesruleba.” amis sawinaaRdme-
god Tomsoni ambobs, rom sityva “uflebis’ nebismieri aseTi gamoyeneba “badebs kiTxvas,
ramdenad aqvs adamians ufleba moiTxovos raime, rogori ioli Sesasrulebelic ar unda
iyos misi survili.” da Semdeg dasZens: “idea, rom adamians uflebebi unda CamoerTvas imis
Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad rTulia misi survili, miuRebeli da dasagmobia.” amdenad Tom-
soni ambobs, rom mas ara aqvs ufleba gaxurebuli SubliT Seexos henri fondas gril xels,
radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom man unda gadmodgas ramdenime nabiji oTaxSi, raTa avad-
myofs Seexos (da am gziT mas sicocxle SeunarCunos), igi moralurad valdebuli ar aris,
amisTvis dasavleT sanapirodan gadmofrindes. magram am sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisis sa-
Taves warmoadgens henri fondas valdebulebebis arasaTanado gansazRvreba. vinaidan Tu
Cven vityviT, rom Tomsons aqvs ufleba Seexos henri fondas xels im SemTxvevaSi, roca mas
mxolod oTaxi aqvs gamosavleli da ara im SemTxvevaSi, roca man amerikis vrceli teri-
toria unda gadmokveTos, SegviZlia usasrulod gavagrZeloT (Tu gvsurs!) uflebebis
gamoricxva valdebulebebisgan.
152

droulia hofeldelTa ufleba. swored am mizezis gamo, Tumca,

am faqts ar aRiarebs mivida Tomsoni daskvnamde, rom “sicocxlis
ufleba” problematuri sakiTxia.
(b) vfiqrob, rom Tomsoni im saintereso daskvnebamde, romlebic
mis narkvevSi sxvadasxva simtkiciT Cndeba da ikargeba, mivida ara-
hofeldelTa uflebebze (uflebebi iseT sagnebze, rogoricaa
Sokoladi an sxeuli) yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gamo. mxedvelobaSi
maqvs misi mosazreba, rom “uflebebze” unda visaubroT imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu risi “ufleba” aqvs adamians.
es mosazreba,11 gansxvavebiT saeWvo centrirebisgan, romelic
uflebebis farTo speqtrSi miesadageba mesakuTresa da sakuTrebas,
iwvevs zedmet gaurkvevlobas Tomsonis narkvevSi – “abortis
mxardaWera.” Tu, rogorc avtori gvirCevs, sityva “uflebis” sadaves
“saimedod daviWerT,” maSin (a) romis papebi da sxva pirebi, romelTa
mimarTvas “sicocxlis uflebaze” is eWvqveS ayenebs, dasawyisidanve da
Tavis arsSive gaabaTileben mis narkvevs zemoxsenebuli mimarTvebis
perifraziT, raTa gaebaTilebinaT yvela damowmeba uflebebis Sesaxeb
(radgan, rogorc Semdeg nawilSi giCvenebT, isini ar amtkiceben, rom
abortis miuRebloba gamomdinareobs mucladmyofi bavSvisTvis
“uflebebis” daTmobiT an CuqebiT); (b) Tomsons analogiurad unda
gaekeTebina mis mierve wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis perifrazi,
rogoricaa udanaSaulo adamians aqvs sicocxlis ufleba, rom dedas
aqvs ufleba gaikeTos aborti sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad,
rom erT adamians aqvs ufleba ar iyos wamebiT mokluli meoris
mier, Tundac mesame pirovneba meores sikvdiliT emuqrebodes, Tu
pirvels ar moklavs da a.S. magram Tu aseTi perifrazi SesaZlebelia
(sinamdvileSi SesaZlebelia), maSin aSkaraa, rom rCevebi sityva
“uflebis” sworad an saukeTesod gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT
droulia abortis qmediTi moraluri gamarTlebis an kritikis
SemTxvevaSi.
Tumca es terminologiuri rCevebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba Tomsonis
mocemul Teziss, rom Cven ar gvekisreba raime “gansakuTrebuli
(gulmowyale samariteli) pasuxismgebloba” sxvaTa sicocxlesTan
an keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT “Tu Cven mas ar aviRebT sakuTar
Tavze, pirdapir Tu iribad.” Tomsonis mTeli argumentacia
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saboloo jamSi swored am Teziss (an raime
msgavss) eyrdnoba.
(g) Tomsonis aSkara aRiareba, rom abortis mxardaWera ar unda
moicavdes uflebebis aRiarebas an uaryofas, misi narkvevis bolos
 153

Cndeba, rodesac ambobs, rom “am sakiTxze SeCerebis aranairi

aucilebloba ar aris,” gvirCevs ra sityva “uflebis” sworad
gamoyenebas:
“Tu vinme “Sen unda”-dan askvnis, rom “aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos,”
maSin is unda dameTanxmos, rom arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac
moralurad valdebuli xarT meviolines misceT Tqveni TirkmelebiT
sargeblobis saSualeba...11 igive SeiZleba iTqvas dedisa da
mucladmyofi bavSvis Sesaxeb, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
nayofs aqvs ufleba moiTxovos dedis sxeuliT sargebloba... aravin

aris moralurad valdebuli, rom sxvisi sicocxlisaTvis cxra

wlis, Tundac cxra Tvis, manZilze msxverplad gaiRos sakuTari
janmrTeloba, interesebi, miznebi da a. S.”
mokled, davis sagans warmoadgens is, Tu ra aris “moralurad
moTxovnadi” (mag., ra “unda” gaakeTos pirovnebam, ra “SeuZlia” (an ar
SeuZlia) gaakeTos man), abortis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
marTalia, wina TavSi kvlav zedapirze amovida “didi msxverplis
moTxovnis ufleba.” magram, rodesac Tomsonis narkvevis bolo
furclebs vkiTxulobT, avtori xsenebul Temas gverdze debs.
mTavari kiTxva realurad ganisazRvreba ara rogorc is, aqvs Tu
ara bavSvs “ufleba dedas didi msxverpli mosTxovos,” aramed is,
ekisreba Tu ara dedas “gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba” Svilze
(vinaidan, Tu asea, maSin deda SesaZloa moralurad valdebuli
iyos didi msxverpli gaiRos da aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia
davamtkicoT, Sesabamis formebSi, Svilis “ufleba [moTxovna] am
msxverplze”).
(d) sabolood, argumentebis umravlesoba gaTvlili iyo
yuradRebis gadatanaze. sakmao Zalisxmeva movaxmare am cru
kvalis Ziebas, ara mxolod imitom, rom gamomerkvia am sicruis
wyaroebi da tipebi (rac ukeT gamoaSkaravdeba momdevno or
nawilSi), aramed imitomac, rom giCvenoT, Tu rogor ganapirobebs
Tomsonis gadawyvetileba, abortis mxardaWera moaqcios
“uflebebis” sazRvrebSi, misi dacvis erTi mniSvnelovnad susti
adgilis mxedvelobidan gamorCenas. es susti adgili warmoadgens
11
winadadeba ase grZeldeba: “... da amave dros, mas ara aqvs ufleba, rom es mogTxovoT. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, Tu uars ityviT daxmarebaze, mis mimarT usamarTlobas ar gamoiCenT.”
magram es ubralod “ritorikis” gadmonaSTia, romelzec Tomsonma Tavisi argumenti gaT-
vala. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Tomsonis Tvalsazrisi, rom “samarTlianoba” da “usamarT-
loba” unda SemoisazRvros uflebebis dacvis an xelyofis gaTvaliswinebiT, didad mniS-
vnelovani ar aris, radgan Tomsoni ar amtkicebs, rom qmedeba SesaZloa iyos egoisturi,
gulgrili da miuRebeli, magram ara usamarTlo, Tumca es “naklebad dasagmobi” ar aris.
154

pirovnebis “gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobasa” da Cveulebriv

(ara gansakuTrebul) pasuxismgeblobas Soris kavSirs. es nebismier
adamians advilad gamorCeba mxedvelobidan, Tuki fiqrobs, rom
(a) mTeli problema arsebiTad uflebebs exeba, (b) rom uflebebi,
rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miZRvnaze, SeTavazebaze, daTmobaze
da a.S., (g) rom gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgeblobac, analogiurad,
damokidebulia miZRvnaze, SeTavazebaze, daTmobaze da a.S. da (d)
rom amdenad mTeli moraluri problema am SemTxvevaSi ukavSirdeba

pirovnebis gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobebs. mosazrebebis

amgvari jaWvi marTlac alogikuria, rom ara vTqvaT _ Secdoma.
magram es gasakviri ar aris, radgan aq me komentars Tomsonis mier
SemoTavazebul argumentebze ki ar vakeTeb, aramed – misi “ritorikis”
savaraudo efeqtze.
is, rasac Semdgom Tomsoni arasaTanado yuradRebas uTmobs, aris
ganacxadi (Cemi azriT, romis papiseul da konservatorul ritorikaSi
uflebebis Sesaxeb erT-erTi bundovani ganacxadi), rom dedis

movaleoba, ar gaikeTos aborti, ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebul

pasuxismgeblobas, romelic sakuTar Tavze aiRo Svilis winaSe. es
aris Cveulebrivi valdebuleba, romelic yvelas gaaCnia moyvasis
mimarT. Tomsoni marTlac aRiarebs, rom arsebobs aseTi Cveulebrivi,
sajarod araRiarebuli valdebulebebi da maT moralurad iseTive
wona aqvT, rogorc samarTlianobis valdebulebas “samarTlis”
miseuli gagebiT; me ver varCev erTmaneTisgan im principebs, romelsac
Tomsoni eyrdnoba da (TavdajerebiT) adgens am movaleobaTa
sazRvrebs.12
magaliTad, Tomsoni saubrobs “Tavdacvis uflebis mkacr
sazRvrebze”: “Tu vinme mokvliT gemuqrebaT, Tu Tqven sxva adamians
sikvdilamde ar awamebT, Cemi azriT, ara gaqvT amis gakeTebis ufleba,

12
SesaZloa, swored am punqtSi unda aRiniSnos, Tu raoden saeWvoa Tomsonis mtkiceb-
uleba, rom “amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kanoni aravis aiZulebs, iyos Tundac mcired
gulmowyale samariteli����������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������������������������
sxva adamians mimarT” da misi miniSneba, rom es aris qalTa dis-
kriminaciis gamovlineba. es imdenad ucnaurad JRers im qveyanasTan dakavSirebiT, sadac
axalgazrda mamakacs (da ara axalgazrda qals) kanoniT moeTxoveba “Tavisi sicocxlis
xangrZlivi periodi dauTmos” Tavisi qveynis dacvas “sakuTari sicocxlis seriozuli
safrTxis qveS Cagdebis” fasad. marTlac, ratom fiqroben, rom aqtiur samxedro samsax-
urSi pirovneba ar riskavs sakuTar sicocxles, raTa sxvebs aacilos garkveuli safrTxe.
da unda ganvacxadoT Tu ara, rom axalgazrda mamakacma sakuTar Tavze aiRo “gansa-
kuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba” sxva adamianTa dasacavad? gana es gamogonili Tvalsazrisi
ar aris, romlis usafuZvlo moraluri Teoria cdilobs, masSi CagviTrios? magram es aris
swored is socialuri konraqtarianizmi, romliTac Tomsons SecdomaSi SevyavarT.
 155

miuxedavad imisa, rom saubaria Tqveni sicocxlis gadarCenaze.”

amave dros, avtori ambobs: “am qveynad SeuZlebelia arsebobdes
imaze didi simarTle, vidre is, rom Tu sakuTari sicocxlis
gadasarCenad meviolines Tqveni Tirkmelebidan gamorTavT, amiT ar
CaidenT arc mkvlelobas da arc raime dauSvebel qmedebas.” maSin,
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebas ratom aqvs mkacrad gansazRvruli
pasuxismgebloba, rom ar Caidinos mkvleloba? Tomsoni xom ar
ambobs, rom tkivilis (“wameba”) gamo, an TiTqos moralurad dasaSvebi

iyos adamianis umtkivneulod mokvla mesame piris dakveTiT,

romelic Tavis mxriv, Tqven gemuqrebaT sikvdiliT. vinaidan

is Tvlis, rom “aravin aris moralurad valdebuli sxvisi

sicocxlisaTvis cxra wlis, Tundac cxra Tvis, manZilze msxverplad
gaiRos sakuTari janmrTeloba, interesebi, miznebi da a.S.,” ityvis
Tu ara is, rom dasaSvebia, roca mesame piri gemuqrebaT aseTi “didi

msxverpliT,” raTa moklaT (umtkivneulod) sxva adamiani, an ori an

aTi adamiani?
Cemi azriT, Tomsoni ferxdeba aseT mtkicebulebebze imitom,
rom sabolood is emyareba “pirdapiri mkvlelobisa” da “sxva
pirovnebisaTvis sicocxlis SenarCunebis” versiebs Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs.
rac metad vukvirdebiT Tomsonis msjelobas, ufro gaurkveveli
da sadavo xdeba xsenebuli versiebi. ra Tqma unda, Tomsoni iwyebs
im Tvalsazrisis uaryofiT, rom pirdapiri mkvleloba yovelTvis
dauSvebelia, vinaidan am TvalsazrisiT (misi azriT) pirovneba
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze SeerTebuli unda iyos meviolineze.
magram Tomsoni ganagrZobs, rogorc aRvniSneT, sul mcire, erTi
formis mkvlelobis uaryofas sxvisi sicocxlis gadarCenisTvis imis
safuZvelze, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo SedegebTan da yvelaferTan,
rac kavSirSia formalur konteqstTan da riTac, Sesabamisad,
ganpirobebulia pirovnebis qmedeba (formaluri ganxilvis saxiT,
romelic, Cveulebisamebr, warmodgenilia sityviT “pirdapiri”).
marTlac, Tomsoni Tavisi argumentebis msvlelobas abortis
dasacavad usadagebs samaritelobis problemas imis safuZvelze, rom
abortis gakeTeba gamarTlebulia, an SeiZleba gamarTldes, rogorc

gansakuTrebuli daxmarebis ar gawevis saSualeba. da

kvlav, argumenti eyrdnoba ara Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas, aramed
pirovnebis arCevanis formalur niSan-Tvisebebs.
156

pirovnebis arCevanis aSkara formalurma aspeqtebma ratom

unda gansazRvros misi pasuxismgeblobani garkveul situaciaSi,
miuxedavad sxva garemoebebisa da mosalodneli Sedegebisa? rodesac

viciT, Tu ratom veyrdnobiT, abortze diskusiis orive poziciis, am

gansxvavebebs, ukeT SevZlebT ganvsazRvroT (I) meviolines gamorTva
aparaturidan pirdapiri mkvleloba iqneba Tu ara papebisa da sxvaTa
TvalsazrisiT da (II) aborti iqneba Tu ara igive, rac datyvevebuli
filosofosis gamorTva momakvdavi musikosisgan.

II
Tomsonis moraluri enis (“dasaSvebis” gamijvna “dauSveblisgan”)
msgavsad, tradiciuli wesi mkvlelobis, rogorc sasamarTlos
mier akrZaluli da RvTisgan dagmobili qmedebis Sesaxeb Tavis
uapelacio simwvaves iZens, upirveles yovlisa, (istoriulad) Semdegi
miTiTebebisgan: “udanaSaulo da marTal kacs nu moklav.”13 Tumca,
mkacri negatiuri moraluri principebi SesabamisobaSia adamianis
keTildReobis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan, rac, Tavis mxriv, Seesabameba
adamianis moTxovnilebaTa da midrekilebaTa ZiriTad da warmmarTvel

problemas. Tavisi gonierebisTvis adamiani gonebiT gaxsnili unda

darCes keTildReobis sawindris yvela aspeqtisa da yvela kanonieri
formis mimarT. ra Tqma unda, gonivrulia yuradRebis gamaxvileba
am sasikeTo formebze mocemuli sazogadoebis an pirovnebebisTvis
(pirvel rigSi, sakuTari TavisTvis), romlebic kargad miesadageba
adamianis mdgomareobas, niWsa da SesaZleblobebs. magram
koncentracia, specializacia da konkretizacia erTi sakiTxia, xolo
sul sxva sakiTxia, racionaluri da moraluri TvalsazrisiT rom
vTqvaT, gaakeTo arCevani, romelic warmoadgens gadawyvetilebas

sicocxlis sawinaaRmdegod (mkvlelobas), WeSmaritebis codnis

sawinaaRmdegod (tyuili, rodesac WeSmaritebas gadmocemis

SemTxvevaSi safrTxe emuqreba), raimes Seqmnis, megobrobisa da

samarTlis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac megobroba aerTianebs. es

yvelaferi, Sesabamisad, mkacrad uaryofiT Sefasebebs imsaxurebs.14
mocemul SemTxvevaSi vsaubrob ara “pasuxismgeblobis,”
13
gamosvla 23:7; gamosvla 20:13; meore rjuli 5:17; dabadeba 9:6; ieremia 7:6 da 22:3.
14
es SeniSvnebi ufro srulad aris warmodgenili Cems statiaSi “bunebrivi kanonebi da
arabunebrivi qmedebebi,” Heythrop Journal 11 (1970): 365. aseve, ix. german grisizis “aborti:
miTi, sinamdvile da argumentebi” (New york 1970), Tavi 6. Cems argumentebSi visargeble
grisizis xsenebuli narkveviTa da sxva namuSevrebiT.
 157

“valdebulebis,” “movaleobis,” “dasaSvebi qmedebis” ZiriTadi arsis

Sesaxeb, aramed Cveni pasuxismgeblobis, valdebulebis, movaleobisa

da moTxovnebis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb, rasac TiToeuli

