ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr

ewY;] eè;e fdlku

vkSj NksVs iSekus osQ
eky mRiknu osQ ckjs esa
ekDZloknh n`f‘dks.k %
,d cgl

fcxqy iqfLrdk & 8

 fcxqy iqfLrdkµ8

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;]

eè;e fdlku vkSj NksVs iSekus ds
eky&mRiknu ds ckjs esa
ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k %
,d cgl

lEiknu
^fcxqy* lEiknd&e.My

+
jkgqy Qkm.Ms 'ku
y[kuÅ
ISBN 978-81-906253-2-6

ewY; % #- 30-00
izFke laLdj.k % tuojh] 2008
izdk'kd % jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku
69] ckck dk iqjok] isijfey jksM] fu'kkrxat]
y[kuÅ&226 006 }kjk izdkf'kr
vkoj.k % jkeckcw
Vkbils¯Vx % dEI;wVj izHkkx] jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku
eqæd % fØ,fVo fiz.VlZ] 628@,l&28] 'kfDruxj] y[kuÅ

Laabhkari Mulya, Laagat Mulya, Madhyam Kisan aur Chhote Paimane

ke Maal-Utpadan ke Bare me Marxvadi Drishtikon: Ek Bahas
2 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 izkDdFku

et+nwj v[k+ckj ^fcxqy* ds iUuksa ij fnlEcj 2002 ls i+$jojh 2005 ds chp ykxr
ewY;] ykHkdkjh ewY; vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr loZgkjk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k
dks ysdj ,d egÙoiw.kZ cgl pyh FkhA
cgl esa ,l- izrki dh ewy vofLFkfr ;g Fkh fd NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dh eq[; ek¡x Ñf"k dk ykxr ewY; de djus dh gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g fd ykHkdkjh
ewY; dh ek¡x eq[;r% cM+s fdlkuksa dks gh ykHk igq¡pkrh gS] ysfdu blds lkFk gh
os ¼xUuk fdlkuksa dh ckr djrs gq, vius igys ys[k esa½ ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd xUus
dk okftc ewY; ikus ds fy, mUgsa feyksa ij yxkrkj ncko cuk;s j[kus dh j.kuhfr
viukuh gksxhA lq[knso] uhjt vkSj ^fcxqy* lEiknd&e.My dh vofLFkfr ;g gS
fd u dsoy ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x cfYd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x Hkh oxZ&pfj=k
dh n`f"V ls equki+$s ds fy, mRiknu djus okys vkSj et+nwjksa dh Je&'kfDr [k+jhndj
vfèk'ks"k fupksM+us okys ekfyd fdlkuksa dh ek¡x gSA ;g ek¡x loZgkjk ds oxZfgr
ds f[k+yki+$ gSA ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dk eryc gS x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds fupys laLrj dks iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr [+kq'kgkyh dh HkzkfUr nsuk] NksVh
tksrksa dks iw¡thokn ds prqfnZd geys ls cpkdj lkekftd fodkl dh xfr dks
vuqi;ksxh :i ls èkhek djuk vkSj mtjrh et+nwjksa dh o+$her ij ekfyd fdlkuksa
ds fgrksa dh fgi+$kt+r djukA ;g ek¡x u dsoy e¡>ksys cfYd èkuh fdlkuksa dks Hkh
ykHk igq¡pk;sxh] ysfdu loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds fgrksa ds loZFkk izfrdwy
gksxhA bl i{k dk dguk gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ij ugha] cfYd vU;
dqN ek¡xksa ij loZgkjk oxZ dks NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks vius i{k esa djus dh dksf'k'k
djuh gksxhA fQj cgl dk nk;jk foLrkfjr gksdj bl eqís ij dsfUnzr gks x;k gS
fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izoxZ dks fdl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk;s vkSj lektoknh
ØkfUr dh i{kèkj ØkfUrdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk muds izfr D;k #[k+ gksuk pkfg,A iwjh
cgl ds nkSjku ,l- izrki us dbZ ckj viuh vofLFkfr esa voljoknh xksyeky fd;k
gS ij blls mudh ewy vofLFkfr ij dksbZ i+$o+$Z ugha iM+k gSA iwjh cgl i<+dj ikBd
Lo;a bls ns[ksaxs vkSj lgh&x+yr dk i+$Slyk djsaxsA
^fcxqy* ds i+$jojh 2005 vad esa lEiknd&e.My us bl cgl dk lEikndh;
lekgkj dj fn;k] ysfdu ,l- izrki bl fu.kZ; ls vlUrq"V FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 3

fd x+Sj&tuoknh <ax ls bl cgl dks chp esa gh jksd fn;k x;kA ^fcxqy* lEikndksa
dk dguk Fkk fd nksuksa i{kksa ds lHkh rdZ vkus ds ckn gh cgl dk lekgkj fd;k
x;k Fkk vkSj ;g fd ^fcxqy* ds iUuksa ij vuUrdky rd ;g cgl ugha py
ldrh] blfy, bls fdlh vkSj ekè;e ;k eap ls vkxs pyk;k tk;sxkA bl fu.kZ;
ls vlUrq"V ,l- izrki us ^fcxqy* dks viuh nks fVIif.k;k¡ ¼Øe'k% tuojh 2005
vkSj i+$jojh 2005 esa½ HksthaA mUgsa lUrq"V djus ds fy, ^fcxqy* lEiknd&e.My
us ;s nksuksa fVIif.k;k¡ vizSy 2005 esa lq[knso dks Hkst nha] ftudk mÙkj mUgksaus twu]
2005 esa fy[kdj HkstkA ,l- izrki dh vfUre nks fVIif.k;k¡ vkSj lq[knso dk tokc
^fcxqy* esa izdkf'kr ugha gq,A gekjh ;kstuk Fkh fd bUgsa 'kkfey djds iwjh cgl
dks iqfLrdk ds :i esa izdkf'kr dj fn;k tk;sxkA vc mlh ;kstuk dks] dqN
vifjgk;Z dkj.kksa ls] fdafpr foyEc ls ykxw djrs gq,] ;g iqfLrdk izdkf'kr dh
tk jgh gSA
bl iqfLrdk ds izdk'ku dk mís'; ,l- izrki tSls yksxksa vkSj mudh
oxZ&vofLFkfr dks Li"V djukek=k gh ugha gSA ,sls reke cM+cksys ßfpUrdÞ vkSj
fuBYys o+$ye?klhV cgqr lkjk ßekSfydÞ fpUru djrs jgrs gSaA mu lc ij cgl
pykuk ÅtkZ dk viO;; gksxkA bl iwjh cgl dks izdkf'kr djus dk ewy dkj.k
;g gS fd Hkkjr ds dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu esa ykxr ewY;] ykHkdkjh ewY;
vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds loky ij Hkkjh HkzkfUr O;kIr gSA T+;knkrj dh vofLFkfr bl
ekeys esa dekscs'k ,l- izrki tSlh gh gSA vius dks ekDlZoknh dgrs gq, Hkh mudh
ewy vofLFkfr ujksnoknh gSA blfy, bl iz'u ij li+$kbZ csgn t+:jh gSA
;g cgl bl iz;kstu dks dki+$h gn rd fl) djsxh] bldk gesa fo'okl gSA
cgjgky] geus nksuksa i{kksa dks ;Fkkor ;gk¡ izLrqr dj fn;k gS vkSj lgh&x+yr dk
i+$Slyk ikBdksa ij NksM+ fn;k gSA

25-12-2007 —^fcxqy* lEiknd&e.My

4 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 fo"k;lwph

D;k dj jgs gSa vktdy iatkc ds ^dkejsM*\ µ lq[knso 7

phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku µ ,l- izrki 9
xUuk fdlkuksa ds ladV ds ckjs esa ,l- izrki dk n`f"Vdks.k
x+yr gS! µ uhjt 12
iw¡thoknh [ksrh ds ladV ij lgh dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k
dk loky µ fcxqy lEiknd&e.My 14
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks dE;qfuLV fdu ek¡xksa
ij lkFk ysaxs\ µ ,d dk;ZdrkZ 22
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku fdu ek¡xksa ij yM+saxs\ et+nwj vkUnksyu
ds lkFk os dSls vk;saxs\ mudh Bksl] rkRdkfyd ek¡xsa D;k gksaxh\
µ fcxqy lEiknd&e.My 23
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk loky µ ,d
µ ,l- izrki 33
fdlkuh ds loky dks isVh cqtqZvk p'es ls ugha loZgkjk ds
ut+fj;s ls nsf[k;s tukc! µ lq[knso 41
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk loky µ nks
µ ,l- izrki 50
eè;e fdlku vkSj ykxr ewY; dk loky ¼cgl dk lEikndh; lekgkj½ 56
dqrdZ] yhikiksrh vkSj vius gh vUrjfojksèkksa dh uqekb'k
dh gS ,l- izrki us µ lq[knso 65
lEiknd&e.My Nqi&Nqidj èkks jgk gS èkuh fdlkuksa
ds ?kj ds iksrM+s µ ,l- izrki 69

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 5

e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk loky µ rhu
µ ,l- izrki 77
eè;e fdlku vkSj ykxr ewY; dk loky % NksVs iSekus ds
eky mRiknu ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k µ lq[knso 92

ifjf'k"Vµ,d
lektoknh ØkfUr dk Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d dk;ZØe vkSj oxZ&laJ; %
ysfuu dh vkSj dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy dh vofLFkfr 104
ifjf'k"Vµnks
fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k % dqN egÙoiw.kZ igyw 110

6 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 D;k dj jgs gSa vktdy
iatkc ds ^dkejsM*\
lq[knso

lh-ih-vkbZ- rFkk lh-ih-,e- tSls lalnekfxZ;ksa ds vykok bl le; iatkc esa viusvki
dks dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkjh dgus okys] ekDlZokn&ysfuuokn&ekvksokn fopkjèkkjk dk tki
djus okys yxHkx vkèkk ntZu laxBu lfØ; gSaA dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa] laxBuksa ds uke ij
lfØ; ;s Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ds ^dE;qfuLV* vktdy ;g Hkwy gh x;s gSa fd dE;qfuLV ikVhZ@
laxBu loZgkjk oxZ dk vxqok nLrk gksrk gS] ftlds fy, loZgkjk oxZ ds fgr loZizFke
gksrs gSaA buds }kjk fudkyh tk jgh vyx&vyx i=k&if=kdkvksa ls vkt et+nwj x+k;c gSA
et+nwj oxZ dh yM+kbZ] mlds lius] mEehnsa] nq[k&nnZ rFkk mldh fopkjèkkjk Hkh x+k;c gSA
dqN gS rks og gS] fdlkuksa dks cpkus dh ph[k+&iqdkjA fdlkuksa esa Hkh vehj&x+jhc fdlkuksa
ds chp dksbZ i+$o+$Z ugha] cfYd lHkh fdlkuksa dks cpkus] muds o+$t+Z eki+$ djkus rFkk muds
equki+$s dks c<+kus dh fpUrk,¡ bu ^dE;qfuLVksa* ds flj p<+dj cksy jgh gSaA la{ksi esa dgsa
rks bu fnuksa iatkc esa lfØ; Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ds dE;qfuLVksa dk èkuh fdlkuksa ¼dqydks½a ;k Ñf"k
cqtqZvkth ls Vk¡dk fHkM+k gqvk gSA
fiNys dqN lkyksa ls iatkc dk fdlku vkUnksyu LFkkuh; ehfM;k dh lqf[k+Z;ksa esa
gSA jk"Vªh; ehfM;k esa Hkh bldh vDlj ppkZ gksrh jgrh gSA yxHkx nks lky igys
lh-ih-vkbZ-] lh-ih-,e- rFkk iatkc ds vyx&vyx uDlyoknh laxBuksa }kjk pyk;s tkus
okys ik¡p fdlku laxBuksa dk lk>k ekspkZ cukdj ,d vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk
ftldks bUgksua s ^o+$t+kZ eqfDr rFkk fdlku cpkvks laxkz e* dk uke fn;k FkkA exj fdlkuksa
eas dksbZ [k+kl leFkZu u feyus ds dkj.k tYnh gh ;g ekspkZ fc[kj x;k FkkA exj rhu
eghus igys ;g fc[kjk gqvk dqVqEc fQj bdëk gks x;kA bl ckj laxBuksa dh la[;k
vfèkd Hkh gS D;ksafd dqN fdlku laxBuksa esa QwV iM+ tkus ls bl dqVqEc eas nks u;s
lnL; 'kkfey gks x;s FksA bl ckj eqís Hkh dqN vyx FksA bl ckj eq[; eqík Fkk èkku
dh o+$her 600 #i;s izfr dqUry ls c<+kdj 750 #i;s djokukA blds vykok vkSj
ek¡xsa Fkha] nwèk dh o+$her esa c<+ksÙkjh] fdlkuksa dk o+$t+Z eki+$ djokuk] dSIVu ¼vefjUnj
flag µ la-½ ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd;s x;s fdlkuksa ds eksVj ds fctyh&fcy eki+$ djokuk

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 7

tks vdkyh ljdkj ds le; eki+$ FksA
bu ek¡xksa dks ysdj bu dE;qfuLV fdlku laxBuksa us vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;kA exj bl
ckj Hkh ;g ¶+ykWi 'kks gh lkfcr gqvkA 29 vDVwcj 2002 dks bUgksaus ^iatkc cUn* dk
vkàku fd;kA exj iatkc ds yksxksa us bl vkàku dks roTtks ugha nhA bu fnuksa ;g ekspkZ
fQj fc[kjk gqvk gSA vyx&vyx laxBu vyx&vyx jgdj fdlkuksa ls eksVjksa ds fcyksa
dk ck;dkV djokus esa tqVs gSa rFkk fctyh deZpkfj;ksa ls yM+&>xM+dj vius yM+kdwiu
dh uqekb'k yxk jgs gSaA
dksbZ Hkh oxZ vius fgrksa ds fy, yM+us dks vkt+kn gSA og [+kq'kh ls viuh yM+kbZ
yM+sA exj nq[k dh ckr rks ;g gS fd iatkc dh èkjrh ij ;g lc dqN dE;qfuLVksa ds
Hksl esa gks jgk gSA bu dE;qfuLVksa dh jguqekbZ esa yM+s tk jgs bu fdlku vkUnksyuksa dh
ek¡xsa et+nwj fojksèkh rFkk xzkeh.k èkuh fdlkuksa ds fgr esa gaSA et+nwjksa ds jkst+ejkZ ds mi;ksx
dh oLrqvksa tSls] xsgw¡] èkku rFkk nwèk vkfn dh o+$herksa esa c<+ksÙkjh rks lhèks&lhèks et+nwjksa
dh tsc ij Mkdk gSA Åij ls flre ;g gS fd bl Mkdst+uh esa dksbZ vkSj ugha cfYd [+kqn
dks et+nwj oxZ ds izfrfufèk dgus okys jax&fcjaxs dE;qfuLV gh tkus&vutkus ennxkj cu
jgs gSaA
tgk¡ rd fdlkuksa ds eksVjksa ds fcy eki+$ djus dh ek¡x dk loky gS] ftl ij ;g
fVIi.kh fy[ks tkus rd Hkh vkUnksyu tkjh gS] bldh vlfy;r ;g gS fd x+jhc fdlkuksa
¼v)ZloZgkjkvksa½ ds ikl rks fctyh dh eksVjsa gSa gh ughaA T+;knkrj x+jhc fdlkuksa ds ikl
;k rks flapkbZ dk dksbZ lkèku gh ugha gS] vxj gS rks og Mht+y batu gSA de t+ehu okys
T+;knkrj fdlku flapkbZ ds fy, èkuh fdlkuksa ij fuHkZj gSaA iatkc dh dqy fctyh dh
eksVjksa dh Hkkjh la[;k èkuh fdlkuksa ds ikl gS ;k dqN ,d esa NksVs fdlkuksa ds iklA dbZ
vehj fdlku ¼Ñf"k iwt ¡ hifr½ rks ,sls gSa ftudk eksVjksa dk fcy yk[kksa esa curk gSA tSlfs d
taxcgknqj flag la?kk ¼udksnj½] izdk'k flag ckny] iwoZ eq[;eU=kh] gjpju flag cjkM+
¼eqDrlj½ vkfn&vkfnA
bl fo'ys"k.k ls vklkuh ls ;g vUnkt+k yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd dE;qfuLV
laxBuks@a ikfVZ;ksa ds uke ij iatkc esa lfØ; laxBu vkt fdlds fgr esa [kM+s gSa vkSj fdlds
fojksèk esaA ;g gS :lh ujksnokn ds Hkkjrh; laLdj.k dh ,d >ydA ujksnokn ds bl
Hkkjrh; laLdj.k dh vkSj phjQkM+ djuk vkSj et+nwj tekr ds chp bldh vlfy;r dks
mtkxj djuk Hkkjr dh loZgkjk ØkfUr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, fugk;r t+:jh gSA

¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 2002½

8 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg
xUuk fdlku
,l- izrki

if'peh mÙkj izns'k dk xUuk vkUnksyu bl ckj cqjh rjg vlQy gqvkA ,slh 'keZukd
ijkt; fdlku vkUnksyu ds fudV vrhr ds bfrgkl esa 'kk;n gh dHkh gqbZ gksA fiNys
lky dk xUuk ewY; 95 #i;s izfr dqUry Fkk vkSj vc phuh feyksa us 64-50 #i;s izfr
dqUry ij xUuk cspus ds fy, fdlkuksa dks etcwj dj fn;k gSA bl ewY; ij rks NksVs
fdlkuksa dh ykxr Hkh fudy vk;s rks x+uher gSA
lÙkk ds lkFk lk¡B&xk¡B djds phuh feysa xUuk ewY; de djus ds loky ij vM+h
jgha vkSj xUuk fdlkuksa dks bl gkyr esa igq¡pk fn;k fd ;k rks os viuk xUuk [ksr esa
[kM+k jgus nsa vkSj xsgw¡ dh i+$ly ls Hkh gkFk èkks,¡ ;k xUuk [ksrksa esa gh tyk Mkysa( ;k fQj
de xUuk ewY; Lohdkj dj fey&ekfydksa ds gkFkksa yqVus ds fy, rS;kj gks tk;sAa phuh feyksa
dks dksbZ tYnh ugha Fkh D;ksafd muds xksnke igys ls gh phuh ls vVs iM+s gSaA mudh ,d
lkft+'k ;g Hkh Fkh fd bl lky phuh dk mRiknu de gks rkfd phuh ds LVkWd dks lekIr
fd;k tk lds vkSj ckt+kj esa phuh dh o+$her fxjus ls jksdk tk ldsA ,d iUFk nks dktA
,d gkFk ls mUgksaus xUuk mRikndksa dks Hkh ihVk vkSj nwljs gkFk ls ns'k dh lkjh turk
dks] tks phuh dk miHkksx djrh gSA
fdlku vkUnksyu fdruh gkL;kLin fLFkfr esa igqp¡ x;k gS] mls bl ckr ls gh le>k
tk ldrk gS fd feyksa esa isjkbZ pkyw gksus dks gh os viuh thr ds rkSj ij izpkfjr djus
dh gksM+ esa yxs gq, gaSA yksdny okys bldk lsgjk vthr flag ds flj ij ck¡èk jgs gSa rks
Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u ¼Hkkfd;w½ okys fVdSr ds flj ijA Hkkfd;w us ;g Hkh ?kks"k.kk dh
gS fd xUuk ewY; c<+kus dh ek¡x dks ysdj gekjk vkUnksyu tkjh jgsxkA 'kk;n muesa vHkh
FkksM+h 'keZ cph gS ;k 'kk;n mudh ;g etcwjh gS D;ksafd mUgsa jkst+&jkst+ fdlkuksa ds chp
gh jguk gksrk gSA
tgk¡ rd fdlkuksa dk loky gS] [k+kldj eè;e ,oa NksVs fdlkuksa dk] ftudh rknkn
gh lcls vfèkd gS] os bl ckj [+kwu dk ?k¡wV ihdj jg x;s gSaA muds psgjksa ij grk'kk]
ek;wlh vkSj X+kqLls ds Hkko tSls ,d&nwljs esa ?kqyfey x;s gSaA mudk fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 9

ikVhZ] ;gk¡ rd fd Hkkfd;w esa Hkh fo'okl ugha jg x;k gSA dqN ugha ls dqN Hkyk dh fLFkfr
gSA D;ksafd mudh Hkkoukvksa dk izfrfufèkRo djus okyk dksbZ laxBu ekStwn gh ugha gSA
Hkkjrh; fdlku ;wfu;u ,d gn rd mudk izfrfufèkRo djrh gS D;ksafd dS'k i+$ly dk
byko+$k gksus ds pyrs i+$ly dh vPNh o+$her feys ;g rks mudh Hkh ek¡x gSA gkyk¡fd
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, i+$ly ds ykHkdkjh ewY; dk ;g loky ,d Nykok gh gSA
;g eq[;r% èkuh fdlkuksa dh ek¡x gS tksfd fli+$Z ckt+kj ds fy, vkSj equki+$s ds fy, iSnk
djrs gSAa ysfdu pwf¡ d dS'k i+$ly rks NksVs fdlku Hkh cspus ds fy, gh iSnk djrs gSa blfy,
muesa ;g Hkze cuk jgrk gS fd blls mUgsa Hkh ykHk gks ldrk gSA os bl ckr dks ugha le>
ikrs fd os rks dksbZ vkSj i+$ly ;k vU; miHkksx dh oLrq,¡ [k+jhnus ds fy, gh viuh
i+$ly csprs gSa vkSj i+$ly ds ykHkdkjh ewY; dk rdZ ogk¡ Hkh ykxw gksrk gS tks os [k+jhnrs
gSaA D;ksafd veweu ,slk ugha gksrk fd dqN [k+kl i+$lyksa dk nke LorU=k rjho+$s ls c<+
tk;s vkSj vU; ds nkeksa esa dksbZ c<+ksÙkjh u gksA ;gk¡ rd fd ykxr ewY; Hkh yxHkx mlh
vuqikr esa c<+ tkrk gSA vr% ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ls i+$k;nk rks fli+$Z cM+s fdlkuksa
dks gh gS tks miHkksx vkSj ykxr ewY; fudkyus ds ckn] i+$ly ds cM+s fgLls dks cspdj
'kq) equki+$k dekrs gSaA vxj ykHkdkjh ewY; dh nj r; dj nh tk;s rks ykxr ewY; c<+us
ds lkFk mlh t+ehu ds VqdM+s ij mudk equki+$k c<+rk tk;sxk tcfd NksVk fdlku rckg
gks tk;sxkA
NksVs fdlkuksa dh vlyh leL;k rks ykxr ewY; ds c<+rs tkus dh gSA ysfdu mudh
i+$ly dk okftc ewY; mUgsa feys blds fy, Hkh feyksa ls mudk vUrjfojksèk ges'kk cuk
jgsxkA bl le; fdlku vkUnksyu dh eq[; ek¡x ykxr ewY; de djus ij gh dsfUnzr
gksuh pkfg, vkSj blds lkFk gh i+$ly dk okftc ewY; ikus ds fy, Hkh feyksa ij yxkrkj
ncko cuk, j[kus dh j.kuhfr vf[+r;kj djuh pkfg,A ysfdu gks jgk gS fcYdqy myVkA
ykxr ewY; ds loky ij rks vkokt+ mBrh gh ugha] gk¡] gj ehfVax esa bldk jksuk t+:j
jks;k tkrk gSA ;gh og fcUnq gS tgk¡ NksVs fdlku èkuh fdlkuksa ds laxBu Hkkfd;w ds lkFk
gksrs gq, Hkh mlls vyx&Fkyx iM+ tkrs gSaA
bl vkUnksyu ls Hkh vxj i+$k;ns&uqo+$lku ij x+kSj fd;k tk;s rks cM+s fdlkuksa dks
vfèkd uqo+$lku ugha gqvk gS] mudh equki+$s dh nj FkksM+h t+:j ?kV x;hA ysfdu tgk¡ rd
NksVs fdlkuksa dk loky gS] vkUnksyu yEck f[kaprs ns[k viuh rckgh ls cpus ds fy,
mUgksaus vkSus&ikSus nke ij Øs'kjksa&dksYgqvksa dks xUuk cspkA ckt+kj esa xqM+ ds nke fxj tkus
ls cgqrsjs Øs'kj Hkh cUn gks pqds gSaA vr% dki+$h NksVs fdlkuksa us pkjs ds :i esa Hkh viuk
xUuk cspk rkfd xsg¡w ds fy, dqN [ksr [k+kyh gks lds vU;Fkk Hkq[kejh dh ukScr vk ldrh
gSA ysfdu cM+s fdlkuksa dks irk Fkk fd feysa tYnh gh pkyw gksaxh vkSj lcls igys mUgha
dk xUuk feyksa esa tk;sxk vkSj fQj lkèku lEiUu gksus ds pyrs vkuu&i+$kuu esa xsgw¡ dh
cksvkbZ Hkh dj ysaxsA blfy, mUgksaus viuk xUuk [kM+k j[kkA izpkj djus ds fy, mUgksaus
gh viuk dqN xUuk Hkh [ksrksa esa tyk;kA muds ikl xUus ds [ksrksa ds vykok Hkh i;kZIr
10 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
t+ehu gS ftlesa xsgw¡ dh cqokbZ mUgksaus igys gh dj yh gSA
bl le; feysa [kqy pqdh gaS ysfdu feyksa dh j.kuhfr vHkh Hkh ;gh yxrh gS fd
os bl ckj de ls de xUuk ysus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA xUuk rkSy dsUnz de gks x;s
gSaA yxrk ;gh gS fd cgqr lkjs NksVs fdlku bl ckj viuk xUuk feyksa dks ugha ns ik;saxs
;k de xUuk ns ik;sxa As tks Hkh gks ;g lky mu ij Hkkjh xqtj+ xs kA vkSj bls pqipki cjnk'r
djus dh Hkh ,d lhek gSSA nsj&lcsj mudk vkØks'k fQj QwVsxkA vkSj ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ;g
crkrh gSa fd NksVs fdlku nsj&lcsj èkuh fdlkuksa ds vkUnksyu ds nk;js ls LorU=k viuh
u;h jkg [kkstus dh fn'kk esa t+:j vkxs c<+saxsA

¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 2002½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 11

 xUuk fdlkuksa ds ladV ds ckjs esa ,l- izrki dk
n`f"Vdks.k x+yr gS!
uhjt

^fcxqy* ds fnlEcj 2002 vad esa D;k dj jgs gSa vktdy iatkc ds ^dkejsM* ¼ys[kd
µ lq[knso½ vkSj phuh fey&ekfydk
fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku ¼ys[kd µ ,l- izrki½
'kh"kZd nks ys[k Nis gSaA t+jk x+kSj ls ns[ksa rks irk pyrk gS fd ;s nksuksa ys[k ,d&nwljs ds
fcydqy myV gSaA
lq[knso ds ys[k esa dE;qfuLVksa }kjk iatkc esa eky ds ykHkdkjh ewY; dh fdlkuksa dh
yM+kbZ yM+us dks :lh ujksnokn dk Hkkjrh; laLdj.k dgk x;k gSA nwljh vksj] ,l- izrki
ds ys[k esa ykHkdkjh ewY;ksa dh fgek;r dh x;h gSA irk ugha] ;g x+yrh ls gqvk gS ;k
fdlh foHkze esaA ,l- izrki dk ys[k ;fn lEiknd&e.My us lksp&le>dj Nkik gS rks
blls rks ;gh urhtk fudyrk gS fd fdlku loky ij vHkh ^fcxqy* ds lEiknd&e.My
dk fnekx+ Hkh iwjh rjg ls lki+$ ugha gSA ;fn bl ys[k ls ^fcxqy* ds lEikndksa dh lgefr
gS rc rks ;gh yxrk gS fd ys[kd gh ugha cfYd lEiknd&e.My Hkh ujksnoknh fopkjksa ls
vHkh eqDr ugha gks ldk gSA
,l- izrki ds ys[k ls ;gh t+kfgj gksrk gS fd ys[kd ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k
ls fcYdqy gh ukokfdi+$ gSA ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k dh dlkSVh ij bl ys[k dks
fljs ls [k+kfjt fd;k tk ldrk gSA fi+$ygky brus foLrkj esa tkus ds ctk; eSa ys[k ds
cqfu;knh HkVdko dh vksj bafxrHkj d:¡xkA
ys[kd us vius ys[k esa ijLij&fojksèkh ckrsa fy[kh gSaA tSls muds eqrkfco+$] i+$ly
ds ykHkdkjh ewY; ls eq[; i+$k;nk èkuh fdlku dks gksrk gS] rFkk NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds
fy, ;g Nykok gSA exj fQj Hkh og ßi+$ly dk okftc ewY; gkfly djus ds fy, feyksa
ij yxkrkj ncko cukusÞ dh ulhgr nsrs gSaA vkxs mudk dguk gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa dh
eq[; ek¡x rks ykxr ewY; de djus dh gSA ys[kd ls esjk loky gS fd D;k NksVs fdlkuksa
ds fy, ;g Hkh ,d Nykok ugha gS\ fdlkuksa dh ykxr dk ,d fgLlk rks mtjrh Je
Hkh gksrk gSAS D;k ys[kd mldks Hkh de djus ds go+$ esa gS\ D;k ykxr de gksus ls i+$lyksa
ds ewY; esa fxjkoV ugha vk;sxh\ vxj ykxr de gksus ls i+$lyksa ds nke ugha fxjrs rks

12 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

D;k ;g miHkksDrkvksa ds lkFk èkks[kkèkM+h ugha gksxh\
vxj FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ys[kd ds lkFk lger gqvk tk;s fd ykxr dk de gksuk
NksVs fdlkuksa ds fgr esa gS] rks bldk vFkZ D;k gksxk\ ;gh fd NksVs iSekus ds eky&mRiknu
¼ftls nsj&lcsj rckg gksuk gh gS½ dh mez FkksM+h yEch gks tk;sxhA NksVs iSekus ds
eky&mRiknu dks cpk;s j[kus esa loZgkjk oxZ dk D;k fgr gks ldrk gS\ D;k cMs+ iSekus
dh iSnkokj gj rjg ls NksVs iSekus dh iSnkokj ls csgrj ugha gksrh\ D;k ,d ekDlZoknh
dks ¼NksVs iSekus dh iSnkokj dh fuLcr½ cM+s iSekus dh iSnkokj ds go+$ esa ugha [kM+k gksuk
pkfg,\
fi+$ygky esjs [k+;ky ls bruk gh dki+$h gSA le>nkj ds fy, b'kkjk dki+$h gksrk gSA
mEehn gS fd lEiknd&e.My vkSj Jh ,l- izrki vius&vius vUrjfojksèk nwj dj ysaxsA
vxj esjh rji+$ ls vkSj vfèkd enn dh njdkj gksxh rks lwfpr dhft;sxkA viuk ;g
[k+r eSa ysfuu ds gokys ls [k+Re d:¡xk %
ßNksVs iSekus dh [ksrh vkSj NksVh tksrksa dks iw¡thokn ds prqfnZd geys ls cpkdj
fdlku leqnk; dks cpkus dk iz;kl lkekftd fodkl dh xfr dks vuqi;ksxh :i ls èkhek
djuk gksxkA bldk eryc iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr Hkh [+kq'kgkyh dh HkzkfUr ls fdlkuksa dks
èkks[kk nsuk gksxk] bldk eryc esgurd'k oxks± esa QwV iSnk djuk vkSj cgqer dh o+$her
ij vYier ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k lqfoèkkizkIr fLFkfr iSnk djuk gksxk ¼ysfuu % et+nwj ikVhZ
vkSj fdlku½AÞ
¼ys[kd p.Mhx<+ ds ,d jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ gSa½

¼fcxqy] tuojh 2003½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 13

 iw¡thoknh [ksrh ds ladV ij
lgh dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k dk loky
lEikndh; ykijokgh ds fy, gekjh vkRekykspuk vkSj
xUus dh [ksrh ds ladV ij gekjk n`f"Vdks.k

fcxqy lEiknd&e.My

ge csykxyisV ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd lkFkh uhjt }kjk mBk;h x;h vkifÙk iwjh rjg
lgh gS vkSj phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku ¼,l- izrki½ ys[k dk
izdk'ku ljklj lEikndh; vlkoèkkuh gS] ftlds fy, ge viuh vkRekykspuk djrs gSaA
ge ;g Li"V djuk pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ds ladV ij ,l- izrki ds ys[k dh oxZ
vofLFkfr ^fcxqy* dh oxZ vofLFkfr ugha gSA ^fcxqy* esa igys bl eqís ij izdkf'kr
ys[kks&a fVIif.k;ksa ls Hkh ;g Li"V gSA ,l- izrki ^fcxqy* ds iqjkus ys[kd gS]a blfy, v[k+ckj
ds ,su izl s esa tkrs le; izkIr muds ys[k dks tYnckt+h esa Nius dks Hkst fn;k x;kA ysfdu
;g ,d xEHkhj ykijokgh gS] ftldh vksj gekjs dqN vU; izcq) lg;ksfx;ksa us Hkh bafxr
fd;k gSA
ge lkFkh uhjt dh vkykspuk dk Lokxr djrs gSAa mDr iz'u ij gekjk LVS.M lkFkh
lq[knso vkSj lkFkh uhjt ds LVS.M ls gh lekurk j[krk gSA fQj Hkh ge t+:jh le>rs
gSa fd bl iz'u ij vius n`f"Vdks.k dks la{ksi esa ;gk¡ izLrqr djsaA geus viuh ckr]
jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k dh BsB 'kCnkoyh vkSj gokyksa ls Hkjld cprs gq,] lhèkh&ljy Hkk"kk
esa dgus dh dksf'k'k dh gS rkfd ^fcxqy* ds vke ikBdksa dks Hkh ekeys dh rg rd tkus
esa fnD+o+$r u gksA blfy, ys[k FkksM+k yEck gks x;k gS vkSj ikBdksa ls FkksM+s èkhjt dh ek¡x
djrk gSA
ykHkdkjh ewY; vkSj ykxr ewY; ds loky] iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa NksVh fdlkuh dh
fLFkfr] Hkkjr esa e¡>ksys vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dh fu;fr] Hkwfe&iz'u ¼[ksrh&ckM+h ls tqM+s loky½
ij lgh dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k vkSj lgh ukjs rFkk buls lEcfUèkr dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkjh
vkUnksyu ds HkVdko ij ge ^fcxqy* esa yxkrkj lkexzh nsus dh t+:jr f'kír ds lkFk
eglwl djrs gSaA uhjt vkSj lq[knso tSls lkFkh blesa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA bl

14 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

ckjs esa ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k D;k dgrk gS] ;g lhèkh&lknh Hkk"kk eas ^fcxqy* ds
ikBdksa dks crkus dh l[+r t+:jr gSA Hkfo"; esa gekjh dksf'k'k jgsxh fd ,slh lkexzh
^fcxqy* esa yxkrkj izdkf'kr gksA lkFkh ,l- izrki ds ys[k] ml ij lkFkh uhjt dh fVIi.kh
vkSj bl lEikndh; fVIi.kh ij Hkh ge cgl ds fy, ys[k&fVIif.k;k¡ vkefU=kr djrs gSaA

ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x vkSj NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku

1- ykHkdkjh ewY; dk loky vius oxZ&lkj dh n`f"V ls iwjh rjg ls èkuh
fdlkuksa&dqydksa&iw¡thoknh fdlkuksa dh ek¡x gS] tks equki+$s ds fy, iSnk djrs gSaA ;g nsgkrh
byko+$s dk iw¡thifr oxZ gS tks 'kks"k.k vkSj 'kklu esa iwjs ns'k ds Lrj ij vkS|ksfxd iw¡thifr
oxZ dk NksVk lk>hnkj gSA ykHkdkjh ewY; dk vkUnksyu ewyr% NksVs vkSj cM+s yqVsjs 'kkld
oxks± ds chp dh yM+kbZ gS] blds t+fj;s iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh&i+$keZj&èkuh fdlku ns'k Lrj ij
lafpr vfèk'ks"k ¼ljIyl½ esa viuk fgLlk c<+kus dh ek¡x djrs gSaA pw¡fd m|ksx esa equki+$s
dh nj yxkrkj c<+krs tkus dh lEHkkouk [ksrh dh vis{kk ges'kk gh cgqr vfèkd gksrh gS
vkSj pw¡fd ywV ds cM+s fgLlsnkj foÙkh; ,oa vkS|ksfxd iw¡thifr oxZ vkSj lkezkT;oknh Hkh
ges'kk gh iw¡thoknh ladV dk T+;knk ls T+;knk fgLlk ywV ds NksVs lk>hnkj&èkuh fdlkuksa
ij Fkksius dh dksf'k'k djrs jgrs gSa] blfy, buds chp [khaprku pyrh gh jgrh gSA èkuh
fdlku ykHkdkjh ewY; dh] lfClMh dh] C;kt dh fj;k;rh nj dh djksa eas NwV dh vkSj
fj;k;rh nj ij fctyh vkfn dh ek¡x djrs jgrs gSaA lHkh iw¡thoknh ns'kksa esa oxZ&èkqzohdj.k
dks jksdus vkSj ladV dks foLQksVd gksus dh fLFkfr Vkyus ds fy, iwjh [ksrh ds uke ij
,slh fj;k;rsa nh Hkh tkrh gSa] ysfdu iw¡thoknh mRiknu iz.kkyh dh LorU=k vUn:uh xfr
ls] ladV c<+us ij ;s fj;k;rsa ukdki+$h gks tkrh gSa vkSj eUnh dh ekj >syrk vkS|ksfxd
iw¡thifr oxZ bUgsa [k+Re djus ds fy, Hkh ncko cukrk gSA la{ksi esa] ykHkdkjh ewY; dh
ek¡x gks ;k mRiknu&ykxr ?kVkus dh vFkok vke Ñf"k lfClMh dh ek¡x µ ;s lHkh xk¡o
ds x+jhcksa dh 'kks"kd vkSj iwjs ns'k ds esgurd'kksa ds 'kks"k.k dh lk>hnkj] /kuh fdlku
vkcknh dh ek¡xsa gaSA fdlh Hkh lwjr esa] ,d dE;qfuLV NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks
ykHkdkjh ewY; ds vkUnksyu ds lkFk [kM+k gksus dk lq>ko ugha ns ldrkA
2- iwt ¡ hoknh lekt esa NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlku izk;% bl Hkze ds f'kdkj jgrs
gSa fd ;fn ckt+kj esa muds }kjk mRikfnr pht+kas dh csgrj o+$her fey tk;s rks mudh gkyr
dqN csgrj gks ldrh gSA dE;qfuLV izpkj gj gky esa muds bl Hkze ds fo#) la?k"kZ djrk
gSA og mUgsa yxkrkj ;g crkus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS fd ckt+kj esa vfèkd equki+$k dekus
okyk gj gky esa de equki+$k dekus okys dks ihNs NksM+rk gh tk;sxk] gj gky esa cM+h iw¡th
NksVh iw¡th dks [kk tk;sxhA ,d ukScr ,slh vkuh gh gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa vkSj vfèkla[;
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ikl cht] [kkn] ikuh] dhVuk'kd vkfn ds fy, jo+$e ds ykys iM+ tk;sAa
mUgsa cSadksa ;k egktuksa ls o+$t+Z ysus] viuh t+ehu èkuh fdlku dks jsgu ;k iês ij nsus

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 15

vkSj nwljs ds [ksrksa esa ;k m|ksxksa esa tkdj et+nwjh djus ds ckotwn daxky gksdj et+nwjksa
dh tekr esa 'kkfey gksuk gh gSA iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr ;g mudh vfuok;Z fu;fr gSA
3- NksVs fdlku vius [ksrksa esa et+nwj u yxkdj] Lo;a fnu&jkr gìhrksM+ Je djrs
gSa vkSj fQj Hkh mUgsa vDlj] ft+Unk jgus ds fy, nwljs ds [ksr esa ;k vU; dgha
esgur&et+nwjh djuh iM+rh gSA bu lcds ckotwn mudh [ksrh ykxr iw¡th ds vHkko vkSj
de jo+$cs ds dkj.k fiNM+rh pyh tkrh gS vkSj tYnh gh t+ehu dk muds gkFk ls fudy
tkuk ,dne fuf'pr yxus yxrk gSA bl ukrs os equki+$k dekdj èkuh cuus ds Hkze ls
tYnh eqDr gks tkrs gSaA ysfdu pw¡fd iw¡thoknhdj.k dh èkheh j¶+rkj gekjs ns'k esa vc rd
mUgsa èkheh xfr ls gh rckg djrh jgh gS vkSj pw¡fd gekjs ;gk¡ pqukoh uo+$yh dE;qfuLVksa
ds lkFk gh] efr ds ekjs ØkfUrdkjh dE;qfuLV Hkh NksVs fdlkuksa dks mudh okLrfod fLFkfr
crkus ds ctk; muds chp t+ehu dh Hkw[k c<+kus okyk izpkj ,oa vkUnksyu dk;Z gh djrs
jgs gSa] blfy, vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa dk ,d fgLlk Hkh loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk
[kM+k gksdj lektokn dh yM+kbZ yM+us dh ctk; ykHkdkjh ewY; dh yM+kbZ esa 'kkfeycktk
cu tk jgk gSA
4- e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ekeyk FkksM+k vyx gSA pw¡fd ;g oxZ vius [ksr esa FkksM+s&cgqr
et+nwj yxkdj Hkh dke djkrk gS vkSj muds vfrfjDr Je dks gM+idj equki+$k dekrk
gS blfy, ,d ekfyd ds :i esa rjD+o+$h djds èkuh gks tkus dk Hkze blds Hkhrj vfèkd
gksrk gS vkSj vfèkd fnuksa rd cuk jgrk gSA bu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ,d NksVk&lk Åijh
fgLlk rjD+o+$h djds èkuh fdlkuksa dh tekr esa 'kkfey gksrk jgrk gS] blfy, blls izsfjr
gksdj uhps dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk ykVjh [ksyus tSlh ekufldrk esa [ksrh ls equki+$k dekdj
èkuh gks tkus dk liuk ikys gq, nk¡o yxkrk jgrk gSA bldh fLFkfr ^lk¡i&NNw¡nj* okyh
gksrh gSA dE;qfuLV buds Hkze dks rksM+dj bUgsa yxkrkj ;g crkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd
iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa èkuh cuus dk oge ikys gq, os yxkrkj ijs'kku jgsaxs] fd equki+$k
dekus dh gksM+ esa mUgsa cM+h iwt
¡ hokyksa ds gkFkksa rckg gksuk gh gS] fd ;fn FkksM+k cgqr csgrj
nke fey Hkh tk;s rks mUur [ksrh esa èkuh fdlkuksa ls eqo+$kcyru ihNs NwVdj mUgsa daxky
gksuk gh gS] blfy, muds lkeus csgrjh dk ,dek=k jkLrk ;g gS fd os xk¡o vkSj 'kgj
ds et+nwjksa ds lkFk feydj lektokn ds fy, yM+sa] equki+$k[k+ksjh dh O;oLFkk ds f[k+yki+$
yM+as] jkst+xkj vkSj thus dh cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa dh xkj.Vh go+$ ds rkSj ij gkfly djus
ds fy, yM+sa rFkk [ksrh ij dke djus okys yksxksa ds lkewfgd ekfydkus dh O;oLFkk ds
fy, yM+Aas dE;qfuLV bu e¡>ksys feYdh fdlkuksa ds chp lektoknh lgdkjh] lkewfgd vkSj
jktdh; [ksrh ds ckjs esa yxkrkj crkrs gSa vkSj mudh x+yri+$gfe;ksa dks nwj djds Hkjkslk
iSnk djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSAa dqN lkFkh dgrs gSa fd ;g ukeqefdu gS] blls e¡>ksys fdlku
vkSj HkM+d mBsaxsA bl ij gekjk dguk gS fd igys os ,slk izpkj djds rks ns[ksa! ,slk
izpkj okLro esa dHkh fd;k gh ugha x;k] vr% igys ls gh Mjuk cscqfu;kn gSA nwljh ckr
;g fd ,slk djrs gq, ge bl lPpkbZ dks ekudj pyrs gSa fd i+$l S ykdqu ?kM+h esa Hkh e¡>ksys
16 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
ekfydksa dk ,d fgLlk gh et+nwj ØkfUr ds lkFk vk;sxk vkSj og Hkh <qyeqy jgsxkA ,d
nwljk fgLlk fQj Hkh 'kkld tekrksa dk gh i{k ysxkA ysfdu lkFk gh] rhljh ckr ;g Hkh
gS fd vkt iw¡thoknhdj.k dh rst+ j¶+rkj nks Nksjksa ds chp bruk rst+&rh[kk c¡Vokjk dj
jgh gS fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh vkcknh vkus okys fnuksa esa vkSj vfèkd fldqM+ tk;sxh vkSj
xk¡oks&a 'kgjksa dh loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh gh eqo$+ kcyru vf/kd gksxh ¼;g vkt gh ipkl
i+$hlnh ds vklikl igq¡p jgh gS½A oxZ&la?k"kZ esa et+nwj oxZ ds fgrksa dh fpUrk ds cx+Sj
bl <qyeqy nksLr ¼e¡>ksys fdlku½ dks gh ysdj T+;knkrj dE;qfuLV ijs'kku vkSj iLr gSa
rks Hkyk D;k rkTtqc dh ckr gS! os rks èkuh fdlkuksa rd ds nq[kksa ij cqDdk QkM+dj jks
jgs gSaA ^csxkuh 'kknh esa vCnqYyk nhokuk* rks lquk Fkk ij nq'eu ds x+e esa nqcys gksus dh
;g nkLrku rks ,d vtwck gh gS!
5- lkekftd&vkfFkZd <k¡ps dh xfr ,oa fn'kk dks oSKkfud&,sfrgkfld iM+rky dh
n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr cM+h iw¡th ds gkFkksa NksVh iw¡th dh rckgh] cM+s ekfydksa
ds gkFkksa NksVs ekfydksa dh rckgh] m|ksxksa dh cfuLir [ksrh dk fiNM+rs tkuk] [ksrh esa
iw¡thoknh ladV m|ksxksa ls vfèkd gksuk] oxks± dk rhoz èkqzohdj.k vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds
cM+s fgLls dk rckg gksdj loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk o+$rkjksa esa 'kkfey gksuk vfuok;Z gSA tks
gksuk gh gS] mlds ckjs esa Hkze iSnk djuk gekjk dke ugha gSA bls Vkydj iw¡thokn dh
mej yEch djuk Hkh gekjk dke ughaA vkSj oLrqijd ut+fj;s ls ;fn ns[ksa rks ;g bfrgkl
dks vkxs ys tkus okyh gh ,d pht++ gSA m|ksx gks ;k [ksrh] cM+s iSekus dk iwt ¡ hoknh mRiknu
Hkkjh esgurd'k vkcknh ds ladsfUnzr] ,dtqV] ykecUn vkSj laxfBr gksus ds vuqdwy
gkykr rS;kj djrk gS] chp dh <qyeqy vkcknh dks fldksM+dj NksVk dj nsrk gS vkSj mls
Hkh i+$Slykdqu ¼bl ikj ;k ml ikj½ cukrk gS] vkSj bl rjg lektoknh ØkfUr ds fy,
vuqdy w ekgkSy cukrk gSA dksbZ dE;qfuLV Hkyk D;ksa pkgsxk fd xUuk] rEckdw] vkyw&I;kt+
;k vukt dk ykHkdkjh ewY; ek¡xus okys ;k mRiknu&ykxr ?kVkdj [ksrh dks ykHknk;h
cukus dh ek¡x djus okys èkuh fdlkuksa ds igyw esa ;k fiNokM+s NksVs fdlku FkksM+h nsj ds
fy, Hkh [kM+s gksa vkSj bl rjg mudh rko+$r c<+kus] bl O;oLFkk dh mez vkSj vius Hkje
dh mez yEch djus dk dke djsa! rdZ ;g Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g ekfyd oxks± ds
chp dk vUrjfojksèk c<+kus okyk j.kdkS'ky ¼VSfDVd½ gSA ysfdu ;g x+yr gSA O;oLFkk
dk vUrjfojksèk ;k ladV c<+kus ds ctk; ;g chp esa [kM+s ,d feYdh oxZ ¼e¡>ksys fdlku½
dks fojksèkh ikys esa èkdsyus dk vkSj ,d esgurd'k tekr ¼x+jhc fdlku½ dh oxZ&psruk
dks c<+kus ds ctk; HkksFkjk cukdj loZgkjk oxZ dh yM+kbZ dks det+kjs cukus dk dke djrk
gS rFkk turk ds gh ,d fgLls dks mlds nwljs fgLls ds f[k+yki+$ ¼vkSj nq'eu ds lkFk½
[kM+k dj nsrk gSA ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x gks ;k ykxr ?kVkus dh ek¡x µ blls ;fn NksVh
fdlkuh dks cpk;s j[kus dk Hkze iyrk&c<+rk gS rks ;g ØkfUr&fojksèkh gSA ujksnoknh ;gh
Hkze ikyrs&ikslrs Fks ftlds f[k+yki+$ ysfuu us dki+$h dqN fy[kk gSA dgus dk eryc ;g
Hkh ugha fd ge iwt ¡ h ds gkFkksa NksVs fdlkuksa dh rckgh dk Mkxk&cktk ctkdj Lokxr djrs
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 17
gSa D;ksafd ;g ØkfUr ds fy, vuqdwy gSA ;g iw¡thokn dk dke gS] iw¡thokn ds gkFkksa NksVs
ekfydksa dh rckgh vkSj oxZ&èkqzohdj.k gksuk gh gSA ;g gekjs pkgus u pkgus dh] gekjh
[+kq'kh ;k x+e dh ckr gh ugha gSA gekjk dke gS turk dks ;g crkuk fd iw¡thokn esa ;gh
gksxk] vr% og fdlh eqx+kyrs esa u jgsA tYnh ls tYnh [k+ke[k+;kyh ls futkr ikuk gh
mlds go+$ esa gSA vkSj jkLrk ,d gh gS] og gS lektokn dk jkLrkA NksVs fdlkuksa dh rckgh
ds ckjs esa fy[krs gq, mlds dkj.kksa dks crkuk] iw¡thokn dks ^,Dlikst+* djuk vkSj mlds
f[k+yki+$ ui+$jr dh vkx HkM+dkuk gekjk vlyh dke gksuk pkfg,A
ykHkdkjh ewY; dh e`x ejhfpdk % ,d iksLVekVZe
6- vc t+jk lhèkh&lknh Hkk"kk esa ykHkdkjh ewY; vkSj ykxr ewY; okys elys dh Hkh
tk¡p&iM+rky dj yh tk;sA igys ykHkdkjh ewY; dks ysaA eku yhft;s fd xUuk&fdlkuksa
dks phuh fey&ekfydksa ls xUus dh csgrj o+$her fey gh tkrh gS( rks igyh ut+j esa bruk
rks ,d vke vkneh Hkh le> tkrk gS fd phuh dh c<+h o+$her ds :i esa bldk cks>
ckt+kj ls phuh [k+jhndj [kkus okyh turk ij iM+rk gSA fey&ekfydksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj
ljdkj dks cl ,d cgkusHkj dh nsj gksrh gS vkSj os okLrfod HkjikbZ ls cgqr vfèkd
[klksV ysrs gSaA ij ckr blls dgha cgqr vfèkd gSA vius mRikn dh csgrj o+$her feyus
ls èkuh fdlku ds ikl tks jo+$e vkrh gS] mldk èksyk Hkh mlds [ksr eas dke djus okys
et+njw ksa dh et+njw h c<+kus ij og et+hZ ls ugha [k+pZ djrkA bldk bLrseky og vkSj vfèkd
equki+$k dekus ds fy, iw¡th ds :i esa djsxkA bl iSls ls ;k rks og dqN vkSj rckggky
NksVs fdlkuksa dh t+ehu [k+jhndj mUgsa lM+d ij èkdsysxk ;k fQj mUur cht vkfn ds
lkFk vkSj vfèkd mUur e'khusa bLrseky djds iw¡th&l?ku [ksrh djsxk rFkk de et+nwjksa
ls dke ysdj muds vkSj vf/kd vfrfjDr Je dk nksgu djsxk rFkk 'ks"k et+njw ksa dks csdkj
dj nsxkA blls ckt+kj esa Je&'kfDr dh o+$her fxjsxh] et+nwjksa dh eksy&rksy dh {kerk
vkSj ?kV tk;sxh vkSj dfBu ls dfBu gkykr esa de ls de et+nwjh nsdj muls dke ysuk
vklkurj gks tk;sxkA
blds vfrfjDr csgrj ewY; ls gkfly jo+$e dks vkVk pDdh] jkbl fey] vkjk
e'khu] Ms;jh] iksYVªh vkfn esa yxkdj ;k 'ks;j [k+jhndj èkuh fdlku viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr
dks vfèkd et+cwr cuk ysxkA mèkj NksVs fdlku ds lkFk cl bruk gh gks ldsxk fd og
jkst+ejkZ dh NksVh&eksVh t+:jrksa ds fy, FkksM+h vfèkd uo+$nh ik tk;sxk] egktu ;k cSad
dh o+$t+Z dh dqNsd vfèkd cdk;k fo+$Lras pqdk nsxk] ox+Sjg&ox+SjgA viuh NksVh [ksrh ds
pyrs csgrj o+$her Hkh mls bruh vfèkd jo+$e ugha ns ldrh fd og mUur e'khusa ys
ys ;k fdlh Hkh rjg ls [ksrh mUur dj ys ;k dqN vkSj t+ehu ys ysA mls viuh Hkkjh
vkcknh ls èkuh fdlku dks vkUnksyu esa rko+$r nsus ds ckn] cl FkksM+h&lh jkgr fey ikrh
gS vkSj lkFk gh mldh [k+ke[k+;kyh dh mez FkksM+h vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA bl rjg og et+nwj
oxZ vkSj ns'k dh vke vkcknh ds f[k+yki+$ eksgjs ds :i esa cgqr lLrs esa bLrseky gks tkrk

