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Contemporary Approach in Interpersonal/Communication Skills

Electronically mediated communication (EMC) refers to communication that occurs through digital mediums rather than face-to-face. There are six key differences between EMC and face-to-face communication: 1) time, as EMC messages are often asynchronous; 2) anonymity, as senders' identities can be unknown; 3) potential for deception since cues are limited; 4) fewer nonverbal cues; 5) greater emphasis on written words; and 6) physical distance between communicators. Theories like the cues-filtered-out theory and media richness theory suggest relationships develop more slowly without full nonverbal cues, though the social information processing theory argues relationships can still form through EMC over longer periods as more information

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106 views4 pages

Contemporary Approach in Interpersonal/Communication Skills

Electronically mediated communication (EMC) refers to communication that occurs through digital mediums rather than face-to-face. There are six key differences between EMC and face-to-face communication: 1) time, as EMC messages are often asynchronous; 2) anonymity, as senders' identities can be unknown; 3) potential for deception since cues are limited; 4) fewer nonverbal cues; 5) greater emphasis on written words; and 6) physical distance between communicators. Theories like the cues-filtered-out theory and media richness theory suggest relationships develop more slowly without full nonverbal cues, though the social information processing theory argues relationships can still form through EMC over longer periods as more information

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billy bong
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Contemporary Approach in Interpersonal/Communication Skills.

ELECTRONICALLY MEDIATED COMMUNICATION (EMC)


 Communication that is not face to face, but rather is sent via a medium such as a smartphone or
the Internet.
 We frequently use our technology to make and keep friends, to share information, to
listen and respond to and confirm and support others. Interpersonal communication is only
a click or a keystroke away.
 Also helps relationships to be as satisfying as face-to-face interactions.

6 KEY DIFFERENCES OF EMC (ELECTRONICALLY MEDIATED


COMMUNICATION) TO FTF (FACE TO FACE)
(1) time
(2) varying degrees of anonymity
(3) potential for deception
(4) availability of nonverbal cues
(5) role of the written word
(6) distance
TIME

 Asynchronous messages are not read, heard, or seen at the same time they are sent; there is a
time delay between when you send such a message and when someone else receives it. A text
message sent to a friend’s phone or to someone who is not monitoring Facebook or a voicemail
message are examples of asynchronous messages.
 Synchronous messages are sent and received instantly and simultaneously. Face-to-face
conversations are synchronous—there is no time delay between when you send a message and
when the other person receives it. A live video conference or a phone conversation are other
examples of synchronous messages.
 Another time difference between EMC and FtF messages is that it takes longer to tap out
a typewritten message than to speak or to convey a nonverbal message. The amount of
delay (which corresponds to silence in FtF interactions) can have an impact on the
interpretation of a message’s meaning. When texting, participants may expect to see a
response to their message very quickly.

VARYING DEGREES OF ANONYMITY


● “On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.”
● You may not always know precisely with whom you are communicating when you
receive an e-mail message or are “friended” or “poked” by someone you don’t know.
● Because you can be anonymous, you may say things that are bolder, more honest, or even
more outrageous than you would if your audience knew who you were. And being
anonymous may also tempt you to say things that aren’t true. Yet many of the EMC
messages you send and receive are from people you know. So there are varying degrees
of anonymity, depending on the technology that you are using and the honesty between
you and your communication partners.
POTENTIAL FOR DECEPTION
● Because with many forms of EMC you can’t see or hear others, it’s easy to lie.
● Interestingly, Cornetto’s study found that those who reported lying frequently were most
likely to suspect others of lying.
● 1. Liars often use fewer first-person pronouns (such as I or me). 2. Liars are more likely
to use more negative terms like “not” and “never.” 3. Liars use fewer negative emotions
words such as “sad” and “upset.” 4. Liars write briefer online personal essays. The
authors of the study suggested that it’s easier not to get caught lying if you use fewer
words.