CvenganisTvis sargebloba moaqvs. ZiriTadi moTxovna is aris, rom
Cven saTanadod gaxsnilebi, yuradRebianebi, pativismcemelni
da mosurneni viyoT adamianuri sikeTis dacvis mimarT imdenad,
ramdenadac es SesaZloa gasagebi da dafasebuli iyos Cvens arCevansa
da mdgomareobaSi. moraluri Cavardna umeteswilad ar aris
ganpirobebuli mkacrad negatiuri qmedebis CadenaSi, anu ZiriTadi
faseulobebis sawinaaRmdego arCevanSi. metic, es aris daudevrobis

formebi, arasakmarisi pativiscemis gamovlineba am sikeTeebis

an sakanonmdeblo struqturebis mimarT, romlebic Seqmnilia am
ZiriTadi faseulobebis dasacavad. rodesac vinmes bralad edeba
ZiriTadi sikeTeebis pirdapiri darRveva, is, rogorc wesi, Tavis
marTlebas daiwyebs, rom moqmedebda saTanado sifrTxiliTa da
pasuxismgeblobiT, raTa ganexorcielebina esa Tu is ZiriTadi

faseuloba misi arCeuli qmedebis SedegebSi da ara uSualod

mis qmedebaSi. magaliTad, eqsperimentatori, romelsac brali
dasdes bavSvebis mkvlelobaSi samedicino testebis Catarebis
mizniT ityvis, rom sasikvdilo SemTxvevebi aucilebeli iyo
testirebisaTvis, xolo testis Catareba saWiro iyo samedicino
aRmoCenebisTvis, es ukanaskneli ki – ufro meti adamianisTvis
sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis. amdenad, eqsperimentatori Tavisi
qmedebis savaraudo Sedegebidan gamomdinare gamoxatavs adamianis
sicocxlesTan, rogorc mniSvnelovan faseulobasTan, dakavSirebiT
(misi azriT) srulad adekvatur (metic, erTaderT adekvatur) da
logikur damokidebulebas.
magram erTi saxiT Sedegebze apelireba niSnavs gverdze gadado
praqtikuli koreqtulobis da Sesabamisad moralurobis erTi
kriteriumi – saxeldobr, rom erTi pirovneba yovel arCeul qmedebaSi
gaxsnili iyos yvela ZiriTadi faseulobisadmi da iTvaliswinebdes
zogierT ZiriTad faseulobas _ sxva kriteriumis sasargeblod –
saxeldobr, rom pirovneba irCevs iseT qmedebebs, romelTa SedegebSic
dadebiTi mxareebi imaze metad sWarbobs cuds, vidre mosalodneli
iyo nebismieri alternatiuli qmedebis Sedegad. heirma daadgina, rom
“praqtikuli miznebisTvis didi gansxvaveba ar aris” eTikis
Tanamedrove Teoriebs Soris; yoveli maTgani “pragmatulia”. am
158

terminiT is moicavs brandtis idealuri kvlevis Teorias, riCardsis

(roulsis?) racionaluri xelSekrulebis Teorias, utilitarizmis
konkretul kanonebs, universalur utilitarul aqtebs da mis
sakuTar universalur preskriptivizms.15 is amtkicebs, rom yvela
amarTlebs da moiTxovs miRebul “principebs,” romelTa sayovelTao
danergva, saerTo jamSi, saukeTeso Sedegebs mogvcemda.16 me aq
utilitarizmis kritikas ar gTavazobT. Tomsonis narkvevi, Tavisi
arsiT, ar aris mizez-Sedegobrivi. sakmarisia eWvqveS daayeno,
rogor ician heirma da misma Tanamoazreebma momavali, romelic
umravlesoba CvenganisTvis dafarulia. saidan ician maT, aTvlis
romeli erTeuli airCion adamianis keTildReobis ZiriTadi
aspeqtebidan. individma sikeTis miwodebis romeli principi unda
airCios sakuTari interesebisTvis, megobrebisTvis, ojaxisTvis,
mtrebisTvis, sazogadoebisTvis da yvelasTvis awmyosa da
momavalSi? saidan ician, Tu rogor gansazRvron “situacia,” sadac
universaluri Tvisebebi gamoCndeba principSi, romlis miRebac
(mxolod erTi principis? sxva principebTan kavSirSi?) saukeTeso
Sedegebs mogvcems;17 rogor unda SevadaroT momavali da gaurkveveli
Sedegebi awmyosa da TvalsaCino Sedegebs da aris Tu ara es saWiro? da
rogor ician maT, rom sasargeblo Sedegebi faqtiurad maqsimalurad
gaizrdeba (Tundac maTi gamoTvla SeuZlebeli iyos) qmedebis mizez-
Sedegobrivi principebis sayovelTao aRiarebiT mizez-Sedegobriv
“principebTan” erTad, raTa gamarTldes mizez-Sedegobrivi
“principebis” darRveva rTul SemTxvevebSi.18 pirovnebas ar SeuZlia
gaigos dasavluri tradiciebi Tavisi mtkice negatiuri (akrZalvis
momTxovni) principebiT (pozitiuri principebi mkacria mxolod
ramdenime, konkretul situaciaSi), Tu is ver mixvda, ratom uaryofs
tradicia mizez-Sedegobriobas, rogorc wminda gaurkvevlobas –
rameTu heiri da misi Tanamoazreebi aradamakmayofilebel pasuxebs
iZlevian kiTxvebis arsebul jaWvze. maT ar SeuZliaT saTanado
racionalurobiT gadmoscen ufro maRali donis moraluri pozicia,
vidre kacisa, romelic fiqrobs, Tu ra kargi iqneboda, imoqmedo
“saukeTeso SedegebisTvis.”19 adamianis qmedebis yvela Sedegis
15
r. m. heiri, “omis wesebi da moraluri msjeloba,” “filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urT-
ierToba,” naw. 1, #2 (zamTari, 1972), gv. 167, 168.
16
igive; gv. 174.
17
h.-n. kastaneda, “utilitaruli aqtis saTanado formulirebis problemis Sesaxeb,” “ana-
lizi” 32 (1972), gv. 118; harold. m. zelneri, “universalizmi da aRebuli valdebuleba,”
“analizi” 32 (1972), gv. 124.
18
ix. d. h. hodgsoni, “utulitarizmis Sedegebi” (oqsfordi, 1967).
19
heiri, gv. 174: “eTikis TeoriaTa umravlesobis xarvezs... warmoadgens is, rom maT ar
 159

molodini ar iZleva sakmaris safuZvels arCevanis gakeTebisTvis,

romelic TavisTavad Sefasdeba, rogorc ZiriTadi faseulobis

sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli pirdapiri arCevani (Tundac arsebobdes

imedi, rom es ZiriTadi faseuloba realizebul iqneba SedegebSi).

es imitom, rom mosalodnel yvela Sedegs SeuZlebelia logikurad
mieces saTanado Sefaseba da namdvilad ver iqneba Cveni pasuxis
gadamwyveti sazomi adamianuri faseulobebis moTxovnaze maSin, roca
Zireuli sikeTis winaaRmdeg pirdapir mimarTuli arCevani, SeiZleba
vinmem Tqvas, naTlad afasebs Tavis Tavs.
me ar vimedovneb, rom es izolirebuli da danawevrebuli
SeniSvnebi TavisTavad damajerebelia. ar uarvyof, rom tradiciul
dasavlur mzaobas, (TeoriaSi) gavaufasuroT mosalodneli Sedegebi,
roca uSualod qmedeba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT mxolod rogorc
ZiriTadi faseulobis sapirispiro, mxars uWerda an mxars uWers
rwmena, rom windaxedulebis wyalobiT “yvelaferi kargad iqneba” (ese
igi, istoriis mTeli gezi, rogorc aRmoCnda, SesaniSnavia, udavod
boroti saqmeebi da maTi Sedegebi, rogorc aRmoCnda, yvelasaTvis
iseve “sasikeTo” yofila, rogorc udavod wminda saqmeebi da maTi
Sedegebi). marTlac, mizez-Sedegobrivi moralisti, romelic Tavis
moralur warmosaxvas kvebavs im SemTxvevebiT, rodesac udanaSaulo
adamianis (an adamianebis) mkvlelobiT asobiT, milionobiT
adamianis an Tundac mTeli kacobriobis gadarCena warmoadgens
post-qristianul fenomens. windaxedulobis aseTi roli absurdad
moeCvenebodaT qristianobamdel filosofosebs,20 romlebic
cnobilni iyvnen ciceronisa da avgustinesaTvis. siamovnebiT
warmogidgenT Teoriul da moralur konteqsts, romelSic
viTardeba “pirdapiris” da “arapirdapiris” kazuistika “dauSveblad”

miCneul qmedebaTa saxeebis farTo konteqstis farglebSi, radgan

gardauvalia (ese igi, nebismieri mosalodneli Sedegi) arCevanis

gakeTeba adamianis cxovrebisa da saqmeebis ZiriTadi faseulobebis

sawinaaRmdegod. mokled rom vTqvaT, pasuxismgebloba

adamianuri sikeTis realizaciisTvis, adamianis momavali
gaaCniaT saTanado racionaluri gaangariSeba, rom gadmoscen im kacze meti moraluri
pozicia, romelmac icis sikeTis zogierTi ubralo principi da icavs mas... eTikis ubralo
principebi warmoadgens imas, rasac unda vnergavdeT sakuTar TavSi da Cvens SvilebSi, Tu
gvsurs saukeTeso saSualeba mivceT imas, rac saukeTeso qmedebad migvaCnia.”
20
aq ar igulisxmebian ebraeli moralistebi: ix. d. dobis “TanamSromloba rabinTa
kanonebis tiraniasTan” (oqsfordi, 1965)
160

keTildReobisaTvis xelSewyoba da misi pativiscema im koniuqturaSi,

raSic met-naklebad gamoricxulia awmyoSi ganxorcielebuli
moqmedeba, ar uaryofs pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobas, pativi sces
adamianuri sikeTis TiToeul ZiriTad aspeqts, romelic uSualod
ukavSirdeba awmyoSi mimdinare qmedebas.
magram rogor irCevs adamiani sikeTis ZiriTadi formis “pirdapir
sawinaaRmdegos”? raime SemTxveva, magaliTad, adamianis arCevani,
misi winaswar ganzraxuli qmedeba, rodis xasiaTdeba “alternativis
gareSe”, rogorc “gardauvali” anti-sicocxle? aborti yovelTvis
(an rodisme) warmoadgens aseT SemTxvevas? am kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacemis erT-erT gzas im sami rTuli situaciis ganxilva warmoadgens,
romlis tradiciuli “gadawyveta” warmodgenilia abortis Sesaxeb
gavrcelebul msjelobaSi. am “rTuli SemTxvevebisa” da maTi
“gadawyvetilebebis” Sesabamisoba Tomsonis msjelobasTan aSkaraa
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, magram es ufro naTeli gaxdeba momdevno
nawilSi.

(I) TviTmkvleloba. TviTmkvleloba, romelic iTvleba

winaswar ganzraxul arCevanad (rac aseTi mxolod iSviaTad aris),
warmoadgens qmedebis nimuSs, romelic yovelTvis arasworia, radgan
igi ar SeiZleba daxasiaTdes sxvanairad, garda pirdapir ZiriTadi
faseulobis, sicocxlis, sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul qmedebad. es
daxasiaTeba mniSvnelovania, radgan adamians TviTmkvlelobaSi
izidavs, rogorc wesi, simSvidis, Svebis perspeqtiva, garkveuli
Tavisuflebisa Tu pirovnuli erTianobis mopoveba da zogjer,
sxvebze gadaWarbebuli dardi da zrunva. magram rogorc ar unda
iyos yuradReba gadatanili am momxibvlel, dadebiT faseulobebze,
SeuZlebelia jansaRi praqtikuli azrovnebisgan daimalos is,
rom pirovneba TviTmkvlelobiT an TviTmkvlelobaSi imedovnebs
moaxdinos adamianuri sikeTeebis realizeba. TviTmkvlelobas
iseTi mkacri Sefaseba da gansazRvreba eZleva, rac sruliad
gansxvavdeba omSi sakuTari Tavis gmiruli msxverplSewirvisgan an
mowamebrivi aRsasrulisgan.21 sadac dirkhaimi mowamebriv aRsasruls
TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevad ganixilavs,22 nebismieri, vinc
21
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom me ar vamtkiceb (da arc uarvyof), rom sakuTari Tavis gmiru-
li msxverplSewirva da mowameobrivi aRsasruli adamianis moraluri valdebulebebia; me
ganvmartav, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba aRniSnuli qmedebebi CaiTvalos moralur Secdomad.
22
“TviTmkvleloba” (parizi, 1897), gv. 5. ix, aseve dobis SeniSvna donis Sesaxeb “TviTmkvl-
elobis lingvistikaSi,” “filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba,” naw. 1, #4 (zamTari,
1972), gv. 418.
 161

dakavebulia ganzraxuli qmedebis struqturaze fiqriT (nacvlad

im moqmedebis martivi analizisa, romlis Sedegi winaswarve naTelia)
ganacxadebs, rom mowameoba ar aris sikvdilis pirdapiri arCeva,
arc saboloo Sedegad da arc – saSualebad. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,
sikvdili mosalodnelia mowamis arCevanidan ar miaqcios yuradReba

tiranis muqaras. mainc, es viRacis mxridan (tiranis Tu jalaTis

mxridan) ganzraxuli qmedebaa da amdenad mowamis arCeuli gamomwvevi
aqti TavisTavad ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc cxovrebiseuli
sikeTis sawinaaRmdego arCevani.
TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevas gacilebiT Rrma mniSvneloba

aqvs. vinmes arCevanTan, rac mis sakuTar sikvdils moiazrebs,

dakavSirebuli msjeloba, daxasiaTeba da gansxvaveba gamoyenebuli

iqneba im arCevanSic, rac sxvaTa sikvdils moiazrebs. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, uflebebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, “sicocxlis

ufleba”) ar warmoadgens fundamentalur faqtors daskvnisTvis,
rom sxvaTa (udanaSaulo adamianebis) mkvleloba dauSvebelia.
dauSvebeli aris ganzraxva adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg, sadac
am faseulobas pirdapir emuqreba safrTxe nebismier qmedebaSi am
ukanasknelis ganzraxuli da SemTxveviT struqturebis meSveobiT.
da aseTi dauSvebeli ganzraxva SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes Cems an
Tqvens sicocxles – da aravin saubrobs Tavis “sicocxlis uflebaze”
sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg ise, rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi aixsneboda,

Tu ratom aris araswori misi TviTmkvlelobis aqti.

Cemi azriT, “uflebebze” saubris realurad gamarTleba SeiZleba
erTi sakiTxia aRniSvniT: roca ganzraxuli qmedebebi xasiaTdeba
adamianuri faseulobebisadmi maTi gaxsnilobiT, es adamianuri
faseulobebi aris da unda iyos kidec realizebuli rogorc sxva
adamianTa cxovrebasa da keTildReobaSi, aseve moqmedi piris
cxovrebasa da keTildReobaSi. ese igi, “uflebebze” saubris arss
warmoadgens is, rom dadgindes Tanasworobis da aradiskriminaciuli
qmediTi pirobebi (pirobebi, romlebic absoluturad Tanabari ver

iqneba, vinaidan Cems sicocxlesa da keTildReobas garkveuli

prioriteti eqneba Cemi praqtikuli Zalisxmevis mxriv, Tundac
imitom, rom maT dasacavad ukeTes pirobebSi vimyofebi). magram

pirobebi Tanabari unda iyos mopyrobis mxriv; amdenad, “sicocxlis

162

uflebaze” cariel saubars sjobs vilaparakoT “uflebaze, rom

ganzrax ar viyoT moklulebi,” – sadac “ganzrax mkvlelobis”
mniSvneloba da arsi SeiZleba gaSuqdes Tavis mokvlis dadebiTi
da uaryofiTi mxareebis ganszRvriT (ese igi, situaciis, sadac
“uflebebi” sadavo sakiTxia da pirovneba martoa qmedebasa da ZiriTad
faseulobas Soris arsebuli swori urTierTdamokidebulebis
problemis winaSe, rac SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli an uaryofili
iqnes adamianis qmedebebSi).
dabolos, TviTmkvlelobis problema da misi tradiciuli
gadawyveta ZaldatanebiT gvaxsenebs, rom tradiciuli dasavluri
eTika ar eTanxmeba, rom “pirovnebas aqvs ufleba, miiRos gadawyvetileba
Tavis sxeulSi an sxeulTan dakavSirebiT,” ufleba, romlis misaRebad,
rogorc Tomsons miaCnia, gansacvifreblad (radganac axsena pius XI
da pius XII), “yvela mzad aris.” marTlac, pirovneba SesaZloa ufro
Sors wavides da Tqvas, rom tradiciuli dasavluri eTika amas mxars

uWers, radganac pirovnebas ara aqvs “ufleba” sakuTar sxeulTan

dakavSirebiT miiRos gadawyvetileba, Sesabamisad mas ara aqvs

ufleba gadawyvitos, ra SeiZleba mouvides sxva adamianis sxeuls
sakuTari qmedebis wyalobiT. rogorc ukve aRvniSne da mogvianebiT
ganvixilav, es zedmetad gamartiveba iqneba, radgan pasuxismgebloba
sakuTar sicocxleze, janmrTelobasa da a.S., logikurad ufro
prioritetulad fasdeba sxvebis sicocxlesTan, janmrTelobasTan
da a.S. mimarTebaSi. magram gamartiveba Rirs gariskvad, raTa
davamtkicoT, rom abortis (rogorc bavSvis sxeulisTvis raimes

gakeTebis) tradiciuli dagmoba iwyeba imis uaryofiT, rasac,

Tomsonis azriT, yvela aRiarebs.

(II) D klavs udanaSaulo Y-s, raTa Tavad ar mokvdes

P-s xeliT, romelmac mas Y-s mkvleloba SeukveTa. es
SemTxveva iseTive safuZvelze ganixileba, rogorc is, roca D klavs

Y-s, raTa gadaarCinos Q, (an Q1, Q2... Qn) sikvdilisgan (SesaZloa

P-s xeliT sikvdilisgan) an avadmyofobisgan (sadac D mkvlevaria
medicinis sferoSi); yvela es SemTxveva ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
rogorc adamianis sicocxlis sawinaaRmdegod gakeTebuli arCevani.
ra Tqma unda, TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, am arCevanis mizans warmoadgens
adamianis sicocxlis gadarCena, magram sicocxlis aseTi gadarCena
 163

ganpirobebuli sxva moqmedi pirebis arCevanis meSveobiT (magaliTad,

P-s arCevaniT, rom ar moklas D, Tuki D moklavs Y-s; an P-s arCevani,

ar moklas Q) an movlenebis sruliad sxvagvari ganviTarebiT

(magaliTad, D-ma aRmoaCina wamali, rac Q-s sasikvdilo senisgan

gankurnavs).
Tumca tradiciuli eTika amtkicebs, Tomsonis msgavsad,
rom “Tavdacvis uflebebi mkacrad aris SemosazRruli.” Tomsoni
ambobs, rom “Tu vinme mokvliT gemuqrebaT, Tu Tqven sxva adamians
sikvdilamde ar awamebT... ara gaqvT amis gakeTebis ufleba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom saubaria Tqveni sicocxlis gadarCenaze.” swored am
problemam ganapiroba pirveli sasuliero ganacxadi abortis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelic uaryofda, rom “abortis gakeTeba
dasaSvebia, sanam nayofi moZraobas daiwyebs, raTa orsul gogonas
avaridoT sikvdili an saxelis gatexa.”23 abortis arCeva am SemTxvevaSi
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebad,
radgan is moiazrebs sicocxlisa da reputaciis gadarCenas, rac
pirdapir mosalodneli Sedegia da mas ganapirobebs sxva adamianebis
Semdgomi qmedebebic da amdenad ar warmoadgens mxolod imas, rac
xorcieldeba uSualod abortiT. magram CemTvis gaugebaria, am
meore rTul SemTxvevaSi rogor midian im daskvnamde “sicocxlis
uflebaze,” “uflebaze, miiRo gadawyvetileba sakuTar sxeulTan
dakavSirebiT,” “Tavdacvis uflebasa” da “sxva adamianis mxardaWeraze
uaris Tqmis uflebaze” manipulirebiT, rogorc Tomsons surs. yvela

zemoxsenebuli ufleba Tanabrad aqvs D-s, Y-s, P-sa da Q-s, Q1, Q2... !