18 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

gSA mèkj fey&ekfyd xUus dk tks vfèkd ewY; nsrk gS rks viuk equki+$k ?kVkdj ugha nsrkA
iw¡thoknh mRiknu dk rdZ bldh btkt+r ugha nsrkA dksbZ Hkh iw¡thifr ,slk ugha djrkA
,slk djds og nwljs iw¡thifr;ksa ls xykdkVw izfr;ksfxrk esa fVdk Hkh ugha jg ldrkA ,slh
lwjr esa og ykft+eh rkSj ij vius et+nwjksa dk 'kks"k.k c<+k nsrk gSA ;fn og cM+k iw¡thifr
gqvk rks vius vU; m|ksxksa ls mxkgh x;h iw¡th ds lgkjs ¼;k foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds lgkjs½
mUur e'khusa yxkdj et+nwjksa ds ,d fgLls dh N¡Vuh djds de et+nwjksa dks vkSj vfèkd
fupksM+sxkA ;k fQj phuh fey et+nwj vkUnksyu dh det+ksj fLFkfr dk i+$k;nk mBkdj og
T+;knk ls T+;knk et+nwjksa ls fngkM+h ij] Bsds ij vFkok dST+kqvy ,oa VsEijsjh ds :i eas dke
ysdj] igys ls ekStnw jgh&lgh lqfoèkkvksa ¼nok&bykt] dS.Vhu] onhZ vkfn½ esa dVkSrh djds]
osru c<+ksÙkjh&cksul vkfn dks jksddj vkSj dke ds ?k.Vs c<+kdj xUus dh c<+h gqbZ o+$her
nsus ls gq, ^uqo+$lku* ls dbZ xquk vfèkd dh HkjikbZ djus dh dksf'k'k djsxkA blds lkFk
gh og ljdkj ls rjg&rjg dh lfClMh vkSj izR;{k djksa esa fj;k;r ds fy, ncko cuk;sxkA
lfClMh dh og jo+$e turk pqdk;sxh vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa dks nh x;h izR;{k dj dh gj
fj;k;r O;kid vkcknh ls fy;s tkus okys ijks{k dj esa c<+ksÙkjh ls iwjh dh tk;sxhA ,d
vksj phuh ij ls lfClMh gVkdj mls iwjh rjg ls [kqys ckt+kj esa cspdj turk dh dej
nksgjh dh tk;sxh vkSj nwljh vksj dkj[k+kuk ekfyd dks rjg&rjg dh fj;k;rsa o lfClMh
ns nh tk;sxhA blds vfrfjDr phuh fey&ekfyd ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ds vkUnksyu dh
vkM+ ysdj dkj[k+kuk cUn djds viuh iw¡th [kqys&fNis fudkydj ¼e'khusa] t+ehu vkfn
cspdj½ vU; vfèkd ykHkdkjh m|ksx esa fuos'k dj ldrk gS vkSj ^csjkst+xkjksa dh fjt+oZ
vkehZ* esa dqN vkSj c<+ksÙkjh djds ckt+kj esa Je&'kfDr dh o+$her vkSj vfèkd fxjkus dk
dke dj ldrk gS ¼;g gks Hkh jgk gS½A ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ykHkdkjh ewY; ds vkUnksyu
ls xksnkeksa esa igys ls gh Hkjh phuh ds pyrs ckt+kj esa o+$hersa fxjus ls jksdus ds fy,
fey&ekfydksa dks mRiknu dqN le; rd jksdus dk ,d cgkuk Hkh fey tk;s ¼bl ckj
;g gqvk Hkh gS½A yqCcsyqvkc ;g fd fdlh Hkh :i esa ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x èkuh fdlku
vkSj fey&ekfydksa ds chp dk eqík gS vkSj bl ek¡x ds iwjk gksus ij èkuh fdlku dks rks
ykHk gksxk gh] fey&ekfyd Hkh ?kkVs esa ugha gksxk vkSj gj gky esa ekj iM+uh gS et+nwjksa ij
vkSj vke turk ij] rFkk NksVs fdlkuksa dks feyuh gS vksl pkVus ftruh jkgr vkSj muds
oge dks feyuh gS FkksM+h vkSj mez! vr% lkFkh ,l- izrki dk ;g lq>ko ,dne x+yr
gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa dks ßi+$ly dk okftc ewY; ikus ds fy, Hkh feyksa ij yxkrkj ncko
cuk;s j[kus dh j.kuhfr vf[+r;kj djuh pkfg,AÞ

D;k ykxr&ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds go+$ esa gS\

7- vc ykxr ewY; ?kVkus ds loky dks fy;k tk;sA ,l- izrki dk ;g lq>ko Hkh]
fd ß---fdlku vkUnksyu dh eq[; ek¡x ykxr ewY; de djus ij gh dsfUnzr gksuh pkfg,Þ]

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 19

gesa ,d x+yr le> ls mitk gqvk yxrk gSA njvly] ;g ek¡x Hkh vius oxZ&lkj dh
n`f"V ls èkuh fdlkuksa dh gh ek¡x gS vkSj ;g Hkh NksVs fdlkuksa dks ijks{kr% et+nwj oxZ
ds f[k+yki+$ nq'eu ds i{k esa ys tkdj [kM+k dj nsus okyh ek¡x gSA T+;knkrj yksxksa dks Åijh
rkSj ij ;g yx ldrk gS fd pwf¡ d xUus dk ewY; c<+us ij phuh Hkh eg¡xh gks tk;sxh vr%
O;kid vkcknh ds fgr ds f[k+yki+$ gksus ls xUus ds ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x x+yr gS vkSj
pw¡fd ykxr ewY; de djus dk eryc gksxk fctyh] moZjd] dhVuk'kd] cht] e'khusa
vkfn&vkfn dh o+$her de djuk vkSj ;s pht+sa cM+s dkj[k+kusnkj iSnk djrs gSa] vr% ;g
lgh ukjk gS D;ksafd ;g turk ds eq[; nq'eu ds f[k+yki+$ èkuh fdlkuksa dh rko+$r dks Hkh
yk [kM+k dj nsxk vkSj ;fn os ugha vk;saxs rks èkuh fdlkuksa ls vyx NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
¼;kuh et+nwj ds fe=k oxks±½ dk ,d LorU=k vkUnksyu [kM+k gks tk;sxkA ysfdu ;g lksp
,dne x+yr gSA ;g cgqijrh ukle>h dk |ksrd gSA fdlku [ksrh esa tks iw¡th yxkrk gS]
mldk ,d fgLlk VªDS Vj vkfn Ñf"k midj.kksa dh [k+jhn o j[kj[kko] Mhty] fctyh] ikuh]
[kkn] cht] dhVuk'kd vkfn ¼vpy iw¡th½ ij [k+pZ gksrk gS vkSj nwljk fgLlk Je&'kfDr
¼py iw¡th½ ij [k+pZ gksrk gSA vpy iw¡th okyk fgLlk ¼rRdky ;k fo+$Lrksa esa½ mRikfnr
eky esa laØfer gks tkrk gSA tks Je&'kfDr ij [k+pZ gksus okyh py iw¡th gksrh gS] mlh
dk ewY; Je dh izfØ;k esa c<+rk gS vkSj urhtru vfrfjDr ewY; dk l`tu gksrk gSA
;kuh ;fn vpy iw¡th ?kVrh gS vkSj mlh vuqikr esa i+$ly dh o+$her ugha ?kVrh rks ;g
lhèks&lhèks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds miHkksDrkvksa ds lkFk èkks[kkèkM+h gksxhA ;kuh ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dk rdZ fli+$Z ;gha rd tk ldrk gS fd fdlku Je&'kfDr ij gksus okys [k+pZ dks ?kVk;s]
;kuh vius [ksrksa ij dke djus okys mtjrh et+nwjksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksM+sA ¼bl HkzkfUr
ds ihNs njvly HkksaM+s vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa okyh ;g lksp dke djrh gS eky dk ewY; blds
mRiknu esa yxh ykxr ls] ;kuh mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ds ewY; vkSj et+nwjh ls r; gksrk gS]
tcfd ekDlZoknh vFkZ'kkL=k ;g fl) dj pqdk gS fd ewrZ Je ekyksa ds mi;ksx ewY; dk
vkSj vewrZ Je muds fofue; ewY; dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ;kuh Je gh ewY; dk ,dek=k
òksr gSA FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ;g eku ysa fd m|ksxifr fdlkuksa ds fdlh vkUnksyu dh ek¡x
ekudj VªSDVj] [kkn] dhVuk'kd] Mht+y] fctyh vkfn dh o+$her de dj nsa vkSj fdlh
rjg ls èkks[kkèkM+h djds ;g ?kVksÙkjh Ñf"k&mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer u gksus nh tk;sA
rks ,slh lwjr esa vFkZ'kkL=k dk lkekU; fo|kFkhZ Hkh ;g tkurk gS fd mRiknksa ds lLrs gksus
ls iwt
¡ hifr dk equki+$k de ugha gksrk] cfYd bldh o+$her Hkh dkj[k+kus esa dke djus okys
et+nwjksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+rh gSA iw¡thifr mUur rduksykWth ykdj et+nwjksa dh de la[;k
ls mrus gh le; esa T+;knk eky mRikfnr djrk gS vkSj bl izfØ;k esa mlds }kjk dek;s
tkus okys lkisf{kd vfrfjDr ewY; eas c<+ksÙkjh ds lkFk gh et+nwjksa dh ,d Hkkjh vkcknh
lM+dksa ij èkdsy nh tkrh gSA iw¡thifr }kjk cuk;h tkus okyh pht+sa D;ksa ckt+kj esa lLrh
gks tkrh gSa vkSj mlds }kjk dek;k tkus okyk equki+$k Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] bl izfØ;k dks
ugha le>us ls gh fdlh ds fnekx+ esa Ñf"k ds ykxr ewY; dks ?kVkus okyk mijksDr rdZ
20 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
vk ldrk gS! vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd ;fn ,slk gks Hkh tk;s vkSj blls èkuh fdlkuksa
dk equki+$k c<+ Hkh tk;s] rks NksVs fdlkuksa dks blls Hkyk D;k gkfly gksxk\ mudh
vUrrksxRok rckgh dk fuf'pr Hkfo"; FkksM+k vkSj vkxs f[kld tk;sxk] mUgsa FkksM+h jkgr
fey tk;sxh vkSj muds Hkze dh mez FkksM+h vkSj c<+ tk;sxhA rc mUgsa ;g le>k ikuk FkksM+k
vkSj nq'okj gks tk;sxk fd iw¡thoknh [ksrh i'kqor thou ls vfèkd mUgsa dqN vkSj ugha ns
ldrh vkSj muds lkeus ,dek=k jkLrk gS µ et+njw ksa ds i{k esa [kM+k gksdj ßlewph vkt+knh
vkSj lewph t+ehuÞ ¼;kuh dke djus okyksa ds gkFkksa esa lÙkk vkSj lHkh dkj[k+kuksa dh gh
rjg lkjh t+ehu ij Hkh dke djus okyksa dk lkewfgd ekfydkuk½ ds fy, la?k"kZ djukA
lkFkh ,l- izrki us NksVs fdlkuksa dks ßèkuh fdlkuksa ds nk;js ls LorU=k viuh u;h jkg
[kkstus dh fn'kk esaÞ vkxs c<+us ds izfr tks fo'okl trk;k gS] og u;h jkg Hkh oLrqr%
,d iw¡thoknh jkg gh gS vkSj bl jkg dh lksp NksVh fdlkuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks cpk;s j[kus
dh eklwe ekuorkoknh fpUrk ls tUeh ,d ujksnoknh fo+$Le dh lksp gh gSA
8- blds vfrfjDr lkFkh ,l- izrki dk iwjk ys[k ,d oxksZifj ut+fj;s dh >yd
nsrk gSA èkuh fdlkuksa dh equki+$k[k+ksjh dks bafxr djrs gq, Hkh ys[k ls muds ladV ds izfr
gennhZ dh cw vkrh gSA phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls èkuh fdlku rckg ugha gS cfYd
dqN vfèk'ks"k eas viuk fgLlk c<+kus ds fy, yM+ jgk gS ¼vkSj ;fn ,d gn rd rckg
gS Hkh rks loZgkjk ds gjkoy dh fpUrk dk ;g fo"k; ugha½A NksVs&e¡>ksys xUuk fdlku ;fn
rckg gks jgs gSa rks fey&ekfydksa ds vfrfjDr /kuh fdlkuksa ds gkFkksa Hkh rckg gks jgs gSaA
èkuh fdlkuksa ds vykok èkuh gks tkus dk oge ikys gq, e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh gekjh gennhZ
ds ugha cfYd vk¡[k [kksy nsus okyh nks&Vwd vkykspuk ds gh go+$nkj gSaA chp esa [kM+s vkSj
yxkrkj <qyeqy bl oxZ ds ,d fgLls dks Hkh [kjh lPpkbZ crkdj gh loZgkjk oxZ vius
i{k esa yk ldrk gSA gekjh vfofLFkfr gj iz'u ij] gj gky eas et+nwj oxZ vkSj lektokn
ds i{k esa [kM+k gksdj lkspus dh gh gksuh pkfg,A

¼fcxqy] tuojh 2003½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 21

 fdlkuh ds loky ij dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k ij cgl %
,d i=k vkSj mldk lEikndh; mÙkj
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks dE;qfuLV
fdu ek¡xksa ij lkFk ysaxs\

iw¡thoknh [ksrh ds ladV vkSj NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds loky ij ^fcxqy* ds tuojh vad
esa lEikndksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa i<+kA
^fcxqy* dk lEiknd&e.My vkSj dkejsM uhjt vkSj dkejsM lq[knso tSls yksx eq>s
ekDlZokn dh fdrkch le> ls xzLr izrhr gksrs gSaA vkidh ykbu dk rks dqy urhtk ;gh
fudysxk fd NksVs feYdh fdlku Hkh ØkfUr ls nwj Hkkx tk;saxsA ;g ckr Hkh eqf'dy ls
gh fdlh ds xys ds uhps mrjsxh fd o+$t+Z ds cks> ls yns vkSj viuh i+$ly dh ykxr
rd u fudky ikus ds pyrs rckgh dh ngyht+ ij [kM+s cM+s fdlku esgurd'kksa ds nq'eu
vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa ds nksLr gSaA cM+s fdlkuksa dks NksM+ Hkh nsa] rks ;fn vki NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks Hkh fli+$Z ;gh crkrs jgsaxs fd iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr mudh rckgh ykft+eh gS
vkSj blfy, os lektokn ds fgek;rh cu tk;sa] rks D;k os vkids lkFk vk tk;saxs\ ,slk
rks dksbZ 'ks[kfpYyh gh lksp ldrk gSA ;g rks crkb;s tukc fd lektokn ds izpkj ds
^LVSªVsftd* dk;ZØe ds vfrfjDr NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, vki vke ^VSfDVdy*
ukjs D;k nsaxs vkSj mls lhèks le> vkus okyh vkSj mlds oxZ&fgr ds vuqdwy yxus okyh
izR;{k] Bksl ek¡xsa D;k gksaxhA xk¡oksa esa dE;qfuLV] NksVs&e¡>ksys feYdh fdlkuksa dk vkUnksyu
fdu ek¡xksa ij laxfBr djsaxs\ D;k bl eqís ij vki viuk ut+fj;k lki+$ djasxs\
µ,d dk;ZdrkZ] #nziqj
¼Åèkeflag uxj½
¼fcxqy] i+$jojh 2003½

22 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku fdu ek¡xksa ij yM+saxs\
et+nwj vkUnksyu ds lkFk os dSls vk;saxs\
mudh Bksl] rkRdkfyd ek¡xsa D;k gksaxh\
fcxqy lEiknd&e.My

fdlh lkFkh us #nziqj ls i=k Hkstdj ;g loky mBk;k gS fd lektokn ds izpkj ,oa f'k{kk
ds vfrfjDr xk¡oksa ds NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds vkUnksyu laxfBr djus ds fy, Bksl
dk;ZØe vkSj ukjs D;k gksaxs\
;g ,d fugk;r t+:jh loky gSA ;g Li"V dj nsa fd ^fcxqy* ds tuojh vad esa
fdlkuh ds loky ij lgh dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k ds iz'u ij fopkj djrs gq, geus eq[;r%
ykxr ewY; de djus dh ek¡¡x vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dh phjQkM+ djus dk dke
fd;k Fkk] D;ksafd eq[;r% ;gh og Hkkjrh; ujksnoknh Nqrgh chekjh gS tks iwjs dE;qfuLV
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu esa QSyh gqbZ gSA bl ujksnoknh chekjh dk ,d vkSj y{k.k gS xk¡o
dh Hkwfeghu loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh esa ¼iês ck¡Vus tSlh ek¡xas mBkdj½ t+ehu dh Hkw[k
txkuk vkSj mUgas feYdh ekufldrk nsus dh myVh fn'kk esa ys tkukA blds ckjs esa Hkh
ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k ,dne lki+$ gSA bUgha ujksnoknh HkVdkoksa dks Li"V djrs gq, geus
crk;k Fkk fd loZgkjk oxZ ds gjkoy nLrs xk¡o ds NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks yxkrkj ;g
crkrs gSa fd mudh iw¡thoknh rckgh dks jksdus dk ,dek=k jkLrk lektokn gh gks ldrk
gSA os crkrs gaS fd iw¡th dh rko+$r ls cM+s ekfyd NksVs ekfydksa dks rckg djsaxs ghA bl
izfØ;k dks FkksMk+ Vkydj yEck djuk nq[knk;h gh gksxkA os mUgsa ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd fofHkUu
:iksa esa ljdkjh fj;k;rsa gkfly djds Hkh os viuh Øfed rckgh dks jksd ugha ldrs vkSj
iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr ;fn os lgdkjh [ksrh Hkh laxfBr djsa rks mldk ykHk fli+$Z cM+s
Hkkxhnkjksa dks gh feysxk rFkk NksVs Hkkxhnkjksa dh rckgh ykft+eh gSA viuh&viuh oxZ&fLFkfr
ds vuq:i NksVs ekfyd fdlku bl ckr dks tYnh le>rs gS]a tcfd e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlku
nsj ls le>rs gSa vkSj mudk ,d fgLLkk gh le>rk gS vkSj le>us okyksa dk Hkh ,d cM+k
fgLlk <qyeqy cuk jgrk gSA dE;qfuLV xk¡o ds x+jhcksa dks yxkrkj ;g crkrs gSa fd t+ehu
ds ,d NksVs ls VqdM+s dk ekfyd cudj os 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u Hkjs nqfnZu ls eqDr ugha gks

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 23

ldrsA mUgsa fQj Hkh ft+Unxh dh U;wure t+:jrksa ds fy, mtjrh X+kqykeh djuh gh iM+xs hA
blfy, mUgsa et+nwjh ds loky ij vkSj et+nwjksa ds reke tuoknh ,oa ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa
ds loky ij yM+rs gq,] 'kgjh et+njw oxZ ds lkFk ,dk et+crw djuk pkfg, vkSj lektokn
dh yM+kbZ esa iwjh turk dh vxqokbZ djuh pkfg,A
pw¡fd ;g dE;qfuLV izpkj ,oa f'k{kk ft+Unxh dh lPpkb;ksa ls esy [kkrh gS] pw¡fd
iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa ds gkFkksa rckgh vkSj fnu&jkr gkM+ xykus ij Hkh urhtk ogh
^<kd ds rhu ikr* dh fLFkfr dks NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlku eglwl djrs gSa] blfy,
tc dE;qfuLV dk;ZdrkZ bl fLFkfr dk] ¼vkSj blds vkxs dh fLFkfr dk Hkh½ cqfu;knh rdZ
mUgsa crkrs gSa rks ckr mUgsa èkhjs&èkhjs t¡pus yxrh gSA
izpkj vkSj f'k{kk dh bl dkjZokbZ dks dE;qfuLV mins'kdksa&vè;kidksa ds vUnkt+ esa
ugha pykrsA jkst+ejkZ dh ft+Unxh ds eqíksa ij #Vhuh la?k"kksZ± vkSj vkUnksyukRed dkjZokb;ksa
ds nkSjku bls vatke fn;k tkrk gSA xk¡oksa dh vke vkcknh ds lkeus ukxfjd ,oa tuoknh
vfèkdkjksa ds vigj.k] ukSdj'kkgh&usrk'kkgh ds Hkz"Vkpkj] iqfyfl;k neu vkfn ls tqM+h
leL;k,¡ 'kgj dh vke vkcknh ds eqo+$kcys cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSaA cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa
¼f'k{kk&LokLF; lqfoèkk,¡] is;ty dh lqfoèkk vkfn&vkfn ds vufxur eqís gksrs gSa] ftu ij
laxfBr gksus ds vHkko esa xk¡o dh vke vkcknh yM+ ugha ikrhA bu vxf.kr eqíksa dks
fxukuk u ;gk¡ lEHko gS] u gh t+:jhA bu reke eqíksa ij] ,d dE;qfuLV laxBudrkZ xk¡o
ds et+njw ksa ls ysdj NksV&s e¡>ksys fefYd;ksa rd ds jkst+ejkZ ds la?k"kZ laxfBr djrk gS] mudh
oxhZ; ,dtqVrk dks et+crw cukrk gS vkSj Lo;a muds lkFk xgjs fo'okl dk fj'rk cukrk
gSA dgus dh vko';drk ugha fd bl izfØ;k esa ,d dq'ky dE;qfuLV laxBudrkZ lqèkkj
ds cgqrsjs dke Hkh gkFk esa ysrk gSA og et+nwj vkSj x+jhc&eè;e fdlku ?kjksa ds ukStokuksa
dks lkFk ysdj ;qok laxBu cukrk gS] [ksydwn&iqLrdky;&okpuky;&lkaLÑfrd Vksyh vkfn
laxfBr djrk gS vkSj bl izfØ;k esa turk ds fofHkUu oxks± dh oxhZ; ,dtqVrk ds vkèkkj
dks ijks{k :i ls iq[+rk cukus ds lkFk gh ;qokvksa ds chp ls lhèks ØkfUrdkjh HkrhZ ds dke
dks Hkh vkxs c<+krk gS ¼vkSj bl ckr ij Hkh fo'ks"k è;ku nsrk gS fd bUgha x+jhc ;qokvksa
ds chp ls ,d cM+k fgLlk jkst+h&jksVh ds fy, xk¡o NksM+us ds ckn] 'kgjh loZgkjkvksa dh
tekr esa 'kkfey gksrk jgrk gS½A
bruh i`"BHkwfe Li"V djus ds ckn ge vius ewy iz'u ij okil ykSV ldrs gSaA
vkf[k+jdkj os dkSu&lh Bksl ek¡xsa gksaxh] ftu ij xk¡o ds NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks
laxfBr fd;k tk;sxk\ mUgsa cM+s ekfyd fdlkuksa ls vyx djds esgurd'kksa ds i{k esa [kM+k
djus ds fy,] lektoknh izpkj ,oa f'k{kk ds vfrfjDr] vkUnksyu ds Bksl eqís D;k gksaxs\
lcls igys] bl ckr ij Li"V gks ysuk t+:jh gS fd Hkwfe&lEcUèkksa esa iw¡thoknh
cnyko ds ckn ¼pkgs og ftl jkLrs ls Hkh gks vkSj ftl :i esa Hkh gks½] xk¡o dh vke
vkcknh vkSj 'kgj dh vke vkcknh dh cqfu;knh ek¡xksa ds chp] xzkeh.k eè; oxZ vkSj
'kgjh eè; oxZ dh cqfu;knh ek¡xksa ds chp] rFkk xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh et+nwjksa dh cqfu;knh
24 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
ek¡xksa ds chp] dki+$h gn rd dh ,d:irk vk tkrh gS vkSj O;kid vkcknh ds O;kid
vkUnksyuksa ds fy, T+;knk vuqdwy oLrqxr vkèkkj rS;kj gks tkrk gSA lkFk gh] xk¡o dh
vke turk dk 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u 'kgjksa ds eqo+$kcys vkSj vfèkd c<+ tkrk gS vkSj mlds
jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa ¼ukxfjd ,oa tuoknh vfèkdkjksa½ dk vigj.k ,oa neu Hkh T+;knk
cM+s iSekus ij gksrk gS] ftUgsa eqík cukdj vkUnksyu laxfBr djuk dE;qfuLV laxBudrkZvksa
dh ,d vge ft+Eesnkjh gksrh gSA
1- dE;qfuLV laxBudrkZ xk¡o ds NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks bl ek¡x ij ykecUn
djrk gS fd lHkh fo+$Le ds ijks{k djksa dks iwjh rjg ls eal[w k dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A cgqr
de vke yksx bl lPpkbZ ls ifjfpr gSa fd dkj[k+kusnkjksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj py&vpy
lEifÙk okys èkuh yksxksa ij vk; dj] lEifÙk dj] x`g dj] O;kikj dj] mRiknu dj vkfn
ds :i esa tks izR;{k dj yxrs gS]a mUgs]sa rFkk Vksy VSDl] pqx¡ h] vkcdkjh rFkk vk;kr&fu;kZr
ij yxus okys izR;{k djksa dks feykdj] ljdkjh [k+t+kus esa tks èku vkrk gS] mlls dbZ
xquk vfèkd jo+$e ljdkj miHkksx ds lkekuksa ij dj yxkdj vke yksxksa ls olwy ysrh
gSA ukxfjd tks Hkh lkeku [k+jhnrs gSa mudh o+$her esa ;s ljdkjh dj 'kkfey gksrs gSAa yqVjs ksa
ds ywVrU=k dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, tks jkT;lÙkk o+$k;e gS] mldk [k+pZ Hkh eq[;r% ogh
mBkrs gSa ftUgsa ywVk vkSj fupksM+k tkrk gSA blfy, lHkh ijks{k djksa dh ealw[kh ,d ,slh
ek¡x gS tks 'kgj vkSj xk¡o dh et+nwj vkcknh ds lkFk 'kgjh eè; oxZ vkSj xk¡o ds
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ,oa vU; xzkeh.k eè;oxhZ; rco+$ksa dks tksM+us dk dke djrh gSA
2- mijksDr ek¡x ds lkFk gh xk¡o ds NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k ij rFkk
Ms;jh&iksYVªh&fi+$'kjh o reke Ñf"k vkèkkfjr m|eksa ij Hkh vk; dj yxkus dh ek¡x vo';
gh djuh pkfg, vkSj bldh t+n esa mu lHkh cM+s fdlkuksa dks 'kkfey djus dh ek¡x mBkuh
pkfg, tks equki+$s ds fy, iSnk djrs gSa] rFkk mu lHkh xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks 'kkfey djus
dh ek¡x mBkuh pkfg,] tks et+nwjksa ls dke djkrs gSaA mUgsa bu lHkh èkfud xzkeh.k oxks±
ij lEifÙk dj Hkh yxkus dh ek¡x djuh pkfg,A mUgsa mu lHkh frdM+eksa ds fo#) vkokt+
mBkuh pkfg,] ftudk lgkjk ysdj] ljdkj vkSj ukSdj'kkgh dh feyhHkxr ls] èkfud oxZ
dj vnk djus ls cp fudyrs gSaA
3- x+jhc vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ek¡x ;g gksuh pkfg, fd t+ehu lfgr mRiknu ds
lkèkuksa ds LokfeRo dh ,d lqfuf'pr ek=kk dks iSekuk cukdj] èkuh fdlkuksa vkSj vU;
xzkeh.k iw¡thifr;ksa ls fctyh vkSj ikuh dh o+$her olwyh tkuh pkfg,] tcfd mu lHkh
fdlkuksa dks] tks equki+$s ds fy, ugha iSnk djrs] lkis{kr% fj;k;rh nj ij fctyh&ikuh vkfn
feyuh pkfg,A lkFk gh] mUgsa ;g ek¡x djuh pkfg, fd ?kjksa esa mi;ksx ds fy, xk¡o dh
x+jhc vkcknh dks fu%'kqYd vkSj eè;e rco+$s dks vR;fèkd fj;k;rh njksa ij fctyh feyuh
pkfg,] tcfd equki+$k[k+ksj rco+$ksa ls mldh ogh o+$her olwyh tkuh pkfg,] tks 'kgjh
miHkksDrkvksa ls olwyh tkrh gSA 'kgjksa esa Hkh ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ ek¡x curh gS fd vke
eè;oxhZ; ukSdjhis'kk yksxksa dks fu%'kqYd fctyh&ikuh feyuk pkfg,] tcfd ¼vk; vkSj
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 25
fctyh ds [k+pZ dks iSekuk cukdj½ èkuh rco+$ksa ls Å¡ph njksa ij bldh o+$her yh tkuh
pkfg,] rFkk dkj[k+kuksa vkSj O;kikfjd izfr"Bkuksa ls bruh Å¡ph njksa ij fctyh dh o+$her
yh tkuh pkfg, fd fctyh iSnk djus dk eq[; [k+pZ mlh ls fudys ¼vkt blds Bhd
myVk gksrk gS] m|ksxifr;ksa dks vR;Ur lLrh njksa ij fctyh nh tkrh gS vkSj mldh Hkh
o+$her vnk djus ds ctk; os vjcksa #i;s Mdkj tkrs gSa½A xk¡o ds NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dks iwjs ns'k dh turk dh bl vke ek¡x ds bnZfxnZ laxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd turk
dks fctyh&ikuh tSlh cqfu;knh lqfoèkk,¡ fu%'kqYd miyCèk djkuk ljdkj dh ft+Eesnkjh gS
vkSj bls mldks gj o+$her ij fuHkkuk pkfg,A
4- xk¡o ds NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks bl ek¡x ij x+jhc esgurd'kksa ds lkFk
,dtqV fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd vke vkcknh ?kj cukus&ejEer djkus] gkjh&chekjh tSls ?kjsyw
ladVksa&t+:jrksa ds fy, cSad ls tks o+$t+Z ys] ml ij C;kt dh nj ,dne de gksuh pkfg,
vkSj lcls x+jhc vkcknh dks C;kt&eqDr o+$t+Z feyuk pkfg,] tcfd mRiknu ds lkèkuksa
dh [k+jhn ds fy, èkuh fdlkuksa }kjk fy;s tkus okys o+$t+ks± ij C;kt nj vfèkd gksuh
pkfg,A
5- xk¡o ds NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh loZgkjk vkcknh ls ,drk o+$k;e djus ds
fy, dE;qfuLVksa }kjk mUgsa bl ek¡x ij laxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lkoZtfud
forj.k&iz.kkyh }kjk ¼vk;&oxZ ds lqfuf'pr iSekus ij èkuh&x+jhc r; djds½ fj;k;rh njksa
ij ¼vkSj vdky ds le; esa eq¶+r½ jk'ku] phuh] fdjklu rsy vkfn cqfu;knh t+:jr dh
pht+as x+jhc vkSj eè;e rco+$s dks iwjs ns'k ds iSekus ij miyCèk djkuk ljdkj dh ft+Eesnkjh
gSA bls ,d cqfu;knh vfèkdkj cukdj iw¡thoknh jkT;lÙkk ds fo#) tu&ykecUnh dh
tkuh pkfg,] lkoZtfud forj.k&iz.kkyh dks rksM+us dh ekStwnk ljdkjh lkft+'kksa dks turk
ds cqfu;knh go+$ Nhus tkus dk eqík cukdj] la?k"kZ ds ekè;e ls fdlkuksa dks Hkh O;kid
x+jhc vkcknh ds lkFk ,dtqV fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6- lHkh cPpksa ds fy, eq¶+r vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk dh ek¡x lewph turk dh vkSj
fo'ks"k rkSj ij x+jhcksa dh ,d ,slh ek¡x gS ftl ij NksVs gh ugha cfYd eè;e fdlku Hkh
lkFk vk tk;saxs D;ksafd f'k{kk ds T+;knk ls T+;knk c<+rs ckt+kjhdj.k ds orZeku ekgkSy esa
dsoy xk¡oksa ds èkuh yksxksa ds cPpksa dks gh csgrj f'k{kk ds volj fey ikrs gSAa eq¶+r f'k{kk
ds lkFk gh dE;qfuLVksa dk vfuok;Z nkf;Ro gS fd os f'k{kk ds leku volj dh ek¡x ij
loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds lkFk gh xk¡oksa&'kgjksa ds eè; oxZ vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks
Hkh laxfBr djsa D;ksafd ;g turk dk cqfu;knh jktuhfrd vfèkdkj gS ftls iw¡thoknh
tuoknh x.krU=k Hkh fl)kUr :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS] ij O;ogkj esa dHkh ykxw ugha djrkA
;g elyk iw¡thoknh tuokn dh vlfy;r mtkxj djus dk ,d vge eqík gksuk pkfg,
ftls fli+$Z ØkfUrdkjh Nk=k&;qok vkUnksyu ds ,ts.Mk ij gh j[kdj lUrks"k djus ds ctk;
O;kid vke vkcknh ds vkUnksyu dk eqík cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- ;gh ckr leku f'k{kk ds lkFk gh lcdks jkst+xkj ds ukjs ds lkFk Hkh ykxw gksrh
26 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
gSA okLro esa bl ek¡x dks dHkh Hkh] Nk=k&;qok vkUnksyu ds vfrfjDr] turk ds fofHkUu
oxhZ; vkUnksyuksa dh ,d cqfu;knh ek¡x ds :i esa j[krs gq, vkUnksyu dh yEch rS;kjh]
vkSj cqtqZvk tuokn ds ^,Dlikst+j* dk dke fd;k gh ugha x;k gSA egt vkSipkfjdrk
ds :i esa bl ek¡x dh ppkZ ckj&ckj dh tkrh jgh gS vkSj bls ,d f?klk gqvk flDdk
cuk fn;k x;k gSA ;g ,d ,slh ToyUr ek¡x gS tks NksV&s e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks O;kid
x+jhc vkcknh ds lkFk ,dtqV djus ds lkFk gh gesa ;g volj nsrh gS fd ge yksxksa dks
;g t+:jh f'k{kk ns ldsa fd fdl izdkj lkekftd thou eas jkst+xkj dh deh dHkh ugha
gks ldrh] fdl izdkj csjkst+xkjh iw¡thoknh equki+$k[k+ksjh dh O;oLFkk dk ,d vifjgk;Z
ifj.kke gSA bl elys ij turk dks f'kf{kr djrs gq, gesa vkj{k.k dh ljdkjh frdM+e]
vkSj izfrfØ;koknh vofLFkfr ls fd;s tkus okys mlds fojksèk ds ckjs esa crkus dk volj
feyrk gS vkSj rHkh ge yksxksa dks ;g Hkh crk ldrs gSa fd vkt brus jkst+xkj iSnk gh
ugha gks jgs gSa fd vkj{k.k dk vke vkcknh ds fdlh fgLls dks ykHk fey lds ;k fdlh
fgLls dks uqo+$lku gks ldsA vr% lcls t+:jh gS fd turk ^leku f'k{kk] lcdks jkst+xkj*
dh ek¡x ij ,dtqV gksdj yM+As bl yEch yM+kbZ dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku vkjt+h ;k rkRdkfyd
rkSj ij csjkst+xkjh HkÙkk dh ek¡x Hkh mBk;h tkuh pkfg,A è;ku jgs fd lcdks jkst+xkj ds
go+$ dh yM+kbZ ,d ,slh yM+kbZ gS tks cqtqZvk tuokn ds nksx+ysiu vkSj iw¡thoknh mRiknu&
iz.kkyh dh vlfy;r mtkxj djus ds lkFk gh gesa ;g volj Hkh nsrh gS fd ge turk
ds chp ds tkfrxr c¡Vokjksa vkSj vkj{k.k dh vkt dh lPpkbZ dks turk ds lkeus lgh
<ax ls Li"V djsa] turk dks ck¡Vus dh lkft+'kksa dks csuo+$kc dj ldsa vkSj oxhZ; ,dtqVrk
dks Bksl :i esa vkxs c<+k ldsaA blh izfØ;k esa dE;qfuLVksa dks lektokn ds bl izksxzke
dks Hkh Li"V djus dk lcls lgh volj feyrk gS fd lektoknh O;oLFkk ¼vkSj dsoy
ogh½ fdl izdkj lHkh dke djus ;ksX; ukxfjdksa dks dke nsrh gS vkSj fdl izdkj mudh
lHkh t+:jrksa dks iwjk djus dh fLFkfr iSnk djrh gSA
8- fu%'kqYd fpfdRlk dh lkfoZd lqfoèkk Hkh turk dh ,slh gh ,d cqfu;knh
jktuhfrd ek¡x gS] ftldk vHkko izdkjkUrj ls turk ds thus ds vfèkdkj ij gh geyk
gSA bl elys ij Hkh cqtqZvk tuokn dh nkseq¡gh vlfy;r dks mtkxj djrs gq, rFkk
fpfdRlk&O;oLFkk dks futh gkFkksa esa lkSaidj iwjh rjg ls [k+jhn&i+$jks[+r dh oLrq cuk nsus]
nok&dEifu;ksa dh cs'kqekj ywV vkSj èkks[kkèkM+h rFkk lkoZtfud fpfdRlk&O;oLFkk dks èoLr
djus ds orZeku flyflys ds f[k+yki+$ O;kid vkcknh dks la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj djrs gq,]
loZgkjk oxZ dh ,d lgh&lPph ikVhZ xk¡o ds NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks Hkh lektokn dh
yM+kbZ esa 'kkfey djus esa rFkk lektokn ds f[k+yki+$ muds iwokZxzgksa dks rksM+us eaas Øe'k%
T+;knk ls T+;knk dke;kch gkfly djsxhA
9- lcdks f'k{kk] jkstx+ kj vkSj nok&bykt dh lqfoèkk dh gh rjg lHkh ds fy, vkokl
dks Hkh turk ds ,d cqfu;knh jktuhfrd vfèkdkj ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gq, izpkj vkSj
ykecUnh dk dke fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl ek¡x dk eè;e fdlku de ls de fojksèk ugha
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 27
djsaxs vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dh Hkkjh vkcknh bl eqís ij xk¡oksa&'kgjksa dh loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk
vkcknh dk lkFk nsxhA
10- gesa ns'k dh cqtqZvk tuoknh O;oLFkk esa lalnh; pqukoksa] laln&foèkkulHkk dh
dkjZokb;ks]a ljdkj vkSj ,e-ih-&,e-,y-,- ds osru&HkÙkks]a ukSdj'kkgh ds fojkV rU=k vkSj
lsuk&iqfyl ij lkykuk gksus okys fo'kky [k+pks± dh vlfy;r O;kid vke turk ds
lkeus ckj&ckj ykuh pkfg,] ;g Hkh fn[kykuk pkfg, fd bu lcds eqo+$kcys] turk ls
gh olwys x;s èku dk fdruk NksVk fgLlk f'k{kk] LokLF; vkfn lcls cqfu;knh t+:jrksa
ij [k+pZ gksrk gSA gesa ;g ek¡x mBkuh gksxh fd [k+phZys pqukoksa dh iz.kkyh lekIr dh
tk;s] dfFkr tuizfrfufèk;ksa vkSj efU=k;ksa dh foykflrk] 'kkuks&'kkSo$+ r vkSj reke fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa
dks rRdky lekIr fd;k tk;s] ukSdj'kkgh ds Hkh csfglkc osru&HkÙkksa esa dVkSrh dh tk;s]
mlds lHkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;s vkSj iwjs ukSdj'kkgh rU=k dks
dkV&Nk¡Vdj ,dne NksVk] de ls de vkt dk nlok¡ fgLlk dj fn;k tk;sA gesa ;g
ek¡x mBkuh gksxh fd ukSdj'kkgh ds T+;knkrj t+:jh dkeksa dks turk dh pquh x;h
lfefr;ksa ds lqiqnZ dj fn;k tk;s vkSj i+$kyrw dh yky i+$hrk'kkgh dks [k+Re djds n¶+rjh
dkeksa dks vklku cuk fn;k tk;sA ;gh vke igq¡p dksVZ&dpgjh ds fojkV ijthoh rU=k
ij Hkh ykxw gksuh pkfg,A gesa iqjt+ksj 'kCnksa esa ;g ek¡x djuh pkfg, fd LFkk;h lsuk ds
fojkV <k¡ps dks fo?kfVr dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj mldh txg vke ukxfjdksa dks lSU;&izf'k{k.k
nsuk pkfg,A ;g ,d t+:jh ek¡x gS D;ksfa d turk ls fupksM+h x;h ljdkjh jo+$e dk ,d
cM+k fgLlk ml lsuk ij [k+pZ gksrk gS vkSj ns'kHkfDr ds uke ij vUèkjk"Vªoknh Hkkouk,¡
mHkkM+dj bl lPpkbZ ij inkZ Mky fn;k tkrk gS fd bl lsuk dk eq[; mís'; 'kkld
oxks± dh fgi+$kt+r djuk vkSj mlds f[k+yki+$ mB [kM+h gksus okyh turk dk neu djuk
gksrk gSA gesa ;g Hkh ek¡x djuh pkfg, fd izfrj{kk dh t+:jr ds uke ij xqIrrk dh
ml O;oLFkk dks lekIr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg, ftldh vkM+ esa gj o"kZ j{kk&lkSnksa ds
?kksVkyksa eas turk ls olwys x;s èku esa ls vjcksa&[kjcksa #i;s usrk&ukSdj'kkg vkSj nyky
gM+i dj tkrs gSaA gesa ;g ek¡x mBkuh pkfg, fd o+$kuwu&O;oLFkk dh vkM+ esa turk ij
gh T+kqYe <kus okyh iqfyl&O;oLFkk dks Hkh Hkax dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj ;g dke ukxfjdksa
dh pquh gqbZ desfV;ksa vkSj izf'kf{kr nLrksa dks lkSia nsuk pkfg, tks vius jkst+h&jkst+xkj ds
lkFk&lkFk bl dke dks] ikjh ck¡èkdj vatke nsaxs vkSj bl rjg ls gksus okyh vjcksa dh
cpr dks fodkl&dk;ks± esa yxk;k tk ldsxkA lektokn dh yM+kbZ ds fy, turk dks
rS;kj djus ds fy, ;s ek¡xsa csgn t+:jh gSaA ,d rko+$roj] O;kid vkèkkj okyh ikVhZ gh
bu ek¡xksa ij vkUnksyu [kM+k dj ldrh gS] ij bu ek¡xksa ij leqfpr rF;ksa vkSj rdks± ls
turk dks f'kf{kr djus dk dke ,dne 'kq: ls gh pyuk pkfg, vkSj vke izpkj dh
dkjZokb;ksa ls ysdj xk¡o&xk¡o] cLrh&cLrh dh cSBdksa&lHkkvksa rd esa pyuk pkfg, rFkk
yxkrkj v[k+ckjks&a ipks± ds t+fj;s Hkh pyuk pkfg,A turk dks ;g crk;k tkuk pkfg, fd
fli+$Z ljdkj] foèkkf;dk] ukSdj'kkgh vkSj lsuk&iqfyl ds i+$kyrw [k+pks± vkSj fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa
28 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
esa gh dVkSrh dj nh tk;s rks turk dh lHkh cqfu;knh t+:jrsa vkjke ls iwjh dh tk
ldrh gSa rFkk fodkl ds reke dkeksa dks u;h j¶+rkj nh tk ldrh gSA bu ek¡xksa ds fy,
yM+rs gq, turk O;ogkj esa iwt ¡ hoknh vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds tufojksèkh pfj=k dh
Hk;adjrk dh vkSj lektoknh O;oLFkk dh vfuok;Z t+:jr dh Øe'k% xgjh le>
gkfly djrh pyrh gSA ;s ,slh ek¡xsa gSa] ftu ij xk¡oksa ds NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku vkSj 'kgj
ds ijs'kkugky eè;oxhZ; rco+$s esgurd'kksa ds lkFk vk [kM+s gksaxs vkSj muds chp
lektokn ds fy, la?k"kZ dh Lohdk;Zrk T+;knk ls T+;knk LFkkfir gksrh pyh tk;sxhA
11- NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds chp dE;qfuLV ^izksisxS.Mk* vkSj ^,ftVs'ku* dk
,d vge elyk ;g Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd os xk¡oksa esa bl rjg dh fdlku lfefr;k¡ laxfBr
djsa ftuesa èkuh fdlku] egktu vkSj xzkeh.k iw¡thifr;ksa tSlk dksbZ Hkh equki+$k[k+ksj rco+$k
u gksA ;s lfefr;k¡ O;kid vke vkcknh ds fgrksa dh j{kk djsaxh] muls tqM+h ek¡xksa dks
mBk;saxh rFkk NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks ;g volj eqgS;k djk;saxh fd os èkuh
fdlkuksa dh ncaxbZ ls vkt+kn jgdj vius fgrksa dh j{kk dj ldsa vkSj vius go+$ dh yM+kbZ
yM+ ldsaA dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k ;g jgrh gS fd èkuh gksus dh e`x ejhfpdk
ls ckgj fudydj NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlku T+;knk ls T+;knk eqíksa ij xk¡o ¼vkSj 'kgjksa ds
Hkh½ ds x+jhcksa ds lkFk [kM+s gksaA blds fy, mUgsa ;FkkFkZoknh <ax ls] ,sls gh O;kid eqíksa
ij O;kogkfjd <ax ls yM+kbZ ds fy, laxfBr gksus dh izsj.kk yxkrkj nsus dh t+:jr gksrh
gSA blesa ;g Hkh ckr è;ku j[kus dh gksrh gS fd NksVs&e¡>ksys nsgkrh feYdh oxks± ds tks
mUur ¼vkSj izk;% ;qok½ rÙo iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa NksVs ekfydkus ds gJ dks le>dj]
loZgkjk oxZ dh fopkjèkkjk dks vkSj fQj mldh ØkfUrdkjh ikVhZ dh ekrgrh dks Lohdkj
djrs gSa] mudh] iwjs oxZ dks tui{k esa yk [kM+k djus esa ,d vge Hkwfedk gksxhA
12- NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks xzke iapk;rksa vkSj CykWd lfefr;ksa vkfn ds Lrjksa
ij dqydks&a i+$keZjksa ds opZLo dks rFkk LFkkuh; ukSdj'kkgh ds lkFk xBcUèku ds lgkjs pyus
okyh mudh nknkfxjh dks [k+Re djus ds fy, xzkeh.k et+nwjksa ds lkFk ,drkc) djus dk
iz;kl yxkrkj djuk pkfg,] iapk;rksa ds rgr gksus okys fodkl&dk;ks± dh tu&fuxjkuh
laxfBr dh tkuh pkfg,] iapk;r pqukoksa esa èku ds t+kjs ds f[k+yki+$ rFkk iapk;r lfefr;ksa
ds tuoknh <ax ls dke djus ds loky ij O;kid x+jhc vkcknh ds lkFk eè;e fdlkuksa
dks yk [kM+k djus dh gjpUn dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg,A dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd t+ehuh
Lrj ij lqèkkjijd] f'k{kkijd vkSj izpkjijd dkjZokbZ ds ,d yEcs flyflys ds ckn gh
yksxksa dh oxZ&psruk mUur djus dh cqfu;knh leL;kvksa dks gy fd;k tk ldsxk] ftuesa
ls loZizeq[k og tkfrxr c¡Vokjk gS] tks ,d gn rd oxhZ; vUroZLrq dks Hkh izdV djrk
gS] ysfdu vkt eq[;r% oxhZ; èkzqohdj.k vkSj oxZ&psruk ds mUufrdj.k dks ckfèkr djus
dk dke dj jgk gSA ;g iz'u vyx ls izpkj] f'k{kk] lkaLÑfrd dk;Z vkSj vkUnksyu dh
,d lqlaxr uhfr ij fopkj djus dh ek¡x djrk gSA ;gk¡ ;g u lEHko gS] u t+:jhA
O;kid x+jhc vkcknh ds lkFk e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dh ,d gn rd dh tq>k: ,dtqVrk
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 29
LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn] ;g iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd iapk;rksa ij dqyd&ukSdj'kkgh
x¡BtksM+ ds opZLo dks rksM+us ds fy,] iapk;r pqukoksa esa Hkh xzkeh.k loZgkjk vkcknh vkSj
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku ,dtqV gLr{ksi djsa vkSj bu laLFkkvksa dks xk¡oksa eaas oxZ&la?k"kZ dk ,d
IysVi+$kWeZ cuk nsus dh dksf'k'k djsaA
13- ysfdu ,d lqlaxr dE;qfuLV uhfr fli+$Z brus ls gh rlYyh ugha dj ldrhA
ljdkjh xzke iapk;rksa ¼xzke&lHkkvks½a ls vyx] xk¡oksa eas xzkl:V Lrj ij ,sls tu&IysVi+$kWeZ
laxfBr djus dh yxkrkj dksf'k'k ,d yEcs flyflys ds :i eas tkjh jguh pkfg,] ftl
ij xzkeh.k 'kks"kd oxks± dh dksbZ Hkkxhnkjh u gks vkSj tgk¡ O;kid vke turk dh vkcknh
dh tqVku viuh lk>k ek¡xksa&leL;kvksa ij tuoknh <ax ls fopkj djs] i+$Slyk ys vkSj
vkUnksyu dk dk;ZØe cuk;sA blh cksèk ds rgr ^fcxqy* us fofHkUu ØkfUrdkjh tulaxBuksa
ds lkFk feydj xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgj dh et+nwj cfLr;ksa esa ^ØkfUrdkjh yksd LojkT; iapk;r*
dh voèkkj.kk izLrqr dh gS] ftlds ckjs esa ^fcxqy* esa igys fy[kk tk pqdk gSA ;g turk
dh ml oSdfYid lÙkk dk xzkl:V Lrj ij Hkwz.k fodflr djus dh ,d dksf'k'k gS ¼,sls
vU; iz;ksx Hkh gks ldrs gSa½] tks lektoknh ØkfUr ds fodkl dh mUur voLFkk esa]
lkekftd&jktuhfrd ladV ds mFky&iqFky ds nkSj eas ns'kLrj ij ,d nksgjh lÙkk dh
ekStwnxh tSlh fLFkfr esa :ikUrfjr gks ldrh gSA ;g eqík Hkkjrh; ØkfUr ds ekxZ ij ppkZ
ls tqM+k gS tks vyx ls foLrkj dh ek¡x djrk gSA orZeku ppkZ ds izlxa es]a fi+$ygky bruk
gh mYys[k dki+$h gSA
14- NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa ds chp NksVs iSekus ds iw¡thoknh mRiknu ls ¼vkSj
izkÑfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ds vrhr ls Hkh½ iSnk gqbZ dwie.Mwdrk ds dkj.k èkkfeZd iwokZxzgksa]
vUèkfo'oklksa dh Hkh et+crw ekStnw xh gksrh gSA vkt Hkkjr esa èkkfeZd dêjiUFkh i+$klhokn
dk tks O;kid mHkkj gqvk gS] mldk ,d O;kid lkekftd vkèkkj xk¡oksa ds iw¡thoknh
HkwLokfe;ksa&dqydksa&i+$keZjksa esa Hkh fodflr gqvk gSA èkkfeZd iwokZxzgksa] Hkkoukvksa dks c<+kok
nsdj ¼rFkk tkfrxr èkzoq hdj.k dh enn ls Hkh½] xk¡oksa ds lkEiznkf;d i+$klhokn&leFkZd èkuh
oxZ] e¡>ksys vkSj NksVs ekfyd fdlkuksa dks Hkh vius lkFk [kM+k dj ysrs gSaA blls ,d vksj
xk¡oksa esa turk dh ,dtqVrk dk vkèkkj VwV jgk gS vkSj nwljh vksj lkEiznkf;d i+$klhokn
dks rko+$r fey jgh gSA dE;qfuLV ;fn mijksDr vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd elyksa ij NksVs&
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks tkx`r] xksycUn vkSj laxfBr djus dh t+ehuh dkjZokbZ dj jgs gksa rks
mUgsa èkeZ dh jktuhfr ds fo#) tedj rFkk gj lEHko rjho+$s ls izpkj djuk pkfg,] blds
vlyh mís'; ,oa pfj=k dk Hk.MkQksM+ djuk pkfg,] cqtqZvk jktuhfr o lafoèkku dh
èkeZfujis{krk ds uo+$yhiu dks mtkxj djuk pkfg,] et+njw jktuhfr dh lPph èkeZfujis{krk
dk Lo:i Li"V djuk pkfg, rFkk iqjt+ksj 'kCnksa esa ;g ek¡x j[kuh pkfg, fd %
¼i½ èkeZ dks vkSj èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa dks jktuhfrd&lkekftd thou rFkk lkoZtfud
f'k{kk&laLÑfr ds nk;js ls ,dne vyx dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
¼ii½ gj ukxfjd dks futh èkkfeZd ¼;k vèkkfeZd½ fo'okl dh iwjh vkt+knh gksuh
30 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
pkfg, rFkk blesa jkT; dk ;k fdlh vU; laLFkk dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gksuk pkfg,] u
gh fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks nwljs ds Åij] ;k vkcknh ds ,d fgLls dks nwljs ds Åij] vius
èkkfeZd fo'okl dks Fkksius dh btkt+r nh tkuh pkfg,A ;g dke vkt lkEiznkf;d
i+$klhokn ds fo#) rS;kjh dh i+$kSjh t+:jr gS vkSj xk¡oksa eas lektoknh ØkfUr ds oxZ&laJ;
dks o+$k;e djus vkSj et+crw cukus ds fy, Hkh t+:jh gSA gesa xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls ysdj eè;e
fdlkuksa rd ds chp yxkrkj izpkj djds ;g ek¡x mBkus ds fy, mUgsas vo'; gh rS;kj
djuk pkfg, fd eBksa&efUnjksa&xq#}kjksa esa tek vjcksa #i;s] lksuk&pk¡nh vkSj gt+kjksa ,dM+
t+ehu t+Cr djds lkoZtfud fgr ds dk;ks± esa yxk fn;k tkuk pkfg,A lkèkq&lUrksa&egUrksa
dks iwtk&ikB dk iwjk vfèkdkj gksuk pkfg,] ysfdu vdwr lEifÙk dh tek[k+ksjh dk
vfèkdkj mUgsa o+$ÙkbZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A dE;qfuLVksa dks u dsoy èkkfeZd :f<+;ks]a vUèkfo'okl]
èkeZ ds jktuhfrd bLrseky vkSj èkkfeZd dêjiUFk ds fo#) yxkrkj izpkj vkSj f'k{kk
dk dke pykuk pkfg,] cfYd mUgsa cqfu;knh jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd iz'uksa ij turk dks
xksycUn vkSj laxfBr djus ds lkFk&lkFk] èkeZ ds iz'u ij dE;qfuLV fopkjksa dk yxkrkj
izpkj djuk pkfg, rFkk ysfuu dh f'k{kk dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] bl HkzkfUr dk o+$ÙkbZ
f'kdkj ugha gksuk pkfg, fd blls turk fcnd tk;sxhA ge vius èkeZ&fo"k;d fopkjksa
dks turk ij yknrs ugha gSa vkSj bls lektokn ds fy, la?k"kZ dh 'krZ ugha cukrs gS]a ysfdu
vius fopkjksa dks fNikrs Hkh ugha gaAS blls lektokn ds fy, la?k"kZ dks uqo+$lku gh igqp¡ rk
gSA turk ges'kk bruh O;kogkfjd gksrh gS fd bl ckr dks le>rh gSA lektokn ds fy,
la?k"kZ dh vifjgk;Z vko';drk mldh viuh t+:jr gS] ;g ckr turk oLrqxr
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls le>rh gS vkSj ge mls yxkrkj ;g vglkl Hkh djkrs gSaA
Åij dh ppkZ esa lHkh eqís 'kkfey ugha gSa] ij geus dsUnzh; eqíksa dks] vkSj mlls
Hkh vfèkd] NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks et+njw vkUnksyu ds lkFk tksMu+ s ds izfr dE;qfuLV
igq¡p dks] Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA bUgha Bksl ek¡xksa ij dE;qfuLV xk¡oksa esa e¡>ksys
vkSj NksVs ekfyd fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] ij ;g ;kn j[kuk csgn
t+:jh gS fd gj ges'kk gekjk t+ksj muds lkeus ;g Li"V djus ij gksrk gS fd iw¡thokn
ds vUrxZr mudk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha gS] fd NksVs ekfydkus] NksVh iw¡th vkSj NksVs iSekus
ds iw¡thoknh mRiknu dh rckgh lqfuf'pr gS vkSj blfy, NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfydksa ds lkeus
,dek=k O;kogkfjd fodYi ;gh gS fd os lektokn ds i{k esa vk [kM+s gksaA ,d lPpk
dE;qfuLV xk¡o ds bu feYdh oxks± dks yxkrkj lektokn ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djrk gS] t+ehu
ds futh ekfydkus ds izfr muds gokbZ vkSj :f<+oknh eksg ds f[k+yki+$ la?k"kZ djrk gS vkSj
mUgsa ;g le>kus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS fd lektokn muls muds feF;k Hkze ds vfrfjDr
dqN Hkh ugha ysrk gS vkSj cnys esa mUgsa lewph vkt+knh vkSj gt+kj xqquk csgrj ft+Unxh dh
xkj.Vh nsrk gSA
lkFk gh] dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k gesa NksVs ekfyd fdlkuksa vkSj eè;e ekfyd fdlkuksa
ds chp i+$o+$Z djus dh Hkh f'k{kk nsrk gSA yxkrkj] rst+h ds lkFk] mtM+rs NksVs fdlkuksa dks
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 31
dE;qfuLVksa dh ckr viuh ft+Unxh ds gkykr ls tYnh le> esa vk tkrh gS] tcfd e¡>ksys
fdlku yEcs le; rd chp esa >wyrs jgrs gSAa os vUrrksxRok lektoknh ØkfUr ds <qyeqy
nksLr gh gksrs gSaA mudk NksVk&lk Åijh fgLlk èkuh cuus dh vksj mUeq[k gksrk gS] chp
dk ,d fgLlk nksuksa vksj rkdrk jgrk gS vkSj uhps dk fgLlk xk¡o ds x+jhcksa dk i{k ysrk
gSA
dE;qfuLV oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vkUrfjd xfr dks ns[krs gq, Hkfo"; ds eísut+j
dke djrs gSa vkSj ukjs nsrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt ds rhoz iw¡thoknhdj.k dh orZeku fn'kk dks
ns[krs gq,] ;g Li"V gS fd ,d n'kd ds Hkhrj gh xk¡oksa esa oxhZ; èkzqohdj.k dh rLohj
cgqr vfèkd Li"V gks tk;sxh] NksVs ekfydksa dk cM+k fgLlk rckg gksdj xk¡oksa&'kgjksa dh
loZgkjk tekrksa esa 'kkfey gks tk;sxk vkSj eè;e fdlkuksa dh vkcknh Hkh fldqM+dj dki+$h
NksVh gks tk;sxhA
oSls vkt dh gh fLFkfr ;g gS fd xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa dh loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh
dqy vkcknh ds ipkl izfr'kr ds vklikl igq¡p jgh gSA dE;qfuLV blh vkcknh dk
izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA ;gh lektoknh ØkfUr dh usr`Rodkjh 'kfDr gS] tks vc rst+h ls
¼vkcknh dh n`f"V ls½ eq[; 'kfDr Hkh curh tk jgh gSA 'kgjh fuEu eè; oxZ dh Hkkjh]
ijs'kkugky vkcknh bldh eq[; lg;ksxh cusxh D;ksafd bls viuk dksbZ Hkfo"; ugha nh[k
jgk gS vkSj futh Hkw&LokfeRo ds eksg tSlh ckèkk ls Hkh ;g eqDr gSA xk¡oksa ds NksVs fdlku
loZgkjk oxZ ds nwljs o+$jhch nksLr gSaA eè;e fdlku blds <qyeqy nksLr gSa vkSj vkcknh
dh n`f"V ls Hkh bldh dksbZ otg ugha nh[krh fd dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk oxZ dks
NksM+dj bl <qyeqy nksLr dh fpUrk esa gh nqcys gq, tk jgs gSaA ;g ujksnoknh HkVdko ugha
rks Hkyk vkSj D;k gS\

