CONSTANTS; SPECIFIC HEATS AT LOW PRESSURE

MW Cp Cv Cp Cv R R
GAS lb/pmole Btu/lb-°𝑹 Btu/lb-°𝑹 KJ/kg-K KJ/kg-K k=Cp/Cv ft-lb/lb-°𝑹 J/kg-K
Argon (A) (b) 39.950 0.1244 0.0747 0.5215 0.3132 1.665 38.68 208.17
Helium (He) (b) 4.003 1.241 0.745 5.2028 3.1233 1.666 386.04 2077.87
Mercury (Hg) (b) 200.61 0.0248 0.0148 0.1039 0.0624 1.665 7.703 41.45
Neon (Ne) (b) 20.183 0.246 0.1478 1.0313 0.6188 1.666 76.57 412.10
Xenon (Xe) (b) 131.30 0.0378 0.0227 0.1585 0.0952 1.665 11.77 63.34
Air (a) 28.970 0.24 0.1714 1.0062 0.7186 1.4 53.342 287.08
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 28.01 0.2487 0.1778 1.0426 0.7454 1.399 55.170 296.92
Chlorine (𝑪𝒍𝟐 ) 70.914 0.1144 0.0864 0.4796 0.3622 1.324 21.791 117.28
Fluorine (𝑭𝟐 ) (d) 38.00 0.197 0.1447 0.8259 0.6066 1.36 40.67 218.88
Hydrogen (𝑯𝟐 ) 2.018 3.419 2.434 14.3338 10.2043 1.40 765.54 4125.52
Hydroxyl (OH) (e) 17.00 0.421 0.3031 1.7650 1.2708 1.383 90.858 488.99
Nitric Oxide (NO) 30.008 0.2378 0.1716 0.9969 0.7194 1.386 51.497 277.15
Nitrogen (𝑵𝟐 ) 28.016 0.2484 0.1775 1.0414 0.7442 1.399 55.158 296.88
Oxygen (𝑶𝟐 ) (e) 32 0.2194 0.1573 0.9198 0.6595 1.395 48.291 259.90
Carbon Dioxide (𝑪𝑶𝟐 ) 44.010 0.2016 0.1565 0.8452 0.6581 1.288 35.11 188.98
Hydrogen Sulfide (𝑯𝟐 𝑺) (a) 34.088 0.2397 0.1799 1.0049 0.7542 1.321 45.33 243.95
Nitrogen Dioxide (𝑵𝑶𝟐 ) (e) 46.008 0.1921 0.1489 0.8054 0.6242 1.29 33.59 180.78
Nitrous Oxide (𝑵𝟐 𝑶) (e) 44.016 0.2097 0.1646 0.8791 0.6901 1.274 35.11 188.96
Ozone (𝑶𝟑 ) (e) 48 0.1954 0.154 0.8192 0.6458 1.269 32.194 173.27
Sulfur Dioxide (𝑺𝑶𝟐 ) (e) 64.07 0.1487 0.1177 0.6234 0.4934 1.263 24.12 129.81
Water Vapor (𝑯𝟐 𝑶) (e) 18.018 0.4454 0.3352 1.8873 1.4053 1.329 85.77 481.61
Acetylene (𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐) (e) 26.038 0.4048 0.3286 1.6971 1.3772 1.232 59.35 319.42
Ammonia ( 𝑵𝑯𝟑 ) (e) 17.032 0.499 0.382 2.0920 1.6015 1.304 90.73 488.31
n-Butane (𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 ) 58.120 0.4007 0.3685 1.6799 1.5365 1.093 26.59 143.11
Cyanogen (𝑪𝟐 𝑵𝟐 ) (e) 52.038 0.261 0.2228 1.0942 0.9341 1.172 29.7 159.84
Ethane (𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 ) 30.068 0.4186 0.3526 1.7549 1.4782 1.187 51.39 275.58
Ethylene (𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒 ) (e) 28.052 0.3654 0.2946 1.5319 1.2351 1.240 55.09 296.49
Hydrazine (𝑵𝟐 𝑯𝟒) (e) 32.048 0.393 0.33 1.8476 1.3834 1.195 48.22 259.52
Hydrogen Peroxide (𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐) (e) 34.016 0.303 0.2445 1.2703 1.0225 1.239 45.43 244.50
Methane (𝑪𝑯𝟒) (e) 16.043 0.5099 0.3881 2.1377 1.6185 1.321 96.33 518.45
Methanol (𝑪𝑯𝟒 𝑶) (c) 32.042 0.336 0.274 1.4088 1.1487 1.226 48.23 259.57
n-Octane (𝑪𝟖 𝑯𝟏𝟖) 114.22 0.3952 0.3778 1.8569 1.5839 1.046 13.53 72.62
Propane (𝑪𝟑 𝑯𝟖 ) 44.084 0.3685 0.3535 1.6707 1.4820 1.127 35.05 188.64
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT – GASES AND VAPORS