(III) dedis mkvleloba Svilis gadasarCenad. Tomas

aqvinasi mxolod abortis am aspeqts Seexo, magram man es sakiTxi
samjer ganixila.24 vinaidan, Tu CavTvliT, rom maradiuli sikvdili
uaresia, vidre mxolod fizikuri sikvdili, adamiani naklebad cuds
ar airCevda? maSasadame, Tu mucladmyofi bavSvi mounaTlavi unda
mokvdes, maSin xom unda gauWras dedas muceli, amoiyvanos bavSvi
23
“wminda msaxurebis dekreti.” 2 marti, 1679 w. Secdoma #34; ix, denzingerisa da Sionmetce-
ris “Enchiridion Symbolorium definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum” (barselo-
na, 1967), par. 2134; german grisizis “aborti: miTi, sinamdvile da argumentebi” (New york
1970), gv. 174; jon t. nunan umcrosis wignis - “abortis morali” - nawilSi “TiTqmis absolu-
turi faseuloba istoriaSi,” (kembriji, masaCusetsi, 1970), gv. 34.

ix. Summa Theologiae III, q. 68, art. II; 4 Sentimentiarum d. 6, q.1, a. 1ad. 4; d. 23, q. 2, a. 2.1. q. 1,
24

ad. 1& 2; grisezi, op. cit., gv. 154; nunani, op. cit., gv. 24;
164

da monaTlos, rom is maradiuli sikvdilisgan ixsnas? (Tu aqvinasis

problema ararealurad mogeCvenebaT, gamoasworeT – amis nacvlad
ganixileT SemTxvevebi, sadac bavSvis sicocxle gacilebiT faseulia,
uSualod misTvis Tu sxvaTaTvis, vidre misi avadmyofi Tu asakovani
dedis sicocxle). ara, _ ambobs aqvinasi. is, rogorc Cans, Tvlis (im
mizezebiT, romlebsac III nawilSi ganvixilav), rom es qmedeba moicavs
pirdapir sicocxlis sawinaaRmdego arCevans da calsaxad arasworia,
miuxedavad sasikeTo Sedegebisa.
amdenad Terapiuli abortis tradiciuli braldeba momdinareobs
ara qalisTvis zianis miyenebis an bavSvze zrunvis faqtorebidan,
aramed ramdenime gansxvavebul SemTxvevaSi erTi gamosavliT
sargeblobidan, mosazrebidan, rom deda da Svili Tanasworuflebiani
adamianebi arian, romelTaTvisac unda realizdes adamianis
sicocxlis faseuloba (anu gaTvaliswinebul iqnes “sicocxlis
ufleba”) da ar unda ganxorcieldes pirdapiri Seteva.25

III
axla ki, TomsonTan SedarebiT, ufro detalurad ganvixiloT
“abortis tradiciuli braldeba,” romelic zemoT vaxseneT. es ar
aris braldeba orsuli qalisTvis gaweuli samedicino momsaxurebis
winaaRmdeg, romlis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis, vTqvaT, maRali
sicxe (miuxedavad imisa, es orsulobiT aris gamowveuli Tu ara)
da roca eqimebi cdiloben, sicxe dabla dawion, Tundac cnobili
iyos, rom gamoyenebul samedicino preparatebs iseTi gverdiTi
movlenebic axasiaTebs, rogoricaa naadrevi mSobiaroba. es ar aris
orsuli qalis avTvisebiani simsivniT daavadebuli saSvilosnos
amokveTis dagmoba, Tundac cnobili iyos, rom nayofi, asakidan
gamomdinare, ver icocxlebs. saeWvoa operacias vgmobdeT, rodesac
aucilebelia orsul qalSi (romlis sicocxlec amis gamo safrTxeSia)
gadaadgilebuli saSvilosnos adgilze Casma, miuxedavad imisa,
rom amisaTvis saWiroa gamoRebul iqnes amnioturi siTxe, rac
aucilebelia nayofis sicocxlisTvis.26
25
pius XII-is SeniSvnas, romlis citirebasac axdens Tomsoni, rom “dedis muclad myof
Cvils RmerTisgan myisve eZleva sicocxlis ufleba” aqvs Tavisi principuli Tvalsazri-
si, romelic mdgomareobs ara im pirobebis mtkicebulebaSi, sadac pirdapiri mkvleloba
usamarTlobad aris miCneuli, aramed im mtkicebulebaSi, roca vinmes, magaliTad, dedas,
aqvs ufleba ar iqnes pirdapir mokluli, Sesabamisad, bavSvsac aqvs igive ufleba, vinaidan
pius XII myisve dasZens, rom “Cvili, romelic jer ar dabadebula, srulyofili adamiania
da gamomdinare aqedan, iseTive, rogorc dedamisi.”
26
sami SemTxveva, romelic am paragrafSia naxsenebi, ganxilulia standartul da konser-
vatiul romaul kaTolikur wignSi: marCelino zalba, “Theologiae Moralis Compendium” (ma-
 165

ki magram, ratom ar akritikeben aseT operaciebs? rogorc futma

aRniSna, gansxvavebam, romelic gaakeTes am da sxva saxis operaciebs
Soris, nayofis sikvdiliT rom mTavrdeba, arakaTolikeTa mwvave
reaqcia gamoiwvia. Tu Tqven dagrTes nebarTva, rom moklaT nayofi,
ra mniSvneloba aqvs, ra gziT gakeTdeba es?27 da mainc, is cdilobs,
upasuxos Tavissave SekiTxvas; mas ar akmayofilebs am sakiTxis iq
mitoveba, sadamdec is hartma miiyvana, rodesac Tqva:
“SesaZloa, am SemTxvevebis yvelaze rTul Taviseburebas warmoadgens
is, rom maTi umTavresi mizani erTi da igive kargi Sedegia, kerZod...
dedis sicocxlis gadarCena. maT Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
aris sxvaoba SemTxveviT struqturebSi, romlebic ganapirobeben
gansxvavebuli sityvebis gamoyenebas. TiTqos maT Soris aranairi
saTanado moraluri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs moralis Teoriaze...
(saTanado moralis miwera im gansxvavebebSi, romlebic asea
Camoyalibebuli) im SemTxvevebSi, sadac umaRlesi mizani aris igive,
SesaZloa mxolod ganisazRvros, rogorc moralis dakanonebuli
koncefciis Sedegi, TiTqos is moqceuli iyo im kanonis mkacr
formaSi, romelic krZalavs yvela saxis ganzrax mkvlelobas, rogorc
sikvdilis gacnobierebulad gamowvevisgan gansxvavebuls”.28
futi aRiarebs, rom yuradRebis gamaxvileba “umTavres mizansa” da
“umaRles mizanze” sakmarisi ar aris, Tu Cven gvinda Tavi avaridoT
iseT moralur saSinelebas, rogoricaa sicocxlis gadarCena
udanaSaulo mZevlis mokvliT da a.S. zogad, Tumca ara eqskluziur
da ara (rogorc Cans) nebismier-fasad principad, is gvTavazobs,
rom pirovnebas evaleba Tavi Seikavos udanaSaulo adamianebisTvis
fizikuri zianis miyenebisgan da es valdebuleba gacilebiT mkacria,
vidre valdebuleba, daexmaro sxvebs. es futs aZlevs saSualebas
SeniSnos, rom “SesaZloa” koreqtulad mogveCvenos tradiciuli
daskvna, rom ar unda davazianoT mucladmyofi bavSvis Tavis qala
dedis gadarCenis mizniT (im SemTxvevaSi, roca bavSvis gadarCena
SesaZlebelia dedis gawirviT): “radgan zogadad ar vTvliT, rom
SegviZlia movklaT udanaSaulo adamiani sxvisi gadarCenisTvis.”29
magram ra unda gakeTdes udanaSaulo adamianebisaTvis “fizikuri
zianis” misayeneblad? is ar Tvlis, rom zianis miyenebaa adamianis

dridi, 1958), i. 885.

27
filipa futi, “abortis problema da ormagi efeqtis doqtrina,” The Oxford Review, naw.
5 (1967), gv. 6.
28
h. l. a. harti, “ganzraxva da sasjeli,” The Oxford Review, naw. 4 (1967), gv. 13; Sesulia har-
tis naSromSi “ganzraxva da pasuxismgebloba” (oqsfordi, 1968). gv. 124-125.
29
futi, op. cit. gv. 15.
166

danawevreba, an mokvla da SeWma, sxvis gadasarCenad, vinc masTan

erTad mRvimeSi arian CarCenilebi, Tuki darwmunebulia,

rom isini mainc male mokvdebian.”30 amdenad, rogorc
vxvdebi, futi gaamarTlebda (Tumca uxalisod) D-is mier V, V1, V2

tyveebis mkvlelobas, im SemTxvevebSi, roca gamomZalveli P maTac

daemuqreboda sikvdiliT Q-s, Q1, Q2-Tan erTad, Tu manamde maT

uSualod D ar daxocavda. Cndeba kiTxva, aris Tu ara es arapirdapiri,

Tumca damajerebeli daTmoba mizez-Sedegobriobisadmi.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, futma icis, rom “ormagi efeqtis doqtrina”
“unda iqnes seriozulad gaTvaliswinebuli, miuxedavad im faqtisa,
rom igi sakmaod ucnaurad JRers”.31 amave dros man icis, Tu ra
ar Seitana Tomsonma Tavis mokle sqolioSi sityva “pirdapiris”
teqnikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, romelic mas moralistebma mianiWes
“doqtrinis” gamoyenebiT arCevansa da ZiriTad faseulobebs
Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis analizisTvis, kerZod, rom es
“doqtrina” moiTxovs mets, vidre garkveuli uaryofiTi efeqti an
aspeqti (magaliTad, viRacis mkvleloba) adamianis qmedebisa ar iyos
miCneuli rogorc Sedegi an saSualeba. Tu vinmem unda daamkvidros,
rom sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli qmedeba ar iyos aRqmuli, rogorc
adamianis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg pirdapir an ganzrax mimarTuli,
“doqtrina” moiTxovs gacilebiT mets, rom ganzraxuli kargi efeqti
Tu aspeqtebi, gawonasworebuli iyos (vTqvaT, viRacis sicocxlis
gadarCeniT), magaliTad, calsaxad kargi da mniSvnelovani
kavSiriT cud efeqtTan Tu aspeqtTan: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
(SegviZlia davamatoT, Cveni sityvebiT), pirovnebis arCevani, Tumca
arapirdapiri da ganuzraxveli, rom moklas, logikurad CaiTvleba
sicocxlis faseulobis mimarT araadekvaturad gaxsnilad.32 es
msjeloba sruliad sakmarisi iqneboda im abortis gamosaricxad,
30
iqve, gv, 14.
31
iqve, gv, 8.
32
iqve, gv. 7. es aris oTxidan meoTxe Cveulebrivi mdgomareoba, roca gamoiyeneba “ormagi
efeqtis doqtrina;” ix. magaliTad, grisezi, op. gv. 329. g. e. m. anskombi “omsa da mkvlelo-
baSi,” romelic Setanilia “birTvul iaraRsa da qristianul cnobierebaSi,” gam. u. Staini,
(londoni, 1961), gv. 57. ase ayalibebs “ormagi efeqtis princips” im situaciasTan dakvSire-
biT, roca “viRac udanaSaulo mokvdeba, Tu me ar Caviden garkveul borotebas:” “Tqven
mkvleli ar gamodixarT, Tu adamianis sikvdili arc Tqveni mizani yofila da arc Tqven
mier arCeuli saSualeba, roca iZulebuli iyaviT ise gemoqmedaT, ramac es gamoiwvia an Tu
raime sxva absoluturad akrZaluli CagedinaT.”
 167

romelic keTdeba ubralod arasasurveli nayofis dedis sxeulidan

mosacileblad, romelic Caisaxa gaupatiurebis gziT, Tundac
mogiwioT ganmartoT fraza – “ganzraxuli pirdapir Sedegad an
saSualebad” – ise, rom aborti ar warmoadgendes pirdapir ganzraxul
mkvlelobas (magaliTad, imitom, rom dedas mxolod nayofis moSoreba
surs da ara misi mokvla da is Tanaxma iqneboda nayofis xelovnur
saSvilosnoSi moTavsebaze, es SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo).33

unda aixsnas ormagi efeqtis “doqtrinis” es umTavresi

rogor

moTxovnebi? rodis unda iTqvas, rom garkveul qmedebaSi

mosalodneli cudi efeqti an aspeqti ganzraxuli ar iyo rogorc
Sedegi an saSualeba da Sesabamisad, amiT qmedebis moralur Tvisebebs
ar gansazRvravs, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi faseulobisadmi
upativcemulobis arCevans? radganac SeuZlebelia, yvela
SemTxvevaSi srulad iqnes ganxiluli es kiTxvebi, neba momeciT,
es sakiTxi daviyvano “saSualebebis” ufro rTul da sakamaTo

problemamde. sakmaod naTelia, rom D-s V-s mkvlelobas ganixilavs,

rogorc saSualebas, radgan Tu is moklavs V-s, amiT
Seasrulebs gamomZalveli P-s brZanebas (im mizniT, rom gadaarCinos

Q-s da danarCenebis sicocxle), vinaidan D-s qmedebis kargi

efeqti miiReba mxolod sxva adamianis (am SemTxevaSi P-s) qmedebis

safuZvelze. magram grisezi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi bunebrivi

procesis an SemTxvevebis jaWvis cudi efeqtebi an aspeqtebi ar unda
CaiTvalos, rogorc am procesis kargi efeqtebisa da aspeqtebis
saSualebebad ganzraxulad, Tundac kargi efeqtebi da aspeqtebi

maTze iyos damokidebuli kauzaluri TvalsazrisiT (da im

pirobiT, rom es kargi efeqtebi miRweul ar iqnes sxva saSualebebiT
igive garemoebebSi).34 amdenad, Cemi azriT, is ityoda, rom Tomsons
samarTlianad SeeZlo meviolines gamorTva sakuTari sxeulidan
(yovel SemTvevaSi maSin, roca mis sicocxles safrTxe daemuqreboda),
Tundac es “gamorTva” mxolod meviolines danawevrebiT yofiliyo
SesaZlebeli. is sicocxlis gadasarCenad Catarebul abortsac am
kuTxiT ganixilavs, amtkicebs ra, rom nayofis nawil-nawil gamoReba

33
am sakiTxze msjelobs grisezi, op. cit. gv. 34; ix. aseve misi statia “mkvlelobis bune-
brivi kanonis eTikis Sesaxeb,” “American Journal of Jurisprudence,” # 15 (1970), gv. 95.
34
iqve, gv. 333 da Sesabamisad gv. 89-90.
168

ar moiazrebs sicocxlis sawinaaRmdego pirdapir arCevans, Tu

saboloo Sedegs warmoadgens dedis sicocxlis gadarCena da am
Sedegis miRwevis saSualebas warmoadgens mxolod da mxolod nayofis
gamoReba da sabolood dedis sxeulisTvis Svebis miniWeba.35 meti
damajereblobisTvis is kvlav aRniSnavs faqts, romlis Tanaxmad,
SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo xelovnuri saSvilosno an nayofis
aRsadgeni operacia, saRad moazrovne deda da eqimi, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
nayofs sasikvdilod ar gaimetebdnen; es gviCvenebs, _ ambobs grisezi,
_ rom saRad moazrovne deda da eqimi, miuxedavad imisa, rom nayofis
gadarCenis zemoxsenebuli saSualebebi faqtiurad ar arsebobs, ar
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rogorc im nayofis sikvdilis mosurneebad,
romelic maT mokles.36 Cemi mxriv vfiqrob, rom grisezis dayrdnoba
aseT urTierTsawinaaRmdego hipoTezebze imisTvis, rom gansazRvros
adamianis qmedebis Sesabamisi moraluri mniSvneloba an Canafiqri,
gadaWarbebulia, radgan is Zalze aSorebs moralur “Canafiqrs”
jansaRi Canafiqrisgan. mas, aseve, aqvs tendencia, erTmaneTisgan
gamijnos tradiciuli da jansaRi, moralze dafuZnebuli msjeloba
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb (SesaZloa, vinmem Tqvas: “me sikvdils ar
virCev, mxolod simSvide da siwynare minda. Semdeg ki siamovnebiT
gamoviRviZebdi, SesaZlebeli rom iyos”!) da analogiurad arRvevs
Cvens azrs mkvlelobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, gansxvavebaze, romelic
arsebobs tkivilgasayuCebeli (sikvdilis damaCqarebeli) saSualebis
gamoyenebasa da tkivilis sikvdilis gziT Semsubuqebas Soris.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, tradiciuli ara mizez-Sedegobrivi eTikis
versia, romelmac bolo oTxmocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi farTo
aRiareba moipova romis eklesiaSi am sakiTxs sxvagvarad ganixilavs;

is A1–is qmedebis cud anu arasasurvel aspeqts an efeqts ganixilavs,

rogorc A1–is ganzraxvas, ara mxolod maSin, roca mas kargi

efeqtebic (cudisgan gansxvavebiT) mohyveba sxva adamianis, A2–is,

qmedebiT, aramed maSinac, roca cudi da kargi efeqtebi warmoadgenen
erTi bunebrivi SemTxveviTi procesis nawilebs, romelic ar moiTxovs
sxva adamianis raime qmedebas, raTa miRweul iqnes sasurveli Sedegi.
es yovelTvis ar xdeba; maS, rodis?
msjelobaSi, rom cudi efeqtebi unda CaiTvalos, rogorc
35
iqve, gv. 341 da Sesabamisad gv. 94.
36
iqve, gv. 341 da Sesabamisad gv. 95. grisezs veTanxmebi SemdegSi: xelovnuri saSvilosno
rom arsebobdes, is qalebi, romlebic uars ityodnen sakuTari nayofis maTSi gadan-
ergvaze, SeiZleba miviCnioT TavianTi STamomavlebis ganzrax da uSualo mkvlelebad.
imedi maqvs, rom amaSi Tomsonis dagveTanxmeboda.
 169

“ganzraxuli saSualeba,” pirdapir da iribadac iTvaliswineben

sxvadasxva faqtorebs. beneti am faqtorebs uwodebda “uwesrigobas,”37
Tumca isini gacilebiT mravalferovania, vidre man SeniSna. sakmaod
mosaxerxebeli iqneboda maTi gansazRvra da amave dros, dakvirveba
Tu rogor ukavSirdebian isini or SemTxvevas, romelzec vsaubrobT:
kraniotomia dedis gadasarCenad da is cnobili SemTxveva, roca
ganwiruli mevioline unda gamoTiSo sxeulidan, rom sakuTari
sicocxle gadaarCino.

(1) arCeul qmedebas maSinac airCevdnen, msxverpli rom ar

yofiliyo? aseT SemTxvevaSi gveqneba imis Tqmis safuZveli, rom
qmedebis cudi aspeqtebi, anu msxverplis (bavSvi an mevioline)
sikvdilis gamomwvevi efeqtebi ar iyo ganzraxuli an arCeuli,
rogorc Sedegi an saSualeba, aramed es wminda SemTxveviTi gverdiTi
efeqtebia. maTi meSveobiT yovelTvis ar ganisazRvreba, pirovnebis
qmedeba pativs scems adamianis sicocxles Tu ara. swored es iyo
gadamwyveti mizezi, rom saeklesio moralistebma dasaSvebad
miiCnies orsuli qalisTvis kiboTi daavadebuli saSvilosnos
amokveTis operacia.38 futis “mwvave” reaqcia – “Tu miRebuli gaqvs
bavSvis mokvlis nebarTva, ra mniSvneloba aqvs amas rogor gaakeTeb?”
– rogorc Cans, aq azrs moklebulia. mTavar sakiTxs aq warmoadgens
ara ubralod teqnika anu raimes Sesrulebis sxvadasxva gzebi, aramed
mizezi, romelic ganapirobebs pirovnebis qmedebas. aseTi mizezebi
SesaZloa gansazRvravdnen garkveul qmedebas, rogorc ganzraxul
qmedebas. yvelas ara aqvs mizezi imisTvis, rom moisurvos nayofis
saSvilosnodan mocileba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mis sikvdilze da Tu
garkveul SemTxvevaSi pirovnebas aqvs saTanado mizezi da ase iqceva,
anu ganzrax ar klavs nayofs, es ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos sicocxlis
sawinaaRmdegod gadadgmul nabijad.

ra Tqma unda, es faqtori ar gamodgeba kraniotomiisa da

meviolines gamorTvas Soris gansxvavebis dasanaxad. orive SemTxvevaSi
msxverplis arseboba ganapirobebs imas, rom kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba
pirovnebis qmedebis samarTlianoba.