¼fcxqy] i+$jojh 2003½

32 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa
loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk loky µ ,d
,l- izrki

[ksrh esa iw¡thoknh fodkl ds lkFk gh xzkeh.k vkcknh esa oxhZ; èkzqohdj.k dh izfØ;k rh[kh
gks mBrh gS vkSj 'kgjksa dh rjg gh xk¡oksa esa Hkh loZgkjk oxZ vkSj iwt
¡ hifr oxZ ¼èkuh fdlku
;k iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh½ vkeus&lkeus vk [kM+s gksrs gSaA lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj eas xk¡oksa esa
vlyh vkSj fu.kkZ;d ;q) rks bUgha ds chp gksuk gSA bl ;q) esa xk¡o dk v)ZloZgkjk
oxZ ¼;kuh eq[;r% x+jhc fdlku½ Hkh loZgkjk dh lsuk esa gh ykecUn gksrk gS D;ksfa d mldk
thou oLrqr% loZgkjk dk thou cu pqdk gS] vius NksVs ls [ksr ds VqdM+s ls mldk isV
ugha Hkjrk vkSj mls Hkh et+njw h djds vius ifjokj dk isV ikyuk iM+rk gSA ysfdu xzkeh.k
vkcknh ds Hkhrj ,d rhljk oxZ Hkh gS µ e¡>ksyk fdlkuA vyx&vyx ns'kksa ds bfrgkl]
iwt
¡ hoknh fodkl dh eaft+yks]a vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd&lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i xzkeh.k
vkcknh esa bldk izfr'kr de ;k vfèkd gks ldrk gSA iw¡thoknh fodkl tSls&tSls vkxs
c<+rk gS] bldh rckgh vkSj cjcknh Hkh c<+rh tkrh gSA ;g fdlh Hkh rjg vius vfLrRo
dks ugha cpk ldrk] ;g Hkkoh loZgkjk gSA ysfdu bl izfØ;k dh xfr Hkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA gekjs ns'k esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh vPNh&[k+klh vkcknh vHkh Hkh ekStnw
gS vkSj loZgkjkdj.k dh rhoz izfØ;k ds ckotwn xzkeh.k vkcknh esa mudk izfr'kr ?kVk t+:j
gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh ,slh fLFkfr ugha vk;h gS fd iw¡thifr oxZ ds f[k+yki+$ xzkeh.k loZgkjk
ds la?k"kZ esa mudh Hkwfedk dks ut+jvUnkt+ dj fn;k tk;s vkSj loZgkjk ds ,d laJ;dkjh
oxZ ds :i esa mudh ykecUnh ds loky ls vk¡[ksa ew¡n yh tk;saA ;gk¡ bl ckr dk mYys[k
dj nsuk Hkh lehphu gksxk fd miyCèk vk¡dM+ksa ds vkèkkj ij xzkeh.k vkcknh esa eè;e
fdlkuksa ds izfr'kr ds ckjs esa fli+$Z eksVk&eksVk vUnkt+k gh yxk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd
vk¡dM+s tksrksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa vkSj tksrksa dh mRikndrk vkSj Ñf"k mitsa ns'k ds vyx&vyx
fgLlksa esa bruh vfèkd cnyrh jgrh gSa fd tksrksa ds vkèkkj ij ,d byko+$s dk eè;e
fdlku nwljs byko+$s dk èkuh fdlku gks ldrk gS vkSj rhljs byko+$s dk x+jhc fdlkuA
bu vkdM+ksa ls ns'kO;kih Lrj ij ml eè;e fdlku vkcknh dk izfr'kr irk djuk Vs<+h
[khj gS] tks vius gh Je ls viuh [ksrh djrk gS] et+nwj ugha yxkrk vkSj mldh tksr

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 33

u rks mlds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ls de gS] u vfèkdA ;g ckr djuk ;gk¡ blfy, vko';d gks
x;k fd vktdy dqN yksx t+kjs 'kksj ls ;g ckr dguk 'kq: dj pqds gSa fd xk¡oksa esa loZgkjk
vkSj v)ZloZgkjk dh vkcknh 60 izfr'kr ds vklikl igq¡p pqdh gS] rFkk ;g fd
lektoknh ØkfUr esa vc e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk vizklafxd gks pqdh gSA gkyk¡fd] os
bldk ft+Ø ugha djrs fd cdk;k pkyhl i+$hlnh esa eè;e fdlkuksa vkSj èkuh fdlkuksa
dk izfr'kr D;k gSA ;fn pkyhl i+$hlnh esa eè;e fdlkuksa dk vPNk&[k+klk fgLlk gS vkSj
og Hkkoh loZgkjk gS vkSj loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh gS] rks mls D;ksa xksycUn ugha fd;k tkuk
pkfg,\ jkT;lÙkk ij o+$Ct+k djus dh yM+kbZ ds lkFk gh mlds ckn lektoknh fuekZ.k dh
leL;kvksa ds eísut+j Hkh D;k mls loZgkjk ds laJ;dkjh ds :i esa xksycUn djuk
vko';d ugha gS\
dksbZ Hkze iSnk u gks blfy, ;gha ij ;g Hkh Li"V dj nsuk mfpr gksxk fd lektoknh
ØkfUr esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk dks c<+k&p<+kdj vkSj ,d i{kh; rjho+$s ls vk¡duk
Hkh x+yr gksxkA ftl rjg lkeUrokn fojksèkh ØkfUr esa èkuh fdlku ,d <qyeqy laJ;dkjh
oxZ Fkk] mlh rjg lektoknh ØkfUr esa e¡>ksyk fdlku Hkh ,d <qyeqy laJ;dkjh gh gSA
mldk nksgjk pfj=k gSA ,d rji+$ rks og esgurd'k gS vkSj Hkkoh loZgkjk gS] ysfdu nwljh
rji+$ ckotwn blds fd og HkkM+s ds Je dk 'kks"k.k ugha djrk og ,d eky mRIkknd fuEu
iw¡thifr gS vkSj mldk ;g pfj=k mls loZgkjk ds fojksèkh ds :i esa cny nsrk gSA blfy,
xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ dks laxfBr fd;s fcuk mls laxfBr djus dh ckr djuk iw¡thoknh
HkwLokeh oXkZ ds gkFkksa esa [ksyus tSls gh ckr gksxhA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds lkFk loZgkjk oxZ
dk laJ; ,d la;qDr ekspkZ ds :i esa gh vfHkO;Dr gks ldrk gS vkSj tc loZgkjk oxZ
laxfBr gh u gks rks Hkyk og la;Dq r ekspkZ o+$k;e gh dSls dj ldrk gSA blls igys e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ij t+ksj nsus dk eryc gksxk fd os loZgkjk oxZ dks vius fgrksa
ds fy, gh bLrseky djsxa s vkSj loZgkjk oxZ mUgsa vius izHkko esa ykus esa vkSj muds oSpkfjd
:ikUrj.k esa v{ke lkfcr gksxkA xUuk fdlkuksa dh leL;k ij ckr djrs gq, gh lgh]
xUuk fdlkuksa ij esjh fVIi.kh esa ;g HkVdko fdlh u fdlh :i esa ekStwn jgk gS vkSj
bl ij pyh cgl esa] gkyk¡fd ;g loky bl :i esa ugha mBk gS fQj Hkh blds ckn] bls
le>us esa dki+$h enn feyh gSA ;g ckr fdruh egÙoiw.kZ gS] bls blh ls le>k tk ldrk
gS fd vkt ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu esa xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ dks vyx oxhZ; laxBu esa xksycUn
djus ij t+kjs u ds cjkcj fn[kk;h nsrk gS vkSj ujksnoknh HkVdkoksa ds f'kdkj cgqrjs s laxBu
èkuh fdlkuksa dh ek¡xksa ij iwjh xzkeh.k vkcknh dks ,d gh >.Ms rys xksycUn djus ds
izfrfØ;koknh dke esa tqVs gq, gSaA
ysfdu fQj Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky lektoknh ØkfUr ds dk;ZØe dk egÙoiw.kZ
loky gSA blfy, bl ij lgh n`f"Vdks.k dk gksuk csgn t+:jh gSA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ij pyh
cgl ij vkus ls igys ,d vU; loky dks Hkh ;gha ij mBk nsuk mfpr gksxk fd fdlkuksa
ds oxZ fo'ys"k.k esa vkerkSj ij mRiknu izfØ;k esa Hkkxhnkjh ds vkèkkj ij ugha] cfYd
34 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
x+jhch&vehjh ds vkèkkj ij oxks± dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh ,d izo`fÙk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA bl
x+Sj&ekDlZoknh i)fr us igys Hkh vkUnksyu dk dki+$h csM+k xdZ fd;k gS vkSj vHkh Hkh
dj jgh gSA mRiknu izfØ;k esa fgLlsnkjh ds vkèkkj ij eè;e fdlku mls gh dgk tk
ldrk gS tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% viuk Je yxkdj viuh [ksrh djrk gS] vioknLo:i
gh vkSj vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh og et+njw yxkus dks etcwj gksrk gSA ekDlZoknh lkfgR;
esa ysfuu vkerkSj ij mlds fy, e¡>ksyk fdlku 'kCn dk bLrseky djrs gSa vkSj ,axsYl
NksVk fdlkuA ysfuu ds vuqlkj] ßmuesa ls ¼e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa ls½ cgqr gh de ,sls fdlku
gSa tks mtjr ij [ksr&cfugkj ;k fngkM+hnkj yxkrs gksa] nwljksa dh esgur ls èkuh cuus vkSj
nwljksa dh ihB ij lokj gksdj nkSyreUn cuus dh dksf'k'k djrs gksaA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa
ls vfèkdrj ds ikl bruk iSlk gh ugha fd os mtjr ij et+nwj yxk;sa µ okLro esa os
[+kqn gh mtjr ij dke djus dks etcwj gksrs gSa---AÞ ¼xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls] ist 36½
,axsYl dgrs gSa % ßNksVs fdlku ls gekjk rkRi;Z Hkwfe ds ,sls VqdM+s ds ekfyd ;k
dkjksckj ls gS] tks vkerkSj ls mrus ls cM+k ugha] ftruk og vkSj mldk ifjokj tksr ldrk
gS] vkSj mrus ls NksVk Hkh ugha] ftrus ls fd mlds ifjokj dk Hkj.kiks"k.k gks ldrk gSA
vr% ;g NksVk fdlku NksVs nLrdkj dh rjg gh esgurd'k gksrk gS---AÞ
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds loky ij ^fcxqy* esa pyh cgl esa lkFkh uhjt vkSj lEiknd&e.My
ds ys[k eas ysfuu dk ft+Ø rks [+kwc vkrk gS ysfdu mUgksaus e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ftl :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS og ,d x+Sj&ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS µ
ße¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ekeyk FkksM+k vyx gSA pw¡fd ;g oxZ vius [ksr esa FkksM+s cgqr et+nwj
yxkdj Hkh dke djkrk gS vkSj muds vfrfjDr Je dks gM+idj equki+$k dekrk gS] blfy,
,d ekfyd ds :i esa rjD+o+$h djds èkuh gks tkus dk Hkze blds Hkhrj vfèkd gksrk gSA---Þ
ysfuu dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj bl ifjHkk"kk esa vUrj dkfcysx+kSj gSA eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% eè;e
fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa viuh blh èkkj.kk dks vkèkkj cukdj lEiknd&e.My vkSj lkFkh uhjt
ykxr ewY; de djus dh ek¡x ij e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh xksycUnh dks loZgkjk fojksèkh ekurs
gSaA mudk loky gS % ßfdlkuksa dh ykxr dk ,d fgLlk rks mtjrh Je Hkh gksrk gSA
D;k ys[kd ¼,l- izrki½ mldks Hkh de djus ds go+$ eas gS\Þ ysfdu tgk¡ rd e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dk loky gS] os et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrs rks os Hkyk et+nwjh de djus dh
ek¡x D;ksa mBk;saxs\
lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS % ßykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x gks ;k mRiknu ykxr ?kVkus
dh vFkok vke Ñf"k lfClMh dh µ ;s lHkh xk¡o ds x+jhcksa dh 'kks"kd vkSj iwjs ns'k ds
esgurd'kksa ds 'kks"k.k ds lk>hnkj èkuh fdlkuksa dh ek¡xsa gSaA---Þ
lEiknd&e.My us ;gk¡ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY; ?kVkus vkSj Ñf"k lfClMh dh ek¡x
dks ,d gh >Vds esa fuiVk fn;kA Ñf"k lfClMh dks rks vyx dj fn;k tk;s] D;ksafd ;k
rks ;g ykHkdkjh ewY; ls tqM+h gksrh gS ;k ykxr ewY; ?kVkus ds loky lsA tgk¡ rd
ykHkdkjh ewY; dk loky gS] ;g lhèks&lhèks tufojksèkh] loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x gSa vkSj cgl
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 35
esa 'kkfey yksx bl ij ,der gSaA esjs ys[k esa tgk¡ okftc ewY; ds fy, ncko cukus dh
j.kuhfr viukus dh ckr dgh x;h gS( og ,d fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa gS tc phuh feyksa us fcuk
fdlh mi;qDr dkj.k ds fiNys lky ds eqo+$kcys xUus dk nke ,dk,d dki+$h dke dj
fn;k FkkA blh eqís dks ysdj og vkUnksyu Fkk vkSj og ys[k blh vkUnksyu ij ,d fVIi.kh
FkkA ;gk¡ ftl ewY; ds fy, ncko cukus dh ckr dgh x;h gS] mlesa vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY;
dh ek¡x esa vUrj gSA ys[k esa Li"Vr% ;g dgk Hkh x;k gS fd ykHkdkjh ewY; èkuh fdlkuksa
dh ek¡x gS vkSj blds lekukUrj gh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x
mBkus dh odkyr dh x;h gSA
vc loky mBrk gS ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dkA ;g lp gS fd ykxr ewY;
?kVkus dk Hkh dqy feykdj lcls vfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxkA ;gk¡ rd fd
iw¡thokn ds jgrs tc rd Hkwfe ds futh ekfydkus ds f[k+yki+$ la?k"kZ dk loky dsUnz esa
ugha yk;k tkrk ;k ;w¡ dgk tk;s fd futh ekfydkus ds [kk+Res dk loky dsUnz esa ugha yk;k
tkrk] rc rd [ksrh esa lqèkkj dh fdlh Hkh ckr dk lokZfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks
gh gksrk gSA e¡>ksys vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks blls ekewyh jkgr gh fey ldrh gS vkSj ,slh
dksbZ Hkh ckr mudh rckgh&cjcknh dks ugha jksd ldrh gSA os Hkkoh loZgkjk gS(a ;gh mudh
fu;fr gS vkSj ;gh bfrgkl dh xfr gSA bl ladV dk lekèkku fli+$Z vkSj fli+$Z lektoknh
lekt dh LFkkiuk] t+ehu ij lkewfgd ekfydkuk vkSj lkewfgd [ksrh gSA
ysfdu mUgsa vkt gh rks rckg gksdj loZgkjk ugha cu tkuk gSA rckg gksrs gq, os
yEcs le; rd ,d oxZ ds :i esa fo|eku jgsaxsA gekjh dksf'k'k ;gh gksuh pkfg, fd os
pqipki ?kqVrs gq, ugha] yM+rs gq, rckg gksa vkSj bl izfØ;k esa iwt
¡ hokn ds 'kks"k.kdkjh pfj=k
dks le>sa vkSj lektoknh Hkfo"; dk liuk ysdj loZgkjk ds laJ;dkjh ds :i esa iwt ¡ hokn
dks m[kkM+ Qsadus ds fy, ykecUn gksaA bl n`f"V ls [ksrh fdlkuh ls tqM+h ,slh dkSu&lh
ek¡x gks ldrh gS] tks mUgsa loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k dj ldrh gS\ gekjh dsUnzh; vkSj
nwjxkeh ek¡x Li"V gS vkSj og gS Hkwfe ij futh ekfydkus dk [k+kRek vkSj lektoknh lekt
esa lkewfgd [ksrh dh O;oLFkk dh LFkkiukA loky gS rkRdkfyd ek¡xksa dkA bl n`f"V ls
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ,d ,slh ek¡x ds :i esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS
tks mUgsa loZgkjk ds o+$jhc [kM+k dj ldrh gS( D;ksfa d ;g eg¡xkbZ ij jksd yxkus dh O;kid
turk dh ek¡x ls tqM+rh gSA
ysfuu ds t+ekus esa [ksrh fiNM+h gqbZ Fkh vkSj fdlku ykxrksa ds fy, bl o+$nj
vkS|ksfxd ekyksa ij fuHkZj ugha FksA ysfdu fQj Hkh ysfuu us bl loky dks Nqvk gS vkSj
bls loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x dk ntkZ nsrs ugha fn[kk;h nsrsA gk¡] os ckj&ckj vkxkg djrs gSa
fd blls mudh rckgh&cjcknh #d tk;sxh] ,slk Hkze fdlkuksa dks ugha ikyuk pkfg,A og
mu cqtqZvk dksf'k'kksa dk Hk.MkQksM+ djrs gSa tks bl rjg dh ek¡x dks fdlkuksa ds m)kj
ds fy, dsUnzh; ek¡x ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgs gSaA blds f[k+yki+$ os fdlkuksa ls dgrs gSa %
ßlqèkjh x`gLFkh cf<+;k pht+ gS] T+;knk lLrs gy [k+jhnus esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gS--- ysfdu tc
36 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
fdlh x+jhc ;k e¡>ksys fdlku ls dgk tkrk gS fd lqèkjh x`gLFkh vkSj T+;knk lLrs gy rqe
lcdks x+jhch ls fi.M NqM+kus vkSj vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksus esa enn djsaxs vkSj ;g dke
èkfu;ksa dks gkFk yxk;s cx+Sj gh gks ldrk gS] rks ;g ljklj èkks[kk gSA ;s lkjs lqèkkj de
o+$hersa vkSj lgdkj ¼eky [k+jhnus&cspus ds la?k½ èkfu;ksa dks gh vfèkd ykHk igq¡pk;saxs--
-¼xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls] ist 38½AÞ
Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ izgkj mu ij fd;k tk jgk gS tks ykxr de djus ;k ,slh gh
vU; ek¡xksa dks fdlkuksa ds m)kj ds fy, dsUnzh; j.kuhfr ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgs gSa vkSj
;g Hkze iSnk dj jgs gSa fd blls e¡>ksys vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dh rckgh #d tk;sxhA xUuk
fdlkuksa ds vkUnksyu ij esjh fVIi.kh Hkh bl ut+fj;s ls ,dkaxh gS vkSj mlesa ;g HkVdko
ekStwn gSA gkyk¡fd fVIi.kh fy[krs le; ;g ekudj pyk x;k gS fd ge lHkh [ksrh ds
ladV dk ,dek=k lekèkku Hkwfe ij futh ekfydkus ds [kk+Res ds :i esa gh ns[krs gSa vkSj
;g ekurs gSa fd iw¡thokn ds Hkhrj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh rckgh gh mudh fu;fr gSA ysfdu
fVIi.kh esa bldk ft+Ø u gksus ls mlls ;g Hkze iSnk gksrk gS xks;k ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh
yM+kbZ yM+dj eè;e fdlku viuh rckgh jksd ldrk gSA
vc t+jk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa vkSj ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks ,d vU; igyw ls
Hkh ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dh tk;sA jkT;lÙkk gkFk esa vkus ds ckn loZgkjk oxZ dk buds izfr
D;k ut+fj;k gksxkA :l dh cksY'ksfod ikVhZ dh 1919 esa gqbZ dkaxzsl esa ,d izLrko ikl
fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa x+jhc vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZrkse[q kh lgk;rk nsus ds fy, C;ksjos kj
funsZ'k fn;s x;s FksA mUgsa mUur cht] [kkn vkfn dh vkiwfrZ] HkkM+s ij vkSt+kj vkfn nsus
vkSj mudh lgk;rk ds fy, ,d cM+k jktdh; dks"k fuèkkZfjr djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k
FkkA ,axYs l us Hkh lektokn ds Hkhrj NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr Bhd ;gh n`f"Vdks.k
viukus dh ckr dgh Fkh vkSj ;gk¡ rd dgk Fkk fd ftrus vfèkd fdlkuksa dks rckg gksus
ls igys fdlku ds :i esa ge vius lkFk [kM+k dj ldsaxs mruh gh tYnh lkekftd
dk;kiyV gksxkA :l esa ykxrksa dk cks> de djds NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr lguh;
cuk nh x;hA ysfdu blls muesa viuh fLFkfr dks ysdj dksbZ Hkze iSnk gksus dh xqatkb'k
ugha Fkh] D;ksfa d muds lkeus gh lektoknh laLFkk,¡ [kM+h gks jgh Fkha] vkSj dE;qfuLV mudh
psruk mUur djus esa tqVs gq, FksA blls muesa lektoknh thou ds izfr vkLFkk iSnk gqbZ
FkhA vkSj ckn esa mUgksua s Hkwfe ij futh ekfydkus dk ifjR;kx dj lkewfgd [ksrh dks viuk
fy;kA lektoknh lekt vkSj iw¡thokn dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ esy ugha gSA ysfdu ,d
gn rd gh lgh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k ogha ls r; gksrk gS fd jkT;lÙkk
gkFk esa vkus ds ckn muds izfr gekjk joS;k D;k gksxkA bl rdZ dks iq"V djus ds fy,
Hkh ;gk¡ bldk ft+Ø fd;k x;k gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus tSlh ek¡xksa ij yM+kbZ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dh fLFkfr dqN lguh; cuk ldrh gS] ysfdu ;g viusvki esa fdlkuksa ds Hkhrj viuh
fLFkfr dks ysdj Hkze ugha iSnk djrh gS vkSj u gh ;g mudh rckgh jksd ldrh gSA Hkze
rc iSnk gksxk] tc bl yM+kbZ dks iw¡thokn ds f[k+yki+$ lektoknhdj.k dh yM+kbZ ls
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 37
vyx&Fkyx djds yM+k tk;s] bl ek¡x dks ,d dsUnzh; ek¡x ds :i esa muds lkeus izLrqr
fd;k tk;s vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ns'k esa iw¡thokn ds f[k+yki+$ dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu et+cwr
u gks vkSj xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ ykecUn u gksA vkSj 'kgjh o xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ dks
ykecUn fd;s cx+Sj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks xksycUn dj mudh rckgh jksdus ds fy, bls ,d
dsUnzh; ek¡x ds :i eas izLrqr fd;k tk;sA
vc lhèks lEiknd&e.My o lkFkh uhjt ds mu rdks± ij vkrs gSa] ftuds vkèkkj
ij os ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x djkj nsrs gSaA muds ml rdZ
dk rks igys gh tokc fn;k tk pqdk gS] ftlesa os ;g loky mBkrs gSa fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dh ek¡x et+nwjh ?kVkus dh ek¡x cu ldrh gSA ;gk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ckr gks jgh gS vkSj
e¡>ksyk fdlku et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrk gSA blfy, mldh ek¡x esa et+nwjh ?kVkus
;k fdlh Hkh rjg Je ykxr de djus dh ek¡x 'kkfey ugha gks ldrh gSA blds lkFk
gh og lkjs rdZ [k+kfjt gks tkrs gSa ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dk eryc
;gh gksxk fd fdlku et+nwjksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksM+sxkA xUuk fdlkuksa ij esjs ys[k esa Hkh
;g Li"V Fkk vkSj lEiknd&e.My dk ys[k Nius ls igys lEiknd&e.My ds ,d lkFkh
ls bl ij gqbZ ppkZ esa Hkh ;g ckr Li"V dj nh x;h FkhA
nwljk rdZ gS % ßykxr ewY; de gksus ls D;k i+$lyksa ds ewY; esa fxjkoV ugha
vk;sxh\Þ vxj i+$lyksa ds nke ugha fxjrs rks D;k ;g miHkksDrkvksa ds lkFk èkks[kkèkM+h
ugha gksxh\ loky gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls i+$lyksa dk nke vkf[k+j D;ksa u fxjsA i+$lyksa
dk nke fxjuk gh pkfg, vkSj vo'; fxjuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk gS rks bl
èkks[kkèkM+h ds f[k+yki+$ vke turk dks ykecUn fd;k tkuk pkfg,A i+$lyksa dk nke fxjuk
eè;e fdlkuksa ds Hkh f[k+yki+$ ugha gSA og vxj ,d gh i+$ly cksrk gS vkSj mls ckt+kj
esa csprk gS rks Hkh mls vU; i+$lysa rks ckt+kj ls [k+jhndj gh [kkuh iM+rh gSAa mldh iSnkokj
cl bruh gh gksrh gSA og equki+$s ds fy, iSnk ugha djrk gSA i+$ly dk nke ?kVus dk
rdZ mldh i+$ly ds lkFk&lkFk mu i+$lyksa ij Hkh rks ykxw gksxk ftUgsa og [k+jhndj [kkrk
gSA blfy, ;g ckr mlds f[k+yki+$ ugha tkrh gSA tcfd èkuh fdlkuksa dks blls uqo+$lku
gksxkA mudh ek¡x ykHkdkjh ewY; gh gks ldrh gS] ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ughaA vukt
dk nke ?kVuk loZgkjk oxZ ds Hkh fgr esa gSA blhfy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k dj ldrh gSA
,d vU; rdZ nsrs gq, lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS % ßFkksM+h nsj ds fy, ;g eku ysa
fd fdlkuksa ds fdlh vkUnksyu dh ek¡x ekudj m|ksxifr VªDS Vj] [kkn] dhVuk'kd] Mht+y]
fctyh vkfn dh o+$her de dj nsa vkSj fdlh rjg ls èkks[kkèkM+h djds ;g ?kVksÙkjh Ñf"k
mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer u gksus nh tk;s ¼;kuh vukt dk nke u ?kVs½A rks ,slh lwjr
esa vFkZ'kkL=k dk lkekU; fo|kFkhZ Hkh ;g tkurk gS fd ¼vkS|ksfxd½ mRiknksa ¼;kuh [kkn]
dhVuk'kd] fctyh vkfn½ ds lLrs gksus ls iwt ¡ hifr dk equki+$k de ugha gksrk] cfYd bldh
o+$her Hkh dkj[k+kus ds et+nwjksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+rh gS---Þ blds ckn ;g crk;k x;k gS
38 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
fd vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dk nke ?kVus ij dSls iw¡thifr e'khusa yxkdj et+nwjksa dks vkSj
vfèkd fupksM+xs k] et+njw h de dj nsxk vkSj et+njw ksa dh Hkkjh vkcknh dks lM+dksa ij èkdsy
nsxk vkfn&vkfnA
;g vthcksx+jhc ekDlZokn gSA ysfdu bl ekDlZokn ds ,dkaxhiu ij ppkZ dh ;g
txg ugha gSA ;gk¡ ge fli+$Z dqN loky mBkdj bl rdZ ds vUrjfojksèkksa dks fn[kkuk
pkgsxa As vkS|ksfxd mRiknks]a ;kuh [kkn] Mht+y] VªDS Vj] fctyh vkfn ds nke ?kVus dh o+$her
et+njw ksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+rh gSA lp gSA rks D;k lEiknd&e.My eg¡xkbZ ds f[k+yki+$ O;kid
turk ds vkUnksyu ds fojksèk esa [kM+k gksxk\ D;ksafd ;g ek¡x Hkh vU; vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa
ds nke ?kVus ;k mudk nke c<+us ls jksdus dh odkyr djrh gSA ,sls esa mu m|ksxksa esa
dke djus okys et+nwjksa dks gh bldh o+$her pqdkuh iM+sxhA ,slk gksus ij lEiknd&e.My
ds rdZ ds vuqlkj mu m|ksxksa esa Hkh iwt ¡ hifr et+njw ksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksMxs+ k vkSj et+njw ksa
dh Hkkjh vkcknh dks lM+d ij èkdsy nsxk! ;gh ugha et+nwjksa dh et+nwjh c<+kus dh ek¡x
dk Hkh D;k vki fojksèk djsaxs\ D;ksafd et+nwjh c<+us ij Hkh D;k iw¡thifr ds lkeus oSlh
gh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ugha iSnk gksrha\ lEiknd&e.My dg ldrk gS fd et+njw ksa dh et+njw h c<+us
vkSj eg¡xkbZ dh o`f) ij jksd yxkus ls rks dqy feykdj iw¡thifr;ksa dk 'kks"k.k c<+us ds
ckotwn et+njw ksa dk i+$k;nk gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa [ksrh dk ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls Hkh et+njw ksa
dk i+$k;nk gksxk D;ksafd blls vukt dk nke ?kV ldrk gSA
njvly] lEiknd&e.My vius iwjs fo'ys"k.k esa vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk oxZ dh Hkwfedk
dks ut+jvUnkt+ dj nsrk gSA og ckj&ckj Mjkrk gS fd vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa dk nke ?kV tkus
ij viuk equki+$k o+$k;e j[kus ds fy, iw¡thifr ;g dj nsxk vkSj og dj nsxkA ysfdu
og bls ugha ns[krk fd blds f[k+yki+$ vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk oxZ D;k djsxk vkSj blls D;k
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fufeZr gksaxhA fli+$Z mRiknksa dk nke ?kVus ij gh ugha vkSj fli+$Z etcwfj;ksa esa
gh ugha] iw¡thifr gj le; gjlEHko rjho+$s ls mldh ftruh dqOor gS] vfèkd ls vfèkd
equki+$k cVksjus ds fy, og lc djrk gh gS tks og dj ldrk gSA gk¡] muds mRikn dk
nke ?kVus ls] rkRdkfyd rkSj ij vU; lsDVjksa ds iw¡thifr;ksa ds eqo+$kcys dh mudh equki+$s
dh nj fxjsxh vkSj os bl lsDVj ls viuh iw¡th fudkydj fdlh vU; lsDVj esa Hkkxus
dh ;k e'khuhdj.k djds et+nwjksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksM+us dh dksf'k'k djsaxsA ysfdu
vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk xk; rks gS ugha fd og pqipki iwt ¡ hifr;ksa dh bl vkSj vfèkd fupksM+us
dh dksf'k'k dks cjnk'r dj ysxkA et+njw oxZ bldk MVdj fojksèk djsxk vkSj mUgsa viuh
i+$SfDVª;ksa esa vkUnksyuksa dk foLQksV >syuk iM+sxkA iw¡thifr;ksa dh bu dksf'k'kksa ls et+nwj
oxZ dk vkØks'k c<+sxk vkSj iw¡thifr oxZ dh ekSr dk fnu ut+nhd vk;sxkA
vc vUr esa] ml ckr ij vkrs gSa fd dSls ykxr ewY; de djus dh ek¡x dks
loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gq, lEiknd&e.My [+kqn bl ek¡x dh odkyr djrk gSA ^fdu
ek¡xksa ij yM+saxs e¡>ksys fdlku* esa lEiknd&e.My us NksVh ls ysdj cM+h ek¡xksa rd dh
,d yEch i+$sgfjLr nh gSA bu ek¡xksa esa ls ,d dks NksM+dj yxHkx vU; lHkh ek¡xas ns'k
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 39
dh iwjh eè;oxhZ; vkSj x+jhc vkcknh dh lkekU; ek¡xas gSaA [ksrh fdlkuh ls tqM+h x+jhc
o eè;e fdlkuksa dh izR;{kr% ,d gh ek¡x blesa 'kkfey gS vkSj og ykxr ewY; de
djus dh gh ek¡x gS % ßx+jhc vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ek¡x ;g gksuh pkfg, fd t+ehu
lfgr mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ds LokfeRo dh ,d lqfuf'pr ek=kk dks iSekuk cukdj] èkuh
fdlkuksa vkSj vU; xzkeh.k iw¡thifr;ksa ls fctyh vkSj ikuh dh o+$her olwyh tkuh
pkfg,] tcfd mu lHkh fdlkuksa dks tks equki+$s ds fy, iSnk ugha djrs lkis{kr% fj;k;rh
nj ij fctyh&ikuh vkfn feyuh pkfg,A---Þ
D;k ;g x+jhc vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY; de djus dh ek¡x ugha gS\
fQj ;g rdZ fctyh&ikuh ij gh D;ksa ykxw fd;k tk;s\ [kkn] cht] Mht+y] dhVuk'kd
vkfn dks ßfj;k;rh njÞ ij nsus dh ek¡x D;ksa ugha dh tkuh pkfg,\ D;k blfy, fd
bls futh dEifu;k¡ iSnk djrh gSa vkSj fctyh&ikuh ljdkj\ ysfdu vc rks fctyh&ikuh
Hkh futh dEifu;ksa ds gkFk esa tk jgk gSA fQj pkgs ljdkj gks ;k futh dEifu;k¡ fofHkUu
ykxr ekyksa ds izfr vyx&vyx vkSj vUrjfojksèkh n`f"Vdks.k D;ksa\

¼fcxqy] uoEcj 2004½

40 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 fdlkuh ds loky dks isVh cqtqZvk p'es ls ugha
loZgkjk ds ut+fj;s ls nsf[k;s tukc!
lq[knso

yxHkx nks lky ds yEcs lksp&fopkj ds ckn lkFkh ,l- izrki us fdlku iz'u ij viuh
vofLFkfr fQj ls fy[kdj Hksth gSA bl lqnh?kZ 'kksèk&vè;;u esa lkFkh dks fli+$Z rhu m)j.k
gh fey ik;s] muesa ls Hkh mUgsa ,d m)j.k dk ewy òksr ugha fey ik;kA
^fcxqy* ds fnlEcj] 2002 vad esa Nis lkFkh ,l- izrki ds ys[k] ^phuh fey&ekfydksa
dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku* ij lkFkh uhjt dh fVIi.kh ls fdlku iz'u ij cgl fo'ks"k
lUnHkZ esa 'kq: gqbZ FkhA ;g lUnHkZ gS vkt dk le; vkSj ns'k esa dE;qfuLV rFkk et+nwj
vkUnksyu ds vkt ds gkykrA vkt tc iwjs ns'k ds iSekus ij dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu det+kjs
gS vkSj VsMª ;wfu;u vkUnksyu Hkh Bgjko dk f'kdkj gS] et+njw ksa eas grk'kk&fujk'kk vkSj foHkze
dk ekgkSy gkoh gS] rks ,sls le; esa [+kqn dks dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkjh dgus okys cgqr ls
laxBu] djksM+k&as djksM+ vkS|ksfxd et+njw ksa vkSj [ksr et+njw ksa dks NksM+dj ekfyd fdlkuksa vkSj
;gk¡ rd fd èkuh fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dh o+$ok;nksa esa tqVs gq, gSaA vkt tc iw¡th
ds vius gh rdZ ls NksVs eky mRikndksa ds mtjrh loZgkjkvksa esa :ikUrj.k dh izfØ;k
xfr idM+ jgh gS rks bUgsa NksVs eky mRikndksa ds :i esa gh cpk;s j[kus ds fy, dbZ laxBuksa
vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa izwèkksa] flleksUnh rFkk :lh ujksnokfn;ksa dh vkRekvksa dk iqutZUe
gks jgk gSA ,sls ekgkSy esa NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu ds izfr ekDlZoknh igqp ¡ dh fgi+$kt+r
djuk] rFkk blls loZgkjk oxZ dks f'kf{kr djuk] Hkkjr ds loZgkjk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk vge
dk;ZHkkj gSA
^fcxqy* ds fnlEcj 2002 vad esa ,l- izrki ds ys[k esa tks ckras dgh x;h gSa] os
ogh ckras gSa tks fdlku iz'u ij Hkkjrh; ßujksnoknhÞ ekDlZoknh laxBu dj jgs gSaA vius
mDr ys[k esa Jh ,l- izrki us ykxr ewY; de fd;s tkus dh ek¡x dks NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dh eq[; ek¡x crkrs gq, ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x rd dh fgek;r dh gSA vius rkt+k ys[k
¼fcxqy] uoEcj 2004½ esa mUgksaus viuh igyh vofLFkfr;ksa ls FkksM+k nk;sa&ck;sa gksrs gq,]
ewyr% ogh ckrsa dgh gSa] tks og igys dg pqds gSaA vkb;s] ge fdlku iz'u ij mudh
^u;h* nyhyksa ij ,d&,d djds fopkj djrs gSaA

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 41

 e¡>ksys fdlku dh ifjHkk"kk dk loky
vius ys[k ^phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku* ¼fcxqy fnlEcj]
2002½ esa ,l- izrki }kjk ykxr ewY; de fd;s tkus dh ek¡x dks NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dh eq[; ek¡x ds :i esa is'k fd;k x;k FkkA bl ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, lkFkh uhjt us
;g loky mBk;k Fkk fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ykxr dk ,d fgLlk rks mtjrh Je&'kfDr
dh [k+jhn ij gksus okyk [k+pZ Hkh gksrk gS] rks D;k ys[kd ¼,l- izrki½ ykxr ewY; de
djus dh odkyr djsxa \s blds tokc esa tukc ,l- izrki dk dguk gS fd e¡>ksys fdlku
rks mtjrh et+nwjksa ls dke gh ugha djokrs rks Hkyk og et+nwjh de djus dh ek¡x gh D;ksa
mBk;saxs\ vius bl nkos dh iqf"V ds fy, mUgksaus ysfuu ls Hkh enn ysus dh dksf'k'k dh
gSA mUgksaus bDdhloha lnh ds 'kq: esa Hkkjr ds e¡>ksys fdlku dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy,
chloha lnh ds 'kq: esa :l ds e¡>ksys fdlku dh ysfuu }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kk dks Hkkjr
esa gwcgw fi+$V djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA mUgksaus fiNys lkS lkyksa ds le; esa Hkkjr lfgr
iwjh nqfu;k esa [ksrh ds rkSj&rjho+$ksa esa vk;s cnykoksa dks fcydqy gh ut+jvUnkt+ dj fn;kA
Jheku ,l- izrki] vxj FkksM+h nsj ds fy, ge vki ls lger Hkh gks tk;sa fd :l dk
e¡>ksyk fdlku mtjrh et+njw yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrk Fkk] rks D;k Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gksuk
t+:jh gS\ ;gk¡ ij rks e¡>ksys fdlku mtjrh et+nwjksa ls vius [ksrksa esa dke djokrs gSaA
bldh otg ;g gS fd Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa iw¡thoknh fodkl 1903 ds :l ds eqo+$kcys dgha
vfèkd ifjiDo voLFkk esa gSA Ñf"k esa cM+s iSekus ij e'khuhdj.k gqvk gS] Ñf"k dh e.Mh
ij fuHkZjrk :l ds eqo+$kcys dgha vfèkd gSA lky esa nks i+$lyksa dh iSnkokj rks ;gk¡ ij
vke ckr gS] dbZ byko+$ksa ¼tSlsfd iatkc½ esa rks lky esa rhu&rhu i+$lyksa dk pyu Hkh
gSA i+$ly dh dVkbZ&cqvkbZ ds le; rks NksVs ls NksVs fdlkuksa dks Hkh et+nwjksa dh t+:jr
iM+rh gSA i+$ly dh dVkbZ ds le; ekSle dk fet+kt fcxM+ tkus ds Mj ls Hkh mUgsa et+njw ksa
ls i+$ly dVokuh iM+rh gSA
iatkc dh dikl iêh dk mnkgj.k ysaA iatkc ds nf{k.k&if'peh ft+yksa
¼i+$jhndksV&HkfV.Mk&ekulk½ esa ujes ¼dikl dh ,d fo+$Le½ dh cgqrk;r Fkh] vkSj vkt
Hkh gSA fiNyh lnh ds vkf[k+jh n'kd esa vesfjdu dhV dk izdksi 'kq: gksus ls ;gk¡ ds
x+jhc ls x+jhc fdlkuksa dks Hkh èkku dh [ksrh dh rji+$ #[k+ djuk iM+kA ujes dh i+$ly
dh cqvkbZ rFkk ujes dh pqxkbZ ¼laxzg½ esa rks NksVs fdlku eq[;r% vius ifjokj dh esgur
ls dke pyk ysrs Fks rFkk et+nwjksa ij mudh fuHkZjrk cgqr de FkhA exj èkku dh i+$ly
dh jksikbZ dk ekeyk gh ,slk gS fd fdlku rks D;k iatkc ds [ksr et+nwj Hkh ;g dke
mruh n{krk ls ugha dj ikrs] ftl rjg ;w-ih-] fcgkj ls vkus okys et+njw djrs gSAa blfy,
èkku dh jksikbZ ds fy, fdlku ¼NksVs&cM+s lHkh½ iqjfc;k et+nwjksa ij gh fuHkZj gSaA cko+$h
iatkc esa Hkh tgk¡ vc cM+s iSekus ij èkku dh i+$ly gksrh gS] ogk¡ Hkh ;gh vkye gSA èkku
dh dVkbZ ;gk¡ NksV&s cM+s lHkh fdlku vc gkjosLVj dEckbu ls gh djokrs gSAa ns'k ds vU;

42 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

byko+$ksa ls Hkh bl rjg ds vusd mnkgj.k fy;s tk ldrs gSaA ,l- izrki irk ugha fdu
rF;ksa ds vkèkkj ij bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps gSa fd Hkkjr esa e¡>ksys fdlku mtjrh et+nwj
ugha yxkrsA yxrk gS Jheku ,l- izrki] Hkkjr dh t+ehuh go+$ho+$rksa] Hkkjrh; turk ls
iwjh rjg dVs gq, cl vius vè;;u d{k rd gh lhfer gSaA budh tkudkjh esa FkksM+k
bt+ki+$k djrs gq, bUgsa bruk vkSj crk nsa fd Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd dsUnzkas ij fdlku i`"BHkwfe
ls vkus okys vkS|ksfxd et+nwj] tks vHkh rd t+ehu ls iwjh rjg eqDr ugha gq, gSa] muesa
Hkh dbZ ,sls dsl lkeus vkrs gSa fd Nqfê;ksa esa xk¡o tkus ij os vius [ksrksa esa et+nwjksa ls
dke djokrs gSaA vkSj ;s et+nwj fodflr [ksrh ds byko+$ksa ls ugha] cfYd ,sls byko+$ksa ls
lEcfUèkr gSa] tgk¡ ij [ksrh cgqr fiNM+h gqbZ gSA blfy, gekjh ,l- izrki dks usd lykg
gS fd vki vè;;u d{k ls fudydj turk ds lEidZ esa vk;sa rks vkidk n`f"Vnks"k nwj
gksus dh dki+$h lEHkkouk gS] D;ksafd gj loky dk tokc fdrkcksa esa ugha gksrkA
vc t+jk ,l- izrki }kjk fn;s x;s ysfuu ds ml m)j.k dks ys]a ftlds t+fj;s mUgksua s
e¡>ksys fdlku dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ;g m)j.k ysfuu dh iqLrd ^xk¡o
ds x+jhcksa ls* esa ls fy;k x;k gS] ftls ysfuu us 1903 ds 'kq: esa fy[kk FkkA ml le;
:l esa [ksrh esa iw¡thoknh fodkl vHkh cgqr vifjiDo voLFkk esa FkkA exj m)j.k dks
t+jk x+kSj ls ns[ksa rks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk mtjrh et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkus dh ckr dks
ysfuu fcydqy [k+kfjt ugha djrsA mudk dguk gS fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa Hkh ,sls fdlku
gSa ¼Hkys gh cgqr de½ tks mtjrh et+nwj yxkrs gSaA exj tSls&tSls :lh [ksrh esa iw¡thoknh
fodkl vkxs c<+rk x;k] [ksr et+nwjksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+rh x;h vkSj [ksrksa esa fngkM+hnkj
et+njw ksa ls dke djokuk vke pyu curk x;kA ;gk¡ rd fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa Hkh fngkM+h
et+nwjksa ls dke djokus dh izo`fÙk c<+rh x;hA
1908 esa ysfuu fy[krs gSa % ß;g ut+j vk tk;sxk fd [+kq'kgky x`gLFkh dh eq[;
fo'ks"krk gS cM+s ifjokjksa dk gksuk] x+jhc x`gLFkh dh rqyuk esa ,slh x`gLFkh esa ifjokj ds
lnL;ksa dks [ksrh ds dke esa vfèkd yxk;k tkrk gSA fuLlUnsg] os vrqyuh; :i ls HkkM+s
ij vfèkd et+njw j[krs gS-a --A Å¡ps lewgksa esa et+njw ksa dks HkkM+s ij j[kuk Li"Vr% ,d iz.kkyh
curh tk jgh gS] tks foLr`r iSekus ij [ksrh dh 'krZ gSA blls Hkh vfèkd] fnuHkj ds fy,
HkkM+s ij et+nwj j[kuk fdlkuksa ds e¡>ksys lewgksa ds chp Hkh vfèkdkfèkd O;kid gksrk tk
jgk gS ¼ladfyr jpuk,¡] vaxzst+h laLdj.k] [k.M 15] i`- 119] vuqokn gekjk½AÞ
1912 esa fy[ks ,d ys[k esa ysfuu fy[krs gSa % ßge bu vk¡dM+ksa dks ysaxs % ik¡p ls
nl gsDVs;j dh 652]798 ¼1907½ tksrksa ij 487]704 mtjrh et+nwj yxk;s tkrs gSa] ;kuh
vkèks ls vfèkd mtjrh et+nwj dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA
nl ls chl gsDVs;j ds dqy 412]741 i+$keks± esa 711]867 mtjrh et+nwjksa ls dke
fy;k tkrk gS] ;kuh lHkh ;k yxHkx lHkh mtjrh et+nwj dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA
---okLrfodrk ;g fd ßNksVs ,oa e¡>ksys fdlkuksÞa dk fo'kky cgqer---Je&'kfDr dks
;k rks csprk gS ;k [k+jhnrk gS] ;k rks [+knq dks HkkM+s ij yxkrk gS ;k HkkM+s ij et+njw j[krk gSA
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 43
 ---NksVs fdlkuksa ls loZgkjkvksa dk dguk gS fd rqe v)ZloZgkjk gks] blfy, et+nwjksa
dh vxqokbZ esa pyks] fli+$Z blh esa rqEgkjh eqfDr gS ¼ladfyr jpuk,¡] vaxt
sz +h laLdj.k] [k.M
20] i`- 215&16] vuqokn gekjk½AÞ ;kuh NksVs fdlku ¼v)ZloZgkjk½ viuh Je&'kfDr
ckgj csprs gSa vkSj eè;e fdlku Je&'kfDr ds [k+jhnkj gSaA ysfuu 5 gsDVs;j ls ysdj
20 gsDVs;j ds ekfydkus okys fdlkuksa dks eè;e fdlkuksa dh dSVsxjh esa j[krs gSaA
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa ,l- izrki cgqr ßtYnckt+hÞ ¼ikSus nks lky
dk NksVk&lk vUrjky½ ds f'kdkj gks x;sA vxj mUgksaus ysfuu dks gh Bhd rjg ls i<+
fy;k gksrk rks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa brus x+yr fu"d"kZ ij u igq¡ps gksrsA

lektoknh ØkfUr esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh Hkwfedk

lektoknh ØkfUr dh eaft+y esa Hkkjr ds nsgkr esa xzkeh.k loZgkjk vkSj v)ZloZgkjk
¼x+jhc fdlku½ vkcknh gh 'kgjh et+njw ksa dh iDdh vkSj Hkjksles Un nksLr gSA e¡>ksys fdlku
lektoknh ØkfUr ds izfr cgqr gh <qyeqy #[k+ viukrs gSaA mtjrksa esa c<+ksÙkjh xzkeh.k
loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh dh eq[; vkfFkZd ek¡x gSA xzkeh.k loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk
vkcknh dks ,d >.Ms rys ykecUn fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkys gh ;gk¡ ij tkfr O;oLFkk
dh ekStwnxh bl dke dks vfèkd dfBu cuk nsrh gSA loZgkjk ØkfUr dh fot;] loZgkjk
vfèkuk;dRo dh lqn`<+rk ds fy, ;g t+:jh gS fd 'kgjh et+nwjksa rFkk xzkeh.k loZgkjk&
v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds chp ,d et+cwr laJ; o+$k;e fd;k tk;sA blfy, lektoknh
ØkfUr dh eaft+y esa xzkeh.k loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh dks laxfBr djus dk dk;ZHkkj]
loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ ds lkeus ,d vge dk;ZHkkj gSA tgk¡ rd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky
gS rks ftl gn rd os [+kqn viuh t+ehu ij esgur djrs gSa] ml gn rd esgurd'k gSa
vkSj D;ksafd os fngkM+hnkj et+nwjksa dks Hkh vius [ksrksa esa yxkrs gSa] blfy, os et+nwjksa dh
ywV esa Hkkxhnkj Hkh gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk esa bl nksgjs pfj=k ds pyrs os eè;e gSa] ;kuh iwjh
rjg mtjrh Je dh ywV ij fuHkZj èkuh fdlkuksa rFkk mtjrh loZgkjkvksa&v)ZloZgkjkvksa
ds chp Mksyrs jgus okyk oxZA vFkZO;oLFkk esa blh nksgjs pfj=k ds dkj.k bldk jktuhfrd
O;ogkj Hkh nksgjk gksrk gSA Hkys gh e¡>ksys fdlku mtjrh Je dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa µ ij
os bruk vfèkd equki+$k ugha dek ikrs fd og bls [ksrh esa iqu% fuos'k dj] vkSj t+ehu
[k+jhndj] èkuh fdlkuksa dh tekr esa 'kkfey gks ldsaA ,slk buesa ls cgqr de gh dj ikrs
gSaA buesa ls T+;knkrj dh fu;fr ;gh gksrh gS fd bUgsa nsj&lcsj mtjrh loZgkjkvksa&
v)ZloZgkjkvksa dh o+$rkjksa esa gh 'kkfey gksuk gksrk gSA
blfy, loZgkjk oxZ buds izfr nksLrkuk #[k+ viukrk gSA lektoknh ØkfUr esa tgk¡
dqydksa dh iwjh lEifÙk ¼t+ehu] [ksrh] vkSt+kj vkfn½ cyiwod Z Nhu yh tk;sxh] ogk¡ e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds ekeys esa ,slk lkspk Hkh ugha tk ldrkA mUgsa izsj.kk ls gh lkewfgd [ksrh esa
'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] t+ksj&t+cjnLrh ls ughaA ;g Hkh ,d rF; gS fd futh lEifÙk ls