The molecular weight of a substance, also called the molecular mass, is the mass of one molecule of that
substance relative to the unified atomic mass unit 𝝁 is equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of carbon-12.

Deuterium, 𝑫𝟐 O ( or 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶) 2.014

MOLECULAR WEIGHT
GAS OR VAPOR
(lb/pmole or kg/kmol) 2,3 - Dimetylbutane 86.178
2,2 – Dimethylpentane 100.205
Acetylene (𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐 ) 26.038
Diisobutyl 114.232
Air 28.966
Duoderane 170.21
Ammonia, R-717 17.02
Ethane, 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟔 30.070
Argon, Ar 39.948
Ethene 28.05
Benzene 78.114
Ethyl Alcohol 46.07
n-Butane (𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟏𝟎 ) 58.124
Ethylbenzene 106.168
1,2 – Butadiene 54.092
Ethyl Chloride 64.515
1-Butene 56.108
3 – Ethylpentane 100.205
cis-2-Butene 56.108
Ethylene, 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟒 28.054
trans-2-Butene 56.108
Fluorine 37.996
Butylene 56.06
Helium, He 4.002602
Carbon Dioxide (𝑪𝑶𝟐 ) 44.01
n – Heptane 100.205
Carbon Disulphide 76.13
n – Hexane 86.178
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 28.011
Hydrochloric Acid 36.47
Chlorine 70.906
Hydrogen, 𝑯𝟐 2.016
Cyclohexane 84.160
Hydrogen Chloride 36.461
Cyclopentane 70.135
Hydrogen Sulfide 34.076
n-Decane 142.286
Hydroxyl, OH 17.01 n – Octane 114.232
Isobutane (2-Metyl Propane) 58.124 Oxygen, 𝑶𝟐 31.9988
Isobutene 56.108 Ozone 47.998
Isooctane 210.63 n – Pentane 72.151
Isopentane 72.151 Pentylene 70.08
Isoprene 68.119 Propane, 𝑪𝟑 𝑯𝟖 44.097
Isopropylbenzene 120.195 Propene 42.081
Krypton 83.80 Propylene 42.08
Methane, 𝑪𝑯𝟒 16.043 R – 11 137.37
Methyl Alcohol 32.04 R – 12 120.92
Methyl Butane 72.15 R – 22 86.48
Methyl Chloride 50.488 R – 114 170.93
Methylcyclohexane 98.189 R – 123 152.93
Methylcyclopentane 84.162 R – 134a 102.03
2 – Methylhexane 100.205 R – 611 60.05
2 – Methylpentane 86.178 Styrene 104.152
Natural Gas 19.00 Sulfur 32.02
Neon, Ne 20.179 Sulfur Dioxide (Sulphur Dioxide) 64.06
Neohexane 86.178 Sulfuric Oxide 48.1
Neopentane 72.151 Toluene, toluol 92.141
Nitric Oxide, NO 30.006 Triptane 100.205
Nitrogen, 𝑵𝟐 28.0134 Xenon 131.30
Nitrous Oxide, 𝑵𝟐 O 44.013 O – Xylene, xylol 106.168
n – Nonane 128.259 Water Vapor - Steam, (𝑯𝟐 𝑶) 18.02
 RELATIVE DENSITY, DENSITY AND WEIGHT-DENSITY