(2) pirovnebam, romlis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis msxverplis

arseboba, Tavad unda gaakeTos arCevani? Tomsoni marTalia, rodesac
37
jonaTan beneti, “nebismieri Sedegi,” Analysis, vol.26 (1966). gv. 92.
38
ix. a. gemelisa da p. vermeerSis kamaTi, romelic Sesulia gamocemaSi “Ephemerides Theo-
logicae Lovaniensis” II, (1934), gv. 525-61; agreTve, ix. Nunani, op. cit. gv. 49; zalbas “Theologiae
Moralis Compendium” I. 885.
170

amas droul kiTxvad miiCnevs. Tomas aqvinasic am sakiTxze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas Tavis msjelobaSi Tavdacvis mizniT ganxorcielebuli
mkvlelobis Sesaxeb (msjeloba, saidanac, SeiZleba iTqvas, warmoiSva
ormagi efeqtis “doqtrina,” rogorc ganzraxvis analizis Teoriuli
damuSavebis gza). is ambobs:
“marTalia, ar aris daSvebuli mkvlelobis ganzraxva sakuTari
sicocxlis gadarCenis mizniT (vinaidan ar aris gamarTlebuli
“mokla adamiani”, im SemTxvevis garda [usamarTlo agresiis zogierT
SemTxvevaSi], roca saqme exeba sazogadoebis keTildReobas), Tumca
moralurad aucilebeli ar aris gamoricxo sakuTari sicocxlisTvis
aucilebeli pirobebi, raTa ar mokvdes sxva adamiani, radgan sakuTar
sicocxleze zrunvis moraluri faseuloba sxvis sicocxleze
zrunvis moralur faseulobaze naklebi ar aris.”39
rogorc Tomsoni ambobs, mesame piri, romelic dadgeba situaciis
winaSe, sadac erTi udanaSaulo adamianis arseboba safrTxes uqmnis
meore udanaSaulo adamianis sicocxles, gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. arsebul situaciaSi misi Careva, raTa moklas erT-erTi
adamiani meoris gadasarCenad, moicavs arCevans, romelic mas
aqcevs sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ganmgeblad, msajulad, romelmac
unda gadawyvitos, Tu vin icocxlos da vin mokvdes. da (SegviZlia
vTqvaT) mesame piris arCevanis es konteqsti mas logikurad icavs im
sityvebisgan, rac SeiZleba Tqvas kacma, romelic Tavs icavs: “me ar
virCev mokvlas; ubralod vakeTeb imas, rac – rogorc erTi qmedeba
da ara ubralod ganyenebuli Sedegis an vinmes Sesabamisi qmedebis
safuZvelze – metad aucilebelia Cemi sicocxlis dasacavad
da vicileb imas, rac safrTxes miqmnis.” maSasadame, abortis
sawinaaRmdego tradiciuli braldeba40 ukavSirdeba mesame piris
situacias: SeuZlebelia is ar irCevdes sikvdils, roca (a) bavSvis
gadarCenis mizniT ise kveTs dedas, rom es misTvis sabediswero
SedegiT damTavrdeba (magaliTad, rodesac placenta safrTxes
uqmnis sicocxlisunarian bavSvs da Tu misgan ar gaTavisuflda,
nayofi daiRupeba; an SemTxveva, roca dedis sisxli wamlavs bavSvs;
an situacia, rodesac mesame piri irCevs bavSvis gadarCenas, raTa
is maradiuli sikvdilisgan daicvas; an Tu bavSvi samefo ojaxs

39
“Summa Theologiae” II-II. q .64, art. 7: “Nec est necessarium ad salutem un homo actum moderatae
tuteiae practermittat ad evitadum occisionem alterius; quia plus tenetur homo vitae suae providere
quam vitae alienae. Sed quia occidere hominem non licet nisi publica auctoritate propter bonum com-
mune, ut ex supra dicits patet [art. 3], illicitum est quod homo intendat occidere hominem ut seipsum
defendat.”
40
iqve, arts. 2 & 3
 171

miekuTvneba, xolo deda – dabali fenis warmomadgenelia; an Tu deda

avadmyofia, moxuci an “ganvlo Tavisi cxovreba,” xolo bavSvs win
saintereso da mdidruli cxovreba elis); an Tu (b) bavSvs acilebs
dedis organizms, raTa deda gadaarCinos im safrTxisgan, romelsac
Svili uqmnis. “asea Tu ise, SeuZlebelia qalma sakuTari ZalisxmeviT
usafrTxod gaikeTos aborti,” – ambobs Tomsoni. – sul mcire, mesame
piris daxmarebis gareSe, romelic am daxmarebiT (pirdapir) igive
arCevans gaakeTebda, rasac sakuTar SemTxvevaSi. magram meviolines
gamorTva swored im pirovnebisgan xorcieldeba, romelic sakuTar
sicocxles icavs. Tomsoni aRiarebs, rom es sruliad sxva elfers
aZlevs am situacias, Tumca Tvlis, rom es gansxvaveba gadamwyveti ar

aris, radgan mesame pirs aqvs gadamwyveti mizezi, rom Caerios dedis
sasargeblod, romelsac safrTxes uqmnis Svilis arseboba. Tomsoni am

mizezs xsnis faqtiT, rom dedas ekuTvnis Tavisi sxeuli, rogorc

Tirkmelebi – im pirovnebas, romelzec meviolinea mierTebuli.
esec mudam gaTvaliswinebuli faqtori iyo am problemebSi, rogorc
davinaxavT Semdegi kiTxvis ganxilvisas.
(3) arCeuli qmedeba warmoadgens uSualod daxmarebaze uaris
Tqmas Tu faqtiur Carevas, romelic adamianis sxeulze Tavdasxmas
moiazrebs? benets surda, uareyo aseTi kiTxvebis koreqtuloba,41
magram futma42 da Tomsonma sworad dainaxes, rom sxva adamianTa
sicocxlis pativiscemis sakiTxSi da arCevanis gansazRvraSi maTi
sicocxlis pativiscemis Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZloa erTi
adamiani pirdapir daziandes da ara is, rom man ver SeZlos sxvisi
sicocxlis SenarCunebisTvis aucilebeli pirobebis SenarCuneba.
zogjer, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis qmedebis SemTxveviTi
struqtura ganapirobebs pirovnebis nebiT Tu uneblied gakeTebul
arCevans ZiriTadi faseulobis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod.
kavSiri adamianis qmedebasa da sicocxlis ganadgurebas Soris
SeiZleba imdenad mWidro da pirdapiri iyos, rom ganzraxvas
da Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebas, romlebic sicocxlis xelyofas
sxvadasxva dominantur niSan-Tvisebebs SesZendnen, ar SeuZliaT
gavlena iqonion sicocxlis ganadgurebis dominirebad niSnebze.
Tomsoni swored am mizeziT xSirad warmogvidgens abortis gakeTebis

arCevans, rogorc arCevans, rom ar gauwio daxmareba an momsaxureba,

rom ar iyo gulmowyale samariteli an, yovel SemTxvevaSi SesaniSanvi

41
beneti, op. cit.
42
futi, op. cit. gv. 11-13
172

samariteli. maSin ratom aRwers Tomsoni meviolines SemTxvevas ise,

rom minimumamdea dayvanili Careva meviolines sxeulis sawinaaRmdegod
da maqsimizirebulia analogi, roca moxalise ubralod uars
ambobs Tavisi Tirkmelebis “Txovebaze” meviolines sakeTildReod
(rogorc henri fondas uari, gadakveTos amerikis teritoria judiT
Tomsonis gadasarCenad). “am qveynad SeuZlebelia arsebobdes imaze
didi simarTle, vidre is, rom Tu sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad
meviolines Tqveni Tirkmelebidan gamorTavT, amiT ar CaidenT arc
mkvlelobas da arc raime dauSvebel qmedebas.” namdvilad asea. kargi
iqneboda, ufro metad Segvemowmebina adamianis moraluri reaqciebi:
davuSvaT, “gamorTva” saWiroebs mesame piris Carevas da aseve, rom
(samedicino miznebisTvis, sisxlis mowamvla, Soki da a.S.) gamorTvis
proceduris usafrTxoebis mizniT saWiroa, rom mevioline, sul cota,
eqvsi saaTis gardacvlili iyos da pirdapiri gziT mokluli, vTqvaT,
Jangbadis ar miwodebiT an Tavis mokveTiT (Tumca aucilebeli ar aris,
rom am dros gonebaze iyos). SesaZlebelia Tu ara, pirovneba, anu mesame
piri, darwmunebuli iyos, rom swori qmedeba iyo meviolines mokvla
filosofosis gadarCenis mizniT? es ganxiluli versia principulad
wamovwie sxva mizezis ilustrirebisTvis, raTa tradiciuli
kazuistikis farglebSi vifiqroT, rom meviolines gamorTva
Tomsoniseul versiaSi ar aris “pirdapiri mkvleloba,” rogorc es
mas hgonia da rogorc es mas unda egonos, Tu surs Tavi daicvas
pirdapiri mkvlelobis tradiciuli principis uaryofisTvis.
kvlav davubrundeT tradiciul wess abortis Sesaxeb. Tu dedas
sicocxlisTvis mkurnaloba esaWiroeba, is mkurnalobs erTi pirobiT,
Tundac am samedicino Carevis Sedegad nayofis daRupva gardauvali
iyos. bolos da bolos Tavisi sxeuli misi sakuTrebaa, rogorc
“qalebma araerTxel ganacxades” (da maT kazuistikis tradiciulma
momxreebma mousmines!). ra pirobiT? rom mkurnaloba ar iyos
pirdapiri Tavdasxma an Careva bavSvis sxeulis winaarmdeg. bolos
da bolos bavSvis sxeuli bavSvs ekuTvnis da ara qals.
kazuistikis tradiciulma momxreebma im bolo zRvramde dauSves
ganacxadi adamianis “sxeulis” saxeliT, roca es ganacxadi ubralo
(gasageb) gadaxvevis saxes Rebulobs, ubralo
(gasagebi) egoisturi uaris, moismino igive ganacxadi (es
sxeuli Cemi sakuTrebaa), rodesac is keTdeba sxva pirovnebis mier
an misi saxeliT.43 ra Tqma unda, tradiciuli kazuisti msjelobis
dros xazs gausvamda gadaWarbebuli grZnobis saWiroebas, im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu is Zalian ar TanaugrZnobs uimedo situaciaSi myof

43
ra Tqma unda, maT ar usargebliaT Tomsonis gasaocari saubriT “sxeulis sa-
kuTrebis Sesaxeb” misi ukmayofilo da kanonTan dakavSirebuli qveteqstebiTa da samarT-
lis sakiTxebis obieqtebamde dualisturi dayvaniT.
 173

qalebs. magram metad gamaRizianebelia, roca filosofosi judiT

Tomsoni gulgrilia da ver xedavs, rom argumenti orive gzas Wris,
ver acnobierebs ra, rom kazuistebma masze adre SeniSnes problemis
arsi da misgan gansxvavebiT, argumentis saSualebiT dauyovnebliv
moWres orive gza. bavSvs, dedis msgavsad, “pirvel rigSi aqvs ufleba
Tavis sxeulze,” xolo aborti gulisxmobs mis xelyofas, am sxeulze
Catarebul manipulaciebs. albaT, swored es aris gadamwyveti mizezi,
Tu ratom ar SeiZleba aborti miesadagos samaritelis problemas da
ratom iTvleba Tomsonis mier am problemis am sazRvrebSi moqceva
(gamomgoneblurad) siaxled.
(4) magram iTvleba qmedeba pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTulad, Tu
mas evaleboda, ar gaekeTebina is, rac gaakeTa, an imyofeboda iq, sadac
ar unda yofiliyo? rogorc Cans, eWvi ar aris, rom “udanaSaulo”
msxverpli, romelsac sicocxles arTmeven, ganapirobebs gansxvavebas,
romelic arsebobs adamianis sicocxlisadmi Ria da pativismcemel
qmedebas da ganzrax mkvlelobas Soris. rogor da ratom ganapirobebs
msxverpli am gansxvavebas rTuli asaxsnelia; aq ar Sevecdebi
amis axsnas. Cven yvela, ra mizezic ar unda iyos, vacnobierebT am
gansxvavebas da Tomsonmac TvalsaCinod aRniSna, rom es sakiTxi
mniSvnelovania.
magram am mxriv mis saubars “uflebebze” saboloo uaryofiTi
efeqti aqvs. SegviZlia ganvacxadoT (vTqviT kidevac), rom
mucladmyof bavSvs ara aqvs hofeldelTa “moTxovnis ufleba”, rom
nebismier viTarebaSi miscen dedis sxeulSi darCenis ufleba; dedas
mkacrad ar evaleba, rom bavSvi nebismier viTarebaSi datovos Tavis

sxeulSi. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvs “ara aqvs iq yofnis ufleba”. magram

Tomsoni, aseve, ganixilavs SemTxvevas, roca saxlSi mZarcveli Sedis.
am ukanasknelsac “ara aqvs iq yofnis ufleba,” miuxedavad imisa, rom
fanjrebi uSualod saxlis patronma gamoaRo! magram moerideT
gadaWarbebas! mZarcvels ara ubralod ara aqvs saxlSi Sesvlis an
iq darCenis moTxovnis ufleba, aramed mkacrad moeTxoveba, rom

ar Sevides da ar darCes. magaliTad, mas ara aqvs hofeldelTa

“Tavisufleba” da swored es unda gaviTvaliswinoT, upirveles

yovlisa, rodesac vambobT, rom mas “ara aqvs iq yofnis ufleba.”
sinamdvileSi mZarcvelis saxlSi yofna usamarTlobaa. asevea jonsis
SemTxvevaSi, roca is smiTis qurTuks icvams, smiTi ki sicivisgan
kankalebs. analogiuria meviolines SemTxvevaSic. meviolines da mis
momxreebs mkacrad evalebodaT, rom ar esargeblaT judiT Tomsonis
174

an misi narkvevis mkiTxvelis TirkmelebiT. ra Tqma unda, mevioline

SesaZloa ugono mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda da amdenad is uSualo
damnaSave ar aris. magram mTeli es Zalisxmeva didi usamarTlobaa
im pirovnebis mimarT, romlis Tirkmelebsac ase udierad epyrobian;
aseve, usamarTlobaa amave pirovnebis mimarT, rom es ar Sefasebula,
rogorc moraluri Secdoma am usamarTlobaSi monawile romelime
mxaris mier. meviolines situaciasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni
Tvalsazriss amravalferovnebs meviolines Zaladobrivi da yovlad
gaumarTlebeli mierTeba Tavis msxverplze.
magram SesaZlebelia Tu ara igive iTqvas mucladmyof bavSvze?
marTlac, bavSvs ara aqvs dedis sxeulSi Sesvlis moTxovnis ufleba.

Tumca aranairi valdebulebebis darRveva ar yofila arc misi

Casaxva da arc dedis sxeulSi yofna. Tomsons aranairi argumenti ar
moyavs im Tvalsazrisis sasargeblod, rom bavSvi Tavisi arsebobiT
uflebebs ar arRvevs (Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli magaliTebi
gviCvenebs, rom is xSirad taqtikurad aRiarebs am faqts). (marTlac,
Tu vapirebT, rom visargebloT saxlis mflobelis uxeiro SedarebiT,
me ar mesmis, Tu ratom ar SeuZlia bavSvs samarTlianad ganacxados
Semdegi ram Tavis garSemo arsebul sxeulze: “es Cemi saxlia. CemTvis

aravis mouniWebia masze sakuTrebis ufleba, Tumca, aseve,

dedaCemisTvisac aravis miuniWebia masze sakuTrebis ufleba.”

faqtia, rom orive pirovneba saziarod sargeblobs am sxeuliT
da masze orives Tanabari uflebebi aqvs. magram, umjobesi iqneba,
Tu wertils davusvamT am Seuferebel saubars “sakuTrebasa” da
“sakuTrebaze uflebebis” Sesaxeb.) maSasadame, marTalia mucladmyof
bavSvs “ara aqvs iq yofnis ufleba” (im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas ar hqonda
iq yofnis moTxovnis ufleba), sxva pirdapiri da ufro mniSvnelovani
TvalsazrisiT mas “aqvs iq yofnis ufleba” (im TvalsazrisiT, rom
aranairi valdebulebebis darRveva ar yofila arc misi Casaxva da
arc dedis sxeulSi yofna). aq yvelaferi, Cemi azriT, gasagebia da
aSkarad gansxvavdeba meviolines SemTxvevisagan. davuSvaT, Zaladoba
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa, magram miuxedavad amisa, sasaciloa
vTqvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSic bavSvs raime brali miuZRvis, rogorc
meviolines – romelic ugono mdgomareobaSi iyo, rodesac sxva
pirovnebis Tirkmelebze miaerTes.
da mainc, ar minda dogmaturi viyo samarTlianobasa Tu
usamarTlobasTan, udanaSaulobasa Tu braleulobasTan
 175

dakavSirebiT, rodesac saqme gvaqvs Zaladobis Sedegad Casaxvis

SemTxvevasTan. (ukve aRvniSne, rom abortis dauSvebloba nebismier iseT
SemTxvevaSi, roca dedis sicocxles safrTxe ar emuqreba, aucilebeli
ar aris damokidebuli iyos imis warmoCenaze, rom sasurveli qmedeba
ar warmoadgens pirdapiri mkvlelobis arCevans.) sruliad sakmarisia,
rom aRvwere, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba sam sayovelTaod aRiarebul
sferoSi meviolines SemTxveva im situaciisgan, roca abortis
dedis sicocxlis gadarCenis mizniT keTdeba. rogorc Tomsonma
warmogvidgina, meviolines SemTxvevaSi ar monawileobs (I) mesame piri,
(II) ar xdeba meviolines sxeulis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba da (III) adgili
aqvs calsaxa usamarTlobas udanaSaulo pirovnebis mimarT. arc erTi
es faqtori ar gvxvdeba abortze kamaTis SemTxvevaSi. yovel maTgans
arsebiTad miiCneven tradiciuli kazuistebi, romelTa braldebebis
Sedavebas cdilobda Tomsoni, rodesac meviolineze migvaerTa.
marTalia, yvelaferi iTqva, magram me Segnebulad ar vupasuxe
Cems kiTxvas: rodis SeuZlia adamians Tqvas, rom raime qmedebis
mosalodneli cudi efeqti an aspeqti ar iyo ganzraxuli, Tundac
rogorc saSualeba da amdenad is ar gansazRvravs am qmedebis
moralur mxares, rogorc adamianis ZiriTadi faseulobisadmi
upativcemulobas? me mxolod ramdenime faqtori CamovTvale da
ar misaubria, Tu rogor Rebulobs pirovneba gadawyvetilebas am
faqtorebis kombinaciiT, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba pasuxi
gaeces aRniSnul kiTxvas. me ar misaubria braldebul an gamarTlebul
adamianze; an qalze, romelic Tavis Svils miatovebs da cdilobs,

dadevnebul loms gaeqces; an sxva qalze, romelic Tavis Svils

loms SeaWmevs, raTa iolad dausxltes mtacebels; an “ucodvel”
bavSvze, romelic kacs cecxlsasroli iaraRiT moklavs an kacze,
romelic am bavSvs moklavs Tavdacvis mizniT;44 an SimSiliT ganawameb
mkvlevarze, romelic Tavs moiklavs, raTa Tavisi megobrebi sakvebiT
uzrunvelyos, an sxva mkvlevari, romelic Tavis jgufs Sordeba,
raTa Tavisi ulufa megobrebs ar gaunawilos. arsebobs uamravi
da gansxvavebuli SemTxveva, saidanac bevri ramis swavla SeiZleba.
“ormagi efeqtis” cnebis metad ganzogadeba an mkacrad dakanoneba
Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda aristoteleseuli, vitgenSteiniseuli
poziciisa, rom “Cven ar viciT, sad gavavloT koncefciis sazRvrebi”
– ganzraxvis, sicocxlis pativiscemisa da SedegebisaTvis Seusabamo

44
es SemTxveva gamoiyena brodim, “Tomsoni da aborti,” “filosofia da sazogadoebasTan
urTierToba,” naw. 1, #3 (gazafxuli, 1972), gv. 335.
176

qmedebis – “Tu gansakuTrebuli mizani ar gvaqvs.”45 Tumca, Cemi azriT,

is, visac aristotele pirdapir uwodebs brZens, abortis problemebis
umetes SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia mivides naTel daskvnamde; daskvnamde,
romelic ar Seesabameba Tomsonis pozicias.

