Basic principles of energy management (kinetic and potential):
1. Most jet transport airplanes are thrust limited, rather than low speed buffet limited, at altitude,
especially in a turn. If a condition of airspeed decay occurs at altitude, take immediate action to recover:
A. Reduce bank angle
B. Increase thrust – select maximum continuous thrust
C. Descend - If a high drag situation occurs where maximum available thrust will not arrest the airspeed
decay, the only available option is to descend.
D. all of the above are correct
2. The fundamental aspect of energy management is to manage speed by either elevator or with thrust.
On some airplanes, improper use o f VS can result in speed loss and eventually a stall:
A. As a general guideline, VS should not be used for climbing at high altitudes.
B. VS is strongly recommended for descent or climb;
C. Reduced thrust available at high altitudes means that speed should be controlled through pitch and
not with thrust
D. selecting excessive vertical speeds will not result in airspeed increases into an overspeed condition in
climb.
Relationship between mach number, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, and change over altitudes:
3. True airspeed ( V t ) {\displaystyle (V_{t})} is the speed of the aircraft relative to the atmosphere.
Aircraft flight instruments, however, don't compute true airspeed as a function of groundspeed and
winds peed. They use impact and static pressures as well as a temperature input.
A. True airspeed is equivalent airspeed that is corrected for pressure altitude and temperature (which
define density). The true airspeed is a function of Mach number:
B. the true physical speed of the aircraft relative to the surrounding body of air. At standard sea level
conditions, true airspeed, calibrated airspeed and equivalent airspeed are all equal.
C. MACH NUMBER is defined as a speed ratio, referenced to the speed of sound, i.e.
Since the temperature and density of air decreases with altitude, so does the speed of sound, hence a
given true velocity results in a higher MACH number at higher altitudes
D. all the above are correct.
4. Crossover Altitude is the altitude at which:
A. selecting excessive vertical speeds will not result in airspeed increases into an overspeed condition in
climb.
B. a specified CAS (Calibrated airspeed) and Mach value represent the same TAS (True airspeed) value:
C. Below this altitude the Mach number is used to reference speeds
D. The use of hand flying is recommended since it may not cause a bank angle that result in buffeting
Bank angles at high altitude and its effect on high and low speed operating margins:
5. In the high altitude flight area there is normally adequate maneuver margin at optimum altitude.
Maneuver margin decreases significantly as the pilot approaches maximum altitude. Flying near
maximum altitude will result in reduced bank angle capability;
A. therefore, autopilot or crew inputs must be kept below buffet thresholds. The use of LNAV will ensure
bank angle is limited to respect buffet and thrust margins.
B. The use of hand flying is recommended since it may not cause a bank angle that result in buffeting.
C. Pilot can use any bank angle limit as long as auto flight system is used.
D. The use of hand flying or any auto flght system mode are recommended since it may not cause a bank
angle that result in buffeting.
Relationship between altitude capability, weight, and temperature;
6. Airplane optimum and maximum altitude capability. When temperature increases the maximum
altitude capability decreases significantly:
A. The use of hand flying is recommended since it may not cause a bank angle that result in buffeting.
B. This is a situation where maneuver buffet margins are adequate but temperature is affecting thrust
capability to sustain airspeed at the higher altitudes.
C. As a general guideline, VS should not be used for climbing at high altitudes.
D. The airplane is still within the buffet limits but and has sufficient thrust to maintain the necessary
airspeed
7. There are two kinds of buffet to consider in flight; low speed buffet and high speed buffet:
A. As altitude increases, the indicated airspeed at which low speed buffet occurs decreases.
B. As altitude increases, high speed buffet speed increases.
C. At a given weight, as altitude increases, the margin between high speed and low speed buffet
increases.
D. At a given weight, as altitude increases, the margin between high speed and low speed buffet
decreases.