DENSITY WEIGHT DENSITY,

SUBSTANCE RELATIVE DENSITY
kg/𝒎𝟑 gm/𝒄𝒎𝟑 lb/𝒇𝒕𝟑
Solids:
Alunimum 2.70 2.70
2,700 169
Brass 8.44-8.70 8.44-8.70
8,440-8,700 527-543
Carbon, graphite 2.25 2.25
2,250 141
Copper 8.89 8.89
8,890 555
Germanium 5.46 5.46
5,460 342
Glass 2.4-2.8 2.4-2.8
2,400-2,800 160-170
Gold 19.3 19.3
19,300 1,204
Ice 0.917 0.917
917 57.2
Iron, wrought 7.85 7.85
7,850 490
Lead 11.34 11.3
11,340 705
Wood, oak 0.8 0.8
800 50
Silicon 2.42 2.42
2,420 151
Silver 10.5 10.5
10,500 655
Steel 7.8 7.8
7,800 487
Tungsten 19.3 19.3
19,300 1,204
Zinc 7.1 7.1
7,100 443
Uranium 18.7 18.7
18,700 1,170
Liquids:
Alcohol(ethyl) at 20℃ 0.79 0.79
790 49
Ether 0.74 0.74
740 46
Gasoline 0.68 0.68
680 42
Mercury 13.595 13.595
13,595 850
Water, at 4℃ 1.000 1.000
1,000 62.4
Water, at 20℃ 0.998 0.998
998 62.3
Gases, 0℃ and 76cm Hg:
Air 1.293 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 1.293 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑
1.293 0.0807
Carbon Dioxide 1.997 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 1.997 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑
1.997 0.1246
Hydrogen
0.090 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.090 0.090 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.0058
Helium
0.178 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.178 0.178 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.0111
Nitrogen
Oxygen 1.251 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 1.251 1.251 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.0781
1.429 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 1.429 1.429 x 𝟏𝟎𝟑 0.0892
 CONVERSION OF UNITS: BASIC CONSTANTS

LENGTH
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑒
12𝑓𝑡 6080.2𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡. 𝑚𝑖
5280𝑚𝑖 0.3937𝑐𝑚 30.48 𝑓𝑡 104
𝑐𝑚
𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑖 𝐴 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡 𝑐𝑚
3𝑦𝑑 1.152𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡. 𝑚𝑖
1010 2.54 𝑖𝑛 3.28 𝑚 1.609 𝑚𝑖
𝑚

AREA
𝑖𝑛3 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
144𝑓𝑡 3 43,560𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒 650 10.76 𝑚3 929 𝑓𝑡 3 6.457 𝑖𝑛3
𝑚𝑖 3

VOLUME
𝑖𝑛3 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙 𝑙 𝑓𝑡 3
144𝑓𝑡 3 7.481 43,560𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑒−𝑓𝑡 3.7854𝑔𝑎𝑙 28.317 35.31 𝑚3
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙 3
𝑖𝑛3 𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑛3 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚3
231𝑔𝑎𝑙 8
𝑔𝑎𝑙 103 61.025 103 28.317 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑚3 𝑙 𝑙

DENSITY
𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
1728 32.174 0.51538 16.018 1000
𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛3 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚3

ANGULAR
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑔 1 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2x-6.2832 57.3 9.549𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑟𝑎𝑑 2𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚𝑖𝑛

TIME
𝑠 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑟
60𝑚𝑖𝑛 3600ℎ𝑟 60 ℎ𝑟 24𝑑𝑒𝑣
 SPEED
𝑓𝑝𝑚 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚/𝑠 𝑚/𝑠
88𝑚𝑝ℎ 0.6518 0.5144𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡 0.3048 𝑓𝑝𝑠 0.44704𝑚𝑝ℎ
𝑓𝑝𝑠
𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑝𝑠 𝑐𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.457 1.152𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡 1.689𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑡 152.4
𝑚𝑝ℎ 𝑙𝑝𝑠

FORCE, MASS
𝑜𝑧 𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑏 𝑁
16 32.174 444,820 2.205 9.80665
𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑁
1000𝑘𝑖𝑝 32.174 𝑙𝑏 960.665 14.594 4.4482𝑙𝑏
𝑔𝑚 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑙𝑏 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑚 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
2000𝑡𝑜𝑛 7000 453.6 𝑙𝑏 104 1
𝑙𝑏 𝑁 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
14.594𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 28.35 𝑜𝑧 453.6𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 907.18𝑡𝑜𝑛 1000𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑜𝑛

PRESSURE
𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑁/𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔(𝑂°𝐶) 𝑁/𝑚2
696𝑎𝑡𝑚 101.325 𝑎𝑡𝑚 13.6𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔(𝑂°𝐶) 51.715 47.88
𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔(𝑂°𝐶) 𝑁/𝑚2 𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 𝑂(6𝑂°𝐶) 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 𝑁/𝑚2
29.921 𝑎𝑡𝑚
104 𝑏𝑎𝑟
13.57
𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔(6𝑂°𝐶)
703.07 𝑝𝑠𝑖 6894.8 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑓𝑡 𝐻2 𝑂(6𝑂°𝐶) 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
33.934 14.504𝑏𝑎𝑟 0.0361𝑖𝑛 𝐻 𝑂(6𝑂°𝐶) 0.0731 𝑝𝑠𝑖 760 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑎𝑡𝑚 2
𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑚2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 9.869 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑁/𝑚2
01325𝑎𝑡𝑚 104 𝑏𝑎𝑟
0.4898
𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔(6𝑂°𝐶) 107 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2 133.3 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
𝑓𝑡 𝐻 𝑂(6𝑂°𝐶) 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔(𝑂°𝐶) 𝑖𝑛 𝐻 𝑂(39.2°𝐶) 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2
33.934 2𝑎𝑡𝑚 760 𝑎𝑡𝑚 406.79 2 𝑎𝑡𝑚 0.1 𝑁/𝑚2 1.0332 𝑎𝑡𝑚

ENERGY AND POWER

𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽 𝐽 𝑏𝑎𝑟.𝑑𝑚3
778.16 𝐵𝑡𝑢 2544.4ℎ𝑝.ℎ𝑟 252𝐵𝑡𝑢 1𝑤𝑡−𝑠 . 𝑁.𝑚 0.01 𝐽
𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑤−𝑠 16.021 𝐽
550 ℎ𝑝.𝑠 42.4ℎ𝑝.𝑚𝑖𝑛 1.8𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔𝑚 1 𝑘𝐽 10 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑉−𝑎𝑚𝑝 1.6021 𝑒𝑟𝑔
33,000ℎ𝑝.𝑚𝑖𝑛 3412.2𝑘𝑤.ℎ𝑟 1800𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1 𝑤𝑡−𝑠 10 𝑒𝑉
𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 11.817 𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏
737,562𝑘𝑤.𝑠 56.87𝑘𝑤.𝑚𝑖𝑛 2.7194 107 𝐽
𝑎𝑡𝑚.𝑓𝑡 3 10 𝑀𝑒𝑉
 𝐽 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑤
1.3558 251.98 4.1868 3600 0.746
𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑤.ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑝
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔.𝑚 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑡𝑢
1.055𝐵𝑡𝑢 101.92 𝑘𝐽 0.4300 𝐽/𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 860𝑤𝑡−ℎ𝑟 1.8𝑐ℎ𝑢

ENTROPY, SPECIFIC HEAT, GAS CONSTANT

𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑙𝑏−°𝑅 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔−°𝐾
1 𝑐𝑎𝑙⁄𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾 1𝑐𝑎𝑙⁄𝑔𝑚−°𝐾 1𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙⁄𝑘𝑔−°𝐾 0.2389 𝐽⁄𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾
4.187
𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑙𝑏−°𝑅

UNIVERSAL GAS CONSTANT

𝑓𝑡.𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝐽 𝑎𝑡𝑚−𝑓𝑡 3 𝑎𝑡𝑚−𝑐𝑚3
1545.32𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅 8.3143𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾 0.7302 82.057𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾
𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑠𝑖−𝑓𝑡 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟−𝑐𝑚3
1.9859𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅 1.9859𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾 10.731 83.143𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾
𝑝𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝑅
𝐽 𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑚−𝑚3 𝑏𝑎𝑟−|
8.3143𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾 8.3149 x 107 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾
0.08206𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾 0.083143
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒−°𝐾

STANDARD GRAVITY 𝒈𝒐 (as conversion unit)

𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑚 𝑁 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠
32.174𝑓𝑝𝑠 2 (𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔) 386.1𝑙𝑝𝑠 2 ( ) 9.80665𝑠2 (𝑘𝑔) 980.665 𝑠2 ( 𝑔𝑚
)
𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛

MISCELLANEOUS CONSTANTS

Speed of Light Avogadro Constant Planck Constant

𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
c = 2.9979 x 108 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02252 x 1023 h = 6.6256 x 10−34 J.s
𝑠 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒

Boltzmann Constant Gravitational Constant Normal mole volume

𝐽 𝑁.𝑚2 𝑚3
= 1.35054 x 10−23 G = 6.670 x 10−11 2.24136 x 10−2
°𝐾 𝑘𝑔2 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
LINEAR: ANGLE:
1 statue mile = 5,280 feet 360 degrees = 2𝝅 radians