IV
me vvaraudob, rom mucladmyofi bavSvi, Casaxvis wuTidanve,
pirovnebaa da Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba misi diskriminacia asakis,
garegnuli niSnebis an sxva iseTi faqtorebis mixedviT, romlebic
umniSvnelod iTvleba maSin, roca sadavoa adamianis ZiriTadi
faseulobis pativiscema. Tomsoni upirispirdeba aseT mosazrebas,
Tumca, Cemi azriT, arasaTanadod. is Tvlis (rogorc uerThaimeri,46

“Mutatis Mutandis”), rom argumenti axlad Casaxuli bavSvis,

rogorc pirovnebis, sasargeblod ubralod “Tavis moxerxebulad
dasaZvreni argumentia,” rogorc imis Tqma (Cemi varaudiT), rom yvela
kacs wverebiani unda vuwodoT, radgan aravis SeuZlia darwmunebiT
da zustad gamijnos erTmaneTisgan wverebiani da sufTad gaparsuli.
ufro zustad, Tomsoni Tvlis, rom axlad Casaxuli bavSvi rkos hgavs,
romelic sulac ar warmoadgens muxas! metad gulsatkenia, rom is
ase mtkiced da arakritikulad eyrdnoba am dromoWmul abdaubdas.
rko SesaZloa wlebis manZilze umoqmedod iqnes Senaxuli, Tumca
srulyofil rkod darCes. moaTavseT es rko niadagSi da misgan
aRmocendeba axalgazrda muxis nergi, axali, dinamiuri biologiuri
sistema, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo rkosTan garda imisa, rom
misgan aRmocenda da SeuZlia dasabami misces axal rkoebs. davuSvaT,
muxam rko moisxa 1971 wlis seqtemberSi, mokrifes 1972 wlis 1
Tebervals da saTanado pirobebSi Seinaxes sami wlis manZilze.
Semdeg daTeses 1975 wlis ianvarSi. misgan nergi aRmocenda 1975 wlis
1 marts da TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg miaRwia saSualo asaks. gekiTxebiT:
rodis daiwyo am muxam zrda? gana vinme ityvis 1971 wlis seqtemberSi
an 1972 wlis TebervalSio? gana vinme gaixsenebs TariRs, rodesac es
rko pirvelad SeniSnes baRSi? ra Tqma unda, ara. sruliad sakmarisia
vicodeT, rom muxis nergi rkodan 1975 wlis 1 marts aRmocenda (Tumca
biologs SeuZlia, ufro dawvrilebiT isaubros “aRmocenebaze”) da

swored aqedan iRebs saTaves muxa. miT umetes bavSvis Casaxva, romelic
xdeba ori ujredis, orive maTgani ocdasami qromosomiT, SerwymiT.
es ukanaskneli warmoSobs axal ujreds ormocdaeqvsi qromosomiT,
45
vitengSteini, “filosofiuri kvleva” (oqsfordi, 1953), naw. 69.
46
“abortis argumentebis arsi.”
 177

romelic ganapirobebs unikalur genetikur konstitucias (arc

dedis da arc mamis analogi da mSoblebis genetikuri konstituciis
msgavsic ki), romelic mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze arsebiTad
gansazRvravs axali individis Tvisebebs.47 es axali ujredi sawyis
etaps warmoadgens dinamiurad integrirebul sistemaSi. mas bevri
araferi aqvs saerTo mamrobiTi an mdedrobiTi sqesis ujredebTan
imis garda, rom iwyebs ganviTarebas maTi wyvilidan da Tavis droze

qmnis am ujredebis axal jgufs. imis Tqma, rom swored aqedan

daiwyo pirovnebis sicocxle, ar niSnavs, rom ukuTvla unda daviwyoT
misi mowifulobis asakidan da yovel etapze ritorikulad vikiTxoT:
“rogor miviCnioT es etapi aTvlis wertilad?” piriqiT, aman unda
migvaniSnos sruliad naTel dasawyisze, romlis danaxvac yovel
Cvengans SeuZlia, Tu Tavis warmoSobas gadaxedavs da masSi dainaxavs,
am sityvis sruli gagebiT, rom “Cems dasawyisSi Cemi dasasrulia.”
judiT Tomsoni Tvlis, rom man “adamianis Tvisebebis SeZena” meaTe
kviraSi daiwyo (rodesac TvalsaCino xdeba xelisa da fexis TiTebi
da a.S.). me ar mesmis, Tu saerTod ratom ar aqcevs is yuradRebas
adamianis yvelaze radikalur da misTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs
– faqts, rom is Caisaxa mSoblebis, adamianebis, mier. rac Seexeba henri
fondas: misi Casaxvis wuTidan, Tumca ara manamde, misi unikaluri
genetikuri konstituciis Semxedvares SeeZloT eTqvaT ara mxolod
is, rom henri fondas “meaTe kviraSi” eqneboda TiTebi, aramed isic,
rom ormoci wlis asakSi eqneboda grili xeli. imis gacxadebisTvis,

rom mas axla aqvs adamianis uflebebi, romelTac judiT tomsoni

sworad, Tumca arasrulyofilad aRiarebs, ara mgonia, gonivruli da
logikuri iyos, rom davelodoT “meaTe kviras,” vidre ar davinaxavT
nayofis TiTebs da a.S.

VIII
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Teoria
T. skanloni47

47
“filosofia da sazogadoebasTan urTierToba”, naw. 1, #2 (zamTari, 1972), 204-226. Princ-
etone University Press.
es statia aRebulia eTikisa da kanonis filosofiis sazogadoebisaTvis wardgenili naS-
romidan. madlobeli var xsenebuli jgufis wevrebis, aseve ramdenime sxva auditoriis
sasargeblo komentarebisa da kritikisaTvis.
178

Seviwroveba azris gamoxatvis

gamo sruliad
logikurad meCveneba. Tu Tqven
eWvi ar geparebaT
sakuTar mosazrebebsa Tu
SesaZleblobebSi da
mTeli guliT gsurT garkveuli
Sedegis miRweva,
bunebrivad gamoxateT sakuTari
survilebi kanonis
farglebSi da gaabaTileT yvela
winaaRmdegoba.
sityvieri SewinaaRmdegeba, erTi
SexedviT, TiTqos
imaze metyvelebs, rom ar gjeraT
sityvis Zalis
iseve, rogorc kacis, romelic
ambobs, rom
SeuZlebeli gaakeTa, an
sinamdvileSi ar gaRelvebT
Sedegi, an eWvi geparebaT Tqvens
mosazrebebsa da
SesaZleblobebSi. magram . . .
_ oliver uendel holmsi48

I
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis doqtrinas zogadad miakuTvneben
“dacul qmedebaTa” klass, romelsac ar exeba garkveuli akrZalvebi,
rogorc es sxva qmedebebis SemTxvevebSia. kerZod, am doqtrinis yvelaze
myari versiis pirobebSic ki SesaZloa iyos iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca
xorcieldeba daculi qmedebani, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SesaZloa
saziano Sedegebi moyves, rac, rogorc wesi, sruliad sakmarisia
xolme iuridiuli sanqciebis dawesebis gamarTlebisTvis. swored
aseTi SemTxvevebi ganapirobeben azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
doqtrinis did mniSvnelobas da aseTi poziciidan gamomdinare, mis
Tvisobriv aralogikurobas. es ukanaskneli TvalsaCinod vlindeba
holmsis msjelobaSi, romelic zemoT aris citirebuli.
aralogikurobis braldebaze pasuxis gacema warmoadgens azris
48
Dissenting in Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919)
 179

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeris mTavar

amocanas. aseTi pasuxi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroebs naTel ganmartebas,
Tu ras warmoadgens daculi qmedebebis jgufi, xolo Semdeg
– misi privilegiebis da safuZvlebis aRweras. azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis doqtrinis yvelaze gavrcelebuli dacva efuZneba
Sedegebs. aman SesaZloa kamaTis saxec miiRos garkveuli qmedebebis
jgufis gaTvaliswinebiT, magaliTad, sityviT gamosvla, rameTu
aseTi qmedebis ar SezRudviT miRebuli kargi Sedegebi gadawonis
cuds. aseve, daculi qmedebebis jgufis sazRvrebi Tavadve SeiZleba

ganisazRvron kargi Sedegebis balansiT cudTan SefardebiT.

garkveuli tipis qmedeba miekuTvneba Tu ara privilegirebul jgufs
umravles SemTxvevaSi, yvelaSi Tu ara, ganisazRvreba imiT, moyveba Tu
ara mas ufro meti dadebiTi Sedegi, vidre – uaryofiTi. erTi SexedviT,
kamaTis es forma aqvs mraval cnobil SemTxvevas sasamarTloSi da,
sul mcire, balansirebis garkveuli elementebi Setanilia pirveli
sakonstitucio Sesworebis49 TiTqmis yvela SeniSvnaSi. amdenad, erTi
ram, rac azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis filosofiurma ganxilvam
unda gaakeTos, aris imis garkveviT gansazRvra, Tu rogor aris
damokidebuli qmedebis jgufi miznebis miRwevis an interesebis
balansirebaze da uflebebisa da sxva absoluturi principebis
nacvlad ra donemdea masze dafuZnebuli. kerZod, viRacas SeiZleba
surdes icodes azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis damcveli ra doneze
unda eyrdnobodes Tavis pozicias, raTa Tavisufali msjelobis
xangrZlivma sargebelma gadawonos aSkara da SesaZlo uaryofiTi
moklevadiani faseulobebi da am xangrZlivi upiratesobebis ra
donis gaTvlaa damokidebuli codnis maRal faseulobaze da
inteleqtualur warmodgenebze sxva faseulobebis dapirispirebis
pirobebSi.
momdevno kiTxva, romelsac unda pasuxobdes azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis adekvaturi Sefaseba, mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ra
donemde efuZneba es doqtrina bunebriv moralur principebs da
ra donemde aris is garkveuli politikuri dadgenilebebis mier
xelovnurad Seqmnili? azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sefasebam
SesaZloa es doqtrina xelovnurad dagvanaxos im TvalsazrisiT,
49
amgvar gadawyvetilebebSi Setanili balansireba yovelTvis ar warmoadgens kargi Sede-
gebis maqsimalizaciis calsaxa sakiTxs, radgan is, rac “balansirebulia” xSirad moicavs
pirovnebis uflebebs iseve, rogorc individualur da sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs. prob-
lemebi, romlebsac moicavs “balansirebuli” uflebebi am mxriv warmodgenilia ronald
duorkinis mier “uflebebis seriozulad aRqmaSi,” New York Review of Books, 17 dekemberi,
1970, gv. 23-31
180

rogorc mxedvelobaSi maqvs, Tu, magaliTad, igi daculi qmedebebis

jgufs gansazRvravs im qmedebebad, romlebic aRiarebulia
politikuri saqmianobis kanonier formebad garkveuli konstituciis

sazRvrebSi da maTi privilegiebis mxardasaWerad moiyvana mxolod

am konstituciis gonivruloba da samarTlianoba. azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis “xelovnurad” Sefasebis odnav gansxvavebuli forma
SemogvTavaza maikljonma,50 romelic gamoxatvis aqtis upiratesobis
safuZvels xedavs faqtSi, rom aseTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis ufleba
aucilebelia, raTa demokratiuli qveynis moqalaqeebma, rogorc
TviTmmarTvelma moqalaqeebma, Seasrulon Tavisi valdebulebani.
am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeebs, romlebsac ar evalebaT
“sakuTari Tavis marTva” daakldebaT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
ufleba (sul mcire, erTi saxis ufleba mainc). am Tvalsazrisis
sapirispirod, milis cnobili argumenti gvTavazobs “azrisa
da msjelobis Tavisuflebis dacvas,” romelic eyrdnoba zogad
moralur safuZvlebs da ar ganekuTvneba romelime konkretul kanons
an dadgenilebas. CemTvis gasagebia, rom Cveni (an Cemi) dadgenileba
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb moicavs rogorc bunebriv,
aseve xelovnur elementebs. am sakiTxis adekvaturma Sefasebam unda
gansazRvros, warmoadgens Tu ara es ori saxis dadgenileba azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisebs Tu
isini Tavsebadebi arian da erTmaneTs avseben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am kiTxvebs azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb TanmimdevrobiT aq ar ganvixilav, imedi maqvs, warmodgenili
Teoriis meSveobiT am msjelobis dasasruls yvelafers gaecema
pasuxi. daviwyeb pirvel maTganze arapirdapiri SeteviT.

II
qmedebaTa erTaderTi jgufi, romelic jer-jerobiT vaxsene,
aris “azris gamoxatvis aqtebis” jgufi, romelSic vgulisxmob
nebismier qmedebas, rac gankuTvnilia erTi an meti pirisTvis
garkveuli Tvalsazrisebisa Tu damokidebulebebis gadasacemad. es
metad vrceli jgufia. garda sityviT gamosvlisa da publikaciebis
aqtebisa, is moicavs simboloebis gamoyenebas, demonstraciebs,
sxvadasxva musikalur gamosvlebs, garkveul dabombvas, mkvlelobebsa
da sakuTari Tavis msxverplad Sewirvas. imisaTvis, rom raime aqti
CaiTvalos azris gamoxatvis qmedebad, kargi iqneba, Tu is kavSirSi
iqneba garkveul TvalsazrisTan Tu damokidebulebasTan, risi
50
aleqsandre maikljoni, “politikuri Tavisufleba” (2-e gam. niu-iorki, 1965). ix. gv. 79.
 181

gamoxatvac aris Cafiqrebuli.

rogorc wesi, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, romelSic moiazreba
“Tavisufali sityvis” Teoria, mimarTulia farTo sazogadoebisken
da gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss an damokidebulebas, romelsac unda
gaaCndes konkretuli sazogado interesi. aseTi Sefaseba, Cemi azriT,
gankuTvnilia imisTvis, rom ar movisurvoT gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
aqtis Sefaseba im komunikaciad, romelsac adgili aqvs Cveulebrivi
bankis mZarcvelsa da mis mier kontrolirebad molares Soris. es
piroba garkveulwilad sustdeba, Tu moTxovna, romelsac mZarcveli
molares uyenebs, Cveulebriv muqarasTan erTad damatebiT Seicavs
misi qmedebis politikur gamarTlebasa da mowodebas, rom mis
magaliTs sxvebmac mibaZon. es damateba cdilobs miiqcios farTo
sazogadoebis yuradReba da ganazogados mimarTvaSi gaJRerebuli
interesi. am Taviseburebebis mizanSewonilobas, garkveulwilad,
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis adekvaturi Teoria unda xsnides,
magram amjerad ar Rirs maTi miCneva gamoxatvis aqtebis jgufis
gansazRvrebis Semadgenel nawilebad.
albaT, yvela dameTanxmeba, rom azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
doqtriniT daculi qmedebebi im TvalsazrisiT CaiTvlebian
gamoxatvis aqtebad, rogorc zemoT ganvsazRvre. Tumca, vinaidan
gamoxatvis aqtebi SesaZloa iyos Zaladobrivic da SemTxveviT
destruqciulic, naklebad sarwmunoa, vinmem daiwyos imis mtkiceba,
rom es jgufi kanonier akrZalvas ar eqvemdebareba. amdenad qmedebaTa
daculi jgufi unda warmoadgendes zemoxsenebuli jgufis qvejgufs.
zogjer miaCniaT, rom mizanSewonili qveklasi Sedgeba gamoxatvis
iseTi aqtebisgan, romlebic warmoadgenen “sityvas” da ara “qmedebas.”
magram mas, vinc aseTi Tvalsazrisi wamoayena, zogadad surda, rom
dacul qmedebaTa jgufSi Seetana is, rac Cveulebrivi gagebiT ar
warmoadgens sityvas (magaliTad, mimika da beWduri komunikaciebis
garkveuli formebi) da am jgufidan gamoericxa is, rac Cveulebrivi
gagebiT sityvas warmoadgens (saubrebi biblioTekebSi, xalxiT
gadaWedil TeatrSi cru saxanZro gangaSi da sxv.). amdenad, Tu sityva
gamoxatvis aqtis qveklasia, Sesabamisad “sityva” aq qmedebis funqcias
iZens, rac saWiroebs gansazRvrebas. am tradiciuli msjelobebis
Semdeg Teoriis CamosayalibeblaT SegveZlo gagvegrZelebina
teqnikur Sesabamisobaze muSaoba, raTa gangvesxvavebina sityva
da qmedeba, romelic, TiTqosda, Seesabameba Cvens yvelaze mkafio
intiucias, romelze dayrdnobiTac dgindeba, ganekuTvneba Tu ara
182