NON VERBAL CUES


● Words and graphics become more important in EMC than in FtF interactions, because
when communicating electronically, you must rely solely on words to carry nonverbal
messages. Of course, a YouTube or Skype video does include nonverbal messages, but
even when using video some cues may be limited, such as the surrounding context and
reactions from others.
● In FtF communication, we laugh and smile in direct response to what we or others are
saying. In the EMC context, we use emoticons to provide emotional punctuation in our
written messages.
● There are some basic things text users do to add emotion to their messages, including
CAPITALIZING THE MESSAGE (which is considered “yelling”), making letters bold,
and inserting emoticons—a smiley face :-), a frowning face with glasses ‘8-(‘, and so on.

Role of the Written Word


● One scholar suggests that a person’s typing ability and writing skills affect the quality of
any relationship that is developed.
● Not everyone is able to encode thoughts quickly and accurately into written words.
Writing skills not only affect your ability to express yourself and manage relationships,
they also affect how others perceive you.
● Your written messages provide insights to others about your personality, skills, sense of
humor, and even your values.

THEORIES INCLINED TO EMC’s

CUES-FILTERED-OUT THEORY
 Theory that suggests that communication of emotions is restricted when people send
messages to others via text messages because nonverbal cues such as facial expression,
gestures, and tone of voice are filtered out.
 Also suggests that because of the lack of nonverbal cues and other social information,
we’ll be less likely to use EMC to manage relationships because of its limited ability to
carry emotional and relational information. Although a venue like Facebook presents
photos and ample personal information, communication through those forums is still not
as rich as an FtF conversation.

MEDIA RICHNESS THEORY


 Theory that identifies the richness of a communication medium based on the amount of
feedback it allows, the number of cues receivers can interpret, the variety of language it
allows, and the potential for emotional expression.
 There is some evidence that those wishing to communicate a negative message, such as a
message ending a relationship, may select a less rich communication medium—they may
be more likely to send a letter or an e-mail rather than sharing the bad news face to face.
Similarly, people usually want to share good news in person, when they can enjoy the
positive reaction to the message

Note: Both the cues-filtered-out theory and media richness theory suggest that the restriction of
nonverbal cues, which provide information about the nature of the relationship between
communicators, hampers the quality of relationships that can be established using EMC.

SOCIAL INFORMATION-PROCESSING THEORY BY JOSEPH WALTHER


 Theory that suggests people can communicate relational and emotional messages via the
Internet, although such messages take longer to express without nonverbal cues.
 A key difference between face-to-face and electronically mediated communication is the
rate at which information REACHES you. During an in-person conversation, we process
a lot of information quickly; we process the words we hear as well as the many nonverbal
cues we see (facial expression, gestures, and body posture) and hear (tone of voice and
the use of pauses). During text-only (chat) interactions, there is less information to
process (no audio cues or visual nonverbal cues), so it takes a bit longer for the
relationship to develop— but it does develop as you learn more about your partner’s
likes, dislikes, and feelings.

CONTEMPORARY LEADERSHIP SKILLS IN COUNSELING

The role of the leader in a group counseling session is to facilitate meaningful discussion
between participants and effectively address and manage any conflicts that arise during a session

Transformational Leadership
 Is where the leaders expect transformation on their teams even if it is uncomfortable and
believe that everyone will do their best.
 They also serve as inspiration and role model to their people.  
 Inspirational motivations-come up with a vision that is inspiring to
others
 Intellectual Stimulations-they encourage members to think creatively
and work harder
 Individualized Considerations-they show personal care and concern for
the well-being of their group members

Transactional Leadership
 Managerial style that promotes compliance and attaining goals through supervision,
organization and a system of rewards and punishments
 Contingent rewards- rewarding members for their accomplishments
 Active management by exception-involves leaving members to do
assigned task but actively checking them time to time
 Passive management by exception-leaving members to do
assigned task but waits until something goes wrong before coming to
rescue

Note: Studies has shown that transformational leaders tends to be trusted more by their members than
those who are transactional leaders.

REFERENCES:

https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-v1.0/s14-04-contemporary-
approaches-to-lea.html
https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/2/0/5/0205953654.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR3oDXpTZg28FGwSKbPUuJTIDxV0CiIdR60F1HQK-LnvZcmK4-94JYOS5RA

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