= 1,760 yards = 400 rads

1 nautical mile = 6,080 feet = 6,400 mils

= 1 rev
1 league = 3 nautical mile
90 degrees = 100 grad
= 18,240 feet
1 degree = 60 min
1 yard = 3 feet
1 meter = 3.281 feet
VOLUME:
= 1.093 yards
1 quart = 2 pints
1 rod = 5.5 yards
1 US gallon = 231 cu. In.
= 16.5 feet
= 3.725 liters
1 furlong = 40 rods
= 4 quarts
= 220 yards
= 8.6 lb
1 cable length = 720 feet 1 British gallon 277.42 cu. in.
=
1 fathom = 6 feet 1 cu. m. = 1 000 liters
1 span = 9 inches = 35.31 cu. ft.
1 vara = 33.33 inches = 264.2 US gal
1 mil = 0.001 inch 1 cu. ft. = 7.485 US gal
= 28.32 liters
= 1,728 cu. in.
AREA:
1 ganta = 3 liters
1 hectare = 10 000 sq. m.
= 8 chupas
= 11,960 sq. yards
1 cavan = 25 gantas
1 acre = 4 046.8 sq. m.
1 bbl = 55 gal
= 0.4047 hectare
1 bbl (refined) = 42 gal
1 barrel = 200 liters
MASS AND WEIGHT: POWER:
1 short ton = 2,000lb 1 hp = 550 ft – lb/sec
= 907 kg = 33,000 ft – lb/min
1 long ton = 2,240 lb = 2,545 Btu/hr
= 1016 kg = 42.4 Btu/min
1 metric tonne = 1 000 kg = 0.746 kW
= 2,205 lb = 1.014 mhp
1 kip = 1,000lb 1kW = 3,413 Btu/hr
1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 Watt = 1 J/s
1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 mhp = 0.736 kW
1 slug = 32.2 lb 1 Developed Boiler Hp = 33,475 Btu/hr
= 14.57 kg = 35 322 kJ/h
1 lb = 16 ounces

Pressure:
WORK / ENERGY: 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
1 Btu = 778 ft – lb = 14.7 psi
= 252 Cal = 760 mm Hg
= 0.252 kCal = 29.92 in Hg
= 1.055 kJ = 1.033 𝒌𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑
1 kCal = 4.187 kJ = 34 ft 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
1 erg = 1 dyne – cm 1 bar = 100 kPa
= 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 J 1 Pa = 1 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
1 Joule = 1N-m
FLUIDS: PROPERTIES OF WATER

1 poise = 1 dyne - 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝐶𝑝 = 4.187𝑘𝑔−℃ = 1.0𝑙𝑏−℉
= 0.1 Pa - s
𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝟐 L = Latent heat of Fusion = 335𝑘𝑔 = 144
1 stroke = 1 𝒄𝒎 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑙𝑏

= 0.001 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔 𝑘𝐽
Specific Sensible heat of ice = 2.093𝑘𝑔−℃ = 0.5𝑙𝑏−℉
𝐵𝑡𝑢

1 lb - 𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒇𝒕𝟐 = 478.7 poise

𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢
1 𝒇𝒕/𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 = 929 𝒄𝒎𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 Latent Heat of Vaporization (from and at 100℃) = 2257 𝑘𝑔 = 970.3 𝑙𝑏

1 𝒇𝒕𝟐 /𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 448.8 gpm 𝑘𝐽 𝐵𝑡𝑢

Lastent Heat of water vapor in air and flue gases = 2442 𝑘𝑔 = 1,050 𝑙𝑏
𝟑
1 𝒎 /𝒔 = 1 000 L/s
= 35.31 𝒇𝒕𝟑 /𝒔𝒆𝒄

PROPERTIES OF AIR
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 0.24 𝑙𝑏−℉ = 0.24 𝑘𝑔− ℃ = 1.0 𝑘𝑔− ℃

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑘𝐶𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑣 = 0.171𝑙𝑏−°𝐹 = 0.171𝑘𝑔−℃ = 0.716𝑘𝑔−℃

𝑓𝑡−𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑘𝐽
R = 53.3𝑙𝑏 = 0.287𝑘𝑔−°𝐾
𝑚 −°𝑅

k = 1.4