qmedeba dacul jgufs.51

ase gagrZeleba, Cemi azriT, seriozuli Secdoma iqneboda. naTelia,
rom dadgenilebebi, romelTac mivmarTavT imis gadasawyvetad,
mocemuli akrZalva zRudavs Tu ara azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas,
ar warmoadgens intuicias, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeiZleba
raimes uwodo sityva da ara – qmedeba, Tundac saqme gvqondes
“sityvis” gamokveTil SemTxvevasTan. grZnoba, romelsac unda
veyrdnobodeT aseTi saxis ganmartebis dros, Cemi azriT, saTaves
iRebs im SexedulebaSi, rom Tuki azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
yoveli adekvaturi doqtrina unda vrceldebodes zogierT
qmedebaze da ara yvelaze, aseT doqtrinebs unda hqondeT Tavisi
Teoriuli safuZvlebi dacul qmedebasa da sxva saxis qmedebebs Soris
arsebul gansxvavebebSi. magaliTad, daculi qmedebebis jgufis
zogierT gansazRvrebaSi. magram es aSkarad arasworia. SesaZloa da,
Cemi azriT, asec aris, azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis
Teoriuli safuZveli mravalricxovani da mravalgvaria. vinaidan
am erTad aRebuli elementebis jaWvuri efeqti unda gavrceldes
privilegirebuli statusis mqone zogierT qmedebaze, ar arsebobs
qmedebaTa im jgufis Teoriulad saintereso (da rasakvirvelia, arc
martivi da arc intiuciuri) gansazRvreba, romelic am privilegiebiT
isargeblebda. gamoxatvis aqtis privilegirebuli qvejgufis
gamoyofis mcdelobis nacvlad, Cemi azriT, umjobesia es jgufi erT
mTlianobad CavTvaloT da veZeboT gzebi, raTa privilegirebuli
qmedebebis jgufiT sargeblobis gareSe vupasuxoT azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis doqtrinis sawinaaRmdego braldebas, romlis
Tanaxmad, is aralogikuria.
rogorc dasawyisSi vaxsene, es braldeba ganapiroba faqtma, rom
am doqtrinis nebismieri aratrivialuri formis pirobebSi SeiZleba
iyos SemTxvevebi, roca xorcieldeba iuridiuli SezRudvebisgan
daculi qmedebani, miuxedavad faqtisa, rom maT SesaZloa saziano
Sedegebi moyves, rac sxva SemTxvevebSi sakmarisi iqneboda amgvari
SezRudvebis gamarTlebisTvis. (“iuridiulma SezRudvebma” aseT
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba miiRos an sanqciis forma danaSaulebriv
qmedebaze an sasamarTlos mier im adamianTa uflebebis zogadi
aRiarebis, romlebzec gavlena iqonia am qmedebebma, raTa anazRaurdes
maTTvis miyenebuli zarali.) garkveuli jgufis qmedebebze
iuridiuli SezRudvebis miRebis zogadad sakmaris gamarTlebas ar
warmoadgens imis Cveneba, rom am akrZalvebis SemoRebiT Tavidan iqneba
51
am amocanas xsnis Tomas emersoni narkvevSi “pirveli Sesworebis zogadi Teoriis Ses-
axeb,” (niu-iorki, 1966). ix. gv. 60-62.
 183

acilebuli garkveuli ziani. SesaZloa ise moxdes, rom akrZalvebis

SemoRebiT miRebulma Sedegebma gadawonos is sargebeli, risi miRebac
SesaZlebelia, an am akrZalvebma xelyos zogierTi ufleba pirdapir
(magaliTad, im qmedebebis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebis ufleba,
romelic mimarTac gamoiyeneba es akrZalva) an arapirdapir (magaliTad,
ufleba, romlis miRebac arsebul garemoebaSi bevr adamians mxolod
im qmedebebis meSveobiT SeuZliaT, romelTac es akrZalva exeba). an
SesaZlebelia, rom marTalia am jgufis qmedebebisadmi iuridiuli
SezRudvebis dawesebiT SeiZleba garkveuli zianis Tavidan acileba,
is, visac exeba es akrZalva, pasuxismgebeli ar aris am zianze da
Sesabamisad, mas ver SezRudaven am zianis prevenciis mizniT.
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis dacva didwilad efuZneba am sami
formis argumentidan pirvel ors. orive maTganSi calke aRebuli
faqtorebi SesaZloa gamodges im mocemuli jgufis qmedebaTa
akrZalvis gasamarTleblad, romlebic dasaSvebia garkveul
situaciebSi, xolo sxva SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebul Sefasebas
miiRebdnen. rogorc mogvianebiT ufro naTeli gaxdeba, Cemi
azriT, uflebebsa da konkurentuli miznebis balansirebaze aseTi
apelacia azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis srulyofili Teoriis
arsebiTi nawilebia. magram minda daviwyo im argumentebis ganxilviT,
romelTac (magaliTad, pasuxismgeblobis arideba) iseTi efeqti aqvs,
ramac Tavdapirvelad SeiZleba mogvaCvenos, rom garkveuli jgufis
qmedebebis akrZalvis mizezi amisaTvis sruliad Seusabamoa.
Cemi mTavari mizezi am gziT dawyebisTvis SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
ufro iolia Tqva, Tu ra aqvs saerTo azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
klasikur darRvevebs, vidre gansazRvro qmedebebis klasi, romlebic
daculia am doqtriniT. is, rac ganasxvavebs am darRvevebs gamoxatvis
uwyinari regulirebisgan aris ara im qmedebaTa xasiaTi, romlebSic
isini erevian, aramed maTi sasurveli mizani – magaliTad, eretikuli
swavlebis gavrcelebis SeCereba. es gviCvenebs, rom gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb Cveni intuiciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
komponenti ukavSirdeba ara garkveuli akrZalvebis arakanonierebas,
aramed am akrZalvebis gamarTlebis arakanonierebas. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, intuicia, erTi SexedviT, Semdegis msgavsia: arakanonieria
gamarTlebebi, romlebic emyareba faqts, rom cudi iqneba, Tuki
gamoxatvis garkveuli aqtebiT gadmocemuli Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa
sazogadod iqnes aRiarebuli; kanonieria gamarTlebeba, romlebic
ufro gamoxatvis qmedebis formebs (dro, adgili da sxv.) emyareba,
vidre gadmocemul Tvalsazriss.
184

rogorc azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis principi, aseTi saxiT

es metad aradamakmayofileblad JRers. erTi mxriv, igi efuZneba
gamoxatvis aqtis meSveobiT “gadmocemuli Tvalsazrisis” metad
bundovan gagebas; meore mxriv, igi metad SemzRudveli Cans, vinaidan,
magaliTad, igi gamoricxavs ciliswamebis winaaRmdeg kanonis
nebismier gamarTlebas. am uxeSi formulirebis ukeT gasagebad,
minda ganvixiloT ramdenime gansxvavebuli gza, riTac gamoxatvis
aqts zianis motana SeuZlia. yuradReba SevaCeroT iseT SemTxvevebze,
roca es ziani calsaxad SeiZleba CaiTvalos im qmedebebis akrZalvis
mizezebad, romlebsac am zianis gamowveva SeuZliaT. Semdeg Sevecdebi
ise Camovayalibo principi, rom Seesabamebodes am garemoebebs.
dasawyisSive minda xazi gavusva, rom mxars ar vuWer arc erT iseT
SemTxvevas, roca gansaxilveli ziani yovelTvis warmoadgens
gamoxatvis akrZalvis gamamarTlebel garemoebas, ubralod isini
yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli.
1. sxva aqtebis msgavsad, gamoxatvis aqts SesaZloa uSualo
fizikuri Sedegis saxiT moyves adamianis dazianeba an sxva saxis
zarali. es calsaxad naTelia gamoxatvis zemoT xsenebuli ucnauri
formebis SemTxvevebSi, Tumca aranaklebi simarTlea SedarebiT
uwyinar situaciebTan mimarTebaSic: Cemma xmam SesaZloa SuSa
Caamsxvrios, gaaRviZos mZinare adamiani, gamoiwvios zvavi an Tqveni
yuradReba miiqcios maSin, roca sxva ramis mosmena gsurT. naTelia,
rom, rodesac pirovnebas ganzraxuli aqvs aseTi gziT zianis gamowveva
gamoxatvis aqtis meSveobiT, an rodesac is angariSs ar uwevs da ar
iTvaliswinebs SesaZlo zians, maSin misi sasjeli, miRebuli rogorc
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis an samoqalaqo aqtisaTvis, azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis SezRudvad ar CaiTvleba.
2. zemoT ganxiluli zianis warmoSoba zogadad sruliad
damoukidebelia im Tvalsazrisidan, romlis gadmocemasac
emsaxureba mocemuli azris gamoxatvis aqti. sruliad sxvagvarad
aris saqme meore jgufis zianis SemTxvevaSi, romlis magaliTsac
gvaZlevs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli kanoni sityvieri Seuracxyofis
Sesaxeb. am terminis, sul mcire, erTi miRebuli gagebis Tanaxmad,
sityvier Seuracxyofas (cemisgan gansxvavebiT) adgili aqvs, rodesac
erTi pirovneba sxva adamians ganzrax ayenebs iseT mdgomareobaSi,
rodesac mas iseTi winaTgrZnoba aqvs, rom misi sxeulis dazianeba
gardauvalia. vinaidan sityvier SeuracxyofaSi, am TvalsazrisiT,
warmatebuli komunikaciis elementic Sedis, misi SemTxvevebi SesaZloa
aucileblad Seicavdnen azris gamoxatvas. magram sityvieri Seteva
 185

da misi msgavsi aqtebi, aseve, SeiZleba warmoadgendnen gamoxatvis

ufro farTomasStabian aqtebs, magaliTad, rodesac sahaero gangaSi
gamoiyeneba yuradRebis misaqcevad politikuri mizezebiT. sityvier
Seuracxyofas zogjer cema-tyepis winapirobad ganixilaven, magram
igi SeiZleba, aseve, ganxilul iqnes, rogorc Tavdasxma, romelic
vlindeba konkretuli tipis zianis miyenebaSi. aseTi analiziT,
sityvieri Seuracxyofa mxolod erT-erTia SesaZlo danaSaulebis
vrcel jgufSi, romelic moicavs sxvaTaTvis zianis miyenebas an
adamianis iseT arasasurvel mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas, rogoricaa
SiSi, Soki an garkveuli tipis Suracxyofa. zogierTma SesaZloa
eWvi gamoTqvas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdenad seriozulia es
ziani imisTvis, rom aRiarebul iqnes kanoniT an sasamarTloSi saqmis
ganxilvisas gamoyenebul iqnes saTanado mtkicebulebebad. Tumca,
principSi, rogorc Cans ar arsebobs aranairi alternativa maT
Setanaze gamoxatvis akrZalvis gamamarTlebel garemoebaTa ricxvSi.
3. sxva SemTxveva, rodesac gamoxatvis aqtma SesaZloa pirovnebas
ziani miayenos, aris is, rodesac sxva admianebs masze iseTi
arasaxarbielo warmodgena eqmnebaT, rom sazogadoebis dasacini
xdeba. amis naTeli magaliTia ciliswameba.
4. rogorc mosamarTle holmsma Tqva, “sityvis Tavisuflebis
yvelaze mtkice dacvac ki ar gaamarTlebs adamians, romelic TeatrSi
cru saxanZro gangaSs atexs da panikas gamoiwvevs.”52
5. erTma pirovnebam gamoxatvis aqtis meSveobiT SesaZloa xeli
Seuwyos sxva adamianis mier zianis gamowvevas da zogierT SemTxvevaSi
am ukanasknelis qmedebis saziano Sedegebidan gamomdinare SesaZloa
winamorbedi aqtic danaSaulad CaiTvalos. es bevr adamians iseT
SemTxvevad eCveneba, roca gamoxatvis aqti brZanebis gacemas an
muqaras warmoadgens, an rodesac is niSania an sxva saxis komunikaciaa
mokavSireebs Soris.
6. davuSvaT viRac mizanTropma gamomgonebelma aRmoaCina
ubralo meTodi, romliTac nebismier adamians SeeZleba Tavis
samzareuloSi iolad daamzados momakvdinebeli gazi benzinisgan,
sufris marilisgan, an Sardisgan. darwmunebuli var, rom mas kanoni
aukrZalavda xsenebuli gazis damzadebis receptis gavrcelebas
sareklamo bukletebiT, an reklamas televiziis meSveobiT iseve,
rogorc akrZalavda am produqtis nimuSis ufasod darigebas
aerozolis saxiT an maRaziaSi gasayidad Setanas. yvela SemTxvevaSi
misi qmedeba zogadad gamoiwvevda adamianis piradi usafrTxoebis
donis sagrZnob Semcirebas moqalaqeTa mier erTimeorisTvis zianis
52
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
186

miyenebis SesaZleblobis radikaluri zrdis xarjze. faqts, rom erT

SemTxvevaSi es adamiani am qmedebas Cadis gamoxatvis aqtis meSveobiT,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi raime sxva formiT, Cemi azriT, mniSvneloba
ara aqvs.
Tumca pirovnuli usafrTxoebis saerTo donis sagrZnobi
Semcireba SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos efeqturi politikuri
propagandis gavrcelebiT, romelic dascemda mTavrobis
avtoritets. es SeiZleba, aseve, ganxorcieldes iseTi Teologiuri
traqtatis gamocemiT, rac sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebasa da sisxlian
dapirispirebas gamoiwvevda. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Cemi azriT, sakiTxi
sruliad sxvagvarad dgas da saziano Sedegebi aSkarad ar warmoadgens
gamoxatvis aqtis akrZalvis gamamarTlebel garemoebebs.
aqedan vaskvni, rom gansxvaveba azris gamoxatvasa da sxva formis
qmedebebs Soris naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre gansxvaveba
gamoxatvas, romelic sxvebs miuniSnebs moqmedebisTvis, maTi azriT,
karg mizezebze da gamoxatvas Soris, romelic ganapirobebs sxva
adamianebis moqmedebas sxva gziT (magaliTad, maTi uzrunvelyofa
imis gakeTebis saSualebebiT, risi gakeTebac isedac surdaT). es
daskvna, Cemi azriT, ganmtkicebulia Cveni moraluri TvalsazrisiT
kanonieri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.
me rom giTxraT, - “Tqveni SesaZleblobebis mqone axalgazrdas
SeuZlia banki gaZarcvos,” da Sedegad asec moiqceT, me iuridiulad
pasuxismgebeli ar viqnebi Tqvens qmedebaze da aseve, Cemi qmedeba
iuridiulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos calke danaSaulad. es aseTive
simarTle iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Cemi rCevisTvis rom damematebina
argumentebi, Tu ratom unda iZarcvebodes bankebi, an ratom unda
gaZarcvoT es konkretuli banki, an swored Tqven ratom unda
gaZarcvoT es banki. xolo Cemi qmedeba iuridiulad danaSaulad
CaiTvleboda Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: magaliTad, Tqven rom bavSvi
yofiliyaviT, an imdenad gonebasusti, rom iuridiulad ufleba-
uunarod CaTvliliyaviT da me es vicodi an unda mcodnoda. an Tu
Tqven Cemi, rogorc raime organizaciis mmarTvelis, xelqveiTi xarT
da is, rac giTxariT, rCeva ki ara brZaneba iyo, romlis Sesrulebasac
organizaciaSi arsebuli wesebi moiTxovs. an Tu xels vuwyob Tqvens
qmedebas: magaliTad, gexmarebiT bankis ZarcvisaTvis mzadebaSi,
gamaragebT aucilebeli iaraRiT an bankis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan
informacias gawvdiT.
Cemi azriT, zemoxsenebuli gansxvavebebi ase aixsneba: erTi
pirovneba, romelic moqmedebs im mizezebis safuZvelze, romlebic
 187

meore pirovnebis gamoxatvis aqtma ganapiroba, moqmedebs iqidan

gamomdinare, rac man irwmuna da daaskvna, rom aqvs saTanado

safuZveli moqmedebisTvis. misi qmedebis warmoSobas, romelic
ganapiroba gamoxatvis aqtma, xeli Seuwyo, ase vTqvaT, misma
sakuTarma msjelobam. saqme sxvagvarad iqneboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
misi xelSewyoba xdeba TanamzraxvelobiT, saWiro iaraRiT (vTqvaT,
bankis gasaRebi) an teqnikuri informaciiT (seifis gasaRebi cifrebis
kombinacia) momaragebiT, rasac is am Sedegis misaRebad gamoiyenebda.
aseve, gaumarTlebeli iqneboda Cemi xelSewyoba Tqveni qmedebisaTvis,
Tu im mizezebis dasaxelebis nacvlad, rac gafiqrebinebdaT, rom
bankis gaZarcva kargia, damuqrebiT gibrZanebdiT an dagavalebdiT. es
cvlis Tqvens mdgomareobas ise, rom Tu amas gaakeTebT, isev TqvenTvis
iqneba (SedarebiT) ukeTesi.
sruliad sxva sakiTxia imis Tqma, am SemTxvevebSi zustad rodis
dgeba kanonis winaSe pasuxismgebloba. aq ar gTavazobT raime pozitiur
Teziss imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs Tanamzraxvelobas, waqezebas,
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobas da a.S. me mainteresebs mxolod negatiuri
Tezisis mxardaWera, rom, rasac ar unda moicavdes es danaSauli, ufro
meti unda iyos, vidre moqmedebisTvis saWiro mizezebis miwodeba (an
Seicavs Tu ara zogierT gansakuTrebul garemoebas, rogoricaa im
pirovnebis unarSezRuduloba, romelsac danaSaulisken ubiZges).
me ar Camovayalibeb azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis princips,
rogorc es am nawilis dasawyisSi vaxsene. es principi, Cemi azriT,
warmoadgens milis Tezisis bunebriv gagrZelebas. man es Tezisi
daicva Tavisi narkvevis - “Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb” – meore TavSi da
amitom mas miliseul princips vuwodeb:
“zianis garkveuli saxeebi, romlebsac, marTalia, adgili ar
eqnebodaT garkveuli saxis gamoxatvis aqtebi rom ar yofiliyo, mainc
ar SeiZleba miiCneodnen am aqtebis mimarT iuridiuli SezRudvebis
miRebis gamamarTlebel garemoebebad. zianis es saxeebia: (a) ziani,
romelic mieyeneba konkretul pirovnebebs, romlebic viRacis
gamoxatvis aqtma mcdar daskvnamde miiyvana; (b) im qmedebaTa saziano
Sedegebi, romlebic ganxorcielda gamoxatvis aqtebiT, rodesac
kavSiri gamoxatvis aqtebsa da saziano Sedegebis momtan qmedebebs
Soris mdgomareobs faqtSi, rom gamoxatvis aqtma pirovnebas
STaagona (an ubiZga, rom erwmuna), rom namdvilad Rirs am qmedebebis
ganxorcieleba.”

imedi maqvs, naTlad Cans, rom es principi Seesabameba gamoxatvis

188

SezRudvis gamamarTlebuli mizezebis magaliTebs, romlebic zemoT,

1-6 punqtebSi ganvixileT. (erTi SemTxveva, romelSic es SesaZloa
odnav bundovani iyos, aris is, roca pirovneba cru saxanZro gangaSs
texs. am situacias mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.) winamorbedi msjeloba,
romelic kanonis mimarT pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT
nawilobriv intuiciaze apelirebda, gankuTvnili iyo im gansxvavebis
gamosavlenad, romelsac emyareba miliseuli principis meore
nawili da, zogadad, imis dasanaxad, Tu rogor SeiZleba es
principi Seesabamebodes im SemTxvevebs, romlebic 5 da 6 punqtebSi
ganvixileT. magram xsenebuli principi TavisTavad scildeba
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs. garkveuli tipis zianma rom gaamarTlos
pirovnebisTvis raime qmedebis akrZalva, aucilebeli ar aris, rom
man daakmayofilos Semdegi piroba: kanonis winaSe pasuxismgebeli
iyos im calkeuli qmedebebisTvis, romlebsac Sedegad es ziani
mohyveba. magaliTad, momakvdinebeli gazis SemTxvevaSi, receptis
gavrcelebis prevenciisTvis saWiro ar aris moviTxovoT, rom dadges
misi gamavrceleblis kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi
(Tundac rogorc Tanamonawilis) im yvela mkvlelobaze, romelic
Cadenili iqneba am gazis gamoyenebiT. sabolood, imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ratom gansxvavdeba es SemTxveva Tanamonawileobisgan, sakmarisi
ar aris imis aRiareba, rom pirovnebis uzrunvelyofa raime
qmedebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebiT eqvemdebareba
pasuxismgeblobas, xolo misTvis am qmedebis gamomwvevi mizezebiT
uzrunvelyofa – ara.
minda mjerodes, rom mTavrobis mier miliseuli principis zogadi
dacva, saboloo jamSi, karg Sedegebs ufro moitanda, vidre cuds.
magram Cemi mxridan xsenebuli principis mxardaWera am optimistur
Sexedulebas ar emyareba. Semdeg nawilSi davasabuTeb, rom miliseuli
principi, rogorc zogadi principi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba
gamarTldes mTavrobis mier moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis akrZalva,
warmoadgens im Tvalsazrisis Sedegs, romelic momdinareobs kantisgan
da sxva moazrovneebisgan, romelTa Tanaxmad, kanonieri xelisuflebis
Zalauflebas aRiareben moqalaqeebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
sakuTar Tavs Tanasworuflebian, damoukidebel da racionalur
adamianebad miiCneven. amdenad, marTalia es ukanaskneli ar aris
kanonis winaSe pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli principi, magram
miliseuli principi adamianis garkveul qmedebasTan dakavSirebiT
saTaves swored masSi iRebs, saidanac, aseve, momdinareobs bevri Cveni
mosazreba pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT.
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miliseuli principi, calke aRebuli, aSkarad ar warmoadgens

azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis adekvatur Teorias. gacilebiT meti
unda iTqvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis unda CaiTvalos garkveuli saziano
Sedegebi, romelTac es principi iTvaliswinebs, azris gamoxatvis
akrZalvisaTvis saTanado gamamarTlebel garemoebebad. miT umetes,
rom sruliad samarTlianad meCveneba, Tu miliseul princips azris
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad princips vuwodebT. imitom,
rom, pirvel rigSi, am principis warmatebuli mxardaWera upasuxebs
aralogikurobis braldebas imis gamorkveviT, Tu gamoxatvis aqtis
Sedegad gamowveuli erTi konkretuli Sedegi (sxva TvalsaCino
Sedegebidan) ratom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamoxatvis aqtis winaaRmdeg
miRebuli kanonieri sanqciebis gamamarTlebel garemoebad. meore,
miliseuli principi azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis erTaderTi
sarwmuno principia, romelic, Cemi azriT, miesadageba azris zogadad
gamoxatvas da ar apelirebs konkretul uflebebze (magaliTad,
politikuri uflebebi) an ar eqvemdebareba garkveuli sferosTvis
damaxasiaTebel gamoxatvis xerxebs (magaliTad, azris mxatvrulad
gamoxatva an samecniero ideebis diskusia). amdenad is akonkretebs,
sxva aqtebTan SedarebiT ra aris gansakuTrebuli gamoxatvis aqtSi da
am TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens im gansxvavebebs, romlebic arsebobs
saubarsa da qmedebas Soris.
IV nawilSi gacilebiT mets visaubreb imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda
Seivsos miliseuli principi, raTa azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis
srulyofili Sefaseba miviRoT. manamde ki, neba momeciT, ufro
detalurad ganvixilo, Tu rogor SeiZleba miliseuli principis
gamarTleba.