44 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

xgjs yxko ds pyrs ,d u;s bUlku esa buds :ikUrj.k dk dke cgqr dfBu gksrk gS]
ftlls lektoknh fuekZ.k dk dke ckfèkr gksrk gSA lektoknh lekt esa NksVs iSekus ds
eky mRiknu dh ekStwnxh iw¡thoknh iquLFkkZiuk ds fy, Hkh t+j[k+st+ Hkwfe rS;kj djrh gSA
lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa loZgkjk dh dksf'k'k jgrh gS fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks vxj
loZgkjk ØkfUr ds i{k esa ugha thrk tk ldrk] rks os muds nq'eu dk lkFk Hkh u nsa] ;kuh
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks rVLFk djus dh uhfr viuk;h tkrh gSA bl lEcUèk esa ysfuu fy[krs
gS]a ß:lh ØkfUr dh fu;fr vkSj urhtk--- bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd 'kgjh loZgkjk nsgkrh
loZgkjk vkSj v)ZloZgkjk dh O;kid vkcknh dks vius ihNs [kM+k dj ikrk gS ;k ;g
vkcknh fdlku cqtqZvkth ds ihNs pyrh gS ¼Hkwfe iz'u ij izLrko] 7 ebZ] 1917] vf[ky
:lh lEesyu] ladfyr jpuk,¡] i`- 291½AÞ
è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd ebZ 1917 esa tc cksY'ksfod lektoknh ØkfUr dh rS;kjh
dj jgs Fks] ml le; ysfuu xzkeh.k loZgkjk vkSj v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds 'kgjh et+nwjksa
ds usr`Ro esa xksycUn gksus dks ØkfUr dh lQyrk dh t+:jh 'krZ ekurs gSaA og eè;e
fdlkuksa dh ppkZ rd ugha djrsA
,d vU; txg ysfuu fy[krs gSa] ßoxZ lpsr et+nwj dk dk;ZØe gS x+jhc fdlkuksa
ds lkFk ?kfu"Bre laJ; vkSj iw.kZ ,drk] e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds lkFk fj;k;rsa vkSj le>kSrs]
dqydksa dk cseqjOor neu ¼ladfyr jpuk,¡] [k.M 28] i`"B 58½AÞ ysfuu us ;g vxLr
1918 esa fy[kk Fkk] tc :l esa loZgkjk lÙkk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vius iSj tek jgh FkhA
,d vU; txg e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr loZgkjk ds #[k+ ds ckjs esa ysfuu us cgqr
lki+$&lki+$ fy[kk gS] ßlkekU;r;k loZgkjk vkSj fdlkuksa ds chp laJ; gh ØkfUr ds cqtv Zq k
pfj=k dks mtkxj dj nsrk gS] D;ksafd fdlku NksVs mRiknd gksrs gSa tks eky mRiknu ds
vkèkkj ij vfLrRoeku gksrs gSaA vkxs pydj loZgkjk oxZ lewps v)ZloZgkjk oxZ ¼lHkh
esgurd'k vkSj 'kksf"kr yksxksa½ dks vius i{k esa djsxk] eè;e fdlkuksa dks rVLFk cuk;sxk
vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ dks m[kkM+ Qasdsxk] ;g lektoknh ØkfUr gksxh ¼ladfyr jpuk,¡] vaxzst+h
laLdj.k] [k.M 28] i`- 294&95] vuqokn gekjk½AÞ :l esa lektoknh lÙkk ds dki+$h gn
rd lqn`<+ gksus ij tc ysfuu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ls loZgkjk oxZ ds laJ; dh ckr djrs gSa
rc e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh oSls ugha jg x;s tSlsfd og ØkfUr&iwoZ :l esa FksA vc os futh
lEifÙk ¼t+ehu½ ds ekfyd ugha jg x;s Fks] vkSj u gh os et+nwjksa dk 'kks"k.k dj ldrs
FksA vc os cl vukt ds ekfyd Fks ftls os cspdj dqN equki+$k cVksj ysrs FksA bUgha vFkks±
esa vc os e¡>ksys fdlku FksA

ykxr ewY; de djus ds ckjs esa

,l- izrki ds ys[k] ^phuh fey&ekfydksa dh ywV ls rckg xUuk fdlku* ij fVIi.kh
djrs gq, lkFkh uhjt us loky mBk;k Fkk fd ykxr ewY; esa vxj deh gksxh rks bldk

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 45

urhtk i+$lyksa ds nke fxjus esa gksxkA ,slk D;ksa vkSj dSls gksxk] ^fcxqy* ds tuojh 2003
vad esa lEiknd&e.My }kjk bl lEcUèk esa fy[ks ys[k esa bldh O;k[;k dh x;h gSA D;ksfa d
Jh ,l- izrki Hkh bl ckr ls lger gSa] blfy, ;gk¡ blds vfèkd foLrkj esa tkus ;k
blds nqgjko dh t+:jr ugha gSA
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus esa fdlkuksa dks dksbZ i+$k;nk ugha gksxkA D;ksfa d ykxr ewY; ¼vpy
iw¡th ij gksus okyk [k+pZ½ esa ftruh deh gksxhs] mlh vuqikr esa i+$lyksa ds nke fxjus ls
fdlkuksa dk equki+$k Hkh de gks tk;sxkA fdlkuksa dk equki+$k fli+$Z ,d gh lwjr esa c<+
ldrk gS] og gS µ muds ikl viuh Je&'kfDr cspus okys [ksr et+nwjksa dh et+nwjh de
dj nh tk;sA D;ksfa d equki+$k dPps eky ls ugha Je&'kfDr ls iSnk gksrk gSA Jh ,l- izrki
dk ykxr ewY; de djds e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks jkgr nsus dk rdZ ;gha rd tkrk gSA e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds fy, vfrfpfUrr Jheku ,l- izrki dks ;g ckr lki+$&lki+$ dguh pkfg,A
,l- izrki dk dguk gS fd ßykxr ewY; ?kVkus dk Hkh lcls vfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh
fdlkuksa dks gh gksxkAÞ exj fQj Hkh og bl ek¡x dh fgek;r ij MVs gq, gSaA muds bl
èkuh fdlku izes ij gSjr gksrh gSA vkxs og dgrs gS]a ße¡>ksys vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks blls
¼ykxr ewY; ?kVkus ls½ ekewyh jkgr gh fey ldrh gSA vkSj dksbZ Hkh ckr mldh
rckgh&cjcknh dks ugha jksd ldrh gSAÞ vxj mUgsa blls ekewyh jkgr gh feyrh gS vkSj
T+;knk i+$k;nk èkuh gh ys tk;saxs] rks vki ykxr ewY; de djus dh ft+n ij bruk D;ksa
vM+s gq, gSaA vkSj loky rks ;g Hkh gS fd ykxr ewY; de gksus ls tc i+$lyksa ds nke
Hkh fxj tk;saxs] rks NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ;g ekewyh jkgr Hkh dSls fey ik;sxh\ vki
tc fdlkuksa dks ykxr ewY; de gksus ls i+$lyksa ds nke fxjus dk jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k
le>k;saxs rks dkSu ew[kZ vkids usr`Ro esa ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh yM+kbZ yM+us vk;sxkA ,slk
Hkh gks ldrk gS fd fdlkuksa dks lfClMh feys vkSj ljdkj U;wure leFkZu ewY; ij fdlkuksa
dh i+$ly [k+jhndj i+$lyksa ds nkeksa esa vkus okyh fxjkoV dks jksd nsA rc ,l- izrki
D;k djsxa \s rc lkFkh ,l- izrki bl èkks[kkèkM+h ds f[k+yki+$] i+$lyksa ds nke fxjkus ds fy,
vkUnksyu djsaxsA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa] ßykxr ewY; ?kVus ls i+$lyksa dk nke vkf[k+j D;ksa uk
fxjs\ i+$lyksa dk nke fxjuk gh pkfg, vkSj vo'; fxjuk pkfg, vkSj ,slk ugha gksrk rks
bl èkks[kkèkM+h ds f[k+yki+$ vke turk dks ykecUn fd;k tkuk pkfg,AÞ Jh ,l- izrki]
igys rks vki ykxr ewY; de djus ds fy, e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus tk;saxsA
FkksM+h nsj ds fy, eku yhft;s] ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls i+$lyksa ds nke fxj tkus dk vkidk
vfr lw{e vFkZ'kkL=k le> ldus esa vleFkZ ;s fdlku vki ds usr`Ro esa ykecUn gksdj
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus esa dke;kc gks tkrs gSa] exj brus ls rks vkidks pSu feysxk ugha] vkSj
tc vki ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls i+$lyksa dk nke ?kVkus ds fy, e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ¼D;ksafd
vke turk esa e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh rks 'kkfey gksxa s gh½ ykecUn djus tk;sxa s rks vki fdlkuksa
ds gkFkksa viuh gksus okyh nqxZfr dh dYiuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
exj ,l- izrki dk e¡>ksyk fdlku rks ckt+kj ls dqN i+$lysa [k+jhnrk Hkh gSA blhfy,
46 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
mudk dguk gS fd i+$lyksa dk nke fxjuk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds f[k+yki+$ ugha gS D;ksafd nke
rks mu i+$lyksa ds Hkh fxjsaxs tks og [k+jhnrk gSA ij Jheku] tc vkids e¡>ksys fdlku
dks viuh i+$lyksa dh ckt+kj esa fcØh ls iSls Hkh de feysaxs rks nwljh i+$lysa [k+jhnus esa
mls D;k enn fey ldrh gS\ vki vFkZ'kkL=k ds rks ukyk;o+$ fo|kFkhZ gSa gh] yxrk gS
vki xf.kr esa Hkh dki+$h det+ksj gSaA
Jheku ,l- izrki us ykxr ewY; ds fy, Hkh ysfuu dk lgkjk ysus dh dksf'k'k dh
gSA blfy, mUgksaus ysfuu ds m)j.k dks dkV&Nk¡Vdj] vius rdZ ds vuq:i cukus dh
dksf'k'k dh gSA ge ysfuu dk iwjk m)j.k nsaxs ftls mUgksaus vkèkk&vèkwjk fn;k gS %
ßlHkh feYdh] lkjk cqtqZvk oxZ e¡>ksys fdlku dh x`gLFkh lqèkkjus ds fy, rjg&rjg
dh dkjZokb;ksa ¼lLrs gy] fdlku cSad] ?kkl&cksokbZ dh O;oLFkk] lLrh [kkn vkSj lLrs
eos'kh vkfn½ dk ok;nk djds mls viuh rji+$ [khapuk pkgrs gSaA os e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks
rjg&rjg ds [ksfrgj la?kksa ¼ftUgsa fdrkcksa esa ßlgdkjÞ dgk tkrk gS½ esa 'kkfey djus dh
dksf'k'k djrs gS]a tks [ksrhckM+h ds rjho+$ksa esa lqèkkj djus ds mís'; ls lHkh izdkj ds fefYd;ksa
dks ,sD;c) djrs gSaA bl rjho+$s ls cqtqZvk oxZ u dsoy e¡>ksys cfYd NksVs fdlkuksa dks
Hkh] ;gk¡ rd fd v)ZloZgkjk dks Hkh] 'kgjh et+nwjksa ds lkFk ,sD;c) gksus ls jksdus vkSj
et+nwjksa ds f[k+yki+$] loZgkjk ds f[k+yki+$ yM+us esa èkfu;ksa vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ dh vksj ykus
dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA
lkekftd tuoknh et+njw bldk tokc nsrs gSa % lqèkjh x`gLFkh cf<+;k pht+ gSA T+;knk
lLrs gy [k+jhnus esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gS( vktdy O;kikjh Hkh] vxj og csoo+$wi+$ ugha]
vfèkd [k+jhnkjksa dks viuh vksj [khapus ds fy, pht+ksa dks lLrs nkeksa ij cspus dh dksf'k'k
djrk gSA ysfdu x`gLFkh vkSj T+;knk lLrs gy rqe lcdks x+jhch ls fi.M NqM+kus vkSj vius
iSjksa ij [kM+k gksus esa enn djsaxs ---rks ;g ljklj èkks[kk gS ¼xk¡ xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls] jkgqy
i+$km.Ms'ku] i`- 37&38½AÞ
Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ ij ysfuu cqtZqvk oxZ }kjk NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks vius i{k esa
djus ds fy, fd;s tkus okys Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dh gh ppkZ dj jgs gSa] u fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dks fdlkuksa dh eq[; ek¡x ds :i esa is'k dj jgs gSaA vc vxj gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh cqtqZvk oxZ
;k mldh ljdkj Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dk dksbZ dke djs ftlls NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks i+$k;nk
gksrk gks rks D;k dE;qfuLV mldk fojksèk djsaxs\ fcYdqy ugha] ij og ,sls lqèkkjksa ds ihNs
cqtv qZ k ljdkj dh uh;r dks t+:j uaxk djsxa As vxj ljdkj dksbZ ,slh ugj fudkys ftlls
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks Hkh flapkbZ dh lqfoèkk feys rks D;k dE;qfuLV mUgsa bl ugj dk
ikuh u bLrseky djus ds fy, dgsaxs\ Jheku ,l- izrki vki nks ckrksa esa i+$o+$Z dhft;sA
,d rji+$ rks cqtqZvk ljdkj dh rji+$ ls fdlkuksa dks yqHkkus ds fy, mUgsa nh tkus okyh
fj;k;rksa dk ekeyk gS vkSj nwljh rji+$ dE;qfuLVksa }kjk ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh eq[; ek¡x cukdj mUgsa laxfBr djus dk loky gSA nksuksa ckrksa esa ;g
i+$o+$Z bruk ckjho+$ Hkh ugha gS fd vkidks fn[kk;h u nsA exj tc vki go+$ho+$rksa dks ,d
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 47
fuEu iw¡thifr ds p'es ls gh ns[k jgs gSa] rks vkidks brus eksVs&eksVs i+$o+$Z Hkh dgk¡ fn[kk;h
nsaxsA vkidh lkjh fnD+o+$r gh ;g gS fd vki fdUgha èkkj.kkvksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, rF;ksa
ls izLFkku ugha djrs cfYd vius fnekx+ esa igys ls gh cuh gqbZ èkkj.kkvksa dks gj gky
esa lgh fl) djus ds fy, rF; [kkstrs gSaA vkSj tc og rF; vkidh iwoZèkkj.kkvksa ls
esy ugha [kkrs rks mUgsa eu&ekfi+$o+$ rjho+$s ls rksM+rs&ejksM+rs gSaA
Jheku ,l- izrki dk dguk gS] ß;g ¼e¡>ksyk fdlku½ fdlh Hkh rjg vius vfLrRo
dks ugha cpk ldrk] ;g Hkkoh loZgkjk gSA---ysfdu mUgsa vkt gh rks rckg gksdj loZgkjk
ugha cu tkuk gSA rckg gksrs gq, os yEcs le; rd ,d oxZ ds :i esa fo|eku jgsaxsA
gekjh dksf'k'k ;gh gksuh pkfg, fd os pqipki ?kqVrs gq, ugha cfYd yM+rs gq, rckg gksa
vkSj bl izfØ;k esa iw¡thokn ds 'kks"k.kdkjh pfj=k dks le>saAÞ ;gk¡ ij loky ;g ugha gS
fd NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds f[k+yki+$ yM+kbZ R;kx nsa] loky rks mu ek¡xksa
dk gS tks fdlku iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds vkxs j[krs gSaA gesa ns[kuk gksxk fd ,slh dkSu&lh
ek¡xsa gSa tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ ds o+$jhc ykrh gSa] tks xzkeh.k loZgkjk]
v)ZloZgkjk rFkk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh lk>k ek¡xsa gSa] D;ksafd ^lk>k ekspkZ* lk>k ek¡xksa ij
gh cu ldrk gSA ,slh ek¡xksa dh ,d ppkZ ^fcxqy* ds i+$jojh 2003 vad esa dh x;h gS]
ftls ;gk¡ nqgjkus dh t+:jr ugha gSA dE;qfuLV fdlkuksa ds gj vkUnksyu dh fgek;r ugha
djrs] iw¡thoknh jkT;lÙkk ds f[k+yki+$ lHkh fdlku vkUnksyu ØkfUrdkjh ugha gksrs]
dE;qfuLV fdlkuksa ds mUgha vkUnksyuksa dh fgek;r djrs gSa] tks loZgkjk ØkfUr dks vkxs
c<+kus esa ennxkj gksaA
lkFkh ,l- izrki fdlkuksa dh ftu ek¡xksa dh fgek;r dj jgs gS]a os fdlkuksa dh fuEu
iw¡thoknh ekufldrk dks gh cy iznku djrh gSa vkSj mUgsa cqtZqvk oxZ ds iyM+s esa èkdsyus
okyh gSaA og ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh eq[; ek¡x ds crkSj is'k
rks dj gh jgs gSa] vkSj vHkh mUgksaus ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dh fgek;r dks Hkh ugha NksM+k
gSA Hkys gh mudk dguk gS fd] ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x tufojksèkh] loZgkjk fojksèkh rFkk
èkuh fdlkuksa dh ek¡x gSA mudk dguk gS fd muds ys[k esa ßtgk¡ okftc ewY; ds fy,
ncko cukus dh j.kuhfr viukus dh ckr dh x;h gS] og ,d fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa gS tc
phuh feyksa us fcuk fdlh mi;qDr dkj.k ds fiNys lky ds eqo+$kcys xUus dk nke ,dk,d
dki+$h de dj fn;k FkkAÞ muds dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mDr ßfo'ks"k lUnHkZÞ esa
ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x mBkuk tk;t+ gSA muds bl èkuh fdlku izse ij gesa ,d ckj
fQj ls gSjr gks jgh gSA yxrk gS Jheku bl ckr dks le> ldus esa gh v{ke gSa fd
ykHkdkjh ewY; dh yM+kbZ vly esa lekt esa loZgkjk oxZ ds 'kks"k.k ls iSnk gksus okys dqy
cs'kh ewY; esa vkS|ksfxd cqtqZvk oxZ] O;kikfjd cqtqZvk oxZ rFkk vU; 'kks"kd oxks± dh
cfuLir Ñf"k cqtqZvk oxZ dk fgLlk c<+kus dh yM+kbZ gSA vkSj bl yM+kbZ esa Ñf"k cqtqZvk
oxZ dk lkFk nsus dk loky gh ugha mBrkA

48 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 lektoknh O;oLFkk esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr
loZgkjk oxZ ds joSS;s ds ckjs esa
Jheku ,l- izrki loky mBkrs gSa fd] ß---lektoknh fuekZ.k dh leL;kvksa ds
eísut+j Hkh D;k mls ¼e¡>ksys fdlku dks½ loZgkjk ds laJ;dkjh ds :i esa xksycUn djuk
vko';d ugha gS\Þ th gk¡] fcYdqy vko';d gSA loZgkjk oxZ vkSj mldh ikVhZ ,slk gh
djsxhA exj rc jkT;lÙkk ij loZgkjk oxZ dk o+$Ct+k gksxk ftlds ihNs djksM+kas v)ZloZgkjk
vkcknh [kM+h gksxhA rc loZgkjk ds ikl ,sls vusd lalkèku ekStwn gksaxs fd cgqr&lh
fj;k;rsa nsdj Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks vius i{k esa thruk lEHko gksxkA rc e¡>ksys fdlku
Hkh vkt tSls ugha jg tk;saxsA D;ksafd lektokn esa t+ehu dh [k+jhn&i+$jks[+r rFkk HkkM+s ds
et+nwjksa ls dke djkus ij ikcUnh gksxhA bu vFkks± esa u rks e¡>ksys fdlku futh lEifÙk
ds ekfyd jg tk;saxs vkSj u gh Je&'kfDr ds 'kks"kdA os cl bUgha vFkks± esa e¡>ksys fdlku
gksrs gSa fd os vukt csprs gSa vkSj cko+$h lekt dh o+$her ij equki+$k cVksjrs gSaA :l
esa vDVwcj ØkfUr ds ckn loZgkjk lÙkk us fdlkuksa dh i+$lyksa ds nke rhu xquk c<+k fn;s
Fks] vkSj fdlkuksa dks lLrh [ksrh&e'khujh lfgr vU; vusd lqfoèkk,¡a miyCèk djk;ha]
ftlls e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loZgkjk jkT;lÙkk esa fo'okl cukA
lektokn esa lkewfgd [ksrh ds ,sls vusd mnkgj.k ekStnw gksrs gS]a ftuds t+fj;s e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks lkewfgd [ksrh esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Jheku ,l-
izrki dh tkudkjh ds fy, crk nsa fd lektokn iw¡thokn ls xq.kkRed :i ls fHkUu gksrk
gSA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr loZgkjk oxZ dh tks uhfr lektokn esa gksxh] ogh uhfr iwt ¡ hokn
esa ugha gks ldrh gSA vkt ge fdlkuksa ds ykHkdkjh ewY; rFkk lfClMh vkfn ek¡xksa dk
fojksèk djrs gSa] exj lektokn esa loZgkjk jkT; [+kqn fdlkuksa dks ;g lc nsrk gS] D;ksafd
rc ;g loZgkjk oxZ ds fgr esa gksxkA blls et+nwj fdlku laJ; et+cwr gksxk] tksfd
loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo dh lqn`<+rk dk vkèkkj gSA

¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 2004½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 49

 e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k
dk loky µ nks
,l- izrki

bl ckj cgl esa 'kkfey ys[k esa izopu vfèkd gS vkSj ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k deA
vgEeU;rkiw.kZ X+kqLls ds vfrjsd ls yxrk gS fd lkFkh lq[knso dh rch;r [k+jkc gks x;h
gSA esjh lykg gS fd os FkksM+h nsj rd yEch&yEch lk¡l ysa vkSj vkjke djsaA esjk ;g ys[k
muds fy, Xywdkst+ dk dke djsxkA ysfdu lkFk gh eSa lkFkh lq[knso dks bl ckr ds fy,
èkU;okn nsuk pkgrk gw¡ fd muds ys[k us eq>s bl fo"k; ij vkSj vfèkd xgjkbZ ls
lkspus&le>us esa enn nh gSA
cgl dks vkxs c<+krs gq, viuh ckr 'kq: djus ls igys ;gk¡ ,d ckr Li"V gksrs
gq, Hkh fQj ls Li"V dj nsuk t+:jh yx jgk gSA ;g cgl vc fdlh ,d ykxr ewY;
?kVkus dh ek¡x ij dsfUnzr ugha jg x;h gSA e¡>ksys fdlku dkSu gSa vkSj muds izfr loZgkjk
n`f"Vdks.k D;k gks\ cgl vc bl loky ij dsfUnzr gSA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ
ds laJ;dkjh ds :i esa dSls vkSj fdu ek¡xksa ij xksycUn fd;k tk ldrk gS\ µ blh
lUnHkZ esa eSaus èkuh fdlkuksa dh ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ds lekukUrj NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus dh ckr dh gSA bl ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh
crkrs gq, lEiknd&e.My ds nks ys[k vk;s vkSj mleas blds lekukUrj NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dks laxfBr djus ds fy, lEiknd&e.My us ek¡xksa dh ,d yEch lwph Hkh is'k dhA eSa
ewj[k lEiknd&e.My vkSj mlls igys vk;s lkFkh uhjt ds ys[k ds rdks± ls lger ugha
gks ldk vkSj yEcs vUrjky ds ckn ,d ys[k fy[kdj cgl dks fQj ls 'kq: djus dk
iki dj fn;kA eSaus vius ys[k esa eq[;r% rhu loky mBk;s Fks %
1- eSaus vius ys[k esa ;g fn[kk;k Fkk fd dSls lEiknd&e.My NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gq, Hkh [+knq muds fy, ykxr
ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dh odkyr djrk gSA lEiknd&e.My us vius ys[k ^fdu ek¡xksa ij
yM+saxs NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku* esa ek¡xksa dh tks yEch lwph is'k dh gS µ muesa ,d dks NksM+dj
vU; lHkh ek¡x ns'k esa lHkh is'kksa&èkUèkksa ls tqM+h x+jhc vkSj eè;oxhZ; vkcknh dh lkekU;
ek¡xsa gaSA ,d gh ek¡x gS vkSj og gS NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks fj;k;rh nj ij fctyh&ikuh