III
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, miliseuli principis dasacavad mas
warmogidgenT im Tvalsazrisis Sedegis saxiT, romlis Tanaxmad,
kanonieri xelisuflebis Zalaufleba aris is, romelsac aRiareben
moqalaqeebi, amavdroulad, sakuTari Tavis Tanasworuflebian,
damoukidebel da racionalur adamianebad miiCnevisas. radgan
Zalauflebis grZnoba, romelsac mivmarTav, sakmaod sustia, Cemi
azriT, es warmoadgens miliseuli principis Zlier damcvels, rogorc
gamonaklisis ar damSvebi SezRudvis samTavrobo xelisuflebisa.
Tumca, V nawilSi mokled ganvixilav, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi
situaciebi, rodesac am principis moqmedeba unda SeCerdes.
adamiani, romelic sakuTar Tavs damoukidebel pirovnebad Tvlis,
190

im TvalsazrisiT, rogorc me vgulisxmob, sakuTari Tavi uzenaesad

unda miiCnios rwmenisa da Tavisi qmedebebis ganmsazRvreli mizezebis
arCevaSi. man am yvelafers unda miusadagos racionalurobis Tavisi
kanonebi da unda gaacnobieros misi mrwamsisa da gadawyvetilebebis
dacvis aucilebloba am kanonebis Sesabamisad. es, ra Tqma unda, ar
niSnavs, rom is srulyofilad racionaluri unda iyos, Tundac
Tavisi racionalurobis normebSi, an rom misi racionalurobis norma
Cvensas zustad unda Seesabamebodes. naTelia, rom damoukideblobis
aseTi gageba Seicvleba Cveni racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis
kanonebis speqtris Sesabamisad. Tu nebismieri ram aseT kanonad
iTvleba, maSin Cem mier xsenebuli moTxovnebi ubralo tavtologia
gaxdeba: damoukidebel adamians swams is, rac swams da Rebulobs
im gadawyvetilebas, ris gakeTebasac apirebs. darwmunebuli var,
ver aRvwerdi iseTi SezRudvebis jgufs, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos
iseTi racionalurobis kanonebad, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebas. amas arc vecdebi, radgan darwmunebuli
var, rom am sakiTxze SeTanxmebis areali Sors gascdeba im yvelafers,
rac SeiZleba damoukideblobis cnebis Sesabamisad CaiTvalos.
warmodgenili miznebisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba Semdegi:
damoukidebeli pirovneba sakuTari gansjis gareSe ver daeTanxmeba
sxva adamianebis azrs, Tu risi unda sjerodes an ra unda gaakeTos.
is SesaZloa daeyrdnos sxvebis msjelobas, magram am dros mzad unda
iyos Tavisi azri gamoTqvas, Tuki fiqrobs rom maTi msjeloba sworia
da maTi msjelobis TvalsaCino faqtebi Seadaros sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebiT miRebul Sedegebs.
damoukideblobis moTxovnebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, Zalian
sustia. isini gacilebiT sustia, vidre is moTxovnebi, romlebsac
kanti iRebs igive cnebisgan,53 rom damoukidebloba, Cemi TvalsazrisiT
(rogorc Tavisufleba hobesis SefasebiT), sruliad Seesabameba
iZulebiT morCilebas qmedebasTan dakavSirebiT. maiZulebeli piri
ubralod cvlis mosazrebebs, romelic xels uSlis an xels uwyobs
moqmedebis garkveul kurss. am urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis
awon-dawona kvlavac Tqvenzea damokidebuli.
damoukidebelma adamianma, Tu mas sjera saTanado argumentebis,
53
damoukideblobis kantiseuli gageba sakmaod Sors scildeba Cemeuli gagebisgan. ker-
Zod, kanti ambobs, rom arsebobs garkveuli moTxovnebi, romlebic unda Seasrulos da-
moukidebelma pirovnebam misi mosazrebebis miuxedavad. (“moralis metafizikis safuZv-
lebi,” ix. meore da mesame nawili). miuxedavad imisa, rom damoukideblobis miseuli gageba
gacilebiT Zlieria, vidre Cemi, kanti mas ar asaxelebs mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sez-
Rudvebis igive mosazrebidan (ix. samarTlis metafizikuri elementebi,” nawili 46-49).
 191

SeiZleba irwmunos, rom mTavrobas aqvs gamorCeuli ufleba,

rom mas ubrZanos. ese igi, mas SeiZleba swamdes (albaT, garkveul
sazRvrebSi) faqti, rom kanoni moiTxovs garkveul qmedebas da es mas
aZlevs myar safuZvels am qmedebis SesrulebisTvis. es safuZveli
sruliad damoukidebelia Sedegebisgan, rac aranair kavSirSi ar
aris am pirovnebasTan an sxvebTan, am saqmis SesrulebasTan Tu
uaryofasTan. am safuZvlis simtkice – rac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba ugulebelyofili iqnes – damokidebuli iqneba pirovnebis
Tvalsazrisze kanonis morCilebis argumentebTan dakavSirebiT.
adamianis damoukideblobis SenarCunebisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs imas, rom nebismier mocemul SemTxvevaSi imis gacnobierebam,
rom garkveul qmedebas kanoni moiTxovs, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar
unda daayenos am qmedebis Sesruleba. es kiTxva SesaZloa wamoiWras
mxolod sakuTari gadawyvetilebis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SeiZleba
mxedvelobaSi miiRos miseuli warmodgena zogadad morCilebisa da
dasaSvebi gamonaklisis Sesaxeb, daufiqrdes mis sxva valdebulebebsa
da pasuxismgeblobebs, Seafasos mocemul SemTxvevaSi morCilebiT an
daumorCileblobiT miRebuli Sedegebi.54
amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis damoukideblobas
aSkarad ar Seesabameba im valdebulebis aRiareba, rom pirovneba
unda daemorCilos xelisuflebis brZanebebs, arsebobs garkveuli

sazRvrebi am valdebulebebTan saxesTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa

gacnobierebac SeuZliaT damoukidebel moqalaqeebs. kerZod, maT
SeuZliaT ar CaTvalon sakuTari Tavi “valdebulad,” rom mTavrobis
dekreti moiwonon an ise daemorCilon mTavrobis mier gamocemul am
dekrets, rom uSualod ar gaiazron misi Sinaarsi. miliseuli principi
SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes, rogorc am SezRudvebis damuSaveba.
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis doqtrinis aSkara aralogikuroba
momdinareobs misi im pricipTan aSkara Seusabamobidan, romlis
Tanaxmad mTavrobis prerogativaa – ufro metic, misi valdebulebebis
nawili moqalaqeebis winaSe – gadawyvitos, rodis warmoadgens
saziano Sedegebi imxela saSiSroebas, rom kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
zomebi iqnes miRebuli. (rasac gulisxmobs holmsis cnobili gamoTqma
– “arsebuli boroteba, romlis prevenciis uflebac aqvs kongress”55).
54
darwmunebuli ar var aq veTanxmebi Tu ara robert pol volfs (“anarqiis mxardaWera,”
niu-iorki, 1970). nebismier SemTxvevaSi imas ar vambob, rom mxars vuWer anarqias. mTav-
robis uflebamosilebis sazRvrebi, rogorc me vgulisxmob, aRwerilia jon roulsis
mier “samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis gamarTlebis” bolo paragrafSi. ix. “samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba: Teoria da praqtika.” red. hugo bedo (niu-iorki, 1969).
55
Schenk v. United States
192

rasakvirvelia, es principi miuRebelia iseTi daumuSavebeli saxiT,

rogorc axla Camovayalibe. aravin Tvlis, rom kongress SeuZlia

yvelaferi gaakeTos, rasac saWirod CaTvlis, raTa dagvicvas

“arsebuli borotebisgan.” miliseuli principi akonkretebs or gzas,
romlis meSveobiT es prerogativa unda SeizRudos, Tu mTavrobas
surs, misaRebi iyos damoukidebeli subieqtebisTvis. am principis
pirveli nawilis argumenti SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
mcdari mrwamsiT gamowveuli ziani is ki ar aris, rom
damoukidebelma moqalaqem mTavrobas misces saSualeba, daicvas igi
azris gamoxatvis akrZalvis meSveobiT. imisaTvis, rom kanonma aseTi
dacva uzrunvelyos, is unda iyos moqmedi da zRudavdes liderebis
SesaZleblobebs maSin, roca potenciurad SecdomaSi Seyvanili
xalxi kvlavac emxroba maT mrwamss. imisaTvis, rom pirovneba aseTi
kanoniT iyos daculi, man mTavrobas unda miandos imis gadawyveta,
rom es garkveuli Tvalsazrisi mcdaria da aseTi gadawyvetilebis
Semdeg mTavrobam mas aRar unda misces am Tvalsazrisis dacvis
mosmenis saSualeba, am pirovnebis survilis miuxedavad. konfliqti
ase moqcevasa da damoukideblobis SenarCunebas Soris pirdapiri
iqneboda, pirovneba, romelmac mTavrobas misca uflebamosileba,
rom am gziT daecva is, daTmobaze rom ar wasuliyo da ar eRiarebina
mTavrobis gadawyvetileba, rom garkveuli Tvalsazrisi mcdari
iyo. Tumca es sakiTxi ase martivic ar aris, radgan gasagebia, rom
pirovnebam SeiZleba Tavad misca mTavrobas gadawyvetilebis
miRebis saSualeba, magram is kvlavac sakuTar prerogativad Tvlis
gadawyvetilebis miRebas, rom miagnos WeSmaritebas mis xelT arsebuli
argumentebisa da faqtebis safuZvelze. magram aseTi pirovneba
“TavisTvis gadawyvetda” mxolod carieli gagebiT, radgan nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, roca mTavroba axorcielebs Tavis prerogativas, es
pirovneba “gadawyvets” im faqtis safuZvelze, romelic SerCeuli
iqneboda miRebuli dadgenilebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, am
pirovnebis movaleobaSi ar Sevidoda mTavrobis gadawyvetilebis
sworad aRiareba, magram mas mTavrobisTvis unda mieca ufleba, rom
misTvis waerTmia daskvnis damoukideblad gamotanis safuZveli.
miliseuli principis meore naxevris argumenti pirvelis
paraleluria. am Tvalsazriss SeiZleba Seedavo imaSi, rom
mTavrobas, gamoacxadebs ra raime qmedebas kanonis darRvevad,
SeuZlia am qmedebis dacvac kanongareSed gamoacxados. am Tezissa da
damoukidebel moqalaqeobas Soris konfliqti odnav arapirdapiria,
rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi. mTavrobisaTvis im uflebis daTmoba, rom
 193

am saSualebebiT daicvas qmedebis Tavis kanonebTan Sesabamisoba,

calsaxad ar niSnavs, rom mas aqvs ufleba, moqalaqeebs mosTxovos
irwmunon, rom radgan kanoni ambobs, ar gakeTdes, ar unda gakeTdes.
miuxedavad amisa, es is daTmobaa, romelzec damoukidebeli
moqalaqeebi ver wavidodnen, radgan is mTavrobas aZlevs uflebas
moqalaqeebs waarTvas damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebis
saSualeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, daemorCilon Tu ara miRebul
kanons.
orive argumenti emyareba Teziss, rom garkveuli mrwamsis
logikurobis dasacavad pirovneba mzad unda iyos, daicvas Tavisi
mrwamsis safuZvlebi, rogorc aSkarad swori da ara saeWvo. arsebobs
naTeli paraleli am Tezissa da milis cnobil arguments Soris,
romlis Tanaxmad, Tu gvsurs, rom WeSmaritebam izeimos, maSin unda
gavaJReroT misi yvela SesaZlo argumenti.56 magram aq warmodgenili
argumenti ar aris damokidebuli, rogorc milis argumenti
SeiZleba iyos, empiriul moTxovnaze, rom WeSmariteba faqtiurad
iq gaimarjvebs, sadac Tavisufali diskusiaa daSvebuli. xsenebuli
argumenti, albaT, arc imis damajerebel mtkicebazea damokidebuli,
rom, adamianisa da mTavrobis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTavrobis
uflebamosilebis bolomde aRiareba iqneba uSedego strategia iseTi
situaciis SeqmnisTvis, sadac samarTliani azri gaimarjvebs.
sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom Tu pirovnebam sakuTar TavSi
gaacnobiera garkveuli saxis usafuZvlo argumentebis sisuste,
man SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom yvelasaTvis ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is
sruliad daeyrdnoba Tavisi megobrebis Tvalsazriss gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebSi. am daskvnis safuZvelze, mas SeuZlia maTTan
Sevides SeTanxmebaSi, romelic daeqvemdebareba mis mier periodul
gadaxedvas. es SeTanxmeba danarCenebs aZlevs sasialebas, rom es
pirovneba daicvas sxva sainformacio wyaroebisgan, romlebsac
SeuZliaT mas yuradReba gadaataninon maTi rCevebisgan gansaxilvel
sakiTxebze. aseTi SeTanxmeba arc aSkarad aralogikuria da arc
Seusabamoa damoukidebeli pirovnebisaTvis, Tu es pirovneba masze
nebayoflobiT daTanxmda garkveuli droiT da misi sakuTari da maTi
codnis safuZvelze, romelTac ndoba gamoucxada. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas, Tu es pirovneba ndobas gamoucxadebda qveynis arsebul
xelisufalT. magram sakiTxi, romelsac ganvixilavdiT, sruliad
gansxvavebulia: SeuZlia Tu ara damoukidebel pirovnebas mTavroba
Seafasos, ara rogorc masTan specialuri nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis

56
ix. “Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,” II Tavi.
194

nawili, aramed rogorc misi normaluri uflebamosilebis nawili,

rogorc acxadeben, im erTeulad, romelsac aqvs ufleba aseTi

SeTanxmeba ZalaSi miiRos misi nebarTvis gareSe, roca ki is (mTavroba)

amas misaRebad CaTvlis? am kiTxvaze pasuxi, Cemi azriT, calsaxad
uaryofiTia.
zogierTi SeiZleba am pasuxs ar daeTanxmos Semdgom safuZvelze:
me davuSvi SesaZlebloba, rom damoukidebeli adamiani SeiZleba
daeTanxmos zogad arguments im TvalsazrisiT, rom faqti, rom
mTavroba gascems garkveul brZanebebs, TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas,
rom es unda Sesruldes. maSin, ratom ar SeiZleba is daeTanxmos igive
arguments im TvalsazrisiT, rom mTavroba, rogorc ganmcxadebeli,
saukeTeso mdgomareobaSi imyofeba imisTvis, rom gadawyvitos, rodis
jobia garkveuli TaTbiris ignorireba?
rogorc ukve aRvniSne, aq moyvanili paraleli mTavrobis
uflebasa (brZaneba qmedebis Sesrulebaze) da azris gamoxatvis
akrZalvis uflebas Soris daculi ar aris. magram am uTanxmoebasTan
dakavSirebiT sxva problemac arsebobs. zemoT ganxiluli droebiTi,
nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis mier pirovnebis damoukideblobis aSkara
xelyofisagan icavs faqti, rom es SeTanxmeba SeiZleba dafuZnebuli
iyos ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis da “momTmenis” gonivrulobis
uSualo Sefasebis saimedoobaze. amdenad pirovnebas, romelsac
aseTi SeTanxmebiT akrZaluli aqvs informaciis miReba, aqvs, misi
azriT, saTanado safuZveli, raTa mis xelT arsebuli faqtebi
sasurveli daskvnebisaTvis myar safuZvlad CaTvalos. principi,
romelic mogvcemda saTanado safuZvels mTavrobis ganacxadebze
dayrdnobisaTvis, iqneboda sayovelTao, garkveuli tipis yvela
qveynisTvis misaRebi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin iqneboda qveynis
saTaveSi da vin warmoadgenen mis moqalaqeebs. aseTi principi unda iyos
is, romelic calkeul SemTxvevebSi dauSvebda sxvadasxva variantebs
da Tavis moTxovnas daamyarebda imaze, rac saukeTeso Sedegs
moitanda “saboloo jamSi.” am saxis ganzogadeba SesaZlebeli romc
yofiliyo, mainc ara mgonia, rom racionaluri yofiliyo am metad
ganzogadebul principze dayrdnoba, vinaidan garkveul SemTxvevaSi
monawile adamianebma, Tavisi detaluri codnis safuZvelze, SeiZleba
sruliad sawinaaRmdego daskvna gamoitanos.
SedarebiT SezRuduli mizezi mTavrobisTvis uflebamosilebis
miniWebisTvis SeiZleba efuZnebodes ara mTavrobis konkretul
Rirsebas, aramed aRiarebul faqts, rom garkveul garemoebebSi
adamianebs ar SeuZliaT racionalurad moqceva. aseTi ram SeiZleba
 195