50 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

nsus dh ek¡xA fctyh&ikuh [ksrh dh egÙoiw.kZ ykxr gSA ;fn fctyh&ikuh dks fj;k;rh
nj ij nsus dh ek¡x mBk;h tk ldrh gS rks ;g rdZ [kkn&cht dhVuk'kd vkfn ij Hkh
ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;kuh] lEiknd&e.My ,d rji+$ rks ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x
dks loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrk gS vkSj nwljh rji+$ [+kqn ;g ek¡x mBkus dh odkyr Hkh djrk
gSA lkFkh lq[knso vius ys[k esa bl ij pqIih lkèk x;s gSaA
lEiknd&e.My us viuh ek¡xksa dh yEch lwph izLrqr djrs gq, ,d vkSj ckr Hkh
dgh gSA mldk dguk gS fd iw¡thoknh fodkl us lHkh eè;oxhZ; rco+$ksa dh ek¡xksa esa
lekurk yk nh gSA ysfdu D;k mRiknu esa yxs eè;oxhZ; rco+$ksa vkSj lsokvks]a O;kikj vkfn
esa yxs eè;oxhZ; rco+$ksa dks ,d lkFk xksycUn djuk lEHko gS\ vkSj ;fn ,slk gks Hkh
tk;s rks Hkh mRiknu esa yxs eè;oxhZ; rco+$ksa dh eq[; ek¡x rks mRiknu ls gh tqM+h gqbZ
gksxhA ,slh fLFkfr esa ek¡xksa dh lwph esa ls [ksrh dh ykxr ?kVkus ls tqM+h fctyh&ikuh dks
fj;k;rh nj ij nsus dh ek¡x gh NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh eq[; ek¡x gksxhA bl gkyr esa
D;k lEiknd&e.My NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, eq[; ek¡x ds :i esa ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dh ek¡x dh odkyr ugha dj jgk gS\
2- ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gq, lEiknd&e.My us tks
ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k gS] eSaus vius ys[k esa mlds ,dkaxhiu vkSj mlds
vUrjfojksèkksa dks mtkxj dj fn;k FkkA lEiknd&e.My dk dguk Fkk fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
;kuh [kkn&cht] fctyh&ikuh vkfn dk nke ?kVus ls bldh o+$her [kkn&cht vkfn ds
m|ksxksa ds et+nwjksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+sxhA iw¡thifr viuk equki+$k o+$k;e j[kus ds fy,
et+nwjksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksM+saxs] e'khuhdj.k vkfn ds }kjk et+nwjksa dh Hkkjh vkcknh dks
csdkjh ds nyny esa èkdsy nsaxsA eSaus loky mBk;k Fkk fd eg¡xkbZ ds f[k+yki+$ vke turk
ds vkUnksyu Hkh vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa ds nke ?kVkus dh ek¡x djrs gSa µ ,sls esa lEiknd&e.My
ds rdks± ds vuqlkj blls Hkh mu m|ksxksa esa dke djus okys et+nwjksa ij o+$gj VwVsxkA rks
D;k lEiknd&e.My eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyuksa ds f[k+yki+$ gS\ eaSus fn[kk;k Fkk fd
lEiknd&e.My bl iwjs ekeys esa vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks ut+jvUnkt+ dj
nsrk gSA blfy, mldk ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k ,dkaxhiu dk f'kdkj gSA vkSj ;g fd bl
rdZ ds lgkjs NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY; dh ek¡x mBkus dks loZgkjk fojksèkh
ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA lkFkh lq[knso bl loky ij Hkh pqIih lkèk x;s gSaA
3- ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gq, lEiknd&e.My vkSj
lkFkh uhjt dk eq[; rdZ Fkk] fdlkuksa dh ykxr esa et+njw h Hkh 'kkfey gksrh gS vkSj blfy,
bl ek¡x dks mBkus dk eryc gksxk µ et+njw h de djus dh ek¡xA eSua s vius ys[k esa dgk
Fkk fd e¡>ksyk fdlku eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS vkSj
dHkh&dHkh vkSj vkikr fLFkfr;ksa eas gh et+nwj yxkrk gS] blfy, mldh ek¡x esa et+nwjh
;k fdlh Hkh :i esa Je dh ykxr ?kVkus dh ek¡x 'kkfey ugha gks ldrh gSA blfy, bl
rdZ ds lgkjs bls loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 51
 lkFkh lq[knso us blh loky ij vius dks dsfUnzr fd;k gS vkSj eqDdk Bksd a dj ?kksf"kr
dj fn;k gS fd e¡>ksys fdlku dh [ksrh vc mtjr ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA gkyk¡fd ßos
bruk vfèkd equki+$k ugha dek ikrs fd os bls [ksrh esa iqu% fuos'k djds vkSj t+ehu [k+jhn
dj èkuh fdlkuksa dh tekr esa 'kkfey gks ldsaA ,slk buesa ls cgqr de gh dj ikrs gSaA
buesa ls T+;knkrj dh fu;fr ;gh gksrh gS fd bUgsa nsj&lcsj mtjrh loZgkjkvks&a v)ZloZgkjkvksa
dh o+$rkjksa esa gh 'kkfey gksuk gksrk gSAÞ
Li"V gS fd vc cgl eq[;r% bl loky ij vkdj fVd x;h gS fd e¡>ksyk fdlku
dkSu gS\ ge fdls dgsaxs e¡>ksyk fdlku\
lcls igys rks eSa ;g ckr dguk pkgw¡xk fd lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa ,slk dksbZ
Hkh oxZ loZgkjk oxZ dk nksLr ugha gks ldrk] ftldk vfLrRo mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij
fVdk gksA lkFkh lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My ftls e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gSa vxj ogh
e¡>ksyk fdlku gS rks mls laxfBr djus dh ckr gh Hkwy tkuh pkfg,A og vius iwjs
vfLrRo ds lkFk loZgkjk ØkfUr dk fojksèkh gSA ,sls esa lEiknd&e.My }kjk mls laxfBr
djus ds fy, tks yEch lwph is'k dh x;h gS µ og ,d izfrfØ;koknh o+$ne gSA vkSj
njvly ,slk gh gS HkhA D;ksafd ftls os e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gSa] og loZgkjk dk
laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha] NksVk&eksVk dqyd gS] èkuh fdlku gSA
njvly] [ksrh esa iw¡thoknh fodkl vkSj oxZ foHksnhdj.k ds lkFk gh ik¡p rjg ds
oxZ vfLrRo esa vkrs gSa % iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh( tks yxHkx m|ksx dh rjg gh viuh [ksrh
djrk gS] mldh [ksrh iwjh rjg mtjr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA ysfdu mRiknu izfØ;k esa
os [+kqn viuk dksbZ Je ugha yxkrs gSaA
èkuh fdlku ;k dqyd( ftudh [ksrh eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% mtjrh Je ij vkèkkfjr
gksrh gSA ysfdu mRiknu izfØ;k esa os [+kqn Hkh viuk Je yxkrs gSaA
e¡>ksyk fdlku( ftldh [ksrh eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% mlds [+kqn ds Je ij vkèkkfjr
gksrh gS] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh og et+njw Hkh yxkrk gSA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds oxZ&pfj=k dks le>us
ds fy, bls rhu fgLlksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS µ mPp&eè;e fdlku dk
oxZ&pfj=k dqydksa ds ut+nhd dk gksrk gS vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ;gh fgLlk dHkh&dHkh
et+nwj yxkrk gSA eè;e&eè;e fdlkuksa dk fgLlk vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk
gSA fuEu&eè;e fdlkuksa dk fgLlk fupyh iSMh+ ij [kM+s x+jhc fdlkuksa ds ut+nhd dk gksrk
gS vkSj ;g dHkh&dHkh et+nwjh Hkh djrk gSA
blds ckn vkrs gSa x+jhc fdlku vkSj et+nwjA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk cqfu;knh pfj=k
mlds chp okys fgLls ls gh fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS] bldk Åij okyk fgLlk vkSj uhps okyk
fgLlk mlds pfj=k ds mu igyqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSa] tks ,d rji+$ rks bldh dqydksa
ls ut+nhdh vkSj nwljh rji+$ loZgkjk oxZ ls ut+nhdh fn[kkrs gSa vkSj Hkfo"; dh bldh
xfr dks fpfÌr djrs gSaA
ysfuu tgk¡ dgha Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ ds nksLr ds :i esa lkFk ysus dh
52 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
odkyr djrs gSa ogk¡ os blds ml oxZ&pfj=k ij t+ksj nsrs gSa tks eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius
Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS vkSj mtjrh Je dk 'kks"k.k ugha djrk gSA ysfdu tc os
,sls yksxksa ls fuiV jgs gksrs gS]a elyu es'a ksfodksa ls] tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk dh rjg
gh esgurd'k crkrs gSa] rks os muds ealwcksa dk inkZi+$k'k djrs gq, e¡>ksys fdlku ds ml
oxZ&pfj=k dks iwjs t+ksj ds lkFk fpfÌr djrs gSa] tks mls dqydksa dk ut+nhdh cukrk gSA
blds vykok] ysfuu }kjk vyx&vyx le; ij fy[ks ys[kksa esa e¡>ksys fdlku ds
vyx&vyx i{kksa ij t+ksj 'kk;n blfy, Hkh gks fd iw¡thoknh fodkl dh vxyh eaft+yksa
esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds Åijh Lrj dk vuqikr c<+k gksA ysfdu bl ij esjk dksbZ vè;;u
u gksus ls eSa bl ij dksbZ fVIi.kh ugha dj ldrkA
njvly iw¡thoknh fodkl tSls&tSls vkxs c<+rk gS] tSls&tSls Ñf"k iwjh rjg ckt+kj
ij fuHkZj gksrh tkrh gS vkSj tSl&s tSls mRiknu izfØ;k dk e'khuhdj.k gksrk tkrk gS] e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds chp okys vkSj fupys fgLls dk rsth+ ds lkFk loZgkjkdj.k gksrk tkrk gS] tcfd
Åij okys fgLls dk dqydhdj.k gksrk tkrk gSA [k+kldj [ksrh ds fodflr byko+$ksa vkSj
muesa Hkh [k+kldj uo+$nh i+$lyksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd i+$lyksa okys byko+$ksa esa ;g izfØ;k rst+h
ds lkFk ?kfVr gqbZ vkSj gks jgh gSA ;gk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds chp okys fgLls dk vfLrRo
rst+h ds lkFk feV jgk gSA bl ij dksbZ Bksl vè;;u esjh tkudkjh esa ugha gSA ysfdu
bruk r; gS fd bu byko+$ksa esa vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djus okyk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dk ;g fgLlk ux.; gksrk tk jgk gSA bl chp okys fgLls vkSj fupys fgLls ds
loZgkjkdj.k ls loZgkjkvksa vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dh la[;k rst+h ds lkFk c<+ jgh gSA blds
lkFk gh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds Åijh fgLls dk dqydhdj.k Hkh c<+k gS vkSj vc og o+$t+Z ysdj
[ksrh esa fuos'k djrk gS rFkk eq[;r% mtjr ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA njvly ;g
izfØ;k tSls&tSls vkxs c<+rh gS gekjs fy, e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky gh lekIr gks tkrk
gSA bldk cSjksehVj gS chp okyk fgLlkA vxj vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djus okys
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk fgLlk la[;k dh n`f"V ls ux.; gks x;k rks fQj loZgkjk ØkfUr ds fy,
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk tfVy ipM+k gh lekIr gks x;kA D;ksafd blds lkFk blh izfØ;k esa
mlds Åijh fgLls dk dqydhdj.k gks tkrk gS vkSj fupyk fgLlk x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj
loZgkjkvksa dh tekr esa tk [kM+k gksrk gSA NksVh tksr okys os fdlku tks o+$t+Z ysdj eq[;r%
mtjr ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrs gSa] os e¡>ksys fdlku ugha NksVs&eksVs dqyd gSaA nsgkrksa esa
loZgkjk oxZ dh et+nwjh dh yM+kbZ ds f[k+yki+$ os cM+s dqydksa ls de mxzrk ds lkFk ugha
[kM+s gksxa As cM+h iwt
¡ h NksVh iwt
¡ h dks fuxy tkrh gS lks os Hkh rckg gks tk;sxa As ysfdu muds
ckjs esa ge rHkh lkspsaxs tc os rckg gksdj loZgkjk dh ik¡rksa eas 'kkfey gks tk;saxsA
gk¡] ,d ckr ;gk¡ vkSj è;ku nsus dh gSA tc rd NksVh tksr okys bu dqydksa dk
vkèkkj cuk jgsxk vkSj tc rd [ksrh dk iw¡thoknh fodkl ml eaft+y ij ugha igq¡prk
fd vU; oxks± dks gt+e dj iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh oxZ ,dek=k 'kks"kd oxZ ds :i esa [kM+k gks
tk;s rc rd lektoknh ØkfUr ds ckn e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh leL;k fQj ls mBus dh
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 53
lEHkkouk cuh jgsxh] D;ksafd NksVh tksr okys dqyd ml le; mtjr dk 'kks"k.k ugha dj
ldsaxs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlku cu tk;saxsA
[ksrh ds vis{kkÑr de fodflr vkSj fiNM+s byko+$ksa esa Hkh mi;qZDr izfØ;k tkjh
gS vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds ckn rst+ gqbZ gSA ysfdu vHkh ;gk¡ mu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk vkèkkj
bruk ugha fldqM+k gS tks vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrs gSaA gkyk¡fd] ;gk¡ Hkh e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds Åijh fgLls dk dqydhdj.k vkSj chp o fupys fgLls dk loZgkjkdj.k rst+h
ls c<+k gSA ftlds pyrs gh x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj et+nwjksa dh la[;k rst+h ds lkFk c<+h gSA
;gk¡ ,d ,slh izfØ;k Hkh fn[kk;h nsrh gS] ftlesa [ksrh esa iw¡th ds fodkl ds vykok dbZ
vU; i+$SDVj Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ,d fgLls ds dqydhdj.k dks xfr ns jgs gSaA t+ehankjh
VwVus ds ckn mPp tkfr;ksa ds e¡>ksyh tksr ds fdlkuksa us x+jhch >syrs gq, Hkh yEcs le;
rd gy ugha idM+k Fkk] ckn esa iw¡thoknh fodkl ls iSnk gqbZ vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj
iw¡th dh ekj us mUgsa lPps vFkks± esa e¡>ksyk fdlku cuk fn;k FkkA gkyk¡fd fQj Hkh mPp
tkfr;ksa vkSj eè;e o fuEu tkfr;ksa ds e¡>ksys fdlkuksa eas bruk vUrj rks jgk gh fd mPp
tkfr;ksa dh vkSjrsa lkekU;r% [ksr esa dke djus ugha tkrh gSaA vc ,d ckj fQj ifjokj
dh Ñf"k ls brj] ukSdjh ;k vU; O;olk; ls vk; c<+rs gh bl e¡>ksys fdlku dk
dqydhdj.k rst+h ls c<+k gSA Hkys gh ml t+ehu ls mls dqN [k+kl gkfly u gks] og mls
csprk ugha gSA og mldh ukd gSA ;gha ls mHk;thoh oxks± ¼xk¡o esa e¡>ksys ;k èkuh fdlku
vkSj 'kgj esa et+nwj½ dh leL;k Hkh iSnk gksrh gSA og iwjh [ksrh cVkbZ ij ns nsrk gS ;k
et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djrk gSA mlesa ls mls dqN equki+$k gkfly gks ;k ugha] dksbZ i+$o+$Z
ugha iM+rk] ge mls e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha dg ldrsA og vius iwjs vfLrRo ds lkFk loZgkjk
fojksèkh gSA vU; tkfr;ksa ds e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa Hkh ;g ifj?kVuk fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ysfdu
mPp tkfr;ksa ds e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa ;g vfèkd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA 'kk;n ,slk blfy,
Hkh gks fd mPp tkfr;ksa ds e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh Ñf"k ls brj vk; vU;kU; dkj.kksa ls vfèkd
c<+h gksA ysfdu Je fojksèkh tkfrxr ekufldrk Hkh blesa Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA veweu
NksVh&e¡>ksyh tksr ds bu dqydksa dks e¡>ksyk fdlku le> fy;k tkrk gSA t+ehankjh VwVus
ds ckn iSnk gq, NksVh&e¡>ksyh tksr ds mPp tkfr;ksa ds dqydksa dks Hkh e¡>ksyk fdlku le>us
dh gh lksp ekStnw jgh gSA nsgkr ds byko+$ksa esa et+njw ksa dk l'kDr vkUnksyu gh bl tfVyrk
dks lekIr dj ldrk gS D;ksafd blls ;k rks os mtM+ tk;saxs] ;k fQj lPps vFkks± esa e¡>ksys
fdlku cu tk;saxsA
bl rjg iw¡th dh ekj ls rckg gksus ds lkFk gh vU; izfØ;kvksa ds t+fj;s Hkh ml
e¡>ksys fdlku dk vkèkkj fldqM+ jgk gS tks vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA ysfdu
fQj Hkh ;s izfØ;k,¡ bruh rst+ ugha gSa fd ;gk¡ Hkh e¡>ksys fdlku ds ipM+s ls gesa tYnh
eqfDr fey ldsA gkyk¡fd bl ij Hkh dksbZ vè;;u miyCèk u gksus ls Bksl&Bksl dqN Hkh
dg ikuk fi+$ygky lEHko ugha gSA esjs [k+;ky ls mi;qZDr ppkZ esa lkFkh lq[knso ds reke
lokyksa dk tokc vk pqdk gSA vkSj vc le> ds bl èkjkry ij [kM+s gksdj [+kqn esjs
54 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
fy, Hkh ;g loky [kM+k gks x;k gS fd if'peh mÙkj izns'k ds fodflr [ksrh ds byko+$ksa
esa ;fn e¡>ksys fdlku dk vkèkkj rst+h ds lkFk fldqM+ jgk gS rks Hkyk ogk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dks laxfBr djus ds fy, ykxr ewY; dh ek¡x D;ksa mBk;h tk;s\ ;w¡ rks vè;;u ds ckn
gh fdlh Bksl urhts ij igq¡pk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ,slk yxrk gS fd [ksrh ds fodflr
byko+$ksa esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky yxHkx lekIr gks pqdk gS ;k fQj fudV Hkfo"; esa
lekIr gks tk;sxkA
lkFkh lq[knso dh ew[kZrkiw.kZ dVwfDr;ksa vkSj muds ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k ij fVIi.kh
djus dh ew[kZrk rks eSa ugha djuk pkgrk] ysfdu ;gk¡ fcUnqokj dqN ckrsa dg nsuk mfpr
gksxkA
eSaus vius ys[k esa dgk Fkk fd %
µ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dk loky rc rd gkFk eas ugha fy;k tk ldrk
tc rd nsgkr esa dE;qfuLVksa ds usrR` o esa l'kDr et+njw vkUnksyu iSnk u gks x;k gksA ykxr
ewY; ds loky ij fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus dh leL;kvksa dks bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[kdj
gh ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
µ e¡>ksyk fdlku equki+$s ds fy, [ksrh ugha djrk gSA [ksrh fiNM+h gqbZ Fkh] rks og
yxHkx lHkh i+$lysa [+kqn gh mxk ysrk FkkA [ksrh esa iw¡thoknh fodkl ds ckn fdlku fli+$Z
dqN i+$lysa gh mxkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa cspdj t+:jr dh vU; i+$lysa ckt+kj ls [k+jhnrs gSaA
blfy, i+$lyksa dk ykHkdkjh ewY; c<+us ls mudk dksbZ i+$k;nk ugha gksxkA nwljh rji+$]
ykxr ewY; c<+us ls iw¡th u gksus ds pyrs muds fy, [ksrh djuk lEHko ugha jg x;k
gSA ykxr ?kVus ls mudks ;g i+$k;nk gksxkA lkFk gh ;fn blls vukt dk nke fxjrk gS
rks mudk uqo+$lku ugha gksxk D;ksafd os dqN i+$lysa csprs gSa vkSj dqN i+$lysa [k+jhnrs gSaA
;g lkekU; fLFkfr gS µ NksV&s cM+s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fglkc ls xf.kr yxkus ij blesa mruh
tfVyrk rks lkeus vkuh gh gS] ftruh tfVyrk eè;e oxZ ds pfj=k ds lkFk tqM+h gSA
µ m)j.k dks dk¡Vus&Nk¡Vus dk vkjksi x+yr gS µ mlls mldk eryc vkSj lUnHkZ
ugha cnyk gSA cfYd ,d ckr dks lq[knso us myVk dj fn;k gS µ eSaus m)j.k ds ekè;e
ls ;g dgk gS fd ysfuu ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x dk ntkZ nsrs
ugha fn[kk;h nsrs µ lq[knso us ,sls fy[kk gS tSls m)j.k nsdj ;g dg jgk gw¡ fd ysfuu
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus dh odkyr dj jgs gSaA nksuksa ckrsa vyx&vyx gSaA
µ esjs ys[k esa okftc ewY; ij ncko cukus dh ckr bl lUnHkZ esa Fkh fd phuh
fey&ekfydksa us ,dk,d xUus dk nke ?kVk fn;k FkkA ,sls esa xUus dh [ksrh djus okys e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds laxBu dh ;g O;kogkfjd etcwjh gksxh fd os blds fojksèk esa cksysaA ysfdu
fQj Hkh esjs ys[k esa ;g ,d j.kuhfr tSlh yxrh gS] blfy, og x+yr gSA ysfdu bldks
ykHkdkjh ewY; ls vyx djds ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dk eryc gksrk
gS] ykxr ij dqN izfr'kr equki+$k tksM+dj i+$ly dk nke r; djus dh ek¡xA
¼fcxqy] tuojh 2005½
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 55
 eè;e fdlku vkSj ykxr&ewY; dk loky
cgl dk lEikndh; lekgkj
pw¡fd bl iwjh cgl dh 'kq#vkr ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ds] loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k ls
vkSfpR;&vukSfpR; dks ysdj gqbZ Fkh] blfy, ge ;gha ls viuh ckr 'kq: djuk mfpr
le>rs gSaA
bl iwjh cgl esa lEiknd&e.My iwjh rjg ls lkFkh lq[knso vkSj lkFkh uhjt dh
vofLFkfr ds lkFk gSA eè;e fdlkuksa dks lkFk ysus ds fy, [ksrh dk ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dh ek¡x dk leFkZu djuk ;k Lo;a bl ek¡x ij mUgsa laxfBr djuk] ;k mUgsa ,slk lq>ko
nsuk] ,d loZgkjk vofLFkfr u gksdj Bhd blds myV gSA
bl i{k esa gekjk igyk rdZ ogh gS tks ge ^fcxqy* tuojh 2003 ds vad esa ns
pqds gSaA eku ysa fd ;fn m|ksxifr fdlh fdlku vkUnksyu dh ek¡x ekudj Ñf"k
midj.kksa&moZjdksa&dhVuk'kdksa vkfn dh o+$her de Hkh dj nsa vkSj eku ysa fd ;g ?kVksÙkjh
fdlh rjg dh rhu&frdM+e djds Ñf"k&mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer u gksus nh tk;s] rks
Hkh iw¡thifr dk equki+$k de ugha gksxk cfYd bldh o+$her mlds dkj[k+kus esa dke djus
okys et+nwj dks pqdkuh iM+sxhA ;kuh eè;e fdlku dh ;g ek¡x et+nwj oxZ dh o+$her
ij gh iwjh gks ldrh gSA nwljh ckr ;g fd ;fn Ñf"k midj.k] moZjd] fctyh] cht vkfn
dh o+$her ?kV Hkh tk;s rks ;g ?kVksÙkjh lhèks Ñf"k&mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer gks tk;sxhA
pw¡fd eè;e fdlku vius mRiknksa dk miHkksx djus ds lkFk gh] vkSj dqN vU; vukt
¼tks og iSnk ugha djrk½ [k+jhnus ds lkFk gh] viuh fofHkUu t+:jrksa ds fy, dqN
dkj[k+kuk&mRikn Hkh [k+jhnrk gS vkSj blds fy, mls vius Ñf"k&mRikn dk ,d fgLlk
ckt+kj esa cspuk Hkh iM+rk gS] vr% ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x oLrqr% mls dksbZ [k+kl ykHk
Hkh ugha igq¡pk ldrhA gk¡] ;g mls et+nwj oxZ ds fo#) vo'; [kM+k dj nsxhA
ge ^fcxqy* tuojh 2003 esa ;g Hkh mYys[k dj pqds gaS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dk
rdZ fli+$Z ;gha rd tk ldrk gS fd eè;e fdlku py iw¡th dks] ;kuh Je&'kfDr ij
gksus okys [k+pZ dks ?kVk;s] ;kuh vius [ksrksa esa dke djus okys mtjrh et+nwjksa dks vkSj
vfèkd fupksM+sA bl ckjs esa lkFkh ,l- izrki dk tokch rdZ Fkk fd eè;e fdlku vius
[ksrksa esa [+kqn ifjokj lfgr Je djrk gS] mtjrh et+nwjksa ls dke gh ugha ysrk ¼ckn esa
dqN lqèkkjdj mUgksaus viuh vofLFkfr ;w¡ j[kh fd mPp&eè;e fdlku mtjrh et+nwjksa ls
FkksM+k cgqr dke ysrk gS½A bl iz'u ij ge vkxs fopkj djsaxsA
56 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 z
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dk fojksèk djus ds ihNs gekjk tks cqfu;knh rdZ gS] og
;g gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x NksVs@e¡>ksys ekfydkus dh fdlkuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds
izfr eè;e fdlku ds eksgHkze dks c<+kus dk dke djrh gS vkSj mls loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk
vkcknh ls nwj cM+s ekfyd fdlkuksa ds fudVrj ys tkus dk dke djrh gSA ,dne 'kq:
ls gh dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu dk cqfu;knh dke ;g gksrk gS fd og NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku dk
;g oge nwj djs fd iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa og èkuh gks ldrk gS] ;k ;gk¡ rd fd] mldh
vFkZO;oLFkk viuk vfLrRo cuk;s j[k ldrh gSA ;g oge] tc rd vkSj ftl gn rd]
cuk jgsxk] rc rd vkSj ml gn rd] e¡>ksys fdlku iwt ¡ hoknh i+$keZjks&a dqydks&a èkuh fdlkuksa
ds gh fiNyXxw cus jgsaxsA ekDlZ us dki+$h igys] ^ywbZ cksukikrZ dh vBkjgoha czwesj* esa gh
;g egÙoiw.kZ LFkkiuk ns nh Fkh fd fdlku ßtSls gh NksVh [ksrh esa viuk fo'okl R;kx
nsaxs] oSls gh bl NksVh [ksrh ij [kM+h lewps jkT; dh vêkfydk èkjk'kk;h gks tk;sxhAÞ
ysfuu us fdlkuh ds loky ij fopkj djrs gq, bl elys ij ckj&ckj vkSj cgqr
vfèkd t+ksj fn;k gS fd dE;qfuLV NksVs ekfydkus dh [ksrh dh iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr
vifjgk;Z rckgh ds ckjs esa NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks yxkrkj crkrs gSa vkSj mUgsa bl lPpkbZ
ls voxr djkrs gSa fd loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k gksdj iw¡thifr oxZ ds fo#) la?k"kZ gh
muds lkeus ,dek=k O;kogkfjd fodYi gSA dE;qfuLV fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa ,sls fdlh
ukjs ;k ek¡x dk leFkZu ugha dj ldrs tks NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfydksa dks FkksM+h nsj ds fy, Hkh
lhèks loZgkjk oxZ ds fo#) cM+s ekfydksa ds i{k esa [kM+k dj nsrh gksA loZgkjk oxZ loZgkjk
ØkfUr ds laJ;dkjh oxZ ds fgrksa dk bl :i esa i{kèkj dnkfi ugha gks ldrk fd mls
vius 'k=kq oxZ ds ikys esa èkdsy nsA ,l- izrki Lo;a Lohdkj djrs gSa fd ßykxr ewY;
?kVkus dk Hkh dqy feykdj lcls vfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxkÞ ysfdu fQj
Hkh ,d ßrkRdkfyd ek¡xÞ ds :i esa os bl ek¡x ds i{kèkj gSaA D;ksafd ß;g mUgsa loZgkjk
oxZ ds o+$jhc [kM+k dj ldrh gS¼\½] D;ksafd ;g eg¡xkbZ ij jksd yxkus dh O;kid turk
dh ek¡x ls tqM+rh gSAÞ ;gk¡ fQj lkFkh ,l- izrki ,d ypj rdZ izLrqr djrs gq, ut+j
vkrs gSaA ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dk cqfu;knh pfj=k ;g gS fd ;g Hkh eq[;r% èkuh
fdlku dh gh ek¡x gS] ;g eè;e o NksVs fdlkuksa dks ,d foHkze dk f'kdkj cukdj xk¡o
ds iSekus ds eq[; 'k=kq iw¡thoknh i+$keZjksa&dqydksa ds lkFk uRFkh dj nsrh gS vkSj et+nwj oxZ
ds f[k+yki+$ ys tk [kM+k djrh gSA
lkFkh ,l- izrki loky mBkrs gSa fd ßD;k lEiknd&e.My eg¡xkbZ ds f[k+yki+$
O;kid turk ds vkUnksyu ds fojksèk esa [kM+k gksxk\ D;ksafd ;g ek¡x Hkh vU; vkS|ksfxd
mRiknksa ds nke ?kVus ;k mudk nke c<+us ls jksdus dh odkyr djrh gSA ,sls esa mu m|ksxksa
esa dke djus okys et+njw ksa dks gh bldh o+$her pqdkuh gksxhAÞ gekjk lhèkk&lk mÙkj gksxk
µ ughaA eg¡xkbZ ds f[k+yki+$ O;kid turk dk vkUnksyu cgql[a ;d esgurd'k vkcknh vkSj
fuEu eè; oxZ dk lk>k vkUnksyu gksrk gS tks ckt+kj esa jk'ku] diM+k] nok o miHkksx
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 57
dh vU; oLrqvksa dh c<+rh o+$herksa ls ijs'kku gksrk gSA x+kSjryc gS fd eg¡xkbZ&fojksèkh
tu&vkUnksyu mlh cgqla[;d vkcknh ds lHkh oxks± dk la;qDr vkUnksyu gksrk gS tks
[ksrksa&dkj[k+kuksa esa mu lHkh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrh gSA ;g la;qDr vkUnksyu turk ds
fdlh ,d oxZ dks nwljs ds f[k+yki+$ ugha [kM+k djrk] cfYd mu lHkh mRiknd oxks± }kjk
miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dh eg¡xkbZ ds fo#) laxfBr gksrk gS] tks blds lkFk&lkFk viuh ixkj
c<+kus ds fy, Hkh yM+rs gSaA bl rjg iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj iw¡thoknh i+$keZjksa ij lHkh esgurd'k
oxks± dk ncko nksuksa vksj ls lkFk&lkFk iM+rk gSA miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dh o+$hersa ?kVkus ds
fy, cgql[a ;d vkcknh ds la;Dq r vkUnksyu dh rqyuk Ñf"k dk ykxr ewY; ?kVkus ds fy,
ekfyd fdlkuksa ds vkUnksyu ls djuk ljklj ew[kZrk gksxh] D;ksfa d ;g vkUnksyu mRiknd
esgurd'k oxks± dk lk>k vkUnksyu ugha gS] cfYd ;g NksV&s e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks yqVjs s
cM+s ekfydksa ds lkFk ,dtqV djrk gS rFkk loZgkjk oxZ ds f[k+yki+$ [kM+k djrk gSA
z
;gha ij viuh ,d egÙoiw.kZ x+yrh dh ppkZ] fo'ys"k.k vkSj vkRekykspuk Hkh ge
t+:jh le>rs gSaA NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks et+nwj oxZ ds lkFk ,sD;c) djus okyh
ek¡xksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, ^fcxqy* ds i+$jojh] 2003 ds vad esa geus fy[kk Fkk % ßx+jhc
vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ek¡x ;g gksuh pkfg, fd t+ehu lfgr mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ds
LokfeRo dh ,d lqfuf'pr ek=kk dks iSekuk cukdj] èkuh fdlkuksa vkSj vU; xzkeh.k
iw¡thifr;ksa ls fctyh vkSj ikuh dh o+$her olwyh tkuh pkfg,] tcfd mu lHkh fdlkuksa
dks tks equki+$s ds fy, iSnk ugha djrs lkis{kr% fj;k;rh nj ij fctyh&ikuh vkfn feyuk
pkfg,AÞ gekjh bl ek¡x dh lkFkh ,l- izrki us lgh gh vkykspuk dh gSA ;g ek¡x mDr
ys[k esa nh x;h vU; ek¡xksa ls esy ugha [kkrh] cfYd ,dne foijhr pfj=k j[krh gSA t+kfgjk
rkSj ij mDr ßfj;k;rh njksÞa dh HkjikbZ iwt ¡ hifr;ksa ;k èkuh fdlkuksa ls ugha cfYd et+njw ksa
dks fupksM+dj gh dh tk;sxh] blfy, et+nwj oxZ dh ikVhZ] rkRdkfyd rkSj ij Hkh] bl
ek¡x dk leFkZu ugha dj ldrhA ;g ek¡x Hkh] èkuh fdlkuksa ls oxZ&foHksn djus dh 'krZ
tksM+us ds ckotwn] eè;e vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dks et+nwj oxZ ds f[k+yki+$ [kM+k djrh gS vkSj
NksVs iSekus ds ekfydkus dh mez yEch djus ;k de ls de ,slk Hkze cuk;s j[kus dk gh
dke djrh gSA bl ek¡x dks 'kkfey djus ds ihNs] ¼,l- izrki dh gh rjg½ gekjs fnekx+
esa Hkh ;g Hkzked rdZ dke dj jgk Fkk fd lektoknh ØkfUr ds ckn Hkh rks eè;e vkSj
NksVs ekfydksa dks ,slh cgqrsjh fj;k;rsa nsuh iM+rh gSaA lkFkh lq[knso ¼fnlEcj] 2004½ us
lgh bafxr fd;k gS fd ØkfUr ds ckn u rks t+ehu dh [k+jhn&i+$jks[r dh vkSj u gh HkkM+s
ds et+nwjksa ls dke djkus dh btkt+r gksxh vkSj bl rjg e¡>ksyk fdlku u rks Je&'kfDr
dk 'kks"kd jg tk;sxk vkSj u gh equki+$k fupksM+dj èkuh fdlku cu ik;sxkA og fli+$Z
bu vFkks± esa e¡>ksyk fdlku jg tk;sxk fd ckt+kj esa vHkh Hkh tkjh eky&eqnzk O;oLFkk ds
vUrxZr vukt cspsxk vkSj 'ks"k lekt dh o+$her ij equki+$k cVksjsxkA ysfdu ml le;
jkT;lÙkk ij loZgkjk dk o+$Ct+k gksxk] mlds ihNs lewph loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh dk
58 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
leFkZu gksxk] mlds ikl foiqy lalkèku gksaxsA lkFk gh] lkewfgd vkSj jktdh; i+$kek±s ds
lSdM+ksa ,sls mnkgj.k gksaxs] ftuds t+fj;s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks lkewfgdhdj.k ds fy, jkth
fd;k tk ldsxkA bu gkykr esa turk dh lEifÙk ¼lkoZtfud dks"k½ ij cks> Mkydj
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ dh lÙkk Lo;a gh fj;k;rsa nsrh gS rkfd mUgsa lektokn ds
i{k esa yk;k tk ldsA vDVwcj ØkfUr ds ckn ,slk gh fd;k x;kA ysfdu bl uhfr dks
iwt¡ hokn ds vUrxZr ykxw djus dk eryc gksxk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ dh o+$her
ij csgrjh nsdj iw¡thoknh HkwLokfe;ksa&i+$keZjksa ds ikys esa èkdsyukA lektoknh ØkfUr dh
eaft+y esa NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, vkUnksyu ds eqíksa dh tks ,d dkedktw lwph
geus i+$jojh] 2003 ds vad esa izLrqr dh Fkh] mlesa ßfctyh&ikuh dh fj;k;rh njksaÞ dh
ek¡x dks o+$ÙkbZ 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrkA gk¡] vke miHkksx ds fy, lewph turk dks
fctyh&ikuh Hkh ¼f'k{kk vkSj fpfdRlk&lqfoèkk dh gh rjg½ fu%'kqYd miyCèk djkuk vo';
,d ,slh ek¡x gS] ftls ml lwph esa LFkku fn;k tk ldrk gSA
z
lkFkh ,l- izrki us ¼tuojh] 2005½ lkFkh lq[knso ds m)j.kks&a rdks± ¼fnlEcj 2004½
dh vuns[kh djrs gq, mu ij izopu ,oa vgEeU;rkiw.kZ dVwfDr;ksa dk vkjksi yxk;k gS]
tcfd Lo;a viuh fVIi.kh dh 'kq#vkr os dki+$h fryfeykgV Hkjh vuxZy dVwfDr;ksa ls
djrs gSa vkSj fQj dqN ekU; ekDlZoknh izLFkkiukvksa dk fi"Vis"k.k djrs gq, nk;as&ck;as
f[klddj viuh x+yrh dqN gn rd ßekurs gq, HkhÞ viuh bl ckr ij dqN vxj&exj
yxkdj MVs jgrs gSa fd ß,d rkRdkfyd ek¡xÞ ds rkSj ij ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dk
leFkZu loZFkk mfpr gSA xUuk fdlkuksa ls lEcfUèkr fVIi.kh esa ßfo'ks"k lUnHkZ esÞa ßokftc
ewY; ds fy, ncko cukus dh j.kuhfrÞ dk vkSfpR;&izfriknu djrs gq, os fcuk fdlh rdZ
ds bls ykHkdkjh ewY; ds eqís ls vyx crkrs gSa] ysfdu izdkjkUrj ls ykHkdkjh ewY; dk
Hkh vkSfpR;&izfriknu dj cSBrs gSa ¼uoEcj 2004½A ;fn os xUuk fdlkuksa ij viuh
fVIi.kh ls ysdj vius vfUre vkys[k ¼tuojh 2005½ rd ij ljljh fuxkg Mkysa rks
viuk nk;as&ck;as f[klduk vkSj yhikiksrh djuk mUgsa Lo;a ut+j vk tk;sxkA
uoEcj 2004 dh viuh fVIi.kh esa os dgrs gaS fd ,axsYl ftls NksVk fdlku dgrs
gSa] mls gh ysfuu e¡>ksyk fdlku dgrs gSaA ,axsYl dks u dsoy mUgksaus loZFkk x+yr le>k
gS] cfYd vèkwjk m)`r fd;k gSA ,axsYl e¡>ksys fdlku dks NksVk fdlku ugha dgrs] cfYd
teZuh vkSj iz+$kal dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk ;g izoxhZdj.k x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu&eè;e
fdlkuksa dks gh vius nk;js esa lesVrk gSA ^iz+$kal vkSj teZuh esa fdlkuksa dk loky* 'kh"kZd
viuh jpuk esa NksVs fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr vkSj muds izfr et+nwj oxZ dh ikVhZ ds #[k+ dh
ppkZ ds ckn mUgksaus vyx ls cM+s Hkwfeèkj fdlkuksa vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ppkZ dh gSA
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa os fy[krs gSa % ße¡>ksyk fdlku tgk¡ NksVh tksr okys fdlkuksa ds
chp jgrk gS] ogk¡ mlds fgr vkSj fopkj muds fgr vkSj fopkjksa ls cgqr vfèkd fHkUu
ugha gksrsA og vius rt+jcs ls tkurk gS fd mlds tSls fdrus gh yksx NksVs fdlkuksa dh
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 59
gkyr esa igq¡p pqds gSaA ij tgk¡ e¡>ksys vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa dk izkèkkU; gksrk gS vkSj Ñf"k
ds lapkyu ds fy, vkerkSj ij ukSdjksa vkSj ukSdjkfu;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ogk¡ ckr
fcydqy nwljh gh gSA dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd et+njw ksa dh ikVhZ dks izFker% mtjrh et+njw ksa
dh vksj ls] ;kuh bu ukSdjksa&ukSdjkfu;ksa vkSj fngkM+hnkj et+nwjksa dh vksj ls gh yM+uk gSA
fdlkuksa ls ,slk dksbZ ok;nk djuk fufoZokn :i ls fuf"k) gS] ftlesa et+nwjksa dh mtjrh
X+kqykeh dks tkjh j[kuk lfEefyr gksA ijUrq tc rd cM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk vfLrRo
gS] os mtjrh et+nwjksa ds fcuk dke ugha pyk ldrsA blfy, NksVh tksr okys fdlkuksa dks
gekjk ;g vk'oklu nsuk fd os bl :i esa lnk cus jg ldrs gS]a tgk¡ ew[kZrk dh ijkdk"Bk
gksxh] ogk¡ cM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ;g vk'oklu nsuk x+íkjh dh lhek rd igqp ¡ tkuk
gksxkÞ ¼^iz+$kal vkSj teZuh esa fdlkuksa dk loky*] iz+$s- ,axsYl ½A ,axsYl dh bl jpuk dks
;fn lkFkh ,l- izrki us Bhd ls i<+k gksrk rks os ,slk o+$rbZ ugha dgrs fd ,axsYl e¡>ksys
fdlku dks gh NksVk fdlku dgrs gSaA lkFk gh] mUgsa dki+$h gn rd fdlkuh ds loky ij
dE;qfuLV ut+fj;s dks Hkh tkuus esa enn feyrh vkSj os ;g le> tkrs fd et+nwj oxZ dh
ikVhZ fdlh Hkh :i esa NksVh tksr dks cjo+$jkj j[kus ;k ,slk Hkze nsus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrh
vkSj ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ,slh gh ,d dksf'k'k gSA
blh rjg os ysfuu dks vkèkk&vèkwjk m)`r djrs gq, ;g loky mBkrs gSa fd ßtgk¡
rd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky gS] os et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrs] rks Hkyk et+nwjh de
djus dh ek¡x D;ksa mBk;sxa \s Þ¼uoEcj] 2004½A lkFkh lq[knso us tc muds }kjk m)`r va'k
ds vèkwjis u dks bafxr fd;k gS vkSj bl ckjs esa ysfuu ds dqN vkSj m)j.k fn;s gSa ¼fnlEcj]
2004½ rks viuh ewy ckr ls FkksM+k nk;as&ck;as f[klddj lkFkh ,l- izrki eè;e fdlku
oxZ dk loZekU; foHksnhdj.k ¼mPp&eè;e] eè;&eè;e vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlku½ izLrqr
djrs gq, ;g dgus yxrs gSa fd ;g mPp&eè;e fdlku gS tks ßdHkh&dHkh dHkh&dHkh
dHkh&dHkhÞ ¼t+ksj gekjk½
et+nwj yxkrk gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh os bl ckr ij MVs jgrs gSa fd ftls lkFkh lq[knso vkSj
lEiknd&e.My us e¡>ksyk fdlku dgk gS] ßog loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha]
NksVk&eksVk dqyd gS] èkuh fdlku gSÞ¼tuojh] 2005½A
lkFkh lq[knso us vkt dh Hkkjrh; iw¡thoknh [ksrh dh mu fof'k"Vrkvksa dh ppkZ dh
gS] ftlesa mPp vkSj eè; e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk et+njw yxkuk rks vke pyu&lk gks gh x;k
gS] fuEu&eè;e vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks Hkh fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk djuk iM+rk gSA bl
elys ij iwoZ fLFkfr ls gVus vkSj fQj Hkh vius dks lgh fl) djus ds fy, lpeqp
lkFkh ,l- izrki dks dki+$h esgur djuh iM+h gSA
ysfuu us eè;e fdlku dk ckj&ckj xzkeh.k lekt ds ,d ,sls eè;orhZ laLrj ds
:i esa mYys[k fd;k gS ftldh o+$rkjksa ls xzkeh.k cqtqZvk oxZ vkSj xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ µ
nksuksa dh HkrhZ gksrh gS vkSj iw¡thoknh fodkl dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ftldh vofLFkfr furkUr
vfLFkj gksrh gSA mUgksua s bls ,d ßej.k'khy laLrjÞ¼^Mkbax LVSVª e*½ dh laKk nh gS] ftldk
,d NksVk&lk [+kq'kfo+$Ler fgLlk gh lkekftd Øe&fodkl dh izfØ;k esa Åij tk ikrk
60 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
gS vkSj cM+k fgLlk uhps] loZgkjk laLrjksa dh vksj èkdsy fn;k tkrk gS ¼,l-ih-
VªkisfT+udkso % ^ysfufuT+e ,.M n ,xzsfj;u ,.M iht+s.V Dos'pu*] [k.M&1] i`- 47½A
z
iw¡thoknh fodkl ds lkFk c<+rk oxZ&èkzqohdj.k eè;e fdlkuksa ds iwjs laLrj dks gh
fldksM+rk pyk tkrk gSA bl oxZ dk Lo;a rhu fgLlksa esa foHksnhdj.k rhoz gks tkrk gSA
mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa dk NksVk fgLlk dqydksa dh tekr esa vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlkuksa dk
cgql[a ;d fgLlk loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjkvksa dh o+$rkjksa esa tk feyrk gSA cpk gqvk eè; fgLlk
rc fQj eè;e fdlkuksa dk lewpk oxZ cu tkrk gS tks fQj Øe'k% rhu laLrjksa essa foHkkftr
gksdj Åij vkSj uhps dh vksj xfreku gksrk gSA bl rjg xk¡oksa esa Hkh Øe'k% iw¡th vkSj
Je ds chp èkzqohdj.k Li"V vkSj rh[kk gksrk tkrk gSA Ñf"k&vkèkkfjr vkSj lEc) {ks=k
dk fodkl bl izfØ;k dks vkSj rst+ dj nsrk gSA iw¡thoknh fodkl ds lkFk gh Ñf"k ls
fofu;ksftr vfèk'ks"k dks m|ksxksa o foÙkh; {ks=k esa yxkus ls tgk¡ ,d Lrj ij xk¡o vkSj
'kgj dk vUrj c<+rk tkrk gS] ogha] nwljs Lrj ij] tSlkfd ysfuu us fy[kk gS] ßokf.kT;
ds fodkl ds vkxs c<+us ds lkFk gh] xk¡o 'kgj ds o+$jhc vkrk tkrk gSÞ¼VªkisfT+udkso %
iwoksZ)`r] i`- 48½A èkhjs&èkhjs xk¡oksa esa Hkh iw¡thokn ds vUrjfojksèk mrus gh Li"V gksrs tkrs
gSa tSlsfd 'kgj esaA gkyk¡fd] ;g vyx ls foLr`r ppkZ dk fo"k; gS] ij ;gk¡ bruk mYys[k
t+:jh gS fd iw¡thoknh mRiknu dh fof'k"V izÑfr ds dkj.k vkSj iw¡thoknh fodkl ds
lkFk&lkFk lsok {ks=k ds foLrkj ds pyrs tgk¡ 'kgjh eè; oxZ dh mifLFkfr rks vkxs Hkh
u dsoy cuh jgsxh cfYd mldh la[;k Hkh c<+sxh] ogha NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys iw¡thifr;ksa dh
Hkh vis{kk rst+ xfr ls] eè;e fdlku oxZ fldqM+rk pyk tk;sxkA vc tks u;h lektoknh
ØkfUr Hkkjr tSls fiNM+s iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds ,ts.Ms ij gS] mlesa eè;e fdlku dh ¼igys
ls gh <qyeqy nksLr dh½ Hkwfedk vDVwcj ØkfUr ds eqo+$kcys Hkh dki+$h de gksxhA ge
¼1½ Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds bl u;s nkSj esa xk¡oksa esa foÙkh; iw¡th dh c<+rh iSB] ¼2½ fdlku
vkcknh ds foHksnhdj.k vkSj eè;e fdlku vkcknh ds daxkyhdj.k dh rhoz ls rhozrj gksrh
xfr rFkk ¼3½ 'kgjhdj.k dh rhoz xfr ds ckjs esa fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa }kjk izLrqr rF;ksa ,oa
iz{ksi.kksa ¼izkstsD'kal½ ij fuxkg Mkysa rks ;g Li"V gks tk;sxk fd yxHkx vkèkh lnh dh
eUFkj xfr ds ckn vc Hkkjr esa] vkSj ,sls reke fiNM+s iw¡thoknh ns'kksa esa] iw¡th dk ?kksM+k
reke izkd~&iw¡thoknh lajpukvksa dks fu.kkZ;d :i ls jkSan nsus ds fy, rS;kj gSA ;g ,d
vyx ls foLr`r ppkZ dk fo"k; gS] ysfdu bl iwjh izfØ;k dh bl rkfdZd ifj.kfr dk
;gk¡ mYys[k t+:jh gS fd eè;e fdlku ds loky dh cgqrjs h tfVyrkvksa dks bfrgkl Lo;a
gy djus dh fn'kk esa mUeq[k gSA NksVh vkSj e¡>ksyh tksr dh rckgh dk Hkfo"; Lo;a
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds lkeus igys ges'kk dh vis{kk vfèkd Li"V gksrk tk jgk gSA ,sls
esa] rkRdkfyd rkSj ij Hkh et+nwj oxZ ds gjkoy nLrs }kjk dksbZ ,slh ek¡x izLrqr djuk]
tks e¡>ksys ekfyd fdlkuksa dks èkuh ekfyd fdlkuksa ds i{k esa [kM+k djs] vOoy ntZs dh
vkRe?kkrh ew[kZrk gksxh] ljklj ikxyiu gksxkA
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 61
 z
;gk¡ bl ckr ij Hkh x+kSj djuk t+:jh gS fd ysfuu lektoknh ØkfUr ds dk;ZHkkjksa
ds lUnHkZ esa tgk¡ dgha Hkh oxZ&laJ; dh izÑfr dh ppkZ djrs gSa] ogk¡ os loZgkjk oxZ ds
lkFk x+jhc fdlkuksa dh lqn`<+ eS=kh ij] ;k nwljs <ax ls] vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk
xzkeh.k loZgkjk ,oa v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh dh lqn`<+ eS=kh ij cy nsrs gSaA vfèkdka'kr% os
eè;e fdlkuksa ds <qyeqyiu dh] muds fojksèk dks iaxq ;k fu"izHkkoh cukus dh] mUgsa èkuh
fdlkuksa ds i{k esa u tkus nsus dh ;k rVLFk dj nsus dh gh ppkZ djrs gSa] dgha&dgha gh
os mlds fupys laLrjksa dks lfØ; :i ls lkFk ysus dh ppkZ djrs gSaA Lrkfyu us Hkh
^ysfuuokn ds ewy fl)kUr* esa :lh ØkfUr dh nwljh voLFkk ¼ekpZ 1917 ls vDVwcj
1917 rd½ dk lekgkj djrs gq,] ØkfUr dh eq[; lsuk ds :i esa loZgkjk oxZ rFkk mlds
eq[; lgk;d ;k dksry lsuk ds :i esa x+jhc fdlku rd dh gh ppkZ dh gS] eè;e fdlku
dk mYys[k rd ugha fd;k gSA lektoknh ØkfUr ds oxZ&laJ; ds izfr ysfuu vkSj Lrkfyu
dh ;g igq¡p vkt] muds le; ls Hkh dbZ xquk vfèkd t+ksj ds lkFk ykxw djus dh t+:jr
gSA eè;e fdlku ds lkFk gekjk t+ksj bl ckr ij gksuk pkfg, fd og èkuh fdlkuksa ds
lkFk] vkSj lHkh 'kkld oxks± ds i{k esa] ;FkklEHko u [kM+k gks] xk¡o o 'kgj dh loZgkjk&
v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds fojksèk i{k esa ;FkklEHko u tk;s] Hkjld iw¡thoknh lÙkk&fojksèkh
ek¡xksa ij og loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds lkFk [kM+k gks vkSj èkuh fdlkuksa ds gkFkksa
viuh rckgh ¼D;ksafd ogh mldh t+ehusa [k+jhnrk gS½ dks T+;knk ls T+;knk iz[kj :i esas
eglwl djsA mldh gj ,slh rkRdkfyd ek¡x] tks mls FkksM+h nsj ds fy, Hkh ekfyd fdlkuksa
ds lkFk [kM+k djs] xk¡oksa esa oxZ&la?k"kZ dks rh[kk djus ds ctk; oxZ&vUrjfojksèkksa dks èkwfey
djus dk gh dke djsxh vkSj blfy, og iw.kZr% loZgkjk&fojksèkh gksxhA
eè;e fdlku ftl gn rd mtjrh X+kqykeh dk i{kèkj gS] ml gn rd mRiknu ls
tqM+h mldh fdlh ek¡x dks loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ ugha mBk ldrhA Lo;a ,d gn rd
mtjrh X+kqykeh djus okys ds :i esa vkSj mtjrh et+nwjksa dks fupksM+us okys cM+s fdlkuksa
ds gkFkksa rckg fd;s tkus ds pyrs] ftl gn rd og cM+s fdlkuksa dk fojksèkh gS vkSj
nsgkrh loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk ds fudV [kM+k gS] mlh gn rd] mRiknu ls tqM+h mldh ,slh
gh ek¡xkaas ij] loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ eè;e fdlkuksa dk i{k ys ldrh gSA vkSj vfèkd
lw{e foHksnhdj.k djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ x+jhc fdlkuksa ds
fudV [kM+s eè;e fdlkuksa ds fupys laLrj dks vius i{k esa djus] chp ds laLrj dks
rVLFk djus vkSj Åij ds laLrj dks vyx&Fkyx djus dh n`f"V ls gh viuh uhfr r;
djrh gSA iz'u dsoy vkS|ksfxd iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj iw¡thoknh jkT;lÙkk ds fo#) eè;e
fdlkuksa dks lkFk ysus dk ugha gS] blls Hkh dgha vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ iz'u xk¡o ds iSekus
ij oxZ&la?k"kZ laxfBr djus dk gS ¼tks fuf'pr rkSj ij iwt ¡ hoknh HkwLokfe;ks&a i+$keZjks&a dqydksa
vkSj xzkeh.k loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds chp gksxk½] vr% bl la?k"kZ ds eísut+j
loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ eè;e fdlkuksa dh ,slh fdlh rkRdkfyd oxhZ; ek¡x dk fdlh Hkh
62 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
fLFkfr esa leFkZu ugha dj ldrh tks eè;e fdlkuksa dks iw¡thoknh equki+$k[k+ksj cM+s
fdlkuksa ds lkFk vYidkfyd rkSj ij Hkh yk [kM+k djrh gksA
lkFkh ,l- izrki ;fn 1903 ls ysdj 1917 ds chp cksY'ksfodksa }kjk izLrqr rhuksa
Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d dk;ZØeksa ¼,xzsfj;u izksxzkEl½ dk] buds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku Iys[k+kukso]
vU; esas'ksfod usrkvksa ,oa nwljksa ds lkFk ysfuu dh cglksa vkSj erHksnksa dk rFkk iw¡thoknh
fodkl ,oa vU; jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa ds lkFk Hkwfe&lEcUèk&fo"k;d dk;ZØe esa Øe'k%
gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk vè;;u dj ysrs rks mUgsa bl iz'u ij my>koksa ls eqDr gksus esa
dki+$h enn feyrhA
ysfuu ,dkfèkd LFkkuksa ij ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd tc rd HkwLokeh oxZ vkSj Hkwnklrk
ds fo#) la?k"kZ y{; gksrk gS] dsoy rHkh rd iwjh fdlku vkcknh dekscs'k ,d ,dhÑr
oxZ tSlk O;ogkj djrh gSA blds vkxs] dsoy x+jhc fdlku gh tkrs gSa tks et+nwj oxZ
ds lkFk ,sD;c) gksrs gSa vkSj lektokn ds y{; ds fy, yM+rs gaSA blds lkFk&lkFk
NksVs&e¡>ksys feYdh oxks± ds bl fuEuiw¡thoknh foHkze ds fo#) la?k"kZ yxkrkj tkjh jgrk
gS fd iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr os le`) gks ldrs gSa ;k cjkcjh gkfly dj ldrs gSa ¼fn odZlZ
ikVhZ ,s.M fn ihts+.Vªh] ysfuu % dysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M&4 vkSj ,l-ih- VªkisfT+udkso %
iwoks)
Z r` ] i`- 91&92½A bl izfØ;k esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ,d fupyk fgLlk lkFk vk ldrk
gS] tcfd muds eè;orhZ laLrj dks rVLFk fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Åijh laLrj ds izfrjksèk
dks iaxq cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
:lh ikVhZ ds igys Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa fy[krs le; NksVs
HkwLokfeRo ds iz'u ij fopkj djrs gq, ysfuu us t+ksj nsdj ;g ckr dgh Fkh fd ge NksVs
ekfydkus dk leFkZu Hkwnklrk ds fo#) la?k"kZ esa djrs gSa] u fd iw¡thokn ds fo#) la?k"kZ
esaA muds vuqlkj ;g leFkZu Hkwnkl vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh lhekjs[kk
ij [kM+s :lh NksVs fdlkuksa dh vUrjfojksèkh fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, mfpr gS] gkyk¡fd ;g
,d viokn gS vkSj ek=k vLFkk;h leFkZu gS ¼^,xzsfj;u izksxzke vkWi+$ jf'k;u lks'ky
MseksØslh*] ysfuu % dysDVsM oDlZ] okWY;we&6] i`- 134&135½A ysfdu x+kSjryc ckr ;g
gS fd ml le; Hkh :lh lkekftd&tuoknh et+nwj ikVhZ dk eq[; t+ksj xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ij
FkkA tSl&s tSls iwt¡ hoknh fodkl dh izfØ;k vkxs c<+h] futh ekfydkus dks vLFkk;h leFkZu
dh mijksDr vofLFkfr ls ikVhZ gV x;h vkSj vkxs c<+ x;hA urhtk Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d
dk;ZØe esa cnyko ds :i esa vkxs ds nksuksa dk;ZØeksa esa nh[krk gSA
blh igq¡p ds vkèkkj ij geus eksVs rkSj ij mu ek¡xksa dks lw=kc) fd;k Fkk] tks
NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa vkSj xk¡o ds loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh dh] rFkk dbZ ekeyksa esa 'kgj
dh loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk o vke eè;oxhZ; vkcknh dh Hkh] lk>k ek¡xsa gks ldrh FkhaA ;s
lk>k ek¡xsa fo'kq) oxhZ; izÑfr dh gSa rFkk vfèkdka'kr% iw¡thoknh mRiknu o fofue; ls
lhèks tqM+h gqbZ gSaA ;g iw¡thokn dh mUur voLFkk dh ,d fof'k"V vfHkyk{kf.kdrk gS fd
fofHkUu esgurd'k oxks± dh ek¡xas lk>k gks tkrh gS]a fofHkUu eè;oxhZ; tekrksa dh ek¡xas lk>k
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 63
gks tkrh gSa rFkk dbZ ,d ekeyksa esa turk ds lHkh oxks± dh ek¡xas lk>k gks tkrh gSAa la;qDr
ekspsZ dk loky lcls igys bUgha lk>k ek¡xksa dh igpku dk loky gSA loZgkjk ØkfUr ds
laJ;dkjh oxZ dks NwV nsus dk iz'u jkT;lÙkk loZgkjk oxZ ds gkFk esa vkus ds ckn vkrk
gSA vkt eè;e fdlku ;fn ykxr ewY; ds iz'u ij yM+rk gS rks cs'kd yM+s] loZgkjk oxZ
mldh bl yM+kbZ dks leFkZu dnkfi ugha ns ldrkA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa ugha] D;ksafd ;g
iwt
¡ hokn ds fo#) yM+rs gq, NksVs ekfydkus dk leFkZu djus ds leku gksxkA cs'kd ,axYs l
dk ;g dguk lgh Fkk fd iw¡th ds gkFkksa NksVs fdlkuksa dh vifjgk;Z rckgh dh izrh{kk
djus ds ctk; mlds fdlku jgrs gq, ØkfUr ds i{k esa [kM+k fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ysfdu
bldk vFkZ ;g dnkfi ugha gks ldrk fd loZgkjk ds gjkoy NksVh fdlkuh dks cpkus ds
Hkze ;k ps"Vkvksa ds fgLlsnkj cusaA bldk eryc ek=k ;g gqvk fd cM+s ekfyd fdlkuksa
ds lkFk lk>snkjh okys eqíksa dks Nk¡Vdj NksVs ekfyd fdlkuksa dks mu ek¡xksa ij laxfBr
fd;k tk;s ftu ij mudh lk>snkjh xzkeh.k loZgkjk vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa ds lkFk curh gSA
z
vkSj vUr esa ,d vkSj ckrA tSlkfd Iys[k+kukso us dgk Fkk] ft+Unk yksx ft+Unk lokyksa
ij lksprs gSaA ykxr ewY; ?kVkus ds loky dk rks ge fdlh Hkh lwjr esa leFkZu ugha dj
ldrs] eè;e fdlku dh fdlh okftc rkRdkfyd ek¡x dk Hkh vkt dh rkjh[k+ esa leFkZu
dk dksbZ O;kogkfjd eryc ugha gSA ;g ,d [kkukiwfrZ ;k t+qckuh tek[k+pZ ek=k gh gksxkA
ysfuu us vius ,d 'kq#vkrh ys[k ß^turk ds fe=k* D;k gSa vkSj os lkekftd tuokfn;ksa
ls dSls yM+rs gSa Þ esa gh ;g Li"V dj fn;k Fkk fd dE;qfuLV lcls igys viuk lkjk
è;ku vkSj viuh lkjh xfrfofèk;k¡ et+nwj oxZ ij dsfUnzr djrs gSaA tc et+nwjksa ds mUur
izfrfufèk oSKkfud lektokn ds fopkjksa esa ikjaxr gks tkrs gSa vkSj et+njw oxZ dh ,sfrgkfld
Hkwfedk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ysrs gS]a mlds ckn gh os turk ds vU; oxks± dks laxfBr djus
esa lQy gks ldrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls] vkt dh viuh det+ksj fLFkfr esa] gesa loksZifj rkSj
ij viuk è;ku et+nwj oxZ ds chp ØkfUrdkjh izpkj ,oa vkUnksyu ds dke ij( mls
tkx`r] xksycUn vkSj laxfBr djus ij dsfUnzr djuk gksxkA gesa Hkkjr ds ØkfUrdkjh
dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu esa O;kIr ml uo&ujksnoknh HkVdko ls cpuk gksxk ftlds f'kdkj
fofHkUu xqzi et+nwj oxZ ds chp dke dks fdukjs NksM+dj] NksVs&e¡>ksys gh ugha cfYd cM+s
fdlkuksa lfgr lewph fdlkuh ds ladV dh fpUrk esa nqcys gq, tk jgs gSaA bl cgl dks
tkjh j[kus ds ihNs Hkh gekjk mís'; ;gh Fkk fd fdlkuh ds loky ij dE;qfuLV o+$rkjksa
vkSj mUur loZgkjk rÙoksa ds ut+fj;s dks lki+$ fd;k tk ldsA eè;e fdlkuksa dks laxfBr
djus ;k muds fdlh la?k"kZ dks leFkZu nsus dk eqík vHkh Hkkjr ds dE;qfuLV ØkfUrdkfj;ksa
ds ,ts.Ms esa Åij ugha gSA tc rd ,slh fLFkfr vk;sxh] oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fodkl
NksVs&e¡>ksys ekfydkus okyh fdlkuh ds eqís dks [+kqn gh dki+$h gn rd Li"V dj nsxkA
¼fcxqy] i+$jojh 2005½

64 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 dqrdZ] yhikiksrh vkSj vius gh vUrjfojksèkksa dh
uqekb'k dh gS ,l- izrki us
lq[knso

bl ckj ¼fcxqy] tuojh 2005 ds vad esa½ Jh ,l- izrki dh fVIi.kh ^e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk loky µ nks* i<+dj cgqr fujk'kk gqbZA blesa og vius
gh vUrjfojksèkksa dh uqekb'k yxkus ds vykok ,d Hkh u;h ckr dg ldus esa v{ke jgs
gSAa cgqr&lh ckrsa tks og igys gh dg pqds gSa ¼fcxqy] uoEcj 2004½] mudks mUgksua s cksfj;r
dh gn rd nqgjk fn;k gSA ;g rks Jheku ,l- izrki gh tkurs gksaxs fd dkx+t+] L;kgh
vkSj ^fcxqy* ds iUuksa ls mudh D;k nq'euh gS\ Hkys gh Jh ,l- izrki ds Åy&tywyokn
ij fVIi.kh dj lduk cgqr dfBu yx jgk gS] ij fQj Hkh dqN ,d fcUnqvksa ij la{ksi
esa ;gk¡ viuh ckr dg jgk gw¡ %
¼1½ Jh ,l- izrki ds ys[k dk cM+k fgLlk lEiknd&e.My ds vUrjfojksèkksa dks
^mtkxj* djus dks lefiZr gSA oSls ;s lc ckrsa dki+$h foLrkj esa og igys Hkh dg pqds
gSaA bu lokyksa ds ckjs esa] tks mUgksaus lEiknd&e.My ij mBk;s gSa] mUgksaus eq> ij pqIih
lkèk ysus dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA Jh ,l- izrki! esjs fiNys ys[k ¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 2004½
dk eq[; edln vkidh vui<+rk vkSj vKku dks mtkxj djuk FkkA vki ,d ,sls fo"k;
ij cgl dj jgs gSa] ftlds ckjs esa vkidh tkudkjh csgn vèkdpjh gS] ftls vkius vius
rkt+k ys[k ¼fcxqy] tuojh 2005½ esa eku Hkh fy;k gSA lEiknd&e.My us cgl dks vHkh
cUn ugha fd;k gSA vkidks Hkjkslk djuk pkfg, Fkk fd vki }kjk lEiknd&e.My ij
mBk;s x;s lokyksa dk tokc fn;k gh tk;sxkA exj Jheku vkius rks lEiknd&e.My ij
mBk;s x;s lokyksa ds ckjs esa mldk i{k tkus cx+Sj gh mls ew[kZ ?kksf"kr dj fn;k gSA
¼2½ vius fiNys ys[k ¼fcxqy] uoEcj 2004½ esa Jh ,l- izrki us cM+s t+ksj&'kksj
ls bl ckr dh odkyr dh Fkh fd e¡>ksyk fdlku mtjrh Je&'kfDr ugha [k+jhnrkA bl
ckr dh iqf"V ds fy, mUgksaus ysfuu ls Hkh enn ysus dh dksf'k'k dh Fkh vkSj mUgksaus bl
loky ij lkFkh uhjt vkSj lEiknd&e.My dks ysfuu ds fojksèk esa [kM+k djus dh dksf'k'k
dh FkhA exj tc geus ;g fn[kk;k fd ysfuu vius ys[ku esa txg&txg e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
}kjk mtjrh Je&'kfDr [k+jhns tkus dk ft+Ø djrs gSa] rks Jh ,l- izrki us [+kqn gh ysfuu

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 65

}kjk nh x;h e¡>ksys fdlku dh ifjHkk"kk dks udkj fn;kA vc og mtjrh Je&'kfDr
[k+jhnus okys e¡>ksys fdlku dks ^NksVk&eksVk* dqyd dg jgs gSaA Li"V gS fd lkFkh uhjt
;k lEiknd&e.My ;gk¡ ij ysfuu ds fojksèk esa ugh [kM+s gS]a cfYd gekjs ßekSfyd fpUrdÞ
Jh ,l- izrki gh ysfuu ds fojksèk esa gSaA
¼3½ Jh ,l- izrki }kjk ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh eq[;
ek¡x ds :i esa is'k fd;s tkus dh eSaus vius fiNys ys[k ¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 04½ esa dki+$h
foLrkj esa phjQkM+ dh FkhA exj Jh ,l- izrki bl loky ij esjs fdlh Hkh rdZ dks dkVus
esa v{ke jgs gSaA blds tokc esa mUgksaus dqN ÅViVk¡x ckrsa djds gh lcz dj fy;k gS vkSj
;g dgrs gq, fd ßesjs [k+;ky ls mi;qDZ r ppkZ esa lkFkh lq[knso ds reke lokyksa dk tokc
vk pqdk gSÞ [+kqn gh viuh ihB FkiFkik yh gSA gkyk¡fd ^fcxqy* ds ikBd [+kqn gh ns[k
ldrs gSa fd mUgksaus esjs }kjk mBk;s x;s ,d Hkh loky dk tokc ugha fn;k gSA
exj ykxr ewY; ds loky ij mUgksaus ,d u;h ckr t+:j dgh gSA mudk dguk
gS ßykxr ewY; c<+us ls iw¡th u gksus ds pyrs muds ¼e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds½ fy, [ksrh djuk
lEHko ugha jg x;k gSA ykxr ?kVus ls mudk ;g i+$k;nk t+:j gksxkAÞ exj mudk ;g
i+$k;nk gksxk ;k ugha( blds ckjs esa ge igys gh dki+$h ¼fcxqy] fnlEcj 2004½ ppkZ dj
pqds gSAa ;gk¡ ij Jh ,l- izrki dh uh;r dk t+:j irk py x;k gS fd og e¡>ksys fdlku
dks NksVs ekfyd ds :i esa gh cpk;s j[kus ds fy, vfr fpfUrr gSaA og ,d ,slh bPNk
iky jgs gSa tks lkekftd fodkl vkSj loZgkjk vkUnksyu ds fodkl ds fy, vfr [k+rjukd
gSA iwzèkksa] flleksUnh] :lh ujksnoknh ,slh gh bPNk,¡ j[krs FksA ge igys gh lkfcr dj
pqds gSa( fd fdlku loky dks og loZgkjk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ugha cfYd ,d fuEu iw¡thifr
ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[krs gSaA Jh ,l- izrki ekDlZ] ,axsYl ;k ysfuu ds ugha] cfYd iwzèkksa]
flleksUnh rFkk :lh ujksnokfn;ksa ds gh lPps f'k"; gSaA
¼4½ ^okftc ewY;* ds loky ij rks mUgksaus dqrdks± dk <sj gh yxk fn;k gSA vius
fiNys ys[k esa mUgksaus ßfo'ks"k lUnHkZÞ esa bl ek¡x dh fgek;r dh FkhA gekjk dguk gS
fd okftc ewY; ykHkdkjh ewY; gh gksrk gSA blds tokc esa og dqrdZ nsrs gSa fd ßesjs
ys[k esa okftc ewY; ij ncko cukus dh ckr bl lUnHkZ esa Fkh fd phuh fey&ekfydksa us
,dk,d xUus dk nke ?kVk fn;k FkkA ---ysfdu bldks ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ls vyx
djds ns[kuk pkfg,A ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dk eryc gksrk gS] ykxr ij dqN izfr'kr
equki+$k tksM+dj i+$ly dk nke r; djus dh uhfrAÞ ;gk¡ ij Jh ,l- izrki ds
vFkZ'kkL=k dh daxkyh ,dne lkeus vk tkrh gSA Jh ,l- izrki ls ;g loky iwNk
tkuk pkfg, fd D;k okftc ewY; i+$ly dks ykxr ewY; ij cspuk gksrk gS\ Jh ,l-
izrki dk ;g dqrdZ i<+dj eq>s cgqr igys lquk gqvk ;g 'ksj ;kn vk x;k ßgj 'kk[k
is mYyw cSBk gS] vUtkes xqfyLRkk¡ D;k gksxk---AÞ
eSua s vius fiNys ys[k esa ;g fn[kk;k Fkk fd ykxr ewY; ds loky ij Jh ,l- izrki
us ysfuu ds m)j.k dks dk¡V&Nk¡Vdj viuh vofLFkfr ds vuq:i cukus dh dksf'k'k dh
66 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
gSA bldh li+$kbZ esa og fy[krs gSa] ßlq[knso us ,sls fy[kk gS tSls m)j.k nsdj eSa ;g dg
jgk gw¡ fd ysfuu ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus dh odkyr dj jgs gSaAÞ exj Jheku
vxj ysfuu ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dh fgek;r gh ugha dj jgs rks vkius og m)j.k
fn;k gh D;ksa Fkk\ Jheku bl rjg dh yhikiksrh ls vki fdldks ew[kZ cukus dh dksf'k'k
dj jgs gSa\
¼5½ Jh ,l- izrki dgrs gSa] ßysfuu tgk¡ dgha Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ
ds nksLr ds :i esa lkFk ysus dh odkyr djrs gSa ogk¡ os blds ml oxZ&pfj=k ij t+ksj
nsrs gSa tks eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS vkSj mtjrh Je
dk 'kks"k.k ugha djrk gSA ysfdu tc os ,sls yksxksa ls fuiV jgs gksrs gSa] elyu esa'ksfodksa
ls] tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk dh rjg gh esgurd'k crkrs gSa] rks os muds ealwcksa dk
inkZi+$k'k djrs gq, e¡>ksys fdlku ds ml oxZ&pfj=k dks iwjs t+ksj ds lkFk fpfÌr djrs gSa]
tks mls dqydksa dk ut+nhdh cukrk gSAÞ
exj ysfuu dc vkSj dgk¡ ij ,slk djrs gSa bldk og dksbZ gokyk ugha nsrsA muds
mDr dFku dk rks ;g vFkZ fudyrk gS fd ysfuu cgqr cM+s ekSo+$kijLr FksA fcuk fdlh
Bksl vè;;u ds gh Jh ,l- izrki bl rjg ds i+$ros tkjh fd;s tk jgs gSaA
vkxs Jheku dk dguk gS] ßysfuu }kjk vyx&vyx le; esa e¡>ksys fdlku ds
vyx&vyx i{kksa ij t+ksj 'kk;n blfy, Hkh gks fd iw¡thoknh fodkl dh vxyh eaft+yksa
esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds Åijh Lrj dk vuqikr c<+k gksA ysfdu bl ij esjk dksbZ vè;;u
u gksus ls eSa bl ij dksbZ fVIi.kh ugha dj ldrkA
ldrkAÞ Jheku vki fVIi.kh dj rks pqds
gSa og Hkh fcuk fdlh vè;;u dsA vki bruh xEHkhj cgl esa Hkh vVdyckt+h ls gh dke
pyk ysuk pkgrs gSaA
vkb;s Jh ,l- izrki dh dqN vkSj vVdyckft+;ksa ds nhnkj dj ysaA og fy[krs
gSa] ß---iw¡th dh ekj ls rckg gksus ds lkFk gh vU; izfØ;kvksa ds t+fj;s Hkh ml e¡>ksys
fdlku dk vkèkkj fldqM+ jgk gS] tks vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA---gkyk¡fd
bl ij dksbZ Bksl vè;;u miyCèk u gksus ls Bksl&Bksl dqN Hkh dg ikuk fi+$ygky lEHko
ugha gSAÞ Jheku ,l- izrki lc dqN dgs Hkh tk jgs gSa vkSj u dgus dk ik[k.M Hkh fd;s
tk jgs gSaA vkxs og ,d vkSj vVdy dk lgkjk ysrs gSa] ß,slk yxrk gS fd [ksrh ds
fodflr byko+$ksa esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk loky yxHkx lekIr gks pqdk gS ;k fQj fudV
Hkfo"; esa lekIr gks tk;sxkAÞ
Jheku ,l- izrki ds ikl u rks loZgkjk oxZ ds f'k{kdksa us tks dqN fdlku iz'u
ij fy[kk gS mldk gh dksbZ vè;;u gS vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa vk;s ifjorZuksa dkA
vkSj ;g ckr og iwjh ßnfj;kfnyhÞ ls ekurs Hkh gSaA og ^vyx lokyksa ij]* ^'kk;n]*
^,slk yxrk gS]* ^vè;;u ugha gS]* vkfn mfDr;ksa ls gh dke pyk jgs gaSA og fcuk
fdlh vè;;u ds gh Hkkjrh; ØkfUr ds vge iz'u ^fdlku iz'u* ij cgl esa mrj iM+s
gSaA blls ;gh lkfcr gksrk gS fd og bl egÙoiw.kZ loky ij py jgh cgl esa fdruh
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 67
x+Sj&ft+Eesnkjh okyk O;ogkj dj jgs gSaA blls ;gh irk pyrk gS fd og Hkkjrh; ØkfUr
ds bl vge iz'u dks lqy>kus ds eo+$ln ls cgl ugha pyk jgs gaS] cfYd dqN vU;
dkj.k gh muds izsj.kk&òksr gSaA
vc tc Jheku ,l- izrki us fdlku iz'u ij vius vKku dks [+kqn gh eku fy;k
gS] rks vUr esa ge Jheku dks ekDlZ dk ;g dFku t+:j ;kn fnykuk pkgsaxs] ßvKku ,d
jk{klh 'kfDr gS vkSj gesa Mj gS fd ;g dbZ =kklfn;ksa dk dkj.k cusxkA lcls egku ;wukuh
dfo;ksa us bls ehdsu rFkk FksCl ds 'kkgh ?kjkuksa ds thou ds ân;fonkjd ukVdksa esa Bhd
gh =kklnhiw.kZ fu;fr ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;k gS ¼ekDlZ&,axsYl] ^èkeZ ds ckjs esa*] iatkch
laLdj.k] i`- 40½AÞ

¼fcxqy] i+$jojh 2005½

68 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa
loZgkjk n`f”"Vdks.k dk loky µ rhu
,l- izrki

bl ckj cgl esa 'kkfey lEiknd&e.My ds lEikndh; lekgkj vkSj lq[knso ds ys[k esa
ckr rks ,d gh dgh x;h gS vkSj nksuksa dh ikst+h'ku Hkh ,d gh gS] cl i+$o+$Z fli+$Z bruk
gS fd ,d esa xkyh&xykSt dh Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gS vkSj nwljs esa foLrkj ls
fo'ys"k.k o FkksM+h lUrqfyr Hkk"kk dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA lq[knso ds ys[k dks rks i<+dj
,slk yxrk gS fd mudk vgEeU;rkiw.kZ X+kqLlk bl ckj lHkh lhekvksa dks ikj dj x;k
vkSj mUgsa nkSjk gh iM+ x;kA
bl ckj lEiknd&e.My us vius lEikndh; lekgkj esa viuh ,d x+yrh rks
Lohdkj dj yhA lEiknd&e.My us viuh ikst+h'ku eas bl vUrjfojksèk dks ekuk gS fd
mlds }kjk NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ds fy, izLrqr dh x;h ek¡xksa dh lwph
esa fctyh] ikuh dks fj;k;rh nj ij nsus dh ek¡x vU; ek¡xksa ls foijhr pfj=k dh gSA ysfdu
og lhèkh&lhèkh Hkk"kk esa ;g ugha dgrk fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh
crkrs gq, Hkh og bu ek¡xksa ds t+fj;s ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh gh ek¡x dh odkyr dj jgk
FkkA lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS] mlds fnekx+ esa ;g Hkzked rdZ dke dj jgk Fkk fd
lektoknh ØkfUr ds ckn eè;e o NksVs fdlkuksa dks ,slh cgqrsjh fj;k;rsa nsuh iM+rh gSa
vkSj blh ds pyrs og bu ek¡xksa dh odkyr dj cSBkA ysfdu ;g ckr le> esa ugha vkrhA
lEiknd&e.My ;gk¡ iwt ¡ hoknh lekt esa NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x
dks loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gq, mlds f[k+yki+$ cgl dk usr`Ro dj jgk gS vkSj blh cgl
dks vkxs c<+krs gq, mlus og ys[k fy[kk FkkA ,sls esa fnekx+ esa mi;qZDr Hkzked rdZ vkus
ls gh dksbZ ml ek¡x dh odkyr dSls dj ldrk gS ftls og mlh ys[k esa loZgkjk fojksèkh
crk jgk gks\ tgk¡ rd esjk [k+;ky gS] ;g rHkh lEHko gS tc dksbZ [+knq yEcs le; ls vius
fopkjksa esa bl ek¡x dks lgh le>rk jgk gks vkSj fopkjksa esa iwjh rjg cnyko vHkh u gqvk
gks] fQj Hkh og bldk fojksèk djus yxk gksA ysfdu ys[kuh us mlds fopkjksa dks lkeus
yk fn;kA
vc ge fcUnqokj lEiknd&e.My dh izLFkkiukvksa vkSj mBk;s x;s lokyksa ij vkrs gSa %

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 69

 1- lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ds f[k+yki+$ mldk igyk
rdZ ogh gS tks igys fn;k x;k Fkk µ ßeku ysa ;fn m|ksxifr fdlh fdlku vkUnksyu
dh ek¡x ekudj Ñf"k midj.kksa&moZjdksa&dhVuk'kdksa vkfn dh o+$her de Hkh dj nsa vkSj
eku ysa fd ;g ?kVksÙkjh fdlh rjg rhu frdM+e djds Ñf"k mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer
u gksus nh tk;s rks Hkh iw¡thifr dk equki+$k de ugha gksxk] cfYd bldh o+$her mlds
dkj[k+kus esa dke djus okys et+nwjksa dks gh pqdkuh iM+sxhAÞ ;kuh m|ksxifr et+nwjksa dh
ru[+okgsa ?kVk nsxk] mUgsa vkSj vfèkd fupksM+sxk] e'khuhdj.k djds et+nwjksa dks csdkjh ds
nyny esa èkdsysxk vkfnA eSaus igys Hkh dgk Fkk fd lEiknd&e.My dk ;g ekDlZokn
,dkaxh gS] og blesa vkS|ksfxd et+nwjksa dh Hkwfedk dks ut+jvUnkt+ dj nsrk gS vkSj mUgsa
fujh xk; cuk nsrk gSA m|ksxifr et+nwjksa ds Åij ;g o+$gj cjik dj ldsxk ;k ugha]
;g rks i+$SDVªh vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa 'kfDr lUrqyu ls gh r; gksxkA muds mRiknksa dk
nke ?kVuk muds equki+$s ij vo'; vlj Mkysxk vkSj viuk equki+$k o+$k;e j[kus ds fy,
os et+nwjksa ds Åij gh o+$gj cjik djuk pkgsaxsA ysfdu mudh ;g pkgr mudh i+$SDVªh
vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k eas vkUnksyuksa ds foLQksV dks Hkh tUe nsxhA
nwljh ckr] eSaus ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd ;fn lEiknd&e.My dk ;gh ekDlZokn ykxw
fd;k tk;s rks eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu Hkh loZgkjk fojksèkh vkUnksyu gksxk] D;ksafd og
Hkh vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa ds nke ?kVkus dh gh ek¡x djrk gS] vkSj lEiknd&e.My ds rdZ
ds vuqlkj blls mu m|ksxksa dh Hkkjh et+njw vkcknh ij o+$gj cjik gksxkA lEiknd&e.My
;gk¡ rks eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu ij dksbZ ckr ugha djrk D;ksafd blls mlds ekDlZokn
dk ,dkaxhiu mtkxj gks tkrkA rhu yEcs iSjkxzki+$ksa esa dqN vU; ppkZ ds ckn og vyx
ls eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu dh ckr djrk gS vkSj ogk¡ vius ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k dks
Hkwydj og dgrk gS fd og eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu dk leFkZu djrk gS D;ksafd ;g
O;kid esgrud'k vkcknh vkSj fuEu&eè;eoxhZ; ¼eè;oxhZ; ugha½ vkcknh dk lkewfgd
vkUnksyu gSA vkSj ;g fd bldh rqyuk ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ekfyd fdlkuksa dh ek¡x
ij vkUnksyu ls ugha dh tk ldrh D;ksafd ;g esgurd'kksa dk lk>k vkUnksyu ugha gS
vkSj ;g NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks yqVsjs cM+s ekfydksa ds lkFk ,dtqV djrk gSA ;gk¡ ij
og esjs bl rdZ dks Hkwy tkrk gS fd [ksrh dh ykxr ?kVus ls vukt dk nke ?kVsxk vkSj
;g O;kid esgurd'k vkcknh ds fgr esa gksxkA blhfy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x O;kid
turk dh eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh ek¡x ls tqM+rh gS vkSj ;g NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ
ds lkFk [kM+k dj ldrh gSA
vc blls ,d iSjkxzki+$ igys gh] blls vyx djds lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS]
,l- izrki dk ;g dguk fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x O;kid turk dh eg¡xkbZ ij
jksd yxkus dh ek¡x ls tqM+rh gS] ,d ypj rdZ gSA ;gk¡ ij lEiknd&e.My nks iSjkxzki+$
igys dgh x;h viuh gh ckr dks Hkwy tkrk gS fd µ ßÑf"k midj.k] fctyh] cht vkfn
dh o+$her ?kV Hkh tk;s rks ;g ?kVksÙkjh lhèks Ñf"k mRiknksa ds ewY; esa laØfer gks tk;sxh---Þ
70 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
bldk ;gh eryc gqvk fd Ñf"k mRiknksa ;kuh vukt vkfn dk nke ?kV tk;sxkA gkyk¡fd
og bls lhèks&lhèks ugha dgrkA ;fn ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls vukt dk nke ?kV tk;sxk rks
fQj ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu ls D;ksa ugha tqM+rh gS\
lEiknd&e.My tgk¡ ;g fn[kkuk pkgrk gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dk i+$k;nk ugha gksxk] ogk¡ rks og dgrk gS fd blls vukt dk nke ?kV tk;sxk vkSj tgk¡
mls ;g dguk gS fd ;g loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x gS vkSj eg¡xkbZ fojksèkh vkUnksyu ls ugha
tqM+rh gS ogk¡ og dgrk gS fd ;g ypj rdZ gSA
bl iwjh ckr esa vius dks lgh lkfcr djus dh èkqu esa lEiknd&e.My dh iSra jsckt+h
dkfcysx+kjS gSA
2- ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ds fojksèk esa lEiknd&e.My dk nwljk rdZ gS % ßykxr
ewY; ?kVkus dk rdZ fli+$Z ;gha rd tk ldrk gS fd eè;e fdlku py iw¡th dks ;kuh
Je&'kfDr ij gksus okyk [k+pZ ?kVk;s] ;kuh vius [ksrksa esa dke djus okys et+nwjksa dks vkSj
vfèkd fupksM+sAÞ esjk rdZ Fkk fd e¡>ksyk fdlku eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius Je ij
vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS] blfy, mldh ek¡x esa et+nwjh ?kVkus ;k fdlh Hkh :i esa Je
ykxr ?kVkus dh ek¡x 'kkfey ugha gks ldrh gSA ;gk¡ ls cgl eq[;r% bl ij dsfUnzr gks
x;h fd ge fdls dgsaxs e¡>ksyk fdlkuA
lkFkh lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My dk dguk gS fd [ksrh ds iw¡thoknh fodkl ds
pyrs ßHkkjr dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksaÞ esa vc e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh
djuk vke pyu gks x;k gSA fiNys ys[k esa lq[knso us dgk Fkk fd e¡>ksys fdlku dh
[ksrh vc eq[;r% mtjrh Je ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA
esjk ekuuk gS fd [ksrh esa bu cnyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls oxks± dh ekDlZoknh voèkkj.kk
ugha cny tkrhA mRiknu esa Hkkxhnkjh ds vkèkkj ij gh oxks± dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA D;ksafd blh ls muds fgr vkSj vufgr r; gksrs gSa vkSj oxZ nksLrksa vkSj nq'euksa dh
igpku gksrh gSA lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa ,slk dksbZ Hkh oxZ loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh ugha
gks ldrk ftldk vfLrRo mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij fVdk gksA e¡>ksyk fdlku blhfy,
loZgkjk oxZ dk laJ;dkjh ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% og vius Je ij
vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA og dHkh&dHkh vkSj vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh et+nwj yxkrk gSA
[ksrh dh cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ;fn e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ,d fgLlk eq[;r% mtjrh Je
ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djus yxrk gS rks blls mldk oxhZ; :ikUrj.k gks tkrk gS vkSj og
dqydksa dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey gks tkrk gSA blh vkèkkj ij eSaus dgk Fkk fd lEiknd&e.My
vkSj lq[knso ftls e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gS]a og loZgkjk oxZ dk laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku
ugha] NksVk&eksVk dqyd gS] èkuh fdlku gSA vkSj ;fn mlh e¡>ksys fdlku dks xksycUn djus
ds fy, lEiknd&e.My us ek¡xksa dh yEch lwph izLrqr dh gS] rks og izfrfØ;koknh o+$ne
gSA D;ksafd ftls os e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gSa og vius lexz vfLrRo ds lkFk loZgkjk
fojksèkh gSA lEiknd&e.My esjs bu rdks± ls cp cpkdj fudy x;k vkSj tkrs&tkrs esjs
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 71
Åij dhpM+ Qsad x;k fd ns[kks&ns[kks tc lq[knso us e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa ysfuu ds
vU; m)j.k fn;s rks ,l- izrki vc mls NksVk&eksVk dqyd dgus yxsA
3- igys esjs }kjk m)`r ,axsYl dh e¡>ksys fdlku dh ifjHkk"kk ij lEiknd&e.My
}kjk mBk;s x;s loky ij vkrs gSa vkSj mlds ckn lq[knso }kjk m)`r ysfuu ds m)j.kksa
lEcUèkh ckr ijA
eSaus vius ys[k esa dgk Fkk fd Ýkal vkSj teZuh esa fdlkuksa dk loky uked vius
ys[k esa ,axYs l us ftls NksVk fdlku dgk gS] mls gh ysfuu e¡>ksyk fdlku dgrs gSAa D;ksfa d
nksuksa dh ifjHkk"kk esy [kkrh gSA eSaus mDr ys[k ls ,axsYl dh vkSj ^xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls* ls
ysfuu dh ifjHkk"kk m)`r dh gSA nksuksa dh ifjHkk"kk dk lkj gS e¡>ksyk ¼,axsYl dk NksVk½
fdlku eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA
lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd eSua s ,axYs l dks x+yr le>k gS vkSj vèkwjk m)`r fd;k
gSA og mDr ys[k dk ,d yEck m)j.k nsdj fn[kkrk gS ,axsYl ckn esa e¡>ksyk fdlku
izoxZ dk bLrseky djrs gSa vkSj ,axsYl dk NksVk fdlku ysfuu dk e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha
gSA og dgrk gS fd ,l- izrki ys[k dks Bhd ls i<+s gksrs ;kuh ogk¡ rd tgk¡ ls m)j.k
fn;k x;k gS rks ckr mudh le> esa vk tkrhA lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd ,axsYl dk
NksVk fdlku teZuh vkSj iz+$kal dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu&eè;e
fdlkuksa dks gh vius esa lesVrk gSA lEiknd&e.My ;g fdl vkèkkj ij dgrk gS bls
og xqIr gh j[krk gSA lEiknd&e.My vius dks lgh lkfcr djus dh èkqu esa ;g Hkwy
tkrk gS fd x+jhc fdlku v)ZloZgkjk gS] og eq[;r% mtjr ij gh thrk gSA ;gh loZekU;
ekDlZoknh izLFkkiuk gSA tcfd ,axsYl viuh ifjHkk"kk esa lki+$ dgrs gSa fd NksVk fdlku
og gS ftlds ikl [ksrh dk VqdM+k mrus ls cM+k ugha gS fd og vkSj mldk ifjokj tksr
lds vkSj mrus ls NksVk ugha] ftrus ls fd mlds ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k gks ldsA Li"V
gS fd ;g NksVk fdlku eq[;r% [ksrh ij gh thrk gS mtjr ij ughaA ,axsYl ;gk¡
v)ZloZgkjk dh ckr ugha dj jgs gSaA
vc ,axsYl ds e¡>ksys fdlku ij vkrs gSaA lEiknd&e.My] njvly fli+$Z ;g
ns[kdj gh lUrq"V gks x;k fd ,axsYl us e¡>ksyk fdlku 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;k gS] ysfdu
mlus ;g le>us dh dksf'k'k ugha dh fd os ;gk¡ fdlds fy, e¡>ksyk fdlku 'kCn dk
bLrseky dj jgs gSaA lEiknd&e.My ;fn bl ys[k dks vius m)j.k okys va'k ls FkksM+k
vkSj vkxs rd i<+dj ekeys ij fopkj djrk rks ckr le> esa vk tkrhA igyh ckr
rks ;g fd ,axsYl us ys[k esa cM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj ckr dh gS]
tcfd ysfuu veweu NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ,d lkFk j[kdj ;k e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dks vyx j[kdj ckr djrs gSaA blds vykok] ftl iSjkxzki+$ dks lEiknd&e.My us m)`r
fd;k gS] mlds vxys gh iSjkxzki+$ esa ,axsYl dgrs gSa % ßgesa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls iDdk ;o+$hu
gS fd NksVs fdlkuksa dh rjg cM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh vo'; gh iw¡thoknh mRiknu vkSj
lLrs fons'kh xYys dk f'kdkj cu tk;sxa -s ---cgqr lEHko gS fd ;gk¡ Hkh gesa cykr lEifÙkgj.k
72 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
u djuk iM+s vkSj ge bl ckr dk Hkjkslk dj ldsaxs fd Hkfo"; dk vkfFkZd fodkl bu
dM+h [kksifM+;ksa esa Hkh cqf) dk izknqHkkZo djsxkAÞ
bl m)j.k ls ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ ,axsYl èkuh fdlkuksa dh ckr dj
jgs gSaA uhps dh ykbuksa dk eryc ;gh gS fd lkekU;r% gesa ßcM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksaÞ
dk cykr lEifÙkgj.k djuk gksxkA ysfdu D;ksfa d èkuh fdlku iwt ¡ hoknh fodkl dh vxyh
eaft+yksa esa rckg gksrs gSa vkSj mudks gt+e djds gh iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh oxZ dk izkèkkU;
LFkkfir gksrk gS] blfy, bl rckgh ls ,axYs l mudh dM+h [kksifM+;ksa esa Hkh cqf) ds izknqHkkZo
dh lEHkkouk O;Dr djrs gSaA ysfuu dHkh Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds cykr lEifÙkgj.k dh
ckr ugha djrs gSaA lEiknd&e.My dh Hkh ;gh èkkj.kk gSA ,axsYl dh ßNksVsÞ fdlkuksa ds
ckjs esa ;gh èkkj.kk gSA blls Hkh ;g vfèkd lgh yxrk gS fd ,axsYl dk NksVk fdlku
e¡>ksyk fdlku gS vkSj mudk cM+k vkSj e¡>ksyk fdlku èkuh fdlku gSA lEiknd&e.My
us ftl m)j.k dks ;g dgdj fn;k gS fd ,axsYl e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa fy[krs gSa] ogk¡
,axsYl èkuh fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa fy[k jgs gSaA lEiknd&e.My dh rjg vxj fcuk fdlh
Bksl vkèkkj ds vVdy yxk;s rks vfèkd ls vfèkd mlesa mPp&eè;e fdlku 'kkfey gks
ldrs gSaA
4- lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My us dgk gS fd eauS s ysfuu ds m)j.kksa dks dkV&Nk¡Vdj
vius vuq:i cukus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj bl ckj rks ;g Hkh vkjksi tM+ fn;k x;k fd
eSa ysfuu dks voljoknh dg jgk gw¡A vkb;s t+jk ns[ksa fd ;g ekeyk D;k gS\ eSaus vius
ys[k esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ^xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls* ls ysfuu dks m)`r
fd;k Fkk % ßmuesa ls e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa ls cgqr de gh ,sls fdlku gSa tks mtjr ij
[ksr&cfugkj ;k fngkM+hnkj yxkrs gksa] nwljksa dh esgru ls èkuh cuus vkSj nwljksa dh ihB
ij lokj gksdj nkSyreUn cuus dh dksf'k'k djrs gksaA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa ls vfèkdrj ds
ikl bruk iSlk gh ugha fd os mtjr ij et+nwj yxk;sa µ okLro esa os [+kqn gh mtjr
ij dke djus dks etcwj gksrs gSa---AÞ bl m)j.k ds Åij ;k uhps ;k ^xk¡o ds x+jhcksa
ls* iqLrd dk dksbZ va'k m)`r dj lEiknd&e.My ;k lq[knso ;g ugha fn[kk lds fd
fdl :i esa ;g vèkwjk gS] ysfdu vkjksi tM+uk Fkk lks tM+ fn;kA lq[knso dgrs gSa fd
x+kSj ls ns[ksa rks blesa ysfuu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk mtjrh et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkus dh
ckr dks fcYdqy [k+kfjt ugha djrs gSAa lq[knso us ysfuu ds m)j.k dks rks x+kjS ls ns[k fy;k
vkSj esjh ifjHkk"kk dks x+kSj ls ns[kus dh tger ugha mBk;hA vc t+jk esjs mlh ys[k esa
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh esjh ifjHkk"kk ij x+kSj djsa % ßmRiknu izfØ;k esa fgLlsnkjh ds vkèkkj
ij eè;e fdlku mls gh dgk tk ldrk gS tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% viuk Je yxkdj
[ksrh djrk gS] vioknLo:i gh] vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh og et+nwj yxkus dks etcwj
gksrk gSAÞ ^x+kSj ls ns[ksa* rks ;gk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkus dh ckr
[k+kfjt ugha dh x;h gSA yxrk gS lq[knso us eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% 'kCn dks ns[kk gh ughaA
blds ckn lq[knso dgrs gSa fd 1903 esa fy[ks x;s ^xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls* ds ckn
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 73
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyha vkSj :l esa Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa fngkM+h et+njw ksa ls dke ysus dh izof` Ùk
c<+rh x;h] blfy, ckn ds vius ys[kksa esa ysfuu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa og ifjHkk"kk
nsrs gSa tks lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My dh gS] ;kuh e¡>ksyk fdlku Je&'kfDr dk [k+jhnkj
gS ;k ;g fd mldh [ksrh cqfu;knh rkSj ij mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA
esjs [k+;ky ls ysfuu ds ckjs esa ,slh ckr djuk csgn x+yr gSA os ges'kk mRiknu izfØ;k
esa Hkkxhnkjh ds vkèkkj ij gh oxks± dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds nksgjs oxhZ;
pfj=k ds pyrs cnyrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa os bls js[kkafdr djrs gSa fd dSls mlds Åijh fgLls
esa dqydhdj.k dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh gS vkSj dSls e¡>ksys fdlku dk vfLrRo o+$k;e jgus dh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lekIr gks jgh gaAS 1908 ds ys[k ls lq[knso }kjk m)`r va'k ds egÙoiw.kZ va'k
dks ns[ksa % ß---Å¡ps lewgksa esa et+nwjksa dks HkkM+s ij j[kuk Li"Vr% ,d iz.kkyh curh tk jgh
gS] tks foLr`r iSekus ij [ksrh dh 'krZ gSA blls Hkh vfèkd] fnuHkj ds fy, HkkM+s ij et+njw
j[kuk fdlkuksa ds e¡>ksys lewgksa ds chp Hkh vfèkdkfèkd O;kid gksrk tk jgk gSAÞ igyh
ckr rks ;g fd ;gk¡ ^e¡>ksys lewgksa* 'kCn fli+$Z e¡>ksys fdlku ds fy, bLrseky ugha fd;k
x;k gSA ;gk¡ ysfuu èkuh fdlku] x+jhc fdlku] e¡>ksys fdlku dh ckr djus dh ctk;
[ksrh dh cM+h vkSj e¡>ksyh tksrksa esa et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djus dh izo`fÙk ds O;kid gksus
dh ckr dj jgs gSAa ftl gn rd bl ckr dks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ij ykxw fd;k tk;sxk] mldk
eryc ;gh gksxk fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds Åijh fgLls esa dqydhdj.k dh izo`fÙk c<+ jgh
gSA ysfuu ;gk¡ ;g ugha dg jgs gSa fd vc e¡>ksys fdlku dh ifjHkk"kk cny x;h gS rFkk
;g fd vc ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% mtjrh Je dk 'kks"k.k djus okys dks ge e¡>ksyk fdlku
dgsaxs vkSj mls vius lkFk [kM+k djus ds fy, ek¡xksa dh yEch lwph Hkh izLrqr djsaxsA
mlds ckn lq[knso us 1912 esa fy[ks ysfuu ds ,d ys[k dk va'k m)`r fd;k gS]
mlds egÙoiw.kZ va'k dks ns[ksa % ß---okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ßNksVs ,oa e¡>ksys fdlkuksaÞ dk
fo'kky cgqer---Je&'kfDr dks ;k rks csprk gS ;k [k+jhnrk gS] ;k rks [+knq dks HkkM+s ij yxkrk
gS ;k HkkM+s ij et+njw j[krk gSA---Þ ;g ys[k rks eSa ugha ns[k ldk] ysfdu ,d ,slk gh vU;
ys[k ^fdlku leqnk; vkSj et+nwj oxZ* ds uke ls ^et+nwj oxZ vkSj fdlkuksa dh nksLrh*
okys ysfuu ds ladyu esa gSA blesa Hkh ysfuu us ogh ckrsa dgh gSaA lEHkor% ;g m)`r
ys[k dk gh ,d va'k gSA blesa ysfuu ujksnokfn;ksa ds ml nkos dh èkTth mM+k jgs gS]a ftlesa
os dgrs gSa fd et+nwj vkSj ßesgurd'kÞ fdlku ,d gh oxZ ds gSaA ysfuu dgrs gSa fd
ujksnoknh NksVs iSekus ds mRiknu dh thou 'kfDr dh iz'kalk djrs gSa vkSj NksVs iSekus ds
mRiknu ls mudk vk'k; gksrk gS fcuk mtjrh Je dh [ksrhckjhA mlds ckn ysfuu
vkfLVª;k vkSj teZuh esa NksVs iSekus dh dqy tksrksa esa yxus okys dqy mtjrh Je dk
vk¡dM+k nsdj ;g lkfcr djrs gSa fd NksVs fdlku dh [ksrh yk[kksa&yk[k mtjrh et+nwjksa dk
'kks"k.k djrh gSA blds lkFk gh og ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd fdlku dh x`gLFkh ftruh gh cM+h
gS] mlesa mruh gh cM+h gh la[;k esa et+nwj yxrs gSaA ys[k dks ^x+kSj ls* i<+sa rks blesa os
dgha Hkh lq[knso ;k lEiknd&e.My ds bl fl)kUr dks izfrikfnr ugha djrs gSa fd
74 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku dh [ksrh eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr gksus dh ctk;
mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij fVdh gSA os ;gk¡ ij ujksnokfn;ksa ls cgl dj jgs gSa tks et+nwjksa
vkSj NksVs fdlkuksa dks ,d Js.kh esa 'kkfey djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa vkSj blfy, ysfuu
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds bl pfj=k dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gSa tks mlds ,d fgLls dks dqydksa
dk ut+nhdh cukrk gS vkSj nwljs dks loZgkjk dkA mldk ,d fgLlk dHkh&dHkh et+nwj
yxk;s cx+Sj dke ugha pyk ldrk vkSj nwljs fgLls dks dHkh&dHkh et+nwjh djuh iM+rh gSA
ysfuu ds bl m)j.k vkSj xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls esjs }kjk fn;s x;s m)j.k esa e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds pfj=k ds vyx&vyx igyqvksa ij t+ksj fn;k x;k gSA blh lUnHkZ esa eSaus dgk
Fkk fd ysfuu tgk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk oxZ ds nksLr ds :i esa lkFk ysus dh odkyr
djrs gSa ogk¡ os mlds ml oxZ&pfj=k ij t+ksj nsrs gSa fd og eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius
Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS vkSj tgk¡ os ,sls yksxksa ls fuiV jgs gksrs gSa tks e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk dh rjg gh esgurd'k crkrs gSa rks os iwjs t+kjs ds lkFk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds ml oxZ&pfj=k dks fpfÌr djrs gSa tks mls dqydksa dk ut+nhdh cukrk gSA lq[knso dks
bruh le> vkSj cgl dh bruh reht+ rks gkfly dj gh ysuh pkfg, fd cgl ds dsUnz
esa tks igyw gksrk gS] cgl esa mlh igyw ij t+ksj fn;k tkrk gSA ftu nksuksa igyqvksa ij
ysfuu us vius vyx&vyx le; esa fy[ks x;s ys[kksa esa t+ksj fn;k gS os e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds oxZ&pfj=k ds gh nks igyw gSaA ^xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls* ds ckn 1919 esa ØkfUr ds ckn ds
izkFkfed o"kks± esa ysfuu us vius dbZ ys[kksa esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks Bhd mlh :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k gSA ml le; rd vHkh et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh dh tk jgh Fkh] rHkh ysfuu mls èkuh
fdlkuksa ls vyx Js.kh esa j[krs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd e¡>ksyk fdlku cqfu;knh rkSj ij eq[;r%
vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA
vc ,d vU; loky ij vkrs gSa tgk¡ ysfuu ds m)j.k dks vèkwjk m)`r djus dk
vkjksi yxk;k x;k gSA lq[knso us esjs }kjk m)`r fgLls dh uhps dh nks ykbusa NksM+dj vkSj
Åij ls m)j.k dk dqN vkSj va'k ysdj m)`r fd;k gSA ckr dks Li"V djus ds fy,
;gk¡ bl m)j.k dks iwjk dk iwjk nsuk ,d etcwjh gS % ßlHkh feYdh] lkjk cqtqZvk oxZ
e¡>ksys fdlku dh x`gLFkh lqèkkjus ds fy, rjg&rjg dh dkjZokb;ksa ¼lLrs gy] fdlku cSd a ]
lLrh [kkn vkSj lLrs eos'kh vkfn½ dk ok;nk djds mls viuh rji+$ [khapuk pkgrs gSaA
os e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks rjg&rjg ds [ksfrgj la?kksa ¼ftUgsa fdrkcksa esa lgdkj dgk tkrk gS½
esa 'kkfey djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa( tks [ksrhckM+h ds rjho+$ksa esa lqèkkj djus ds mís'; ls
lHkh izdkj ds fefYd;ksa dks ,sD;c) djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA bl rjho+$s ls cqtqZvk oxZ
dks u dsoy e¡>ksys fdlkuksa cfYd NksVs fdlkuksa dks Hkh] ;gk¡ rd fd v)ZloZgkjk dks Hkh]
'kgjh et+nwjksa ds lkFk ,sD;c) gksus ls jksdus vkSj et+nwjksa ds f[k+yki+$] loZgkjk ds f[k+yki+$
yM+us esa èkfu;ksa vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ dh vksj ykus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA
ßlkekftd tuoknh et+njw bldk tokc nsrs gSa % lqèkjh x`gLFkh cf<+;k pht+ gSA T+;knk
lLrs gy [k+jhnus esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ugha gS( vktdy O;kikjh Hkh vxj og csoo+$iw +$ ugha] vfèkd
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 75
[k+jhnkjksa dks viuh vksj [khapus ds fy, pht+ksa dks lLrs nkeksa ij cspus dh dksf'k'k djrk
gSA ysfdu tc fdlh x+jhc ;k e¡>ksys fdlku ls dgk tkrk gS fd lqèkjh x`gLFkh vkSj T+;knk
lLrs gy rqe lcdks x+jhch ls fi.M NqM+kus vkSj vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gksus esa enn djsaxs
vkSj ;g dke èkfu;ksa dks gkFk yxk;s cx+Sj gh gks ldrk gS] rks ;g ljklj èkks[kk gSA ;s
lkjs lqèkkj de o+$hersa vkSj lgdkj ¼eky [k+jhnu&cspus ds la?k½ èkfu;ksa dks gh vfèkd ykHk
igq¡pk;saxs-----Þ uhps dh nks ykbusa tks eSaus v.Mjykbu dh gSa mUgsa lq[knso us NksM+ fn;k gSA
eSaus vius ys[k esa dgk Fkk % ßysfuu us bl loky dks ¼ykxr ewY; ds loky dks½
Nqvk gS vkSj os bls loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x dk ntkZ nsrs ugha fn[kk;h nsrsA gk¡] os ckj&ckj
vkxkg djrs gSa fd blls mudh rckgh&cjcknh #d tk;sxh] ,slk Hkze fdlkuksa dks ugha
ikyuk pkfg,A og mu cqtqZvk dksf'k'kksa dk Hk.MkQksM+ djrs gSa tks bl rjg dh ek¡xksa dks
fdlkuksa ds m)kj ds fy, dsUnzh; ek¡x ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgs gSaA blds f[k+yki+$ os
fdlkuksa ls dgrs gSa % ßlqèkjh x`gLFkh----vfèkd ykHk igq¡pk;saxsAÞ
vc t+jk ns[kk tk;s fd D;k eSaus ysfuu ds m)j.k dks vius eqrkfco+$ viuh ckr
dgyokus ds fy,] dkV&Nk¡Vdj] lUnHkZ ls vyx gVkdj izLrqr fd;k gS\ D;k m)j.k
ds igys okys fgLls dks ftls eSaus m)`r ugha fd;k Fkk] mlesa dgh x;h ysfuu dh ckr
dks lesVrs gq, gh eSaus m)j.k dk uhps okyk va'k ugha fn;k gS\ D;k eSaus ysfuu ls ykxr
ewY; dh ek¡x mBkus dh odkyr djk;h gS\ lq[knso vius bl ckj okys ys[k esa dgrs gSa
fd ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks eSaus ;g m)j.k fn;k gh D;ksaA gkyk¡fd ;g Li"V gS] ysfdu fQj
Hkh vc ,d ckj fQj bldh ppkZ djuh gksxhA
lEiknd&e.My vkSj lkFkh lq[knso us ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ds f[k+yki+$ tks
^ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k* izLrqr fd;k gS µ elyu blls vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk oxZ ij o+$gj
VwVsxk vkSj nwljh rji+$ bldk vlyh eryc ;gh gksxk fd e¡>ksys fdlku Je ykxr dks
?kVk,¡ o et+njw ksa dks vkSj vfèkd fupksM+as vkfn vkfn] vxj ;g lgh gksrk rks bl ij ysfuu
dh Hkk"kk gh vyx gksrhA os rkcM+rksM+ izgkj djrs gq, bls lhèks&lhèks loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x
dk ntkZ nsrsA mudh Hkk"kk gh ;gh ugha gksrh fd lqèkjh x`gLFkh cf<+;k pht+ gS] T+;knk lLrs
gy [k+jhnus esa dksbZ cqjkbZ ughaA os lEiknd&e.My vkSj lq[knso ds ^ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k*
ls lger gksrs rks lhèks&lhèks dgrs fd blesa cqjkbZ gS vkSj cseqjOor gksdj bldk MVdj
fojksèk djrsA ;gh fn[kkus ds fy, ;g m)j.k fn;k x;k Fkk fd ysfuu ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
dh ek¡x dks loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x dk ntkZ nsrs ugha fn[kk;h nsrsA
lq[knso vc vkxs dgrs gSa % ^Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ ij ysfuu cqtv Zq k oxZ }kjk NksV&s e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks vius i{k esa djus ds fy, fd;s tkus okys Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dh gh ppkZ dj jgs
gSa] u fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dks fdlkuksa dh eq[; ek¡x ds :i esa is'k dj jgs gSaA vc
vxj gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh cqtqZvk oxZ ;k mldh ljdkj Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dk dksbZ dke djs] ftlls
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks i+$k;nk gksrk gks rks D;k dE;qfuLV mldk fojksèk djsaxs\ ij ,sls
lqèkkjksa ds ihNs cqtqZvk ljdkj dh uh;r dks t+:j uaxk djsaxsAÞ
76 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 fcYdqy Bhd lq[knso thA lq[knso dgrs gSa fd ysfuu ftu Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dk mYys[k
dj jgs gSa] vxj cqtqZvk ljdkj mUgsa djrh gS rks ge mudk fojksèk ugha djsaxsA ysfuu dk
m)j.k lkeus gSA os ftu Ñf"k lqèkkjksa dh ppkZ dj jgs gSa muesa 'kkfey gSa % lLrs gy]
lLrs eos'kh] lLrh [kkn] fdlku cSad vkfnA lLrh [kkn gks ldrh gS rks lLrk cht vkSj
lLrk fctyh&ikuh Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;kuh dqy feykdj ;g ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dk loky
gh gSA vc vxj [kkn dk nke ?kVkuk loZgkjk fojksèkh gS rks Hkyk lq[knso bldk D;ksa ugha
fojksèk djuk pkgrs gS\a D;k ljdkj ;g dke viusvki djsxh rks ;g loZgkjk fojksèkh ugha
gksxk\ D;k ml le; blesa ekDlZoknh fo'ys"k.k dk nwljk i+$kewZyk yxsxk\
rks lq[knso th ;g Ñf"k lqèkkj loZgkjk fojksèkh ugha gS] blhfy, ge budk fojksèk
ugha djrs gSa( ;g rks r; gks x;kA ysfdu cqtqZvk ljdkj ;g dke djrh gS rks ge blds
ihNs mldh uh;r dks t+:j uaxk djsaxsA fcYdqy BhdA vlyh ckr ;g uh;r dk loky
gh gSA vxj bu ek¡xksa dks vyx&Fkyx djds NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds m)kj ds fy, dsUnzh;
ek¡x ds :i esa mBk;k tkrk gS rks ;g fuf'pr rkSj ij fdlkuksa esa ;g Hkze iSnk djsxk fd
bl iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa ft;k tk ldrk gS vkSj rckgh ls cpk tk ldrk gSA ;g ckr
mls loZgkjk vkUnksyu ds fojksèk esa [kM+k djsxh ysfdu ;fn lkektoknh ØkfUr dh yM+kbZ
ls tksM+dj rkRdkfyd ek¡xksa ds :i esa bUgsa mBk;k tkrk gS rks ;g vkUnksyu mUgsa loZgkjk
oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k djus esa enn nsaxsA lq[knso us ,d cgqr vPNk mnkgj.k fn;k gS % ßvxj
ljdkj dksbZ ugj fudkys rks D;k dE;qfuLV mUgsa bl ugj dk ikuh u bLrseky djus ds
fy, dgsaxs\Þ fcYdqy ugha lq[knso thA ysfdu flapkbZ lqfoèkk ugha gS rks dE;qfuLV D;k
ugj cukus dh ek¡x ugha mBk ldrs gSa\ D;k ;g loZgkjk fojksèkh ek¡x gksxh\ gkyk¡fd ugj
cuus ij blls lcls vfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxkA ysfdu vxj dE;qfuLV
bl vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro dj jgs gksa rks D;k bl vkUnksyu ls mUgsa NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dks vius lkFk [kM+k djus esa enn ugha feysxh\
5- lEiknd&e.My ;g rdZ nsrk gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x NksVs&e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks 'k=kq oxZ ds ikys esa èkdsy nsxhA blds fy, og dksbZ rdZ ugha nsrkA esjh dgh
gqbZ ,d ckr dks gh og blds i{k esa m)`r djrk gS % ,l- izrki [+kqn Lohdkj djrs gSa
fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dk Hkh dqy feykdj lcls vfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxkA
eSaus ogha ij ;g ckr Hkh dgh gS fd tc rd [ksrh ds ekfydkus dk loky dsUnz esa ugha
yk;k tkrk rc rd ,slh fdlh Hkh ek¡x dk lokZfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxk
D;ksafd vfèkd t+ehusa rks mUghsa ds ikl gSaA ysfdu igyh ckr rks ;g fd ;gk¡ NksVs&e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus dh ckr gks jgh gS] Je ykxr okys
loky ij ckr djrs gq, igys gh Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gSA
nwljh ckr vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gS] tks vHkh rd cgl esa ugha mBh FkhA èkuh fdlkuksa
dh ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ds lekukUrj vkSj mlds f[k+yki+$ gh NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds
fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA ge ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 77
dk fojksèk djrs gSa vkSj loZgkjk vkUnksyu et+cwr gksxk rks og lfØ; :i ls ykHkdkjh
ewY; dh ek¡x ds f[k+yki+$ mrjsxkA og vukt ;k vU; Ñf"k mRiknksa dk nke c<+kus dh
gj dksf'k'k dk fojksèk djsxkA ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ij NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds
vkUnksyu ds leFkZu vkSj ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ds f[k+yki+$ [kM+k loZgkjk vkUnksyu gh
NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa vkSj èkuh fdlkuksa ds chp foHkktd js[kk [khap ldrk gS vkSj muds
oxhZ; vUrjfojksèkksa dks rh[kk dj ldrk gSA ;gh ml izfØ;k dks Hkh xfr nsxk rc e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dk ,d fgLlk fu.kkZ;d :i ls loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k gks tk;sxk vkSj nwljk
fgLlk èkuh fdlkuksa ls tk feysxkA
le>nkjh ds bl èkjkry ij igq¡pus ds ckn eSa csykxyisV ;g ckr Lohdkj djrk
gw¡ fd okftc ewY; ij ncko cukus ;k fdlh Hkh :i esa fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa Ñf"k mRiknksa
dk nke fxjus ls jksdus ;k c<+kus dh ckr iwjh rjg izfrfØ;koknh gSA lp gS fd ;g
ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x ls tqM+rh gSA ;g lp gS fd fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mnkgj.k ds rkSj
ij feyksa }kjk Ñf"k mRiknksa dk nke ?kVkus ij e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks vius lkFk cuk;s j[kus
dh fpUrk ls gh esjs Hkhrj ;g le>kSrkoknh lksp iSnk gqbZ FkhA bl izfrfØ;koknh ikst+h'ku
ls eq>s eqDr djus esa lEiknd&e.My] lq[knso vkSj dqN vU; lkfFk;ksa us Hkh Hkwfedk
fuHkk;hA cgl ds 'kq#vkrh nkSjksa esa gh eq>s viuh bl ikst+h'ku ds vUrjfojksèk rks le>
esa vkus yxs Fks] ysfdu iwjs rkSj ij ekeys dks u le> ikus ds pyrs eSa bldh folaxfr;k¡
gh nwj djus dk iz;kl djrk jgk FkkA bl enn ds fy, lkFkh lq[knso dh xkfy;ksa dks Hkh
èkU;oknA
6- vc ge bl ckr ij vkrs gSa fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ;fn lkekU; rkSj
ij Hkh mBk;h tk;s rks og fdl :i esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fgr esa gS tcfd og èkuh fdlkuksa
ds f[k+yki+$ tkrh gSA e¡>ksyk fdlku cl mruh cM+h tksr dk gh ekfyd gksrk gS ftlls
fd mlds ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k gks ldsA og equki+$s ds fy, [ksrh ugha djrk gS]S blfy,
mldh eq[; leL;k ykxr dh gh gksrh gSA c<+rh ykxrksa ls mlds fy, [ksrh djuk eqf'dy
gks tkrk gSA iw¡thoknh lekt ds jgrs ;g leL;k [k+Re ugha gks ldrh vkSj mldk pkgs
fdruk gh l'kDr laxBu vkSj vkUnksyu gks] bl leL;k dks iwjh rjg lekIr ugha dj
ldrk vkSj rckgh mldh fu;fr gSA ysfdu ykxr ?kVkus dh ek¡x ij vkUnksyu mls dqN
jkgr vo'; igq¡pk ldrk gSA mlds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks FkksM+k lguh; cuk ldrk
gSA ysfdu lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd og viuh rckgh ds f[k+yki+$ yM+rs gq, iwt ¡ hoknh O;oLFkk
ds 'kks"k.kdkjh pfj=k dks le>sxk vkSj mlds fupys vkSj jSfMdy fgLls loZgkjk oxZ ds fe=k
oxZ ds :i esa mlds lkFk dUèks ls dUèkk feykdj lektoknh ØkfUr dh yM+kbZ esa vkxs
vk;sxa As
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x èkuh fdlkuksa ds fgr esa ugha gSA èkuh fdlkuksa dh ek¡x
ykHkdkjh ewY; dh gh gSA ;fn ykHkdkjh ewY; r; dj fn;k tk;s rks c<+rh ykxrsa èkuh
fdlkuksa ds fy, i+$k;nseUn gksaxhA D;ksafd os equki+$s dh [ksrh djrs gSa vkSj muds ikl iw¡th
78 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
dk ladV ugha gksrk] blfy, ykxrksa dk nke c<+us ij os [ksrh ds mlh VqdM+s ij igys
ls vfèkd equki+$k dek ldsaxsA tcfd ykxrksa dk nke ?kVus ij mudk equki+$k fxjsxkA
ykHkdkjh ewY; r; u gksus ij ykxrksa dk nke ?kVus ij mUgsa Hkh i+$k;nk gksxk] cfYd ;fn
lkekU; rkSj ij ykxrksa dk nke ?kVkus dh ek¡x dh tk;s rks mUgsa gh vfèkd i+$k;nk gksxkA
7- lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd ysfuu us tgk¡ dgha Hkh lektoknh ØkfUr ds dk;ZHkkjksa
dh ppkZ dh gS vkSj LVkfyu us Hkh 1917 esa ysfuuokn ds ewy fl)kUr esa tks fy[kk gS]
mlesa nksuksa ekDlZoknh usrkvksa us v)ZloZgkjk ;kuh x+jhc fdlkuksa rd dks gh lkFk ysus
dh ppkZ dh gS vkSj eè;e fdlkuksa dh ppkZ rd ugha dh gSA blls o blls tksM+dj viuh
vU; ckrksa ls ,slk yxrk gS fd lEiknd&e.My ;g vke izLFkkiuk nsus dh dksf'k'k dj
jgk gS fd lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks fli+$Z rVLFk djus dh j.kuhfr
vf[+r;kj djuh pkfg,A de ls de mls viuh bl ckr dks LVkfyu vkSj ysfuu ds eRFks
ugha e<+uk pkfg,A nwljh ckr] lEiknd&e.My ds ;g fopkj mlds igys ds ys[k ls Hkh
esy ugha [kkrs gSaA ;fn mls rVLFk djus dh gh j.kuhfr vf[+r;kj djuh pkfg, rks
lEiknd&e.My us mls laxfBr djus ds fy, ek¡xksa dh bruh yEch&pkSM+h lwph D;ksa izLrqr
dh Fkh\ vc ;fn mlds fopkj cny x;s gSa rks mls de ls de bldk mYys[k rks djuk
gh pkfg, fd fiNys ys[k esa og tks dqN lksprk Fkk og x+yr Fkk vkSj vc mlds fopkj
vkxs c<+ x;s gSaA
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZekU; izLFkkiuk rks vHkh rd ;gh jgh gS fd mUgsa Hkjld
vius lkFk [kM+k djus dh dksf'k'k dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ;fn ge mUgsa vius lkFk [kM+k
ugha dj ldrs gSa rks de ls de mUgsa rVLFk djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A blhfy,
ge mls <qyeqy laJ;dkjh ekurs gSaA ysfdu ,slk ugha gS fd lEiknd&e.My mls fli+$Z
rVLFk djus dh gh ckr djrk gS] og ;g Hkh dgrk gS fd mls Hkjld iw¡thoknh lÙkk
fojksèkh ek¡xksa ij loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds lkFk [kM+k djus dh dksf'k'k djuh
pkfg,A ysfdu eq[; ckr t+ksj dh gSA lEiknd&e.My dh ckrksa esa eq[; t+ksj vc mls
rVLFk djus ij pyk x;k gS u fd mls lkFk ysus ijA
njvly] e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa gekjk t+ksj dc rd mUgsa lkFk ysus ij gh gks
vkSj dc mUgsa rVLFk djus ij] ;g ns'k&dky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA [k+kldj]
tc ØkfUr dk rwi+$ku [kM+k gks pqdk gks rc rd rks oxks± dk jktuhfrd èkzqohdj.k lki+$
gks tkrk gS ¼tSlkfd :l esa 1917 ds vklikl ds nkSj esa½A ml le; rd ;fn e¡>ksyk
fdlku gekjs lkFk ugha [kM+k gks pqdk gks rks ml le; mls vius lkFk [kM+k djus dh fpUrk
ge ugha dj ldrs] vfèkd ls vfèkd mls rVLFk djus ds ckjs esa gh lksp ldrs gSaA gekjs
;gk¡ Hkh mlds izfr gekjk n`f"Vdks.k blh ls r; gksxk vkSj cnyrk tk;sxk fd la[;k dh
n`f"V ls og fdruk izHkkodkjh gS vkSj fdldk i{k ysdj [kM+k gks jgk gSA
8- vc ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ds f[k+yki+$ lEiknd&e.My ds ,d vU; rdZ
ij vkrs gSa( tks lcls egÙoiw.kZ gSA lEiknd&e.My dk dguk gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 79
dh ek¡x NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh fdlkuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr eè;e fdlkuksa ds eksgHkze
dks c<+kus dk dke djrh gSA ;g [k+rjk rks gS ghA ysfdu ;g [k+rjk dki+$h gn rd mlh
izÑfr dk gS tSlk turk ds chp lqèkkj dh dkjZokb;ksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA ;fn lqèkkj dh
dkjZokb;ksa dks ØkfUrdkjh dkjZokb;ksa ds ekrgr j[kdj u vatke fn;k tk;s rks blls
lqèkkjokn dk [k+rjk iSnk gksrk gSA eSaus igys gh fy[kk Fkk fd nsgkr esa loZgkjk oxZ dks
laxfBr fd;s cx+Sj NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ds dke dks gkFk esa ugha fy;k
tk ldrk gSA ,slk djuk xEHkhj HkVdko gksxkA lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa vkS|ksfxd
loZgkjk oxZ dks laxfBr djus ls igys xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ laxfBr djus ij t+ksj nsuk Hkh
HkVdko gh gksxkA nsgkrksa esa loZgkjk oxZ dk l'kDr ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu gh og xkj.Vh
gS tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds eksgHkze dks iSnk ugha gksus nsxk vkSj oxZ èkzoq hdj.k
rh[kkdj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fupys o fcpys fgLlksa dks fu.kkZ;d rkSj ij ØkfUr ds i{k
esa [kM+k djsxkA loZgkjk oxZ dk vkUnksyu èkuh fdlkuksa dh ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dk
Hkh MVdj fojksèk djsxk vkSj ;g Hkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds chp èkzoq hdj.k dks fu.kkZ;d eaft+y
ij igq¡pk;sxkA lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa nsgkrksa esa gekjh dsUnzh; vkSj nh?kZdkfyd ek¡x
gS Hkwfe ij futh ekfydkus dks lekIr dj lkewfgd ekfydkus dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk
vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa ds i+$keks± ij o+$Ct+k dj lkewfgd i+$keks± dh LFkkiuk djukA bl ek¡x
dks ,d iy ds fy, Hkh ut+jksa ls vks>y dj NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY;
?kVkus dh ek¡x gh ugha] dksbZ Hkh vU; ek¡x mBkuk ?kkrd gksxkA tgk¡ rd bl ek¡x ls ;g
Hkze iSnk gksus dk loky gS fd blls NksVh fdlkuh rckgh ls cp tk;sxh rks eq>s yxrk
gS fd lEiknd&e.My [+kqn gh bl Hkze dk f'kdkj gSA vU;Fkk ;g mls fn[kk;h ns tkrk
fd ;g lEHko ugha gSA fdlkuh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ftl vkØked :i esa iw¡th dk o+$gj tkjh
gS] mlesa vc bu Hkzeksa dh xqatkb'k gh dki+$h de gks x;h gSA bl ek¡x ij vkUnksyu mUgsa
fli+$Z dqN jkgr gh ns ldrk gSA rkRdkfyd ek¡xksa ds lkFk ,slk gh gksrk gSA gk¡] os viuh
rckgh ds f[k+yki+$ yM+rs gq, viuh rckgh ds dkj.kksa dks vo'; le> ldsasxs vkSj loZgkjk
ØkfUr ds lkFk [kM+s gks ldsaxsA
9- eSaus vius fiNys ys[k esa bl ij ppkZ dh Fkh fd dSls iw¡thoknh fodkl ds
lkFk&lkFk iwjs ns'k esa dbZ vkfFkZd&lkekftd izfØ;kvksa ls e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk fgLlk fldqM+
jgk gSA fiNM+h [ksrh ds byko+$ksa esa rks vHkh mldk vkèkkj bruk ugha fldqM+k gS fd mldks
laxfBr djus dk loky vizklafxd gks x;k gks] ysfdu fodflr [ksrh ds byko+$ksa esa og
la[;k dh n`f"V ls vizklkafxd gksrk tk jgk gSA ;g ,d izo`fÙk ds :i esa lki+$ fn[kk;h
nsrk gSA ysfdu esjh tkudkjh es]a blds ckjs esa oxhZ; n`f"V ls dksbZ 'kksèk ;k vk¡dM+s miyCèk
ugha gSa] blfy, Bksl&Bksl dqN ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA fli+$Z fcgkj ds ckjs esa ,d ,sls
'kksèk dh tkudkjh feyh gS] ysfdu mldh fjiksVZ ns[kus dk volj eq>s vHkh ugha fey ldk
gSA gkyk¡fd lEiknd&e.My us Hkh vius lekgkj esa yxHkx ogh ckrsa dgh gSa tks eSaus dgh
Fkha] blfy, bl ekeys esa vHkh ^vui<+* cus jgus ls fi+$ygky cgl esa dksbZ leL;k ugha
80 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
vkus okyh gSA vc ge ;gk¡ blh ekeys ls tqM+h ,d vU; ckr dh ppkZ djuk pkgsaxsA
fiNys ys[kksa esa eSus [ksrh ds fo'ks"khdj.k dh ppkZ djrs gq, dgk Fkk vc e¡>ksys
fdlku Hkh fli+$Z dqN i+$lysa gh mxkrs gSa vkSj mls cspdj vU; i+$lyksa dks ckt+kj ls [k+jhnrs
gSaA ;g lp gS fd ;g izo`fÙk ds :i esa iwjs ns'k esa ekStwn gSA ysfdu ;g fodflr [ksrh
ds byko+$ksa esa gh lcls vfèkd rh[ksiu ds lkFk ekStnw gSA [k+kldj uo+$nh i+$lyksa ds byko+$ksa
esa èkuh fdlkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk NksVs&e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh viuh Hkwfe ds vfèkdka'k {ks=kQy
esa uo+$nh i+$lysa gh mxkrs gSaA eq[;r% nks ;k rhu i+$lyksa ij gh mudh [ksrh dsfUnzr gSA
ysfdu ns'k ds vU; vfèkdka'k [ksrh ds fiNM+s byko+$ksa esa e¡>ksyk fdlku vHkh Hkh viuh
t+:jr dh lHkh ugha ysfdu vfèkdka'k i+$lysa mxkus ij t+ksj nsrk gSA og ckt+kj esa cgqr
de i+$lysa gh csprk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd if'pe ds xUuk csYV dk Hkh vuqHko ;g crkrk
gS fd tc dHkh Hkh xUuk ewY; Hkqxrku dk ladV c<+ tkrk gS] rks [k+kldj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
esa xUuk {ks=kQy ?kVkus vkSj vU; t+:jr dh i+$lysa mxkus ij t+ksj c<+ tkrk gSA ysfdu
;g loZekU; lPpkbZ gS fd uo+$nh i+$lyksa ds byko+$s esa vfèkdka'k e¡>ksys fdlku viuh
Hkwfe ds vfèkdka'k {ks=kQy ij bu uo+$nh i+$lyksa dks gh mxkrs gSa ¼dgha&dgha ,d lht+u
esa uo+$nh i+$ly vkSj nwljs lht+u esa lkekU; i+$ly vkSj dgha&dgha nksuksa lht+u esa uo+$nh
i+$ly½ vkSj veweu vU; t+:jr dh i+$lyksa dks ckt+kj ls [k+jhnrs gSaA uo+$nh i+$lysa mxkus
okys ;s ^e¡>ksys fdlku* o+$t+Z ysdj [ksrh esa fuos'k djrs gSa vkSj et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djus
dh izo`fÙk Hkh mUgha ds chp lcls vfèkd c<+h gSA fiNys ys[k esa dgh x;h viuh ckr
dks vkxs c<+krs gq, eSa ;gk¡ fli+$Z ;g dguk pkgrk gw¡ fd bu fdlkuksa dh tksr pkgs de
gks] ysfdu ;fn os vius mRiknu dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx e.Mh esa csprs gSa rks os viuh i+$lyksa
dk equki+$k gh pkg ldrs gSaA blls mudk oxhZ; :ikUrj.k gks tkrk gSA eSaus vius fiNys
ys[k esa dgk Fkk fd ,sls e¡>ksys fdlku tks viuh i+$lysa cspdj vU; t+:jr dh i+$lysa
ckt+kj ls [k+jhnrs gSa] mUgsa ykHkdkjh ewY; ls dksbZ i+$k;nk ugha gksxk] D;ksafd ykHkdkjh ewY;
dk rdZ rks nksuksa gh i+$lyksa ij ykxw gksxkA ;g lp gS ysfdu ;fn ;s fdlku vius mRiknu
dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx e.Mh esa csprs gSa rks os ykHkdkjh ewY; dh ek¡x dk gh leFkZu djsaxsA
vfèkdkfèkd et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djus dh izo`fÙk vkSj vius mRiknu dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx
e.Mh esa cspus ls mldk oxhZ; :ikUrj.k gks tkrk gS vkSj og vc loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh
e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha] vius oxZ&pfj=k esa NksVk&eksVk dqyd cu pqdk gSA bldh rckgh gh
bls gekjs lkFk yk ldrh gSA o+$t+Z esa Mwcs bu fdlkuksa dh rckgh dh Hkh"k.k fLFkfr dks
uo+$nh i+$lyksa ds byko+$ksa esa fdlkuksa dh vkRegR;kvksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
10- lEiknd&e.My vius ys[k esa ckj&ckj dgrk gS fd eSa viuh ikst+h'ku ls
nk;sa&ck;sa f[kldrk jgk gw¡] yhikiksrh djrk jgk gw¡ vkSj viuh x+yrh dqN gn rd ekurs
gq, Hkh viuh ikst+h'ku ij MVk jgk gw¡aA i<+us ls lki+$ yxrk gS fd og gekjs ys[k ij
lkekU; fVIi.kh dj jgk gSA vius rdZ det+ksj gksus ij gh ikBdksa dks iwokZxzfgr djus
ds fy, dksbZ ,slk dke dj ldrk gSA
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 81
 viuh txg ij lkoèkku dh eqnzk esa fcYdqy fLFkj [kM+k fo}ku lEiknd&e.My ;g
rks le>rk gh gksxk fd fdlh Hkh eqís ¼[k+kldj ,sls my>kÅ loky½ ij eq[;r% vkSj
ewyr% lgh vofLFkfr ij igq¡p tkus ds ckn Hkh cgl esa ;k lkekftd O;ogkj esa mldh
cgqrsjh ,slh folaxfr;k¡ mtkxj gksrh gSa vkSj bUgha izfØ;kvksa esa bu folaxfr;ksa dks nwj dj
lgh vofLFkfr rd igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA esjs tSls ^'kk[k ij cSBs gq, mYyw* ij rks ;g vkSj
Hkh vfèkd ykxw gksrk gSA eq>s ugha irk fd bl cgl ds nkSjku lEiknd&e.My dh viuh
le>nkjh esa dqN bt+ki+$k gqvk ;k ugha ¼gkyk¡fd de ls de viuh ,d x+yrh dks le>us
dk ekSo+$k rks mls Hkh feyk½] eq>s rks cgl ds nkSjku bl leL;k ls tqM+s dbZ igyqvksa dks
vkSj vfèkd le>us dk ekSo+$k feyk vkSj mlh ds lkFk&lkFk eSa viuh ikst+h'ku dks
folaxfr;ksa vkSj vUrjfojksèkksa ls eqDr djus vkSj mls foLrkj nsus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgkA
lEiknd&e.My us vius ys[k esa nks ,sls loky mBk;s gSa] ftuls mldh ^nk;as&ck;sa
f[kldus*] ^yhikiksrh djus* o x+yrh dqN gn rd ekuus dh fVIif.k;k¡ tqM+rh gSaA okftc
ewY; okyh ckr ij vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds loky ijA okftc ewY; okyh
esjh ikst+h'ku x+yr Fkh vkSj bl loky dks ysdj eSa fdl :i esa vUrjfojksèkxzLr Fkk] blds
ckjs esa eSa igys gh ppkZ dj pqdk gw¡A
e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds loky ij lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd eSaus cgl
esa 'kkfey vius igys ys[k ¼uoEcj] 2004½ esa dgk Fkk fd eè;e fdlku vius [ksrksa esa
ifjokj lfgr Je djrk gS vkSj mtjrh et+njw ksa ls dke ugha ysrk gS rFkk ckn esa nk;s&a ck;sa
f[klddj dqN lqèkkj dj eSaus eè;e fdlkuksa dk loZekU; foHksnhdj.k izLrqr djrs gq,
viuh vofLFkfr dqN ;w¡ j[kh fd mPp&eè;e fdlku dHkh&dHkh mtjrh et+nwjksa ls
FkksM+k&cgqr dke ysrk gSA
lEiknd&e.My ;g x+yrc;kuh dj jgk gS ;k mlls Hkwypwd gqbZ gS\ eSua s vius ys[k
¼uoEcj] 2004½ esa dgk Fkk µ ßmRiknu izfØ;k esa fgLlsnkjh ds vkèkkj ij eè;e fdlku
mls gh dgk tk ldrk gS tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% viuk Je yxkdj [ksrh djrk gS]
vioknLo:i gh vkSj vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh og et+nwj yxkus dks etcwj gksrk gSAÞ
blhs ls vkxs eSaus ysfuu dk m)j.k Hkh fn;k gS ftlesa os Hkh dgrs gSa fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
esa de gh lgh] ysfdu dqN ,sls fdlku gSa tks mtjr ij [ksr cfugkj ;k fngkM+hnkj yxkrs
gSAa Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ ;gh dgk x;k gS fd e¡>ksyk fdlku ^dHkh&dHkh*] ^FkksM+k&cgqr* et+njw
yxkrk gSA bls O;aX;kRed :i esa nk;sa&ck;sa f[klduk dgdj lEiknd&e.My viuh fdl
izo`fÙk dks mtkxj dj jgk gS\
vius vxys ys[k ¼tuojh] 2005½ esa eSaus viuh ikst+h'ku dks foLrkj nsrs gq,
fdlkuksa dk loZekU; foHksnhdj.k izLrqr dj ;gh ckr dgh gS fd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk
cqfu;knh pfj=k mlds chp okys fgLls ls gh fuèkkZfjr gksrk gS tks vius Je ij vkèkkfjr
[ksrh djrk gSA bldk Åijh fgLlk vkSj fupyk fgLlk ,d rji+$ dqydksa vkSj nwljh rji+$
loZgkjk oxZ ls ut+nhdh cukrs gSAa dksbZ Hkze iSnk u gks] blhfy, ;gha ij ;g loZekU; ckr
82 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
Hkh dg nsuk mfpr gksxk fd ;g loZekU; foHksnhdj.k fli+$Z e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds pfj=k dks
le>us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA O;ogkj esa ;g foHksnhdj.k lEHko ugha gksrk gSA e¡>ksys
fdlku ds pfj=k esa ;g lc ?kqyk&feyk gksrk gSA ,sls Hkh e¡>ksys fdlku gks ldrs gSa tks
eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrs gSa] ysfdu dHkh&dHkh et+nwj Hkh yxkrs gSa vkSj
dHkh&dHkh [+kqn Hkh et+nwjh djrs gSaA ,sls Hkh e¡>ksys fdlku gks ldrs gSa tks vU; e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dh vis{kk dqN vfèkd et+njw yxkrs gks]a ysfdu fQj Hkh eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius
Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrs gSAa ,sls Hkh e¡>ksys fdlku gks ldrs gSa tks dqN gn rd viuh
thfodk ds fy, et+nwjh ij fuHkZj gks pys gSa] ysfdu vHkh eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr
viuh [ksrh ls gh thou;kiu djrs gksaA
lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My ds vuqlkj vc Hkkjr dh u;h vkSj ßfof'k"VÞ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fuEu&eè;e vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks Hkh dHkh&dHkh fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa et+njw
yxkuk iM+rk gSA ;s u;h vkSj ßfof'k"VÞ ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ugha gSa] Ñf"k mRiknu dk pfj=k gh
,slk gksrk gS fd igys Hkh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mUgsa ,slk djuk iM+rk FkkA ysfdu ml
le; veweu vnyk&cnyh ds Je ls dke pyk fy;k tkrk FkkA vc cnyh gqbZ
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw¡thokn ds fodkl us vnyk&cnyh ds Je dh ijEijk dks yxHkx [k+Re
dj fn;k gS vkSj fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vc mUgsa Hkh et+nwj yxkuk iM+rk gSA gk¡] [ksrh esa
iw¡thoknh fodkl ds lkFk i+$lyksa ds mRiknu esa ,sls vusdkusd rÙo iSnk gksrs gSa tc Ñf"k
dk;ks± esa vklUurk dk rÙo c<+ tkrk gS vkSj dqN [k+kl dk;ks± dks le; ij fuiVk ysuk
t+:jh gks tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh dqN dk;ks± esa fo'ks"kKrk dh t+:jr Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA
blh ds lkFk&lkFk [kkn&cht&fctyh&ikuh&tqrkbZ&gkosfZ LVax vkfn dk [k+pZ Hkh c<+rk tkrk gSA
;gh rks os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ,d fgLls dk dqydhdj.k djrh tkrh
gSa vkSj nwljs fgLls dks rckg dj x+jhc fdlkuksa dh Js.kh esa èkdsyrh tkrh gSAa ysfdu et+njw
yxkus dh bl etcwjh ds c<+us ds ckn Hkh e¡>ksys fdlku dh Js.kh esa rks ge mlh dks
'kkfey dj ldrs gSa tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gS vkSj
mlds bl cqfu;knh pfj=k dh ckr dgrs gq, gh esjs ys[k esa dgk x;k gS fd og et+nwj
yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrk gS vkSj mldh ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x esa et+nwjh ?kVkus ;k
fdlh Hkh :i esa Je ykxr de djus dh ek¡x 'kkfey ugha gks ldrh gSA et+nwj yxkus
dh etcwjh ftl le; mls ml eaft+y ij igqp¡ k nsxh fd ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% et+njw yxkdj
[ksrh djuk mldk pfj=k cu tk;s vkSj et+nwjh ?kVkus dh ek¡x mldh ek¡x cu tk;s] ml
le; og loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha jg tk;sxk vkSj dqydksa dh Js.kh esa
'kkfey gks tk;sxkA