garkveulwilad miesadagos im SemTxvevas, rodesac mayurebliT

gadaWedil TeatrSi viRac daiyvirebs, - xanZariao. aq gamoxatvis
akrZalva gamarTlebulia faqtiT, rom aseTi qmedeba sxvebs ubiZgebs
(aZlevs mizezs) saziano qmedebebi Caidinon. imis nawili, rac am
SezRudvas misaRebs xdis, aris idea, rom TeatrSi myofi adamianebi,
romlebic reagireben yvirilze, imyofebian im mdgomareobaSi,
romelic amcirebs maTi racionaluri gansjis unars. es SemTxveva
Cvenze trivialuri SemTxvevis STabeWdilebas tovebs. pirvel rigSi,
mis trivialurobas ganapirobebs faqti, rom yvelaze daujerebel
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu pirovnebas xels SeuSlian cru saxanZro gangaSis
gagonebaSi, amiT xels SeuSlian, rom Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; meore, TeatrSi myofTa SesaZleblobebi
metad mcirdeba da Tanabrad miesadageba yvelas, vinc im mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. mesame, zianis Tavidan acilebis mizniT dawesebuli akrZalva
calsaxad misaRebia da aravisTvis ar warmoadgens sadavo sakiTxs.
am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT am SezRudvas udavod erTsulovnad
daeTanxmeboda yvela adamiani, es kiTxva rom daesvaT.57
Tumca es marTali ar aris miliseuli principis umetes gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi, romlebic gamarTlebuli SeiZleba iyos “dasustebul
racionalurobaze” apelirebiT. saeWvoa, magaliTad, zemoT xsenebuli
sami situacia miesadageba Tu ara SemTxvevas, roca politikuri debati
unda Sewydes qveyanaSi areulobis an mosalodneli revoluciis dros.
me ver vxedav, Tu rogor SeiZleba am saxis aratrivialuri SemTxvevebi
Seesabamebodes damoukideblobas.
Cem mier dasaxelebuli argumentebi SeiZleba JRerdes
paternalizmis sawinaaRmdegod gamoTqmuli cnobili argumentebis
msgavsad, magram es ar aris masSi arsebuli problema. pirvel rigSi,
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis akrZalvis gamarTleba iseT safuZvelze,
rac miliseul princips ewinaaRmdegeba, aucilebeli ar aris
paternalisturi iyos, rameTu isini, vinc daculni unda iyvnen
aseTi akrZalviT SesaZloa iyvnen ara isini (sityviT gamomsvleli
da misi msmeneli), visi Tavisuflebac izRudeba. Tumca, rodesac
aseTi akrZalva paternalisturia, is warmoadgens paternalizmis
gansakuTrebulad Zlier formas da Cem mier dasaxelebuli
argumentebi warmoadgens mxolod am Zlieri formebiT gadmocemuli
paternalizmis sawinaaRmdego argumentebs. kanonis mier pirovnebis
qmedebis Tavisuflebis akrZalva, im viwro gagebiT, rogorc
57
es testi damuSavebulia jerald duorkinis mier, rogorc gamarTlebuli paternal-
izmis kriteriumi, Tavis narkvevSi “paternalizmi,” “zneoba da kanoni.” gam. riCard uaser-
stromi (belmonti, kalifornia, 1971).
196

vigulisxme, “misive sakeTildReod” sruliad Seesabameba pirovnebis

damoukideblobas. magaliTad, mosTxovos am pirovnebas damcavi
Cafxutis daxureba motociklis tarebis dros. konfliqti mxolod
maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac pirovnebas am kanonTan Segueba uwevs
raime akrZalviT; magaliTad, im Tvalsazrisis gamoxatvis akrZalviT,
rom ar Rirs damcavi Cafxutis tareba an is mxolod qalebisTvis aris
mizanSewonili.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom miliseuli principis argumenti
mTavrobis mier moqalaqeTa damorCilebis SezRudvas ufro emyareba,
vidre adamianTa uflebebs. erTi mxriv, amiT gasagebia, ratom
miesadageba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis es konkretuli principi ufro
mTavrobas, vidre calkeul individs, romelsac dasawyisisTvis aseTi
Zalaufleba ar gaaCnia. ra Tqma unda, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca
adamianebs aqvT ufleba, maTi gamoxatvis aqts xeli ar SeuSalon
sxvebis uflebebma, magram es uflebebi, rogorc Cans, momdinareobs
zogadi uflebidan, iyo Tavisufali uneblie Carevisgan, imis
gaTvaliswinebasTan erTad, rac garkveuli tipis gamoxatulebas
qmedebis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan formad aqcevs.
miliseuli principis argumenti uflebaze dafuZnebulad rom
CaTvliliyo, romlis Tanaxmad “moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, miiRos
sakuTari gadawyvetileba,” maSin es argumenti Semdegi saxiT
ganviTardeboda: piri, romelic sakuTar Tavs damoukideblad
miiCnevs Tvlis, rom aqvs ufleba, miiRos sakuTari gadawyvetileba,
Sesabamisad, aseve, aqvs ufleba, gaakeTos is, rac saWirod miaCnia.
miliseuli principis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT araswori is aris,
rom isini ar iTvaliswineben am uflebas.
am saxis ufleba aSkarad ganamtkicebda azris gamoxatvis
Tavisuflebis doqtrinas, magram amis saWiroeba ar aris. zemoT
dasaxelebuli argumenti gacilebiT SezRuduli iyo. misi mizani
imis damtkiceba iyo, rom mTavrobis uflebamosileba, SezRudos
moqalaqeTa Tavisufleba, raTa Tavidan airidos saziano Sedegebi,
ar gulisxmobs uflebamosilebas, rom akontrolos xalxis
sainformacio wyaroebi, raTa darwmundes, rom isini ar miemxrobian
garkveul pozicias. es sakmaod didi nabijia im uflebisken,
romelic yovelTvis irRveva, rogorc ki vinmes erTmeva informacia
aucilebeli misTvis, raTa sakuTari gadawyvetileba mieRo garkveul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, romelic mas ainteresebs.
arsebobs naTeli SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirovnebas aqvs ufleba,
miiRos informacia, raTa masze dayrdnobiT gaakeTos arCevani
 197

da es ufleba mosTxovos mTavrobas. es WeSmaritia politikuri

gadawyvetilebebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, rodesac es ufleba
momdinareobs demokratiul mTavrobasa da misi moqalaqeebs Soris
arsebuli urTierTobis garkveuli koncefciidan. iqac ki, sadac aseTi
ufleba ar arsebobs, informaciiT uzrunvelyofa da sxva pirobebi,
rac aucilebelia pirovnebis damoukideblobisTvis, mniSvnelovani
saqmea, romlis Sesrulebac evaleba mTavrobas. magram es sakiTxebi
Sors wagviyvans miliseuli principisgan.

IV
miliseuli principi aSkarad ar miesadageba yvela SemTxvevas,
romelic azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis darRvevad SeiZleba
mogveCvenos. mxolod am principis safuZvelze ver SevewinaaRmdegebiT
mTavrobas, romelic krZalavs yvela sazeimo msvlelobas an
demonstracias (xels uSlian avtomobilebis moZraobas), ukanono
afiSebsa da bukletebs (quCebs anagvianeben), krZalavs aTze meti
adamianis Sekrebas (savaraudod, wesrigis darRveva) da erTze met
furcliani gazeTis gamoSvebas (xeebis gafrTxileba). Tumca aseTi
politika, ra Tqma unda, autanlad gveCveneba. es rom ase autanlad
gveCveneba metyvelebs Cvens mrwamsze, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
CvenTvis gacilebiT maRla dgas, vidre sruli siwynare da simSvide,
sufTa quCebi, gzebze mSvidad moZravi avtomobilebi da dabali
gadasaxadebi.
amdenad, azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Cveni intuiciuri
Tvalsazrisis nawili efuZneba dadebiTi pirobebis balanss.
miliseuli principis sapirispirod, romelic erTaderTi gziT icavs
azris sxvadasxva saxiT gamoxatvas, am SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxi, erTi
SexedviT, ar mdgomareobs gamoxatvis faseulobis (zogadad) sxva
sikeTeebTan dapirispirebaSi. es SemTxveva ufro gansxvavebulia,
vTqvaT, gamoxatvis mxatvruli xerxebis gamo, vidre mecnierul
sakiTxebze msjelobis da aseve, gansxvavebulia politikuri
Tvalsazrisebis gamoxatvis mxriv.
garkveul sazRvrebSi naTlad Cans, rom sxvadasxva saxis gamoxatvaze
dadebuli faseulobebi unda warmoadgendes sazogadoebisTvis
aqtualur Temas. sazRvrebi, romlebsac me vgulisxmob, pirvel rigSi,
samarTlianad unda iqnes ganawilebuli. gamoxatvis saSualebebi,
rogoric ar unda iyos pirovnebis mizani, is sikeTea, romelzec
sazogadoebis wevrebs Tanabrad an araTanabrad miuwvdeba xeli da
bevri SemTxveva, romelic azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis xelyofad
198

gveCveneba, swored araTanabrad gadanawilebuli samarTliT aris

ganpirobebuli. swored asea im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikurad
gauwonasworebel sazogadoebaSi gamoxatvis principul
saSualebebze misawvdomobas akontrolebs mTavroba da maT
auqcionze iseT maRal fasad yidis, TiTqos is amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis radiomauwyeblobis licenzia yofiliyos. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas qalaqis municipalitetis dadgenilebaze sazeimo msvlelobis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad ikrZaleba arapopularuli jgufebis mier
sazeimo msvlelobis Catareba, radgan es policias Zvirad ujdeba.
magram es SemTxvevebi mxolod nawilia im istoriisa, romelsac
samarTlis araTanabrad ganawileba vuwodeT. azris gamoxatvis
saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba bevr SemTxvevaSi qveynis politikur
procesebSi monawileobis aucilebeli pirobaa da amdenad warmoadgens
imas, razec ufleba aqvT damoukidebel moqalaqeebs. aseTi uflebebis
aRiareba, sul mcire, moiTxovs, rom mTavrobisagan garantirebuli
iyos azris gamoxatvis saSualebebis xelmisawvdomoba, romelTa
meSveobiT calkeul adamianebsa da mcire jgufebs SeeZlebaT sakuTari
mosazrebebis gamoxatva cnobil politikur sakiTxebze; amave dros,
mTavrobisgan garantirebuli unda iyos, rom azris gamoxatvis
principuli saSualebebi ar aRmoCndeba sazogadoebis romelime
calkeuli segmentis kontrolis qveS. magram azris gamoxatvis
saSualebebis misawvdomobaze uflebebis zusti raoba, gamomdinare am
mxriv politikuri uflebebidan, damokidebulia sadavo politikuri
dadgenilebebis masStabze. politikurma monawileobam SesaZloa sxva
formebi miiRos sxvadasxva dadgenilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TviT
Tanabari samarTliani dadgenilebebis pirobebSic.
azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Teoria, romelsac gTavazobT,
Sedgeba, sul mcire, oTxi gansxvavebuli elementisgan. is
dafuZnebulia miliseul principze, romelic idealuria, Tumca
gamosadegia mxolod ramdenime SemTxvevisTvis, roca gamoxatvis
aqtze iuridiuli SezRudvebis dawesebis gamarTleba dauSvebelia.
am principis mier dadgenil sazRvrebSi mTavrobis politikis
mTeli speqtri, romelic gavlenas axdens azris gamoxatvis
SesaZleblobebze, iqneba es akrZalva, pozitiuri Careva Tu ar Careva,
ramdenime gansxvavebul safuZvelze gamarTlebulia an warmoadgens
kritikis obieqts. pirveli, imis safuZvelze, warmoadgens Tu ara es
garkveuli saxiT azris gamoxatvis faseulobis saTanado balanss
sxva socialur faseulobebTan; meore, _ garantirebulia Tu
ara, rom sazogadoebaSi Tanabrad gadanawildes azris gamoxatvis
 199

saSualebebis misawvdomoba da mesame, Seesabameba Tu ara is garkveuli

uflebebis kerZod, politikuri uflebebis, aRiarebas.
es Sereuli Teoria garkveulwilad mZimea, Tumca misi
Semadgeneli nawilebi, Cemi azriT, erTdroulad mtkice da arsebiTi
mniSvnelobisaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT yvela SemTxvevas, sadac
intuitiurad vgrZnobT, rom izRudeba “sityvis Tavisufleba.”

V
miliseuli principisgan garkveuli saxis gamonaklisebis
ar daSveba bevrs SeiZleba Cem mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriis
yvelaze daujerebel Taviseburebad moeCvenos. zemoT xsenebuli
SesaZleblobebis garda, sadac gamonaklisi SeiZleba daSvebul iqnes
Semcirebuli racionalurobis SemTxvevebSi, SesaZloa arsebobdes
sxva SemTxvevebic, roca dasaSvebia am principidan gadaxveva.
magaliTad, saomari viTarebis dros an sxva seriozul kritikul
mdgomareobaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan miliseuli principi gacilebiT
viwroa, vidre, vTqvaT, “sityvis” Tavisuflebis saerTaSoriso dacva,
Cem mier SemoTavazebuli Teoria SesaZlebelia miesadagos azris
gamoxatvis garkveul akrZalvebs, romlebic saomar viTarebaSi
gamarTlebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. miliseuli principi pirovnebas
aZlevs saSualebas dafiqrdes, normalur periodSic ki, garkveuli
informaciis dabeWdva SeiZleba Tu ara seriozulad daemuqros
sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas. sarwmunod meCveneba, rom mSvidobian
periodSi Rirs aseTi saxis riskze wasvla, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes
srulyofili msjeloba, magaliTad, samecniero sakiTxebze, rac
uadgilo iqneboda omis dros.
magram zogjer mTavroba saWirod Tvlis, gamoiyenos iseTi
uflebebi, romlebic xSirad zemoxsenebul sazRvrebs scildeba.
aman SeiZleba moicvas, magaliTad, politikuri debatebis Sewyvetis
ufleba, rodesac aseTi debatebi qveyanas orad gayofiT emuqreba
an qveyanas ukargavs unars, rom daupirispirdes arsebul safrTxes.
aseTi akrZalvis gamarTlebas aSkarad gmobs miliseuli principi,
xolo Cem mier SemoTavazebuli Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs am saxis arc
erT gamonakliss.
CemTvis rTulia amJamad iseTi SemTxvevis mofiqreba, sadac
mTavrobis mier aseTi Zalauflebis gamoyeneba gamarTlebuli iqneba.
mzad var vaRiaro, rom SeiZleba arsebobs kidec aseTi SemTxvevebi,
magram asec rom iyos, Cemi azriT, isini ar unda iqnen Setanili
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miliseul principSi “gamonaklisebis” saxiT.

es principi, vimeoreb, efuZneba ara moqalaqeTa uflebas,
aramed ufro gamoxatavs mTavrobis uflebamosilebis SezRudvas.
uflebamosileba, romelzec aq vsaubrobT, gaTvaliswinebulia
garkveuli saxis politikuri TeoriiT, romelsac gaaCnia safuZveli
Semdegi kiTxvisTvis: rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs aRiaron
mTavrobis ufleba, rom ubrZanos maT maSin, roca isini sakuTar
Tavs miiCneven Tanabar, damoukidebel da racionalur subieqtebad?
rogorc wesi, am Teoriam unda gasces pasuxi, rom es SesaZlebelia,
Tu (da mxolod Tu) es ufleba garkveuli saSualebebiT SezRuduli
iqneba da Tu dakmayofilebuli iqneba sxva pirobebi, magaliTad,
moqalaqes mieces mTavrobis kontrolis garantia. me vamtkicebdi, rom
miliseulma principma aRniSna erT-erTi aucilebeli SezRudva. Tu
marTali var, maSin mTavrobis moTxovna, rom marTos am konkretuli
uflebamosilebis safuZvelze, Cemi azriT, sruliad usafuZvloa, Tu
is apirebs Tavis moqalaqeTa marTvas im gziT, rasac upirispirdeba
miliseuli principi.
Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom ukidures SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba
swori garkveuli adamianebisTvis, romlebic, Cveulebisamebr,
demokratiuli politikis Teoriis Sesabamisad axorcielebdnen
mTavrobis qmedebas, iseTi zomebis miReba, romlebsac ar amarTlebs
arsebuli mTavroba. es qmedebebi gamarTlebuli iqneboda sxva
safuZvelze (magaliTad, pragmatulad) da amave dros, am adamianebis
morCilebis moTxovna ar iqneboda iseTive, rogoric kanonieri
mTavrobis moTxovna Cveulebrivi (demokratiuli) TvalsazrisiT.
miuxedavad amisa, moqalaqeebs, am garemoebaSi, seriozuli safuZveli
aqvT damorCilebisTvis.
arsebobs ramdenime gansxvavebuli gamarTleba iZulebiTi zomebis
gatarebis SemTxvevaSi. garkveuli jgufisTvis ukiduresi saSiSroebis
dros, roca mis zogierT wevrs aqvs saSualeba, sxvebis kontrolis
meSveobiT ar dauSvas mosalodneli ubedureba, gamarTlebulia
garkveuli iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyeneba da aseT SemTxvevebSi
arsebobs saTanado safuZveli, moTxovnil iqnes garkveuli
brZanebisadmi morCileba. magram aseTi saxis Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba
gamamarTlebel garemoebebSic da masStabebSic im Zalauflebisgan,
swori demokratiuli Teoriis pirobebSi, legitimuri demokratiuli
mTavroba rom sargeblobs. me minda davamtkico, rom Tu arsebobs
situaciebi, sadac gamarTlebulia moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis
saerTod gauqmeba – da, gavimeoreb, CemTvis cota bundovania, rom
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arsebobdes aseTi situaciebi – es situaciebi xels uwyobs erTi

mTavrobis Secvlas meoreTi. am movlenebSi monawile adamianebi,
albaT, isev igive samoss Caicvamen, Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom igive
wodebiT marTaven sazogadoebas, rogorc manamde.
ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos mTavrobas vaniWebde uflebas, rom
yovelTvis ugulebelyos sakonstitucio kanonebi, roca amas
“erovnuli interesebi” moiTxovs. situacia katastrofuli iqneboda,
Tu gavamarTlebdiT iseT moZraobas, romelic zemoT aRvwere da Tu
mTavrobam icis, ras akeTebs, swored aseTi situacia iqneba saWiro am
saxis moZraobis mimzidvelad gardasaqmnelad. aseT moZraobebSi bevri
ram ugulebelyofilia, maT Soris nebismieri cneba, rom mTavrobis
brZanebebi morCilebas moiTxoven, rac scildeba morCilebisa da
daumorCileblobis upiratesobebis sazRvrebs.
rodesac situacia kritikulia da uwesrigoba sakmaod Zviri
jdeba, aseTma pragmatulma msjelobam SesaZloa mTavrobis
brZanebebs mianiWos sakmaod realuri Zala. magram amis safuZvelze
ganxorcielebuli mmarTveloba misaRebi iqneba mxolod maradiul
krizisSi myofi sazogadoebisTvis an adamianTa jgufisTvis, romelTa
marTva, vinaidan isini erTimeores aRiqvamen, rogorc yurmoWril
monebs an xelisuflebis mtrebad, sxva saSualebebiT SeuZlebelia.