¼vizdkf'kr( tuojh] 2005½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 83

 lEiknd&e.My Nqi&Nqidj èkks jgk gS
èkuh fdlkuksa ds ?kj ds iksrM+s
,l- izrki

e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k ds loky ij pyh cgl esa lEiknd&e.My
us viuh vofLFkfr izLrqr djrs gq, mls gh cgl dk lEikndh; lekgkj ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA
eq>s viuh vkf[k+jh vofLFkfr izLrqr djus dk ekSo+$k Hkh ugha fn;k x;k vkSj esjk ys[k
Nkius ls bUdkj dj fn;k x;kA ysfdu njvly cgl fli+$Z esjs fy, gh [k+Re dh x;h
gSA lEiknd&e.My rks ,drji+$k cgl tkjh j[ks gq, gSA esjk ys[k rks mlus izdkf'kr ugha
fd;k ysfdu bl ckj ^fcxqy* ds ekpZ ¼2005½ vad esa esjs bl vizdkf'kr ys[k ij gh
Nqi&Nqidj ihNs ls okj djus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gSA bl vad esa ysfuu }kjk vUrjjk"Vªh;
dE;qfuLV vkUnksyu dh nwljh dkaxzsl ds fy, rS;kj dh x;h ^Hkwfe iz'u ij elfonk
Fkhfll* dk va'k izdkf'kr fd;k x;k gS vkSj blds lkFk gh ,d yEch lEikndh; fVIi.kh
izdkf'kr dh x;h gSA eSaus vius vizdkf'kr ys[k esa lEiknd&e.My vkSj lq[knso ds >wBs
vkSj ?kfV;k vkjksiksa dks iwjh rjg [k+kfjt dj fn;k gS vkSj blls lEiknd&e.My vkSj
lq[knso dh fuÑ"V izo`fÙk [kqydj lkeus vk x;h gS ¼i<+sa esjk uizdkf'kr ys[k½A blds
vykok esjs bl uizdkf'kr ys[k esa ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x Hkh iwjh rjg LFkkfir gks
pqdh gSA lEiknd&e.My ds ikl vc dksbZ rdZ ugha jg tkrsA blesa mldh dBnyhyh
Hkh lkeus vk tkrh gSA lEiknd&e.My us esjk ys[k Nkius dk lkgl ugha tqVk;k vkSj
X+kqLls ls ikxy gksdj vius mUghsa >wBs vkSj ?kfV;k vkjksiksa dh ,d ckj fQj ckSNkj dj
nhA 'kk;n mls xks;csYl dh bl ckr ij ;o+$hu gks x;k gS fd lkS ckj cksyus ij >wB
Hkh lp gks tkrk gSA lEiknd&e.My dgrk gS fd ,l- izrki ukd dk loky cukdj
dBnyhyh djrs jgrs gSa( bl ys[k esa ;g ckr fcYdqy Li"V gks tk;sxh fd ukd dk loky
cukdj dBnyhyh dkSu dj jgk gS] eSa ;k lEiknd&e.My\ lEiknd&e.My viuh fVIi.kh
esa ujksnokn ds fofHkUu :iksa ij X+kqLlk t+kfgj djrs gq, dgrk gS fd os èkuh fdlkuksa ds
?kjksa esa iksrM+s èkks jgs gSaA ysfdu lPpkbZ ;g gS fd mu ujksnokfn;ksa ds lkFk og [+kqn Hkh
Nqi&Nqidj èkuh fdlkuksa ds ?kjksa esa iksrM+s èkksus esa yxk gqvk gSA ysfdu bl ckj og j¡xs
gkFkksa idM+k tk;sxk vkSj mldk Hk.MkQksM+ gks tk;sxkA

84 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

 ysfuu dk ;g ys[k ^Hkwfe iz'u ij izkjfEHkd elfonk Fkhfll* i<+us ds ckn rks
lEiknd&e.My dk joS;k iwjh rjg vpfEHkr dj nsrk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd vius dks
lgh lkfcr djus dh èkqu esa og vUèkk gksdj dksVs'kuksa dh HkhM+ esa [kks x;k gS vkSj muesa
'kCnkofy;ksa ds vfrfjDr og dqN Hkh le>us dh dksf'k'k ugha dj jgk gSA ysfdu bl ij
FkksM+k vkxs ckr djsaxsA vkb;s lcls igys bl pht+ dk ut+kjk ysa fd og bl lEikndh;
fVIi.kh esa ^nk;sa&ck;sa f[kldrs gq,* fdl rjg ^pyk;eku ;q)* pyk jgk gSA eSaus vius
ys[k ¼uoEcj 2004½ esa dgk Fkk fd ,axsYl ftls NksVk fdlku dgrs gSa] ysfuu mls gh
e¡>ksyk fdlku dgrs gSa D;ksafd nksuksa dh ifjHkk"kk iwjh rjg esy [kkrh gSA blds tokc
esa lEiknd&e.My us vius lEikndh; lekgkj esa dgk µ ß,axYs l e¡>ksys fdlku ¼ysfuu
ds e¡>ksys fdlku½ dks NksVk fdlku ugha dgrs] cfYd teZuh vkSj iz+$kal dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa
esa mudk ;g izoxhZdj.k x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlkuksa dks gh vius nk;js esa
lesVrk gSAÞ lEikndh; lekgkj dk tokc nsrs gq, eSaus vius vizdkf'kr ys[k esa bl ij
loky mBk;k fd x+jhc fdlku v)ZloZgkjk gS vkSj ,axsYl dh ifjHkk"kk ls ;g iwjh rjg
Li"V gS fd os NksVs fdlku oxZ esa v)ZloZgkjk dks 'kkfey ugha djrs gSaA lEiknd&e.My
us viuh bl x+yrh dks lhèks&lhèks Lohdkj djus dk lkgl ugha tqVk;kA mlus pqipki
fiNys njokts ls lEikndh; fVIi.kh ds Hkhrj czSdsV ¼dks"Bd½ esa viuh bl x+yrh ls
NqVdkjk ik fy;kA fVIi.kh esa mlus dks"Bd esa crk;k gS fd NksVs fdlku dks fuEu&eè;e
fdlku ekuk tk ldrk gSA rks vkf[k+jdkj ^nk;s&a ck;sa f[kldrs gq,* pyk;eku ;q) pykrs
gq, og ;gk¡ rd igq¡p gh x;k fd ,axsYl dk NksVk fdlku e¡>ksyk fdlku gh gSA gkyk¡fd
vHkh Hkh og fli+$Z fuEu&eè;e fdlkuksa dks gh blesa 'kkfey djrk gS] vHkh Hkh og iwjh
rjg lgh vofLFkfr ugha viuk ldk gSA ysfdu tc mlus o+$ne vkxs c<+k gh fy;k gS
¼Hkys gh fNi&fNidj½ rks ;g mEehn dh tk ldrh gS fd og nk;s&a ck;sa f[kldrk èkhjs&èkhjs
,d o+$ne vkSj vkxs c<+k gh ysxk vkSj eè;e&eè;e fdlkuksa dks Hkh ,axsYl ds bl NksVs
fdlku oxZ esa 'kkfey dj lgh vofLFkfr rd igq¡p tk;sxkA eSaus vius uizdkf'kr ys[k
esa ;gh dgk gS fd ,axsYl ds e¡>ksys fdlku oxZ esa vfèkd ls vfèkd mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa
dk gh fgLlk 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA urhtru eè;e&eè;e vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlku ,axYs l
ds NksVs fdlku dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey gksaxsA
ysfuu dh Hkwfe iz'u ij elfonk Fkhfll esa ;g ckr iwjh rjg Li"V gks tkrh gSA
bl ij ppkZ ls igys ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kuk t+:jh gS fd ;gk¡ ysfuu us :l dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlkuksa ds vius oxhZdj.k dk bLrseky ugha fd;k gSA ;gk¡ os ,axsYl ds
oxhZdj.k dk bLrseky dj jgs gSa ¼D;ksafd ;g dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy dh dkaxzsl ds fy,
vkSj iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds fy, Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d dk;ZØe ds :i esa fy[kk x;k gSA blds
ckjs esa vkxs ckr djsxa s fd D;ksa iwt
¡ hoknh fodkl dh mUur eaft+yksa esa ,axYs l dk oxhZdj.k
gh vfèkd lVhd gSA½ ysfuu us viuh bl Fkhfll esa ,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k dks foLrkj nsrs
gq, oxks± dks vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu esa mudh Hkwfedk dks cgqr Li"Vrk ds lkFk O;k[;kf;r
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 85
fd;k gSA blds ckn bl ekeys esa fdlh Hkze dh xqatkb'k ugha jg tkrh gSA
NksVs fdlku oxZ ds ckjs esa ysfuu dgrs gSa % ßNksVs fdlku ;kuh] NksVs iSekus ij
[ksrh djus okys] ftuds ikl ekfyd ds :i esa ;k vklkeh ds :i esa] t+ehu ds NksVs VqdM+s
gksrs gSa ftuls og vius ifjokjksa vkSj [ksrhckM+h dh t+:jrksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSa vkSj ckgj
ls Je HkkM+s ij ugha ysrsA---Þ blds ckn og vkxs dgrs gSa % ßlkFk gh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ
dks lki+$ rkSj ij ;g le>uk pkfg, fd iw¡thokn ls lkE;okn esa laØe.k dh vofèk ds
nkSjku] ;kuh loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ds nkSjku] ;g rco+$k] ;k fdlh Hkh le; bldk dksbZ
fgLlk] vifjgk;Zr% O;kikj dh fucZUèk LorU=krk vkSj futh lEifÙk ds vfèkdkjksa dk eqDr
:i ls ykHk mBkus dh fn'kk esa <qyeqyiu fn[kk;sxkA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd ;g rco+$k
NksVs :i esa gh lgh] miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dk foØsrk gS] equki+$k[k+ksjksa }kjk vkSj LokfeRo dh
vknrksa }kjk Hkz"V gks pqdk gSA ysfdu vxj n`<+ loZgkjk uhfr ykxw dh tk;s vkSj vxj
fot;h loZgkjk oxZ cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa rFkk èkuh fdlkuksa ds lkFk cM+h n`<+rk ls fuiVrk gS
rks bl rco+$s dk <qyeqyiu fpUruh; ugha gksxk vkSj bl rF; dks ugha cny ldrk fd
dqy feykdj] ;g loZgkjk ØkfUr ds i{k esa jgsxkAÞ
Li"V gS fd ;gk¡ NksVs fdlku :l dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ysfuu ds oxhZdj.k dk e¡>ksyk
fdlku gS tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA gekjs ns'k dh
vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc ls ns[kk tk;s rks mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa dk vfèkdkfèkd HkkM+s
ij et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djus okyk fgLlk blesa 'kkfey ugha gks ldrk gSA eè;e&eè;e
vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlku gh NksVs fdlku ds bl oxZ esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa tks ewyr% vkSj
eq[;r% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrs gSaA
Hkyk ;g dSls lEHko gS fd fo}ku lEiknd&e.My dks bruh Li"V ckr Hkh le>
esa ugha vkrhA vkf[k+j fdl vkèkkj ij og dgrk gS fd eè;e&eè;e fdlku bl NksVs
fdlku dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey ugha gks ldrs\ igys Hkh fcuk fdlh fo'ys"k.k ds] fcuk dksbZ
vkèkkj crk;s mlus dgk fd ,axsYl dk ;g NksVk fdlku x+jhc fdlkuksa vkSj fuEu&eè;e
fdlkuksa dks vius nk;js esa lesVrk gS vkSj vc fQj fcuk fdlh vkèkkj ds og dg jgk
gS fd ;g fli+$Z fuEu&eè;e fdlku dks vius nk;js esa lesVrk gSA D;k ,slk ugha yxrk
fd lEiknd&e.My ckr dks le> rks pqdk gS] ysfdu ekuuk ugha pkgrk] [kqydj Lohdkj
ugha djuk pkgrk fd mldh vofLFkfr x+yr gSA Nqi&Nqidj ,d o+$ne vkxs Hkh mlus
etcwjh esa gh c<+k;k gSA ysfuu us Hkwfe iz'u ij viuh bl Fkhfll esa x+jhc fdlkuksa
¼v)ZloZgkjk½ dks cgqr gh Li"V :i esa NksVs fdlkuksa ls vyx ifjHkkf"kr dj fn;k gSA
blds ckn lEiknd&e.My Hkyk D;k djrkA blfy, tYnh ls lEikndh; fVIi.kh esa gh
pqipki dqN bl rjg viuh x+yrh ls fi.M NqM+k fy;k fd lk¡i Hkh ej tk;s vkSj ykBh
Hkh u VwVs] x+yrh ls NqVdkjk Hkh fey tk;s vkSj fdlh dks dkuksdku [k+cj Hkh u yxsA
vc ;g r; fd;k tk;s fd bl iwjs ekeys esa ukd dk loky cukdj dBnyhyh eSa dj
jgk gw¡ ;k lEiknd&e.My\
86 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 vkb;s vc t+jk ;g ns[kk tk;s fd lEiknd&e.My fdl rjg xjt&xjtdj pkj
o+$ne vkxs tkdj fn[kkrk rks ;g gS fd og fdlkuksa ds loky ij loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k dk
fgek;rh gS ysfdu fNis :i esa og dqydksa dk fgek;rh cudj [kM+k gSA
Hkwfe iz'u ij viuh bl Fkhfll eas ysfuu us ,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k dks bLrseky djrs
gq, mlesa 'kkfey e¡>ksys fdlku oxZ dh Hkh cgqr Li"V :i esa vkSj foLrkj ls O;k[;k
dh gSA ysfuu dgrs gSa % ßvkfFkZd n`f"V ls ^e¡>ksys fdlkuksa* dk eryc os fdlku gksuk
pkfg, tks] 1- ekfyd ;k vklkeh ds :i esa t+ehu ds ,sls VqdM+s tksrrs gSa tks NksVs rks
gSa ysfdu iw¡thokn ds rgr] u dsoy x`gLFkh vkSj [ksrhckM+h dh U;wure t+:jrsa iwjh djus
ds fy, i;kZIr gSa] cfYd dqN cs'kh iSnkokj Hkh djrs gSa ftls] de ls de vPNs o"kks± esa]
iw¡th eas cnyk tk ldrk gS( 2- ¼bl txg ^fcxqy* esa Nis lR;e ds vuqokn esa dqN xM+cM+
gS vkSj dqN NwV x;k gSA ;g dqN bl rjg gS % os vDlj ¼mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij nks ;k
rhu esa ls ,d i+$keZ½ HkkM+s ij et+nwj yxkrs gSaA teZuh ds ik¡p ls nl gsDVs;j ds xzqi esa
vkus okys i+$keZ mUur iw¡thoknh ns'k esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk Bksl mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gSa]
ftuesa 1907 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj HkkM+s ij et+nwj yxkus okys i+$keks± dh la[;k bl
xzqi ds dqy i+$keks± dh la[;k dh ,d frgkbZ gSA iz+$kal esa] tgk¡ fof'k"V i+$lyksa dh [ksrh
vfèkd fodflr gS] mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij vaxjw dh [ksrh] ftlesa cM+h ek=kk esa Je dh t+:jr
gksrh gS] ogk¡ bl xzqi ds i+$keks± esa lEHkor% dqN vfèkd ek=kk esa HkkM+s ij Je yxk;k tkrk
gS ¼vuqokn esjk] Hkwfe iz'u ij izkjfEHkd elfonk Fkhfll] ysfuu dysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M
31] i`- 156½A blds ckn ysfuu dgrs gSa fd ;g e¡>ksyk fdlku loZgkjk dk nksLr ugha
gks ldrkA bls vius lkFk [kM+k djus dh fpUrk djus dh ctk; rVLFk djus dk gh
dk;ZHkkj ge r; dj ldrs gSaA ;g mtjrh et+nwjksa ds lhèks f[k+yki+$ [kM+k gksrk gSA
blls Li"V gS fd ysfuu nks ckrksa ds vkèkkj ij bl e¡>ksys fdlku oxZ dks ifjHkkf"kr
djrs gSaA og cs'kh mRikn iSnk djrk gS ftls iw¡th esa cnyk tk ldrk gS vkSj og vfèkd
ek=kk esa HkkM+s ij Je yxkrk gSA ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd bu nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d rÙo Hkh
ekStnw gS rks og fdlku bl oxhZdj.k ds e¡>ksys fdlku oxZ esa gh 'kkfey gksxk vkSj mldk
pfj=k iwjh rjg loZgkjk fojksèkh gksxkA ,sls e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh gks ldrs gSa tks fof'k"V
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa HkkM+s ij vfèkd Je u yxkrs gksa ysfdu cs'kh mRikn iSnk dj equki+$k dekrs
gksaA ,sls fdlku Hkh gks ldrs gSa tks fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa HkkM+s ij vfèkd Je yxkrs
gksa ysfdu bruk cs'kh mRiknu u iSnk dj ikrs gksa ftls iw¡th esa cnyk tk ldsA ysfdu
fQj Hkh bu nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa mudk pfj=k loZgkjk fojksèkh gksxkA
eSaus vius ys[kksa esa ges'kk :l dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlkuksa ds ysfuu ds oxhZdj.k dks
gh bLrseky fd;k gS] ftlesa e¡>ksyk fdlku ,axsYl dk vkSj Hkwfe iz'u ij ysfuu dh bl
Fkhfll esa Hkh NksVk fdlku gSA mi;qZDr ppkZ esa HkkM+s ij vfèkd ek=kk esa Je yxkus okys
vkSj cs'kh mRikn iSnk dj equki+$k dekus okys ftu fdlkuksa dh ckr dh x;h gS] mUgsa eSa
loZgkjk ds laJ;dkjh e¡>ksys fdlku dh Js.kh esa 'kkfey djus dk iqjt+ksj fojksèk djrk
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 87
jgk gw¡A eSa ckj&ckj bl ckr ij t+ksj nsrk jgk gw¡ fd fdlku dh tksr Hkys gh NksVh gks]
ysfdu ;fn og vfèkdkfèkd HkkM+s ij Je yxkdj [ksrh djus yxrk gS rks mldk pfj=k
loZgkjk fojksèkh gks tkrk gS vkSj mldk dqydhdj.k gks tkrk gSA mls loZgkjk ds nksLr oxZ
ds :i esa xksycUn djus dh ckr djuk izfrfØ;koknh o+$ne gksxkA eSaus vius vkf[k+jh]
uizdkf'kr ys[k esa ;g ckr Hkh iwjs t+ksj ds lkFk mBk;h gS fd fdlku dh tksr Hkys gh
NksVh gks] ysfdu ;fn og vius mRikn dk vPNk&[k+klk fgLlk e.Mh esa csprk gS rks og
viuh i+$lyksa ij ykHkdkjh ewY; ;kuh equki+$k gh pkg ldrk gSA og fdlh Hkh :i esa
loZgkjk oxZ dk nksLr ugha gks ldrkA mldk dqydhdj.k gks pqdk gSA
nwljh rji+$] vc ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd fdlh Hkze ;k ukle>h esa ugha] cfYd
iwjs lksp&fopkj ds lkFk lEiknd&e.My vkSj lq[knso ,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k ¼vkSj Hkwfe iz'u
ij ysfuu dh bl Fkhfll esa Hkh½ esa 'kkfey e¡>ksys fdlku ds vuq:i gh vius e¡>ksys
fdlku dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA blhfy, mUgksaus Hkwfe iz'u ij ysfuu dh ;g Fkhfll Hkh
izdkf'kr dh gS fd ns[kks&ns[kks ysfuu Hkh mlh dks e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gSa ftls
lEiknd&e.My vkSj lq[knso dg jgs gSaA ;kuh] mudk e¡>ksyk fdlku vfèkdkfèkd HkkM+s
ij et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh djrk gS vkSj cs'kh mRikn iSnk djrk gS ftls de ls de vPNs
lkyksa esa iw¡th esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA
ysfdu et+snkj ckr ;g gS fd ysfuu vkSj ,axsYl rks bls lhèks&lhèks loZgkjk fojksèkh
crkrs gSa( tcfd lEiknd&e.My vkSj lq[knso bls viuk <qyeqy nksLr ekurs gSaA
lEiknd&e.My us ¼vkSj lq[knso Hkh bldk leFkZu djrs gSa½ blh e¡>ksys fdlku ¼lkFk esa
NksVk fdlku Hkh½ dk vkUnksyu laxfBr djus ds fy, v[k+ckj ds <kbZ iUuksa esa ¼fcxqy]
i+$jojh 2003½ fo'kn Bksl dk;ZØe vkSj ukjs fn;s gSaA vius bl Bksl dk;ZØe vkSj ukjksa
dks ysdj og bu e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks loZgkjk ds nksLr oxZ ds :i esa lkFk [kM+k djus ds
fy, muds chp tkus dk vkàku djrk gSA gkyk¡fd lEikndh; lekgkj okys mlds ys[k
esa t+ksj mls rVLFk djus ij gks x;k gS] ysfdu og vHkh Hkh mUgsa laxfBr djus dh ckr
djrk gSA mlus e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr djus ds fy, vius fo'kn Bksl dk;ZØe vkSj
ukjksa dks vHkh NksM+k ugha gSA bl lekgkj esa Hkh og bldk mYys[k djrk gS vkSj mls lgh
ekurk gSA Hkwfe iz'u ij ysfuu dh Fkhfll ls ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd mldk ;g e¡>ksyk
fdlku loZgkjk oxZ dk nksLr ugha gSA og NksVk dqyd gS vkSj ØkfUr fojksèkh gSA eSua s vius
ys[k ¼tuojh 05½ esa lhèks&lhèks dgk gS %
ß---lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa ,slk dksbZ Hkh oxZ loZgkjk oxZ dk nksLr ugha gks ldrk
ftldk vfLrRo mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij fVdk gksA lkFkh lq[knso vkSj lEiknd&e.My
ftls e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gSa vxj ogh e¡>ksyk fdlku gS rks mls laxfBr djus dh ckr
gh Hkwy tkuh pkfg,A og vius iwjs vfLrRo ds lkFk loZgkjk ØkfUr dk fojksèkh gSA ,sls
esa lEiknd&e.My }kjk mls laxfBr djus ds fy, ek¡xksa dh tks yEch lwph is'k dh x;h
gS µ og ,d izfrfØ;koknh o+$ne gSA vkSj njvly] ,slk gh gS HkhA D;ksfa d ftls os e¡>ksyk
88 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
fdlku dg jgs gSa og loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha] NksVk&eksVk dqyd gS]
èkuh fdlku gSAÞ
eSaus vius uizdkf'kr ys[k esa ße¡>ksys fdlkuksaÞ ds bl fgLls ;k NksVs dqydksa ds ckjs
esa dgk gS %
ßvfèkdkfèkd et+njw yxkdj [ksrh djus dh izof` Ùk vkSj vius mRiknu dk vfèkdka'k
Hkkx e.Mh esa cspus ls mldk oxhZ; :ikUrj.k gks tkrk gS vkSj vc og loZgkjk dk
laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha] vius oxZ&pfj=k esa og NksVk&eksVk dqyd cu pqdk gSA
bldh rckgh gh bls gekjs lkFk yk ldrh gSAÞ
mUgha fdlkuksa dks ftUgsa eSa NksVk&eksVk dqyd dg jgk gw¡] ,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k esa vkSj
ysfuu dh Hkwfe iz'u lEcUèkh Fkhfll esa e¡>ksys fdlku oxZ esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA gekjs
ns'k esa os èkuh fdlku vkcknh dk vPNk&[k+klk fgLlk curs gSaA ysfuu vkSj ,axsYl rks iwjs
t+ksj ds lkFk bls loZgkjk fojksèkh crkrs gSa vkSj lhèks&lhèks dgrs gSa fd bls vius lkFk ykus
dk dk;ZHkkj loZgkjk oxZ ugha r; dj ldrkA ysfdu lEiknd&e.My èkuh fdlkuksa ds
bl fgLls dks viuk <qyeqy nksLr crkrs gq, vHkh Hkh mls laxfBr djus dh odkyr dj
jgk gSA lEiknd&e.My vkSj ^ekDlZoknh* ujksnokfn;ksa esa vUrj cl bruk gh gS fd
ujksnoknh iwjh cs'kehZ ds lkFk èkuh fdlkuksa dh fgek;rh dj jgs gSAa ysfdu lEiknd&e.My
esa vHkh 'keksZ&g;k FkksM+h cko+$h gS] blfy, og insZ esa Nqi&Nqidj èkuh fdlkuksa ds ?kjksa esa
iksrM+s èkks jgk gSA Hkk¡Mk QwVus ds Mj ls lEikndh; lekgkj esa bl xUns dke ls NqVdkjk
ikus ds fy, mldh NViVkgV lki+$ fn[kk;h nsrh gSA bZ'oj mldh enn djs vkSj mls bl
ujd ls 'kh?kz eqfDr fnyk;sA
vc ge fdlkuksa ds nks rjg ds oxhZdj.k dh leL;k ij vkrs gSa % ,d :l dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ysfuu dk oxhZdj.k vkSj nwljk ;wjksi dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,axsYl dk
oxhZdj.kA
ysfuu vius oxhZdj.k esa vkerkSj ij fdlkuksa ds rhu oxks± dks fpfÌr djrs gSa %
1- x+jhc fdlku ;k v)ZloZgkjk] 2- e¡>ksyk fdlku vkSj 3- èkuh fdlkuA tcfd ,axsYl
¼tSlkfd ysfuu us Hkwfe iz'u ij elfonk Fkhfll esa Hkh fn;k gS½ fdlkuksa dks pkj oxks± esa
foHkkftr djrs gSa % 1- x+jhc fdlku ;k v)ZloZgkjk] 2- NksVk fdlku] 3- e¡>ksyk fdlku
vkSj 4- cM+s fdlkuA
;gk¡ ;g Hkh x+kjS ryc gS fd Hkkjr esa lektoknh ØkfUr dk dk;ZØe izLrqr djrs gq,
ysfuu ds oxhZdj.k dks gh bLrseky djrs gq, ,d nLrkost+ ^yky rkjk&2* esa Hkh fdlkuksa
ds rhu oxks± dks gh fpfÌr fd;k x;k gSA nsgkr ds fofHkUu oxks± dh ppkZ djrs gq, mlesa
fdlkuksa ds mUghsa rhu oxks± dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS % 1- x+jhc fdlku ;k v)ZloZgkjk]
2- e¡>ksyk fdlku vkSj 3- iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh o dqydA ge yksx vHkh rd bl oxhZdj.k
dks viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgh ekurs jgs gSaA vkt rd rks bl oxhZdj.k ij dgha dksbZ
loky ugha mBk;k x;k gSA
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 89
 e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa ^yky rkjk&2* esa dgk x;k gS % ß---vius nksgjs pfj=k ds
pyrs ;s ØkfUr ds <qyeqy nksLr gSaA ;s orZeku O;oLFkk ds ifjorZu dh egÙoiw.kZ 'kfDr
gSaA bl oxZ ds Åijh nks rco+$ksa ds eqo+$kcys lcls fupyk rco+$k viuh Je&'kfDr cspdj
xqtkjk djrk gS] blfy, blesa ØkfUrdkjh lEHkkouk,¡ lcls vfèkd gSaAÞ
Li"V gS fd ;g oxZ&foHkktu vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ blh izLFkkiuk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd
;g e¡>ksyk fdlku eq[;r% vkSj ewyr% vius Je ij vkèkkfjr [ksrh djrk gSA blhfy,
og gekjk nksLr gSA ysfdu og ekfyd fdlku gS vkSj mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dk Lokeh gS]
Hkys gh mldk xqt+kjk eqf'dy ls gh gksrk gS] blhfy, mldk pfj=k loZgkjk fojksèkh Hkh gSA
blh nksgjs pfj=k ds pyrs og gekjk <qyeqy nksLr gSA Li"V gS fd ;g ,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k
dk e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha gSA
^yky rkjk&2* eas fd;s x;s fdlkuksa ds oxhZdj.k esa gh gekjh leL;k ds lekèkku
ds lw=k Hkh fNis gq, gSaA iw¡thoknh HkwLokfe;ksa ls vyx dqydksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gq,
blesa dgk x;k gS % ß[+kq'kgky eè;e oxZ ds ekfyd fdlkuksa dk cM+k fgLlk vkt ewyr%
iw¡thoknh mRiknu esa yxk gqvk gS ;k blh fn'kk esa rst+h ls o+$ne c<+k jgk gSA iwjs ns'k esa
u;s dqyd oxZ dk tUe] fodkl vkSj foLrkj blh oxZ ls gqvk gSAÞ ^yky rkjk&2* esa 1980
ds vklikl gh [+kq'kgky e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds dqydhdj.k dh bl izfØ;k dks fpfUgr dj
fy;k x;k FkkA ;g loZekU; ckr gS fd rc ls mnkjhdj.k ds iwjs nkSj esa ;g izfØ;k vkSj
rh[kh gqbZ gSA lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr gS fd ;gk¡ eè;e fdlkuksa ds vU; nks fgLlksa ls vyx
djrs gq, ß[+kq'kgky eè;e fdlkuksa ds cM+s fgLlsÞ ds ckjs esa fcYdqy lki+$&lki+$ dgk x;k
gS fd ;g iwt ¡ hoknh mRiknu esa yxk gqvk gS ;k ml vksj vxzlj gSA ;kuh og et+njw yxkdj
equki+$s dh [ksrh djrk gSA bl vFkZ esa] mldh tksr Hkys gh NksVh gks og NksVk&eksVk dqyd
gh gS vkSj ,slk gks tkus ij mldk pfj=k iwjh rjg loZgkjk fojksèkh gks tkrk gS vkSj fdlh
Hkh :i esa ge mls nksLr oxZ dh Js.kh esa [kM+k ugha dj ldrs gSaA
njvly] iw¡thoknh fodkl tSls&tSls vkxs c<+rk gS] Ñf"k rduhdksa ds QSyko vkSj
Ñf"k ds iwjh rjg ckt+kj ij fuHkZj gksrs tkus ds lkFk gh oxZfoHksnhdj.k dh izfØ;k rh[kh
gks mBrh gSA blls nks oxks± mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa vkSj x+jhc fdlku ;k v)ZloZgkjk oxZ
ds oxZ&pfj=k dk fu.kkZ;d :i ls :ikUrj.k gks tkrk gSA
igyk] ;fn vU; dksbZ ifjfLFkfr vkM+s u vk;s rks v)ZloZgkjk ds cM+s fgLls vkSj
loZgkjk esa dksbZ vUrj ugha jg tkrk gSA iw¡thokn dh mUur eaft+yksa esa ,d oxZ ds :i
esa xzkeh.k v)ZloZgkjk dk otwn [k+Re gks tkrk gS] og loZgkjk oxZ esa foyhu gks tkrk gSA
mldk vfLrRo cpk jgrk gS rks fli+$Z iwt ¡ hoknh fodkl dh folaxfr;ksa ds pyrs ghA tSlkfd
gekjs ns'k esa bl le; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu bruk rks r; gS fd gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh bl
v)ZloZgkjk ds cM+s fgLls dk oxZ&pfj=k loZgkjk dk gh gks pqdk gS ;k rst+h ls gksrk tk
jgk gSA blhfy, vc mls fdlku ds :i esa ughas et+njw ds :i esa gh laxfBr vkSj xksycUn
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nwljk] mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa dk cM+k fgLlk iwjh rjg iwt ¡ hoknh mRiknu
90 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
esa yx tkrk gS vkSj vfèkdkfèkd et+nwj yxkdj ckt+kj ds fy, mRiknu dj equki+$s dh
[ksrh djus yxrk gSA mlds vkSj dqydksa ds pfj=k esa dksbZ cqfu;knh i+$o+$Z ugha jg tkrkA
oLrqr% og dqyd gh cu tkrk gSA i+$o+$Z fli+$Z cM+h vkSj NksVh tksrksa dk gh gks ldrk gS]
de vkSj vfèkd equki+$s dk gh gks ldrk gSA i+$o+$Z bl ckr dk gks ldrk gS fd ;g NksVs
dqyd vHkh Hkh vius [ksrksa ij [kVrs gSSa tcfd cM+s dqyd [ksrh esa viuk Je ukeek=k
dk gh ;k fcYdqy ugha yxkrs gSaA ysfdu nksuksa dh [ksrh ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% mtjrh Je
ds 'kks"k.k ij gh fVdh gksrh gSA
;s nksuksa gh dqyd gSaA ysfdu ,d ckr esa nksuksa dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA NksVh
tksr okys ;s dqyd equki+$s ds uke ij cgqr de gh dek ikrs gSa vkSj blfy, iw¡th ds
vHkko esa os rckgh ds f'kdkj gksrs jgrs gSaA iw¡thoknh fodkl dh vxyh eaft+yksa esa mudh
rckgh Hkh fuf'pr gSA blhfy, dHkh&dHkh os gekjh vksj Hkh mEehn Hkjh fuxkgksa ls ns[k
ysrs gSaA ysfdu blls gesa bl Hkze esa ugha iM+uk pkfg, fd os gekjk nkeu Fkke ysaxsA gk¡]
bruh lEHkkouk vo'; iSnk gksrh gS fd iw¡th vkSj Je ds chp fu.kkZ;d la?k"kZ esa mUgsa
rVLFk fd;k tk ldsA
,axsYl ds oxhZdj.k esa ;gh NksVk dqyd e¡>ksyk fdlku gSA Hkwfe iz'u ij viuh
Fkhfll esa ysfuu blh NksVs dqyd dks e¡>ksys fdlku ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mls
rVLFk djus dk dk;ZHkkj r; djus dh ckr djrs gSaA mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa ds bl fgLls
ds vykok e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk chp okyk vkSj fupyk fgLlk iw¡thoknh fodkl dh vkxs
dh eaft+yksa esa Hkh yEcs le; rd cuk jgrk gS vkSj blh dks NksVs fdlku oxZ ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ,axsYl us vkSj viuh bl Fkhfll esa ysfuu us] mls loZgkjk ds nksLr
oxZ ¼<qyeqy½ ds :i esa ykecUn djus dh ckr dgh gSA :l esa ml le; rd [ksrh esa
iwt
¡ hoknh fodkl fiNM+k gqvk Fkk vkSj oxZfoHksnhdj.k dh og eaft+y ugha Fkh fd ogk¡ x+jhc
fdlku] NksVs fdlku] e¡>ksys fdlku vkSj cM+s fdlku dk ;g oxhZdj.k djuk iM+As ysfdu
;wjksi esa ;g ifjfLFkfr ,axsYl ds le; gh iSnk gks pqdh FkhA
njvly] gekjs ns'k esa Hkh [ksrh ds iwt
¡ hoknh fodkl us oxZfoHksnhdj.k dh og eaft+y
iSnk dj nh gS vkSj ;gk¡ Hkh mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa ds cM+s fgLls dk dqydhdj.k gks pqdk
gSA Hkys gh mudh tksr NksVh gks ysfdu vc os o+$t+Z ysdj [ksrh esa fuos'k djrs gSa( et+nwj
yxkdj [ksrh djrs gS(a ckt+kj ds fy, mRiknu djrs gSa vkSj equki+$k gh mudk èkeZ gSA gekjs
ns'k esa èkuh fdlkuksa dh iwjh tekr esa bu NksVs dqydksa dh la[;k gh vfèkd gSA èkuh
fdlkuksa ds vkUnksyu dk ;gh eq[; vkèkkj gSA bldh rckgh ij nzfor gksdj bls viuk
nksLr eku ysuk loZgkjk ØkfUr ds fy, vkRe?kkrh gksxkA

¼vizdkf'kr( i+$jojh] 2005½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 91

 eè;e fdlku vkSj ykxr ewY; dk loky %
NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu ds ckjs esa
ekDlZoknh n`f”"Vdks.k
lq[knso

eè;e fdlkuksa ds loky ij py jgh cgl esa lkFkh ,l- izrki dk NksVs iSekus ds eky
mRiknu ds fy, eksg Li"V ut+j vkrk gSA lektoknh ØkfUr esa loZgkjk oxZ ds laJ;dkjh
ds :i esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks xksycUn djus ds uke ij og NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu
dks cuk;s j[kus dh izfrfØ;koknh bPNk,¡ ikyrs gSa] vkSj bl cgl esa bUgha bPNkvksa ls
izLFkku djrs gSaA exj iw¡thoknh mRiknu lEcUèkksa ds rgr ,l- izrki dh bl bPNk dh
iw£r ukeqefdu gS] D;ksafd iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dh rckgh
vifjgk;Z gSA
bl lEcUèk esa ekDlZ fy[krs gSa] ßx+Sj&[ksfrgj vkcknh dh rqyuk esa [ksfrgj vkcknh
dks yxkrkj ?kVkrs tkuk gh iw¡thoknh mRiknu dk LoHkko gS] D;ksafd m|ksx esa ¼okLrfod
vFkks± esa½ ifjorhZ iw¡th dh lkis{krk esa fLFkj iw¡th dh o`f)] ifjorhZ iw¡th esa fujis{k o`f)]
;|fi lkis{kr% ?kVr ds lkFk&lkFk gh pyrh gS( blds foijhr Ñf"k esa fdlh Hkw[k.M ds
leqi;kstu ds fy, visf{kr ifjorhZ iw¡th fujis{kr% ?kVrh gS( bl izdkj og fli+$Z ogha
rd c<+rh gS tgk¡ rd u;h t+ehu dk'r esa yk;h tkrh gS] ysfdu fQj blds fy, Hkh
iwokZis{kk ds :i esa xS+j&[ksfrgj vkcknh dh vkSj o`f) vko';d gS ¼iw¡th] [k.M 3]
i`- 558½AÞ
,d vU; txg ekDlZ fy[krs gSa] ßbl izdkj Hkw&lEifÙk vius leLr iwoZorhZ
jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftd vyadj.kksa vkSj lEcUèkksa dk] la{ksi esa mu lHkh ikjEifjd
milkèkuksa dk ifjR;kx djds] ftudh µ tSlkfd ge vkxs pydj ns[ksaxs µ Hkw&lEifÙk ds
lkFk vius la?k"kZ dh xjeh esa Lo;a vkS|ksfxd iw¡thifr;ksa vkSj muds lS)kfUrd izoDrkvksa
}kjk Hkh fujFkZd vkSj O;FkZ vfr'k;rkvksa ds ukrs HkRlZuk dh tkrh gS] viuk fo'kq)
vkfFkZd :i izkIr dj ysrh gSA ,d vksj] Ñf"k dk ;kSfDrdhdj.k (rationalisation)] tks
mls igyh ckj lkekftd iSekus ij pyus esa leFkZ cuk nsrk gS] vkSj nwljh vksj] Hkw&lEifÙk

92 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl

dk folaxfr (ad-absurdum) esa ifj.kr dj fn;k tkuk] ;s iw¡thoknh mRiknu iz.kkyh dh
egku miyfCèk;k¡ gSaA viuh vU; lHkh ,sfrgkfld izxfr;ksa dh gh Hkk¡fr mlus bUgsa Hkh
izR;{k mRikndksa dks igys iw.kZr% daxky cukdj gh gkfly fd;k gS ¼iw¡th] [k.M 3]
i`- 542½AÞ
blh ifj?kVuk ij ysfuu dgrs gSa] ß[ksrh dh mit esa eky mRiknu dh iSB ftruh
vfèkd gksrh gS vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i] [ksfrgjksa ds chp izfrLièkkZ] t+ehu vkSj vkfFkZd
LorU=krk ds fy, la?k"kZ ftruk rh[kk gksrk gS] ;g fu;e mruh gh Li"Vrk ds lkFk izdV
gksrk gS] ,d ,slk fu;e tks [ksfrgj cqtqZvk oxZ }kjk eè;e vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks
èkfd;kdj ckgj fudkyus rd ys tkrk gS ¼lEiw.kZ jpuk,¡] [k.M 3] i`- 75] vaxzst+h
laLdj.k½AÞ
rc D;k loZgkjk oxZ ds izfrfufèk;ksa dks NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dh bl
vifjgk;Z rckgh ij vk¡lw cgkus pkfg, ;k bl izfØ;k dks jksdus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,
;k ,l- izrki dh rjg NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dks cpk;s j[kus dh bPNk,¡ ikyuh
pkfg,A loZgkjk oxZ ds egku f'k{kdksa ds eqrkfco+$ ,slh dksf'k'ksa ;k bPNk,¡ lkekftd
fodkl vkSj loZgkjk oxZ ds fy, csgn [k+rjukd gksaxhA ysfuu fy[krs gSa] ßfdlku leqnk;
dh rckgh ls Ñf"k dk fodkl gksrk gSAÞ ¼lEiw.kZ jpuk,¡a] [k.M 3] i`- 75] vaxzst+h
laLdj.k½A fdlkuksa ds loZgkjkvksa vkSj Ñf"k cqtv Zq kth esa :ikUrj.k ls ?kjsyw e.Mh dk tUe
gksrk gS] ftlls mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl dk jkLrk lki+$ gksrk gSA ysfuu ds 'kCnksa esa]
ßfdlku leqnk; ds xzkeh.k loZgkjk esa :ikUrj.k ls eq[;r% miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dk ckt+kj
fufeZr gksrk gS] tcfd xzkeh.k cqtv Zq k oxZ esa blds :ikUrj.k ls eq[;r% mRiknu ds lkèkuksa
dk ckt+kj fufeZr gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ^fdlku leqnk;* ds lcls fupys lewgksa esa gesa
Je&'kfDr dk eky esa :ikUrj.k fn[kk;h nsrk gS] vkSj Åijh lewgksa esa mRiknu ds lkèkuksa
dk iw¡th esa :ikUrj.kA bu nksuksa gh :ikUrj.kksa dk ifj.kke ?kjsyw ckt+kj ds fuekZ.k dh og
izfØ;k gksrh gS tks vkerkSj ij iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds fy, lS)kfUrd :i ls LFkkfir dh x;h
gSAÞ ¼mijksDr] i`- 166½
fdlkuksa ds foHksnhdj.k dh cnkSyr Ñf"k esa iw¡th fuekZ.k dk jkLrk lki+$ gksrk gSA
ysfuu dk dguk gS] ßiw¡th ds fgLls dh rqyuk esa fLFkj iw¡th ds fgLls esa rhoz o`f) dk
Hkkjh egÙo gksrk gS ¼dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj mudh f'k{kk] i`- 31] vaxzst+h laLdj.k½AÞ fdlkuksa
ds foHksnhdj.k ls Je dk lekthdj.k c<+rk gS tksfd lektokn dh vifjgk;Z vken dk
HkkSfrd vkèkkj rS;kj djrk gSA ysfuu dgrs gSa] ßJe dk lekthdj.k] tks gt+kjksa :iksa esa
vfèkdkfèkd 'kh?kzrkiwoZ vkxs c<+ jgk gS rFkk tks---foÙk iw¡th dh ek=kk rFkk {kerk dh o`gn
o`f) esa fo'ks"k :i ls izR;{k gqvk µ ;g gS lektokn ds vfuok;Z vkxeu dk eq[; HkkSfrd
vkèkkj ¼mijksDr] i`- 35] fg-la-½AÞ cM+s iSekus dk iwt ¡ hoknh eky mRiknu ges'kk NksVs iSekus
ds eky mRiknu ls dgha csgrj gksrk gSA blfy, ekDlZoknh fdlh Hkh vkèkkj ij NksVs iSekus
ds eky mRiknu ds go+$ esa ugha gks ldrsA NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu ds ckjs esa ekDlZ
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 93
dgrs gSa] ßvius mRiknu ds lkèkuksa ij dkexkj dk futh LokfeRo NksVs m|ksx dk vkèkkj
gksrk gS] pkgs og NksVk m|ksx [ksrh ls lEcfUèkr gks] eSU;qi+$SDpfjax ls] ;k nksuksa lsA ;g
NksVk m|ksx lkekftd mRiknu ds fodkl vkSj [+knq dkexkj ds LorU=k O;fDrRo ds fodkl
dh ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ gksrk gSA----mRiknu dh ;g {kqnz iz.kkyh---Qyrh&Qwyrh gS] viuh
leLr 'kfDr dk izn'kZu djrh gS vkSj i;kZIr ,oa izkekf.kd :i izkIr djrh gS dsoy mlh
txg] tgk¡ fdlku ml èkjrh dk ekfyd gksrk gS] ftls og tksrrk gS] vkSj nLrdkj ml
vkSt+kj dk Lokeh gksrk gS] ftldk og fl)gLr <ax ls iz;ksx djrk gSA
ßmRiknu dh bl iz.kkyh ds gksus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd t+ehu NksV&s NksVs VqdM+kas
esa c¡Vh gqbZ gks vkSj mRiknu ds vU; lkèku fc[kjs gq, gksaA ftl izdkj bl iz.kkyh ds jgrs
gq, mRiknu ds bu lkèkuksa dk ladsUnz.k ugha gks ldrk] mlh izdkj ;g Hkh vlEHko gS
fd mlds vUrxZr lgdkfjrk] mRiknu dh gj vyx&vyx izfØ;k ds Hkhrj Je&foHkktu
izÑfr dh 'kfDr;ksa ds Åij lekt dk fu;U=k.k rFkk mudk lekt ds }kjk mRiknd <ax
ls mi;ksx vkSj lkekftd mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dk LorU=k fodkl gks ldsA ;g iz.kkyh rks
dsoy ,d ,slh mRiknu&O;oLFkk vkSj dsoy ,d ,sls lekt ls esy [kkrh gS] tks ladqfpr
rFkk U;wukfèkd :i esa vkfne lhekvksa ds Hkhrj gh xfreku jgrk gSA tSlkfd isD;ksj us
Bhd gh dgk gS] bl iz.kkyh dks fpjLFkk;h cuk nsuk ßgj pht+ dks loZ=k vYifodflr cus
jgus dk vkns'k ns nsuk gS ¼i¡wth] [k.M 1] i`- 801] t+ksj gekjk½AÞ ;g gS NksVs iSekus ds
eky mRiknu dh vlfy;r ftls cpk;s j[kdj ,l- izrki ßgj pht+ dks loZ=k
vYifodflr cus jgusÞ dk ,syku djuk pkgrs gSaA
NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu ij cM+s iSekus ds i¡wthoknh eky mRiknu dh Js"Brk
rFkk bl izfØ;k ds urhtksa ds ckjs esa ekDlZ fy[krs gSa] ß:ikUrj.k dh ;g izfØ;k tSls
gh iqjkus lekt dks Åij ls uhps rd dki+$h fNUu&fHkUu dj nsrh gS] dkexkj tSls gh
loZgkjk cu tkrs gSa vkSj muds Je ds lkèku i¡wth esa :ikUrfjr gks tkrs gSa] i¡wthoknh
mRiknu&iz.kkyh [+kqn tSls gh vius iSjksa ij [kM+h gks tkrh gS] oSls gh Je dk vkSj vfèkd
lekthdj.k djus dk iz'u] Hkwfe rFkk mRiknu ds vU; lkèkuksa dks lkekftd <ax ls
bLrseky fd;s x;s lkèkuksa esa vkSj blfy, lkewfgd lkèkuksa esa vkSj Hkh vfèkd :ikUrfjr
dj nsus dk iz'u vkSj lkFk gh futh lEifÙk dk vfèkd vigj.k djus dk iz'u ,d u;k
:i èkkj.k dj ysrs gSAa vc ftldk lEifÙkgj.k djuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] og [+knq vius
fy, dke djus okyk dkexkj ugha gS] cfYd og gS cgqr ls dkexkjksa dk 'kks"k.k djus okyk
i¡tw hifrA
ß;g lEifÙkgj.k Lo;a i¡wthoknh mRiknu ds vUrHkwZr fu;eksa ds vey esa vkus ds
QyLo:i i¡wth ds dsUnzhdj.k ds }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA ,d i¡wthifr ges'kk cgqr ls
i¡t
w hifr;ksa dh gR;k djrk gSA bl dsUnzhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk] ;k ;w¡ dfg, fd dqN i¡t w hifr;ksa
}kjk cgqr ls i¡wthifr;ksa ds bl lEifÙkgj.k ds lkFk&lkFk] vfèkdkfèkd c<+rs gq, iSekus
ij Je izfØ;k dk lgdkjh Lo:i fodflr gksrk tkrk gS] izkfofèkd fodkl ds fy,
94 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
lpsru <ax ls foKku dk vfèkdkfèkd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] Hkwfe dks mÙkjksÙkj vfèkd
lqfu;ksftr <ax ls tksrk&cks;k tkrk gS] Je ds vkStk+ j ,sls vkStk+ jksa esa cnyrs tkrs gS]a ftudk
dsoy lkewfgd <ax ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dk la;qDr]
lekthÑr Je ds lkèkuksa ds :i esa mi;ksx djds gj izdkj ds mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dk
ferO;f;rk ds lkFk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS--- mRiknu ds lkèkuksa dk dsUnzh;dj.k vkSj Je
dk lekthdj.k vUr esa ,d ,sls fcUnq ij igq¡p tkrs gSa] tgk¡ os vius i¡wthoknh [kksy
ds Hkhrj ugha jg ldrsA [kksy QkM+ fn;k tkrk gSA i¡wthoknh futh lEifÙk dh ekSr dh
?k.Vh ct mBrh gSA lEifÙkgj.k djus okyksa dk lEifÙkgj.k gks tkrk gSAÞ ¼i¡wth] [k.M 1]
i`- 802&803½
ysfuu dk dguk gS] ßge ;g Hkh tkurs gSa fd ekDlZ dk fl)kUr ;g ekurk gS fd
lEink dh o`f) ftruh rhoz gksxh] Je dh mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl vkSj bldk
lekthdj.k ftruk gh iw.kZ gksxk] et+njw dh fLFkfr mruh gh csgrj gksxh ¼, dSjDs Vjkbt+'s ku
vkWi+$ bdksukWfed jksekf.VflT+e] ist 24] t+ksj ewy esa½AÞ
blh lEcUèk esa ysfuu vkxs fy[krs gSa] ß---;fn ge ladV dh O;k[;k mRiknu ds
lkekftd pfj=k rFkk fofu;kstu ds O;fDrxr pfj=k ls djrs gSa] rks blh ds lkFk ge ;g
Lohdkj djrs gSa fd iw¡thoknh ekxZ okLrfod vkSj izxfr'khy gS rFkk ßfHkUu&fHkUu ekxks±Þ
dh [kkst dks vFkZghu jksekuhokn ds rkSj ij [k+kfjt dj nsrs gSaA blh ds lkFk ge Lohdkj
djrs gSa fd ;g vUrjfojksèk ftruk gh fodflr gksxk blls fudyus dk jkLrk mruk gh
vklku gksxk] vkSj fd bl O;oLFkk ds fodkl ls gh ;g jkLrk fudysxkAÞ ¼mijksDr]
i`- 50&51½
fdlkuh ds foHksnhdj.k dk urhtk lekt ds rh[ks èkzqohdj.k esa fudyrk gSA lekt
fnu&izfrfnu nks èkzqoksa i¡wthifr;ksa vkSj et+nwjksa ds chp vfèkdkfèkd c¡Vrk tkrk gSA ftlls
nsgkr esa rFkk 'kgj esa Hkh oxZ vUrjfojksèk vfèkdkfèkd lki+$ gksrs tkrs gSaA ekDlZ fy[krs
gSa] ßÑf"k ds {ks=k esa] vkèkqfud m|ksx dk vU; dgha ls vfèkd ØkfUrdkjh izHkko jgk gS]
D;ksafd ;g iqjkus lekt dh ckM+ dk dke djus okys fdlku dk [kk+Rek dj nsrk gS vkSj
mldh txg mtjrh et+nwj dks ys vkrk gSA bl rjg lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh pkgr] vkSj
oxZ&'k=kqrk,¡ nsgkr esa Hkh mlh Lrj ij ys vk;h tkrh gSa ftl Lrj ij 'kgj esa gksrh gSa ¼iwt ¡ h]
[k.M 1] vaxzst+h laLdj.k] i`- 474] vuqokn gekjk½AÞ
NksVs iSekus dk eky mRiknu lkekftd fodkl ¼mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dk fodkl rFkk
Je dk lekthdj.k½ rFkk oxhZ; èkzqohdj.k esa rks #dkoV gS gh] ,d vU; dkj.k ls Hkh
bldk otwn loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds fy, uqo$+ lkunsg gSA og blfy, fd ftu ns'kksa
esa NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dk otwn gksrk gS ogk¡ ij et+nwjksa dh mtjrsa csgn de gksrh
gSaA ekDlZ fy[krs gSa] ßfdlku dh NksVh tksrsa vc og ,dek=k cgkuk gS ftlls iw¡thifr
t+ehu ls equki+$k] C;kt vkSj fdjk;k olwy djrk gS] tcfd ;g t+ehu tksrus okys ij NksM+
nsrk gS fd og viuh et+nwjh dSls fudkysxk ¼ekDlZ&,axsYl] lsysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M 1]
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 95
i`- 481] vuqokn gekjk½AÞ
iz+$sMfjd ,axsYl fy[krs gSa] ßvkSj ;gk¡ vkèkqfud et+nwj ds fy, ?kj vkSj HkwLokfeRo
dk ßojnkuÞ viuh iwjh 'kku ds lkFk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA dgha Hkh] vk;fj'k ?kjsyw m|ksxksa
esa Hkh ugha] bruh de et+nwjh ugha nh tkrh gS ftruh fd teZu ?kjsyw m|ksxksa esaA gksM+ ds
dkj.k iwt ¡ hifr;ksa dks Je&'kfDr ds nke esa ls mldh Hkh dVkSrh djus dk ekSo+$k fey tkrk
gS tks ifjokj [+kqn vius NksVs cx+hps ;k [ksr ls dekrk gSA et+nwjksa dks mUgsa nh tkus okyh
dksbZ Hkh ihl&mtjr Lohdk;Z djus ds fy, ckè; gksuk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd ,slk u djus ij
mUgsa dqN Hkh ugha feysxk vkSj os dsoy viuh Ñf"k ds mRiknksa ls ugha thfor jg ldrs]
vkSj D;ksafd nwljh vksj] ;g Ñf"k vkSj HkwLokfeRo gh gS tks mUgsa ml txg ls ck¡èks j[krk
gS vkSj vU; jkst+xkj dh ryk'k djus ls jksdrk gSA ;gh og vkèkkj gS ftl ij NksVh&NksVh
oLrqvksa dh iwjh Ükà[kyk ds fy, fo'o ckt+kj esa izfrLi)kZ djus dh teZuh dh {kerk fVdh
gqbZ gSA lkjk equki+$k lkekU; mtjr esa dVkSrh djds fupksM+k tkrk gS vkSj iwjk vfrfjDr
ewY; [k+jhnkj dks is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼ekDlZ&,axsYl] lsysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M 2] i`- 301]
vuqokn gekjk] t+ksj ewy esa½AÞ
ysfuu dk dguk gS] ß---if'peh ;wjksi ds os Ñf"kfoKkuh tks xzke leqnk;ksa ds
lqn`<+hdj.k vkSj fodkl dh ek¡x djrs gSa] o+$rbZ lektoknh ugha gSa] cfYd cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa
ds fgrksa dk izfrfufèkRo djus okys yksx gSa] tks [ksfrgj et+nwjksa dks t+ehu ds VqdM+s nsdj
mUgsa ck¡V nsuk pkgrs gSa ¼dysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M 3] i`- 28½AÞ
,d vU; txg ij ysfuu ¼Ldkyfnu uked ,d ys[kd dks m)`r djrs gq, rFkk
mlls lgefr trkrs gq,½ fy[krs gSa] ßesjh jk; esa vusd fdlkuksa ds fy, mudh dfBu
ifjfLFkfr ls fudyus dh ,d jkg [kqy tk;sxh ;fn----fdlkuksa ds fy, viuh t+ehu NksM+
nsuk vklku cukus ds mik; dj fn;s tk;saAÞ ;gk¡ Ldkyfnu ,d ,slh bPNk O;Dr dj
jgs gSa tks ujksnfud ifj;kstukvksa ds ,dne foijhr gS] ftudh izof` Ùk fcYdqy foijhr fn'kk
esa gS] ;kuh xzke dE;wu dks cuk, j[kus] iêksa dks vgLrkUrj.kh; cukus vkfnA ml le;
ls vc rd bl ckr ds izpqj lk{; fey pqds gSa fd Ldkyfnu ,dne lgh Fks % ;g rF;
fd fdlku t+ehu ls vHkh c¡èkk gqvk gS] vkSj fdlkuh dE;wu ,d ,dfu"B lkekftd bdkbZ
gS] xzkeh.k loZgkjk dh fLFkfr dks vkSj cnrj cukrk gS rFkk nsgkr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks
èkhek djrk gS] tcfd ßcls gq, loZgkjkvksaÞ dks c¡èkqvkxhjh vkSj vèkhurk ds lcls cqjs
:iksa] ;k mudh mtjrksa vkSj thou&Lrj dks fuEure Lrj rd fxjus ls fdlh Hkh gn rd
ugha cpk ikrkAÞ ¼lsysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M 1] i`- 63½
NksVs ekfydksa ds foHksnhdj.k dh izfØ;k vifjgk;Z gS] NksVs iSekus dk eky mRiknu
mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa ds fodkl rFkk Je ds lekthdj.k esa ckèkk gS] NksVs iSekus dk eky
mRiknu] mtjrksa dk Lrj csgn de j[kus esa i¡wthifr;ksa dh enn djrk gS] blfy, bldk
otwn loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds fy, csgn uqo+$lkunsg gS] NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu
dh ;g vlfy;r tkuus ds ckn] loZgkjk oxZ ds izfrfufèk bls cpk;s j[kus dh ckr lius
96 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
esa Hkh ugha lksp ldrsA exj gekjs ;gk¡ Jh ,l- izrki tSls vtwcksa dh deh ugha gS tks
NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dks cpk;s j[kus dh Hkksyh ysfdu csgn izfrfØ;koknh bPNk,¡
ikyrs gSAa ,l- izrki dk dguk gS] ßykxr ewY; c<+us ls muds fy, ¼;kuh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds fy, µ ys[kd½ [ksrh djuk lEHko ugha jg x;k gSA ykxr ?kVus ls mudk ;g i+$k;nk
gksxk ¼fcxqy] tuojh *05] i`- 4½AÞ ,l- izrki ds dgus dk eryc gS fd ykxr ewY;
?kVus ls e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, [ksrh djuk eqefdu gks ik;sxk] ;kuh NksVs iSekus ds eky
mRiknu dks cpk;k tk ldrk gSA
,d vU; txg Hkh ,l- izrki FkksM+s Qsjcny ls ;gh ckr dgrs gSa] ße¡>ksyk fdlku
cl mruh cM+h tksr dk ekfyd gksrk gS] ftlls fd mlds ifjokj dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k gks ldsA
og equki+$s ds fy, [ksrh ugha djrk] blfy, mldh eq[kj leL;k ykxr dh gh gksrh gSA
c<+rh ykxrksa ls mlds fy, [ksrh djuk ¼;kuh viuh t+ehu ds NksVs ls VqdM+s dks cpk;s
j[kuk ukeqefdu gksrk tkrk gS µ ys[kd½ eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA---ysfdu ykxr ?kVkus dh
ek¡x ij vkUnksyu mls dqN jkgr vo'; igq¡pk ldrk gSA ¼,d NksVs ekfyd ds :i esa
µ ys[kd½ mlds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks FkksM+k lguh; cuk ldrk gS ¼mudk igyk
vizdkf'kr ys[k] i`- 12½AÞ
vius ys[kksa esa ,l- izrki NksVs ekfydksa dh rckgh dh vifjgk;Zrk dk ckj&ckj ft+Ø
djrs gSAa exj tc og bl vifjgk;Z izfØ;k esa ckèkk Mkyus ds uqL[k+kas ¼ykxr ewY; ?kVkuk½
dk lq>ko nsrs gSa rks NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu dh vifjgk;Z rckgh dh LohÑfr dk dksbZ
vFkZ ugha jg tkrkA tks Hkh ifj?kVuk vifjgk;Z gksrh gS dE;qfuLV bl vifjgk;Zrk esa ckèkk
Mkyus dh izfrfØ;koknh dksf'k'ksa ugha djrsA ysfuu dk dguk gS] ßtc ge le>rs gSa fd
dksbZ pht+ vifjgk;Z gS] rks LokHkkfod :i ls ge mlds izfr fcYdqy fHkUu joS;k viukrs
gSa] vkSj ge mlds fofHkUu i{kksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksrs gSa ¼, dSjsDVjkbts+'ku vkWi+$
bdksukWfed jksekf.VflT+e] i`- 112½AÞ
loZgkjk oxZ ds izfrfufèk NksVs ekfydksa dks viuh lEifÙk ls fpids jgus dk ugha]
cfYd mlls eqDr gksus dk e'kfojk nsrs gSaA iz+$sMfjd ,axsYl fy[krs gSa] ßNksVs fdlku dks
mldh lEifÙk esa cpkus ds vkids iz;kl mldh LorU=krk dks ugha cpkrs cfYd mldh
vèkhurk ds fof'k"V :i dks gh cpkrs gSaA ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr dks yEck [khap nsrk gS
ftlesa u rks og th ldrk gS vkSj u ej ldrk gS ¼Ýkal vkSj teZuh esa fdlkuksa dk
iz'u½AÞ
fli+$Z loZgkjk ØkfUr ds fojksèkh vkSj esgurd'kksa ds nq'eu gh NksVs iSekus ds eky
mRiknu dks cpkus dh dksf'k'ksa dj ldrs gSaA ekDlZ dgrs gSa] ßfdlkuksa ds ekfydkus ds
lkFk iz+$kal Hkwfe ds jk"Vªhdj.k ls mlls vfèkd nwj gS ftruk fd baXyS.M vius t+ehankjksa
ds lkFk gSA ;g lgh gS fd Ýkal esa] t+ehu mu lcds fy, miyCèk gS tks bls [k+jhn ldrs
gSa] ysfdu blh lqfoèkk us t+ehu dks ,sls NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa ck¡V fn;k gS ftu ij NksVs
lkèkuksa okys yksx [ksrh djrs gSa tks eq[;r% bl t+ehu ij vius vkSj vius ifjokjksa ds
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 97
Je ds cwrs ij thrs gSaA HkwLokfeRo ds bl :i vkSj bl ij NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa c¡Vh [ksrh
vkèkqfud Ñf"k ds lHkh midj.kksa ds iz;ksx dks rks ukeqefdu cuk gh nsrh gS] [+kqn t+ehu
tksrus okys dks lkekftd izxfr vkSj lcls c<+dj Hkwfe ds jk"Vªhdj.k dk lcls iDdk
'k=kq cuk nsrh gSA--- fdlku dks vkS|ksfxd et+nwj oxZ ds lkFk lokZfèkd ?kkrd 'k=kqrk esa
èkdsy fn;k x;k gS ¼ekDlZ&,axsYl] ladfyr jpuk,¡] vaxzst+h laLdj.k] [k.M 2] i`- 289]
t+ksj gekjk½AÞ
iz+$sMfjd ,axsYl fy[krs gSa] ß'kkld oxZ ds lcls prqj usrkvksa us ges'kk vius iz;kl
NksVs lEifÙkèkkjdksa dh la[;k dks c<+kus ij dsfUnzr fd;s gSa rkfd loZgkjk ds fo#) vius
fy, ,d lsuk [kM+h dj ldsaA fiNyh lnh dh cqtqZvk ØkfUr;ksa us lkeUrksa vkSj ppZ dh
cM+h tkxhjksa dks NksVs&NksVs iêksa esa ck¡V fn;k] Bhd oSls gh tSls vkt Lisuh x.kjkT;oknh
vc Hkh ekStwn cM+h tkxhjksa ds lkFk djuk pkgrs gSa] vkSj bl rjg NksVs HkwLokfe;ksa dk ,d
oxZ l`ftr fd;k tks ml le; ls lekt dk lokZfèkd izfrfØ;koknh rÙo vkSj 'kgjh loZgkjk
ds ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dh ,d LFkk;h ckèkk cu pqdk gS ¼mijksDr] i`- 317] t+kjs gekjk½AÞ
ysfuu fy[krs gSa] ßla'kksèkuokfn;ksa ds rdks± dk rF;ksa vkSj vk¡dM+ksa dh enn ls
fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;kA ;g fl) gqvk fd la'kksèkuoknh O;ofLFkr <ax ls NksVs iSekus ds
vkèkqfud mRiknu dh xqykch rLohj is'k dj jgs FksA NksVs iSekus ds Åij cM+s iSekus ds
mRiknu dh rduhdh vkSj okf.kfT;d Js"Brk] u fli+$Z m|ksx esa cfYd Ñf"k esa Hkh] vdkV~;
rdks± }kjk fl) gks pqdh gSA---NksVs iSekus dk mRiknu izkÑfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ds vo'ks"kksa
ij fVdk gksrk gS µ vkgkj ds fujUrj [k+jkc gksrs tkus ds cy ij] dHkh [k+Re u gksus
okyh Hkw[k ds ne ij] dke ds ?k.Vs c<+rs tkus ds ne ij] eosf'k;ksa dh la[;k vkSj xq.koÙkk
esa fxjkoV ds ne ij] la{ksi esa] mUgha rjho+$ksa ls ftuls nLrdkjh mRiknu iw¡thoknh
eSU;qqi+$SDpj ds fo#) fVdk gqvk FkkA foKku vkSj rduksykWth esa gj izxfr vifjgk;Z :i
ls vkSj yxkrkj iwt ¡ hoknh lekt esa NksVs iSekus ds mRiknu dh cqfu;kn det+kjs djrh jgrh
gS] vkSj lektoknh jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k dk ;g dk;ZHkkj gS fd bl izfØ;k ds lHkh :iksa
dh tk¡p&iM+rky djs] tks vDlj tfVy rFkk my>ko Hkjh gksrh gS] vkSj NksVs mRiknd dks
;g fn[kk, fd iw¡thokn ds rgr mldk fVdk jguk fdruk vlEHko gS] iw¡thokn ds rgr
fdlku dh dk'rdkjh ¼peasant farming½ fdruh vlgk; gS] vkSj fdlku ds fy,
loZgkjk n`f"Vdks.k viukuk fdruk t+:jh gSA bl iz'u ij la'kksèkuokfn;ksa us] ,drji+$k
<ax ls pqus x;s rF;ksa ij vkèkkfjr lrgh lkekU;hdj.kksa dk lgkjk ysdj vkSj iwjh iwt ¡ hoknh
iz.kkyh dk ft+Ø u djds] oSKkfud n`f"V ls] iki fd;k gSA jktuhfrd n`f"V ls] mUgksaus
bl rF; }kjk iki fd;k gS fd vifjgk;Zr%] mUgksaus pkgrs ;k u pkgrs gq,] fdlku ls
ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk dk n`f"Vdks.k viukus ds ctk; NksVs ekfyd dk n`f"Vdks.k ¼;kuh
cqtqZvk dk n`f"Vdks.k½ viukus dk vkxzg fd;k ¼ysfuu] ls- o-] [k.M 1] i`- 52½AÞ
,l- izrki ds fopkj ßgqDejkuksa ds lcls pkykd usrkvksaÞ ¼NksVs iSekus ds eky
mRiknu dks cpkus dh Hkksyh bPNkvksa ds pyrs½ rFkk la'kksèkuokfn;ksa ¼NksVs ekfydksa dks
98 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
loZgkjk ds ctk; ,d NksVs ekfyd okyk Hkko viukus dk vkàku djus ds pyrs½ ls
feyrs&tqyrs gSaA blhfy, NksVs iSekus ds eky mRiknu ds izfr ekDlZoknh nzf"Vdks.k dh
O;k[;k djus ds fy, geus brus foLrkj esa fy[kk gS] rkfd lkFkh dks bu ^isVh cqtqZvk*
fopkjksa ls fi.M NqM+kus esa enn fey ldsA
ykxr ewY; ds loky ij pUn vkSj ckrsa
ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x dk fojksèk djus ds ihNs gekjk lcls cqfu;knh rdZ ;g
gS fd ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x NksVs@e¡>ksys ekfydkus dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds izfr eè;e
fdlku ds eksgHkze dks c<+kus dk dke djrh gS vkSj mls loZgkjk&v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ls
nwj cM+s ekfyd fdlkuksa ds fudVrj ys tkus dk dke djrh gS ¼fcxqy] i+$jojh 2005]
lEikndh; lekgkj½A bl lEcUèk esa gekjk nwljk rdZ ;g gS fd ;g ek¡x lHkh esgurd'k
¼loZgkjk] v)ZloZgkjk rFkk eè;e oxZ½ dh lk>k ek¡x ugha gS] vkSj lk>k ekspkZ rks lk>h
ek¡xksa ij gh curk gSA vxj ykxr ewY; ?kVus ls Ñf"k mRiknksa dh o+$her esa fxjkoV vkrh
gS rks ;g loZgkjk oxZ ds fgr esa gksxk] exj rc blls e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks dksbZ i+$k;nk
ugha gksxk vkSj vxj ykxr ewY; de gksus ls Ñf"k mRiknksa dh o+$her esa fxjkoV ugha vkrh
rks ;g loZgkjk oxZ ds fy, uqo+$lkunsg gksxk] D;ksafd Ñf"k {ks=k dks nh tkus okyh lfClMh
dk cks> rks vkf[k+j mRiknd oxZ ¼eq[;r% loZgkjk oxZ½ dks gh mBkuk iM+sxkA
lkFkh ,l- izrki ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x ij e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks laxfBr rks djuk
pkgrs gS]a exj muds eqrkfco+$] igys dbZ iwo&Z 'krks± dks iwjk gksuk t+:jh gSA muds eqrkfco+$]
ßxzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ dks laxfBr fd;s fcuk mls ¼e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks½ laxfBr djus dh
ckr djuk iw¡thoknh HkwLokeh oxZ ds gkFkksa esa [ksyus tSlh gh ckr gksxhA e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds lkFk loZgkjk oxZ dk laJ; ,d la;qDr ekspsZ esa gh ---\ gks ldrk gS vkSj tc loZgkjk
oxZ laxfBr gh u gks rks Hkyk og la;qDr ekspkZ o+$k;e gh dSls dj ldrk gSAÞ ¼fcxqy]
uoEcj 2004½A ,d vU; txg og fy[krs gSa] ßlektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa vkS|ksfxd
loZgkjk oxZ dks laxfBr djus ls igys xzkeh.k loZgkjk oxZ dks laxfBr djus ij t+ksj nsuk
Hkh HkVdko gksxkA nsgkrksa esa loZgkjk oxZ dk l'kDr ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu gh og xkj.Vh
gS tks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds eksgHkze dks iSnk ugha gksus nsxk vkSj oxZ&èkzoq hdj.k
rh[kk dj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fupys o fcpys fgLlksa dks fu.kkZ;d rkSj ij ØkfUr ds i{k
esa [kM+k djsxkÞ ¼,l- izrki dk igyk ^vizdkf'kr ys[k*½A blds vykok e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBkus ls igys ,l- izrki dh ,d 'krZ vkSj Hkh gS]
ßtc rd [ksrh ds ekfydkus dk loky dsUnz esa ugha yk;k tkrk ,slh fdlh Hkh ek¡x ¼ykxr
ewY; ?kVkus tSlh½ dk lokZfèkd i+$k;nk èkuh fdlkuksa dks gh gksxk] D;ksafd vfèkd t+ehusa
rks mUgha ds ikl gSa ¼fcxqy] uoEcj 2004½AÞ
vkxs ,l- izrki fy[krs gS]a ßlektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa nsgkrksa esa gekjh dsUnzh; vkSj
nh?kZdkfyd ek¡x gS Hkwfe ij futh ekfydkus dks lekIr dj lkewfgd ekfydkus dh O;oLFkk

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 99

LFkkfir djukA bl ek¡x dks ,d iy ds fy, Hkh ut+jksa ls vks>y dj NksV&s e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x gh ugha] dksbZ Hkh vU; ek¡x mBkuk ?kkrd gksxk ¼,l-
izrki dk igyk ^vizdkf'kr ys[k*½AÞ
ge yksx bl ckr dks vfèkd lki+$&Li"V :i esa dgrs gSa fd Hkwfe ij lkewfgd
ekfydkus dh O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus ds ckn ¼;kuh lektoknh ØkfUr ds ckn½ gh e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks viuh [ksrh&x`gLFkh pykus ds fy, lqfoèkk,¡ iznku dh tk ldrh gSaA vxj
,l- izrki [k+kyh ;gh dguk pkgrs rks ge yksxksa ds chp dksbZ erHksn ugha jg tk;sxkA
,l- izrki e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds fy, ykxr ewY; ?kVkus dh ek¡x mBk;s tkus ls igys
cgqr&lh iwoZ&'krks± dks iwjk dj ysuk pkgrs gSaA tSlsfd lcls igys vkS|ksfxd loZgkjk dks
laxfBr djuk mlds ckn xzkeh.k loZgkjk dks laxfBr djuk vkSj mudk l'kDr ØkfUrdkjh
vkUnksyu fodflr djuk] [ksrh ds ekfydkus ds loky dks dsUnz esa ykukA exj bruh lkjh
iwoZ&'krks± dks iwjk djus ds ckn ykxr ewY; dks ?kVkus tSlh fdlh Hkh ek¡x dks mBkus dk
dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha jg tk;sxkA D;ksafd mDr 'krks± ds iwjk gksus rd rks jkT;lÙkk dk loky
dsUnz esa vk pqdk gksxk vkSj ,sls le; esa ykxr ewY; ?kVkus tSlh vkfFkZd ek¡x rks dksbZ
ew[kZ gh mBk ldrk gSA rc dE;qfuLV reke esgurd'kksa ¼e¡>ksys fdlkuksa lfgr½ ds lkeus
oSdfYid lÙkk dk ekWMy j[ksxa ]s ftlesa loZgkjk lÙkk }kjk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks nh tkus okyh
lfClMh dk ft+Ø Hkh gksxkA

e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds loky ij ,l- izrki dk

pyk;eku ;q) µ ;k bykgh ;s ekt+jk D;k gS!
vkb;s vc lkFkh ,l- izrki }kjk e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ifjHkk"kk ds loky ij pyk;s
x;s pyk;eku ;q) dk nhnkj djsaA ^fcxqy* ds uoEcj] 2004 vad esa mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk]
ßeè;e fdlku mls gh dgk tk ldrk gS] tks ewyr% vkSj eq[;r% viuk Je yxkdj [ksrh
djrk gS] vioknLo:i gh vkSj vkikr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh og et+nwj yxkus dks etcwj
gksrk gSAÞ ;gk¡ og eè;e fdlkuksa }kjk HkkM+s ds et+nwjksa ls dke djokus ls bUdkj ugha
djrsA exj vius blh ys[k esa FkksM+k vkxs pydj os eè;e fdlkuksa }kjk HkkM+s ds et+nwjksa
ls dke djokus dks iwjh rjg [k+kfjt dj nsrs gS]a tc og dgrs gSa ßtgk¡ rd e¡>ksys fdlkuksa
dk loky gS] os et+nwj yxkdj [ksrh ugha djrs] rks os Hkyk et+nwjh de djus dh ek¡x
D;ksa mBk;saxs\Þ exj tc geus ^fcxqy* ds fnlEcj 2004 vad esa ysfuu ds gokys lfgr
n'kkZ;k fd e¡>ksys fdlku Hkh HkkM+s ds et+njw ksa ls dke djokrs gSa rks og rqjUr iSra jk cnydj
dgus yxs] ße¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds oxZ&pfj=k dks le>us ds fy, mls rhu fgLlksa esa foHkkftr
fd;k tk ldrk gS µ mPp&eè;e fdlku dk oxZ&pfj=k dqydksa ds ut+nhd dk gksrk gS
vkSj e¡>ksys fdlkukas dk ;gh fgLlk dHkh&dHkh et+nwj yxkrk gSÞ ¼fcxqy] tuojh 2005½A
blds ckn og eè;e&eè;e vkSj fuEu&eè;e fdlkuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSaA ,d vU; txg

100 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
¼igyk ^vizdkf'kr ys[k*½ og dgrs gSa] ßx+kSj ls ns[ksa rks ;gk¡ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk et+nwjksa
dks dke ij yxkus dh ckr [k+kfjt ugha dh x;h gSAÞ ^fcxqy* ds tuojh 2005 vad esa
og fli+$Z mPp&eè;e fdlkuksa }kjk gh et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkus dh ckr djrs gSaA exj
;gk¡ ij fQj os iSarjk cnyrs gSa vkSj lHkh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkus
dh ckr djrs gSaA
^fcxqy* ds ekpZ 2005 vad esa Nis ysfuu ds ys[k ij rks ,l- izrki ;w¡ VwV iM+s
tSls mUgsa dksbZ [k+t+kuk fey x;k gksA ;gk¡ ij ,l- izrki ysfuu }kjk nh x;h NksVs fdlkuksa
dh ifjHkk"kk dks e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ls xìeì djrs gq, ,d ckj fQj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa }kjk
HkkM+s ds et+nwjksa ls dke djokus dh ckr dks [k+kfjt dj nsrs gSa ¼,l- izrki dk nwljk
^vizdkf'kr ys[k*½A bl rjg ls pykrs gSa tukc ,l- izrki fopkjèkkjkRed pyk;eku
;q)A
^fcxqy* ds ekpZ 2005 vad esa ysfuu ds ys[k ds :i esa feys ^[k+t+kus* dks vkèkkj
cukdj ,l- izrki vkSj Hkh dqrdZ djus yxrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd ,axsYl ftls NksVk
fdlku dgrs gSa ysfuu mls gh e¡>ksyk fdlku dgrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij ,l- izrki ljklj
x+yrc;kuh dj jgs gSaA ysfuu mls gh NksVk fdlku dgrs gSa] ftls ,axsYl dgrs gSa vkSj
bu nksuksa }kjk eè;e fdlkuksa dh nh x;h ifjHkk"kk esa Hkh dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA
vius ¼nwljs ^vizdkf'kr*½ ys[k esa ,l- izrki dgrs gSa fd tSls ge yksx ds chp
erHksn e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ij ugha cfYd NksVs fdlkuksa ij gSA ;g Hkh ljklj x+yrc;kuh gSA
ge yksx vc rd eè;e fdlku ds loky ij gh cgl dj jgs gSaA ^fcxqy* uoEcj 2004
vad esa Nis vius ys[k esa ,l- izrki us xzkeh.k esgurd'kksa dh rhu gh Jsf.k;k¡ cuk;h
FkhaA loZgkjk] v)ZloZgkjk rFkk e¡>ksyk fdlkuA blesa mUgksaus NksVs fdlkuksa tSls fdlh Hkh
lewg dk ft+Ø ugha fd;k gSA ,l- izrki th] vxj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ls vkidk rkRi;Z NksVs
fdlkuksa ls gh Fkk rks ^fcxqy* ds tuojh 2005 vad esa Nis vius ys[k esa vkius e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dks rhu fgLlksa ¼mPp&eè;e] eè;e&eè;e] vkSj fuEu&eè;e½ esa foHkkftr D;ksa
fd;k FkkA Li"V gS fd ge yksx vc rd eè;e fdlkuksa ds loky ij ftUgsa ,axsYl vkSj
ysfuu us Hkh eè;e fdlku gh dgk gS] cgl dj jgs FksA vc blls eqdj lduk ,l- izrki
ds fy, ukeqefdu gSA nwljh rji+$ ge yksxksa us ^fcxqy* ds tuojh 2003 vad esa e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dh tks ifjHkk"kk nh Fkh] bl iwjh cgl esa ml ij vfMx jgs gSaA tuojh 2003
esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ße¡>ksys fdlkuksa dk ekeyk FkksM+k
vyx gS] D;ksafd og vius [ksrksa esa FkksM+s&cgqr et+nwj yxkdj Hkh dke djkrk gS vkSj
vfrfjDr Je dks gM+idj equki+$k dekrk gSAÞ ;g ifjHkk"kk ,axYs l vkSj ysfuu }kjk e¡>ksys
fdlkuksa dh nh x;h ifjHkk"kk gh gSA
,l- izrki us dqN ckrsa t+cjnLrh gekjs e¡qg esa Bw¡lus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd ge dg
jgs gSa fd ße¡>ksys fdlku dh [ksrh vc mtjr ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrh gSÞ ¼fcxqy] tuojh
2005½ fd ße¡>ksys fdlku dh [ksrh vc eq[;r% mtjrh Je ij gh vkèkkfjr gksrh gSÞ
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 101
fd e¡>ksys fdlku dh [ksrh ßcqfu;knh rkSj ij mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij vkèkkfjr gksrh
gSAÞ¼igyk ^vizdkf'kr ys[k*½A ikBd bl cgl esa gekjh vksj ls fy[ks x;s ys[k i<+dj
ns[k ldrs gSa fd ge yksxksa us e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa ;s ckrsa dgha ugha dgh
gSaA geus tks dgk gS og ;g gS] ßftl gn rd os ¼e¡>ksys fdlku½ [+kqn viuh t+ehu ij
esgur djrs gSa] ml gn rd esgurd'k gSa vkSj D;ksafd os fngkM+hnkj et+nwjksa dks Hkh vius
[ksrksa esa yxkrs gSa] blfy, os et+nwjksa dh ywV esa Hkkxhnkj Hkh gSaA vFkZO;oLFkk esa bl nksgjs
pfj=k ds pyrs os eè;e gSa] ;kuh iwjh rjg mtjrh Je dh ywV ij fuHkZj èkuh fdlkuksa
rFkk mtjrh loZgkjkvksa] v)ZloZgkjkvksa ds chp Mksyrs jgus okyk oxZÞ ¼fcxqy] fnlEcj
2004½A e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds pfj=k dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk geus ;g fn[kk;h Fkh] ßHkys gh
e¡>ksys fdlku mtjrh Je dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa] ij os bruk vfèkd equki+$k ugha dek ikrs
fd os bls [ksrh esa iqu%fuos'k dj] vkSj t+ehu [k+jhndj] èkuh fdlkuksa dh tekr esa 'kkfey
gks ldsaA ,slk buesa ls cgqr de gh dj ikrs gSaA buesa ls T+;knkrj dh fu;fr ;gh gksrh
gS fd bUgsa nsj&lcsj mtjrh loZgkjkvks&a v)ZloZgkjkvksa dh o+$rkjksa esa 'kkfey gksuk gksrk gSAÞ
¼mijksDr½
exj tc e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh [ksrh ßcqfu;knh rkSj ij mtjrh Je ds 'kks"k.k ij
vkèkkfjr gks tk;sxh] rc muds pfj=k dk esgurd'k okyk igyw lekIr gks tk;sxk vkSj
og dqydksa esa 'kkfey gks tk;saxsA exj tc rd mudk esgurd'k okyk igyw cjo+$jkj gS
vkSj ;g muds pfj=k dk eq[; igyw gS rc rd mUgsa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds lewg esa gh j[kk
tk;sxkAÞ exj ,l- izrki dks blls rlYyh ugha gksxhA mudk dguk gS fd ge yksx ßftls
e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs gS]a og loZgkjk dk laJ;dkjh e¡>ksyk fdlku ugha] NksVk&eksVk dqyd
gS] èkuh fdlku gSAÞ ¼fcxqy] tuojh 2005½ exj ge rks mls gh e¡>ksyk fdlku dg jgs
gSa] ftls ,axsYl rFkk ysfuu us dgk gSA ,d rji+$ rks ,l- izrki e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, ,axsYl vkSj ysfuu ds m)j.k nsrs gSa vkSj nwljh rji+$ mUgha dh
nh x;h ifjHkk"kk dks ekuus ls bUdkj dj nsrs gSaA
lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks rVLFk cukus
dh uhfr viukrh gSA ;gh loZekU; ysfuuoknh uhfr gSA exj ,l- izrki blls lger
ugha gSaA mUgksaus fy[kk gS] ßlEiknd&e.My ;g vke izLFkkiuk nsus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS
fd lektoknh ØkfUr ds nkSj esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks fli+$Z rVLFk djus dh j.kuhfr vf[+r;kj
djuh pkfg,A de ls de mls viuh bl ckr dks LVkfyu vkSj ysfuu ds eRFks ugha e<+uk
pkfg, ¼mudk igyk ^vizdkf'kr ys[k*] i`- 13½AÞ
,l- izrki th] vki rks fcuk otg gh vkx&ccwyk gks jgs gSa] vkSj ,d vUèks
fu'kkuph dh rjg csrgk'kk rhj NksM+ jgs gS]a ftuesa ls dksbZ Hkh lgh fu'kkus ij ugha yxrkA
,l- izrki th] ge viuh ckrksa dks ysfuu vkSj LVkfyu ds eRFks ugha e<+ jgs] cfYd mUgha
ds fn[kk;s jkLrs ij pyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA ysfuu fy[krs gSa] ßØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk
bl rco+$s dks ¼;kuh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks½ viuh vksj djus dk dk;ZHkkj vius fy, ugha
102 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
r; dj ldrk µ de ls de vklUu Hkfo"; esa ;k loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ds 'kq#vkrh
nkSj esa µ cfYd bls rVLFk djus] ;kuh loZgkjk vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ds chp ds la?k"kZ esa bls
rVLFk cukus ds dk;ZHkkj rd Lo;a dks lhfer j[kuk pkfg, ¼fcxqy] ekpZ 2005½AÞ bl
loky ij LVkfyu ds fopkj tkuus ds fy, ge lkFkh ,l- izrki dks LVkfyu dk ys[k
^n Fkzh i+$.Mkes.Vy LyksxUl vkWu n ihts+.V izkWCye* ¼izkWCyEl vkWi+$ ysfufuT+e] i`- 213½
i<+us dh lykg nsaxs rkfd og tku ldsa fd ge viuh ckrsa muds ¼ysfuu vkSj LVkfyu
ds½ eRFks ugha e<+ jgsA exj e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks rVLFk djus ds loky ij Hkh ,l- izrki
^pyk;eku ;q)* pykus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa vkSj ?kqekdj dku idM+rs gSaA mudk dguk
gS fd ß;fn ge mUgsa ¼e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dks½ vius lkFk [kM+k ugha dj ldrs gSa rks de ls
de mUgsa rVLFk djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,Þ ¼igyk vizdkf'kr ys[k] i`- 13½A
,l- izrki dks ,d vkSj Hkh ,srjkt+ gS] ß;fn mls ¼e¡>ksys fdlku dks½ rVLFk djus
dh gh j.kuhfr vf[+r;kj djuh pkfg, rks lEiknd&e.My us mls laxfBr djus ds fy,
ek¡xksa dh bruh yEch&pkSM+h lwph D;ksa izLrqr dh Fkh ¼mijksDr½\Þ ml ,srjkt+ ds tokc
esa bruk gh dguk dki+$h gksxk fd Jheku] gekjs ikl ,slk dksbZ fjeksV d.Vªksy ugha gS
ftldk cVu nckusHkj ls e¡>ksys fdlku loZgkjk ØkfUr esa rVLFk gks tk;saxsA mls rVLFk
djus ds fy, Hkh loZgkjk oxZ dks mlesa vius dk;ZØe dk izpkj djuk gksxk] loZgkjk
v)ZloZgkjk vkcknh ds lkFk mldh lk>k ek¡xksa ij mls cqtv qZ k lÙkk ds f[k+yki+$ vkUnksyu
esa mrkjus dh dksf'k'ksa Hkh djuh gkasxh] mls ;g crkuk gksxk fd fli+$Z loZgkjk lÙkk gh mls
x+jhch vkSj ykpkjh ls eqDr djk ldrh gSA mlds chp oSdfYid lÙkk ds ekWMy ds O;kid
izpkj ls gh mls rVLFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼vizdkf'kr( twu] 2005½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 103
 ifjf'k"V µ ,d

lektoknh ØkfUr dk Hkwfe&lEcUèk fo"k;d

dk;ZØe vkSj oxZ&laJ; %
ysfuu dh vkSj dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy dh vofLFkfr

^fcxqy* esa lektoknh ØkfUr dh eaft+y esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ds izfr loZgkjk oxZ dh ikVhZ
dh uhfr dks ysdj pyh cgl lekIr gks pqdh gSA viuh vofLFkfr ls nk;sa&ck;sa gVrs gq,
rFkk vèkwjs ,oa lUnHkZ ls dVs m)j.k izLrqr djrs gq, ,l- izrki us fopkjksa dk tks
ßpyk;eku ;q)Þ ¼eksckby okji+$;s j½ pyk;k] mldh vlfy;r lekiu&fcUnq rd igqp¡ rs&
igqp¡ rs ,dne lki+$ gks pqdh FkhA ysfdu ,sls vgEeU; ßekDlZoknhÞ if.Mrksa dh deh ugha
gS tks lektoknh ØkfUr ds oxZ&laJ; ds iz'u ij Hk;adj isVh&cqtqZvk ut+fj;s ds f'kdkj
gSa vkSj ,l- izrki dh gh rjg eqís dks ekuks ukd dk loky cukdj dBnyhyh djrs jgrs
gSAa ,sls yksxksa ds oxZ&n`f"Vnks"k ds bykt ds fy, eSa dE;qfuLV b.Vjus'kuy dh nwljh dkaxl sz
ds fy, [+kqn ysfuu }kjk rS;kj dh x;h ^Hkwfe&iz'u ij izkjfEHkd elfonk Fkhfll* ¼tqykbZ]
1920] dysDVsM oDlZ] [k.M 31] i`- 152&164½ ds nwljs] rhljs] pkSFks vkSj ik¡posa fcUnqvksa
dks gwcgw ;gk¡ izLrqr dj jgk gw¡A ;w¡ rks Hkwfe&iz'u dh lkaxksikax le> ds fy, ;g iwjk
nLrkost+ gh cgqr mi;ksxh gS] ysfdu ;gk¡ ge fli+$Z ml fgLls dks ns jgs gSa tks xzkeh.k
loZgkjk] v)ZloZgkjk ¼vfr NksVs fdlku½] NksVs fdlku ¼ftUgsa ge fuEu&eè;e Hkh eku
ldrs gSa½] vkSj e¡>ksys fdlku vkSj cM+s fdlku ls lEcfUèkr gSA ;g va'k ^fcxqy* ds vke
ikBdksa ds fy, Hkh cgqr mi;ksxh gS vkSj 'kk;n ;g mu dBeqYykokfn;ksa dks Hkh lkspus
ds fy, dqN elkyk ns tks Hkkjr esa fofHkUu :iksa esa ujksnokn ds lM+s eky dks u;k
ekDlZoknh yscy yxkdj cspus esa yxs gq, gSa vkSj eè;e fdlkuksa dh rks D;k dgsa] èkuh
fdlkuksa ds ?kjksa esa iksrM+s èkks jgs gSaA
blfy,] ysfuu dh bl ,sfrgkfld Fkhfll ds bu fgLlksa dks ns[ksa %
--- ---
2- 'kgjh loZgkjk dks la?k"kZ esa nsgkr ds ftu esgurd'k vkSj 'kksf"kr yksxksa dk usrR` o
djuk gksxk] ;k gj gky es]a viuh vksj ykuk gksxk] lHkh iwt ¡ hoknh ns'kksa esa mudk izfrfufèkRo
bu oxks± }kjk fd;k tkrk gS %
104 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 igyk] [ksfrgj loZgkjk] mtjrh et+nwj ¼lkykuk] ekSleh ;k fngkM+h½ tks iw¡thoknh
Ñf"k m|eksa esa HkkM+s ij dke djds vkthfodk dekrs gSaA xzkeh.k vkcknh ds vU; lewgksa
ls LorU=k vkSj i`Fkd :i ls bl oxZ dk laxBu ¼jktuhfrd] lSfud] VªsM;wfu;u]
dksvkijsfVo] lkaLÑfrd] 'kSf{kd vkfn½] bl oxZ ds chp l?ku izpkj vkSj vkUnksyu
pykuk] vkSj lksfo;rksa rFkk loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ds fy, bldk leFkZu gkfly djuk
lHkh ns'kksa esa dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa dk ewyHkwr dk;ZHkkj gS(
nwljk] v)ZloZgkjk ;k os fdlku tks t+ehu ds NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa ij [ksrh djrs gSa]
;kuh] os tks vkaf'kd :i ls viuh vkthfodk Ñf"k ;k vkS|ksfxd iwt ¡ hoknh m|eksa esa mtjrh
et+nwjksa ds :i esa dekrs gSa vkSj vkaf'kd :i ls [+kqn vius ;k HkkM+s ij fy;s t+ehu ds
VqdM+ksa ij dke djds] ftlls muds ifjokj dks xqt+kjs ds lkèkuksa dk ,d fgLlk gh izkIr
gksrk gSA xzkeh.k esgurd'k vkcknh dk ;g lewg lHkh iw¡thoknh ns'kksa esa cgqr cM+h la[;k
esa gS( blds vfLrRo vkSj fo'ks"k ntsZ dks cqtvZq k rFkk nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds ihys ßlks'kfyLVÞ
de djds crkrs gSAa ,slk os ,d gn rd et+njw ksa dks tkucw>dj èkks[kk nsus ds t+fj;s djrs
gSa vkSj ,d gn rd isVh cqtqZvk fopkjksa ds <jsZ ij vk¡[k ew¡ndj pyrs gq, bl lewg dks
ßfdlku leqnk;Þ ds lkFk tksMd + j djrs gSAa et+njw ksa dh vk¡[kksa esa èkwy >ksd
a us dk ;g cqtv Zq k
rjho+$k lcls vfèkd teZuh vkSj iz+$kal esa ns[kk tkrk gS] ysfdu vesfjdk vkSj nwljs ns'kksa
esa Hkh ;g fn[kk;h nsrk gSA ;fn dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk dke lgh rjho+$s ls laxfBr gS] rks ;g
lewg bldk iDdk leFkZd cu tk;sxk] D;ksfa d bu v)ZloZgkjkvksa dh ft+Unxh csgn dfBu
gS vkSj lksfo;r ljdkj rFkk loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ls mUgsa rRdky vkSj cgqr vfèkd ykHk
gksxk(
rhljk] NksVs fdlku ;kuh] NksVs iSekus ij [ksrh djus okys] ftuds ikl ekfyd ds
:i esa ;k vklkeh ds :i esa] t+ehu ds NksVs VqdM+s gksrs gSa ftuls og vius ifjokjksa vkSj
[ksrh&ckM+h dh t+:jrksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSa] vkSj ckgj ls Je HkkM+s ij ugha ysrsA ;g
rco+$k] fuLlUnsg] loZgkjk dh thr ls ykHk ikus dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS tks bls iwjh rjg
vkSj rRdky % ¼d½ cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa dks yxku ;k i+$ly dk ,d fgLlk nsus dh ckè;rk
ls eqDr djsxk ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, iz$+ kal esa esrk,j] bVyh vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh½( ¼[k½ cUèkd
_.kksa ls eqDr djsxk( ¼x½ cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa }kjk mRihM+u ds vusd :iksa vkSj mu ij fuHkZjrk
¼oU; Hkwfe vkSj mudk mi;ksx vkfn½ ls eqDr djsxk( ¼?k½ loZgkjk jkT; }kjk muds [ksrksa
dks rRdky lgk;rk igq¡pk;sxk ¼loZgkjk }kjk t+Cr fd;s x;s cM+s i¡w¡thoknh i+$keks± ds Ñf"k
midj.kksa vkSj bekjrksa ds ,d fgLls dk mi;ksx] vkSj loZgkjk }kjk xzkeh.k lgdkjh
lfefr;ksa vkSj Ñf"k la?kksa dk iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr lcls c<+dj èkuh e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh
lsok djus okys laxBuksa ls ,sls laxBuksa esa :ikUrj.k tks eq[; :i ls x+jhcksa] ;kuh
loZgkjkvks]a v)ZloZgkjkvks]a NksVs fdlkuksa vkfn dh enn djsxa ½s ] vkSj cgqr&lh vU; pht+Aas
lkFk gh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dks lki+$rkSj ij ;g le>uk pkfg, fd iwt ¡ hokn ls lkE;okn
esa laØe.k dh vofèk ds nkSjku] ;kuh loZgkjk ds vfèkuk;dRo ds nkSjku] ;g rco+$k] ;k
ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 105
fdlh Hkh le; bldk dksbZ fgLlk] vifjgk;Zr% O;kikj dh fucZUèk LorU=krk vkSj futh
lEifÙk ds vfèkdkjksa dk eqDr :i ls ykHk mBkus dh fn'kk esa <qyeqyiu fn[kk;sxkA ,slk
blfy, gS D;ksafd ;g rco+$k] NksVs :i esa gh lgh] miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dk foØsrk gS]
equki+$k[k+kjs h }kjk vkSj LokfeRo dh vknrksa }kjk Hkz"V gks pqdk gSA ysfdu] vxj n`<+ loZgkjk
uhfr ykxw dh tk;s] vkSj vxj fot;h loZgkjk oxZ cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa rFkk èkuh fdlkuksa ds
lkFk cM+h n`<+rk ls fuiVrk gS] rks bl rco+$s dk <qyeqyiu fpUruh; ugha gksxk vkSj bl
rF; dks ugha cny ldrk fd] dqy feykdj] ;g loZgkjk ØkfUr ds i{k esa jgsxkA
3½ ,d lkFk ysus ij] Åij fxuk;s x;s rhuksa lewg lHkh ns'kksa esa xzkeh.k vkcknh dh
cgql[a ;k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSAa blhfy, loZgkjk ØkfUr dh fot; lqfuf'pr gS] dsoy 'kgjksa
esa gh ugha cfYd nsgkr esa HkhA bldh myVh lksp Hkh dki+$h izpfyr gS( gkyk¡fd] blds
ekStwn jgus ds dkj.k dsoy ;s gSa % igyk] cqtqZvk vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj vk¡dM+ksa }kjk O;ofLFkr
<ax ls QSyk;k x;k èkks[kk] tks nsgkr esa mijksDr oxks± vkSj 'kks"kdksa ;kuh cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa
rFkk iwt¡ hifr;ksa ds chp ekStnw [kkbZ vkSj v)ZloZgkjkvksa rFkk NksVs fdlkuksa dks cM+s fdlkuksa
ls vyx djus okyh [kkbZ] nksuksa ij inkZ Mkyus ds fy, lcdqN djrs gSaA nwljk] bldh
ekStnw xh dk dkj.k ;g gS fd ihys b.Vjus'kuy ds uk;d vkSj lkezkT;oknh fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa
}kjk Hkz"V gks pqds mUur ns'kksa ds ßdqyhu et+njw Þ nsgkr ds x+jhcksa ds chp izpkj] vkUnksyu
vkSj laxBu dk okLrfod loZgkjk ØkfUrdkjh dk;Z djus esa v{ke gSa vkSj vfuPNqd Hkh(
voljokfn;ksa dk iwjk è;ku ges'kk ls bl ckr ij dsfUnzr jgk gS vkSj vc Hkh gS fd cqtv Zq k
oxZ ftlesa cM+s vkSj e¡>ksys fdlku ¼ftudh ppkZ uhps dh x;h gS½ 'kkfey gSa] ds lkFk
lS)kfUrd vkSj O;kogkfjd le>kSrksa ds jkLrs dSls fudkys tk;s]a u fd cqtv qZ k ljdkj vkSj
cqtvZq k oxZ dks loZgkjk }kjk ØkfUrdkjh <ax ls m[kkM+ Qsd a us ij( bldh ekStnw xh dk rhljk
dkj.k ;g le>us ls vfM+;yiu Hkjk bUdkj gS µ bruk vfM+;y fd bls iwokZxzg dgk
tk ldrk gS ¼tks reke nwljs cqtqZvk&tuoknh vkSj lalnh; iwokZxzgksa ls tqM+k gqvk gS½ µ
,sls lp dks le>us ls bUdkj gS tks ekDlZoknh fl)kUr }kjk iwjh rjg lR;kfir vkSj :l
esa loZgkjk ØkfUr ds vuqHko ls iwjh rjg iq"V fd;k tk pqdk gS] ;kuh] xzkeh.k vkcknh
dh rhuksa fxuk;h x;h Jsf.k;k¡ µ tks lHkh ns'kksa esa csgn nch&dqpyh] vlaxfBr] vkSj
v)ZccZj thou fLFkfr;ksa esa thus ds fy, vfHk'kIr gSa µ vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
:i ls lektokn dh fot; esa #fp j[krh gS]a ysfdu os ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk dks n`<+ leFkZu
mlds jktuhfrd lÙkk ij o+$kfct+ gks tkus ds ckn gh ns ldrh gSa] dsoy rHkh tc og
cM+s HkwLokfe;ksa vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa ls n`<+rkiwoZd fuiV pqdk gks] vkSj dsoy rHkh tc ;s
ncs&dqpys yksx O;ogkj esa ;g ns[k ysrs gSa fd muds lkeus ,d laxfBr usrk vkSj fgek;rh
gS] tks bruk et+cwr vkSj n`<+ gS fd mUgsa lgk;rk vkSj usr`Ro ns ldrk gS vkSj lgh jkLrk
fn[kk ldrk gSA
4½ vkfFkZd n`f"V ls] ße¡>ksys fdlkuksaÞ dk eryc os fdlku gksus pkfg, tks]
¼1½ ekfyd ;k vklkeh ds :i esa t+ehu ds ,sls VqdM+s tksrrs gSa tks NksVs rks gSa ysfdu]
106 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
iw¡thokn ds rgr] u dsoy x`gLFkh vkSj [ksrh&ckM+h dh U;wure t+:jrsa iwjh djus ds fy,
i;kZIr gSa] cfYd dqN cs'kh iSnkokj Hkh djrs gSa ftls] de ls de vPNs o"kks± esa] iw¡th esa
cnyk tk ldrk gS( ¼2½ tks vDlj ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] nks ;k rhu esa ls ,d fdlku½ ckgjh
Je&'kfDr dks mtjr ij j[krs gSaA fdlh mUur iw¡thoknh ns'k esa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa dh ,d
Bksl felky teZuh esa ik¡p ls nl gsDVs;j rd ds i+$keks± okyk ,d lewg gS] ftlesa 1907
dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj] mtjrhs et+nwjksa ls dke djkus okys fdlkuksa dh la[;k bl lewg
ds dqy fdlkuksa dh la[;k dh o+$jhc ,d frgkbZ gSA¹ iz+$kal esa] tgk¡ fo'ks"k i+$lyksa µ
mnkgj.k ds fy,] vaxwj dh [ksrh ftlesa cgqr cM+h ek=kk esa Je dh t+:jr gksrh gS µ dh
[ksrh cgqr fodflr gS] ;g lewg lEHkor% dqN vfèkd iSekus ij ckgj ls Je HkkM+s ij
ysrk gSA
ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk bl rco+$s dks viuh vksj djus dk dk;ZHkkj vius fy, ugha
r; dj ldrk µ de ls de vklUu Hkfo"; esa ;k loZgkjk vfèkuk;dRo ds 'kq#vkrh
nkSj esa µ cfYd bls rVLFk djus] ;kuh loZgkjk vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ds chp ds la?k"kZ esa bls
rVLFk cukus ds dk;ZHkkj rd Lo;a dks lhfer j[kuk pkfg,A ;g rco+$k vifjgk;Zr% bu
nks 'kfDr;ksa ds chp bèkj&mèkj Mksyrk jgrk gS( u;s ;qx dh 'kq#vkr esa vkSj fodflr
iw¡thoknh ns'kksa esa] eq[;r% bldk >qdko cqtqZvk oxZ dh vksj gksxkA ,slk blfy, D;ksafd
bl rco+$s esa lEifÙk ds ekfydksa dk fo'o n`f"Vdks.k vkSj Hkkouk,¡ gkoh gSaA bl rco+$s
dk izR;{k fgr equki+$k[k+ksjh esa] O;kikj dh ßLorU=krkÞ esa vkSj lEifÙk esa gS] vkSj mtjrh
et+nwjksa ds lkFk bldk izR;{k vUrjfojksèk gSA yxku vkSj cUèkd _.kksa dks lekIr djds]
fot;h loZgkjk bl rco+$s dh fLFkfr esa rRdky lqèkkj yk;sxkA ysfdu] T+;knkrj iw¡thoknh
ns'kksa es]a loZgkjk jkT; dks ,d >Vds esa futh lEifÙk dk mUewyu ugha djuk pkfg,( fdlh
Hkh gky esa] ;g NksVs vkSj e¡>ksys nksuksa fdlkuksa ds fy,] u dsoy muds t+ehu ds VqdM+ksa
ds cus jgus dh xkj.Vh djrk gS cfYd bl ckr dh Hkh xkj.Vh djrk gS fd buds nk;js
esa og leLr {ks=k vk tk;sxk ftls vkerkSj ij os yxku ij ysrs Fks ¼yxku dk [kk+Rek½A
cqtqZvk oxZ ds fo#) fueZe la?k"kZ ds lkFk feydj ,sls mik; rVLFkhdj.k dh uhfr
dh lQyrk dks iwjh rjg lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA loZgkjk jkT; dks lkewfgd [ksrh esa laØe.k
dks vR;fèkd lkoèkkuh ls rFkk dsoy Øfed :i ls lapkfyr djuk pkfg,] mnkgj.k dh
'kfDr ls] ftlesa e¡>ksys fdlkuksa ij t+jk Hkh cy iz;ksx u gksA
5½ cM+s fdlku ¼xzkWlckouZ½ Ñf"k esa iw¡thoknh m|eh gSa] tks fu;e ds rkSj ij cgqr
ls HkkM+s ds et+nwjksa dks dke ij yxkrs gSa vkSj ßfdlku leqnk;Þ ls mudk tqM+ko dsoy
muds fuEu lkaLÑfrd Lrj] thou dh vknrksa vkSj vius [ksrksa ij [+kqn fd;s x;s 'kkjhfjd

¹ ^fcxqy* esa izdkf'kr bl vuqokn esa ;gk¡ ij NikbZ dh x+yfr;ksa ds dkj.k vLi"Vrk Fkh
ftldh vksj ,l- izrki us vius igys vizdkf'kr ys[k esa b'kkjk fd;k gS( ;gk¡ bu nks okD;ksa
dks 'kq) djds Nkik tk jgk gSA µ l-

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 107
Je ds :i esa gh gksrk gSA ;g lcls cM+k cqtqZvk rco+$k gS tksfd ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk dk
[kqyk vkSj n`<+fu'p;h 'k=kq gksrk gSA nsgkr esa vius reke dk;Z esa] dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa dks
viuk è;ku eq[;r% bl rco+$s ds fo#) la?k"kZ ij] bu 'kks"kdksa ds fopkjèkkjkRed vkSj
jktuhfrd izHkko ls xzkeh.k vkcknh dh esgurd'k vkSj 'kksf"kr cgqla[;k dks eqDr djus
ij] dsfUnzr djuk pkfg,A
'kgjksa esa loZgkjk dh thr ds ckn] bl rco+$s dh vksj ls gj izdkj ds izfrjksèk vkSj
rksM+QksM+ dh vfHkO;fDr;k¡] rFkk izfrØkfUrdkjh pfj=k dh lhèkh l'kL=k dkjZokb;k¡ ,dne
vifjgk;Z gSAa blfy, ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk dks bl rco+$s dks iwjh rjg fugRFkk djus ds fy,
t+:jh fopkjèkkjkRed vkSj laxBukRed rS;kjh rRdky 'kq: djuh pkfg,] vkSj m|ksx esa
iw¡thifr;ksa dks m[kkM+ Qsadus ds lkFk gh lkFk izfrjksèk ds igys ladsr feyrs gh bl rco+$s
ij vR;fèkd n`<+] fueZe vkSj èoLr dj nsus okyh pksV djus dh rS;kjh djuh pkfg,A
bl mís'; ls] xzkeh.k loZgkjk dks l'kL=k fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj xzke lksfo;rsa laxfBr
dh tkuh pkfg,] ftuesa 'kks"kdksa dk dksbZ LFkku u gks] vkSj ftuesa loZgkjkvksa vkSj
v)ZloZgkjkvksa dk opZLo lqfuf'pr gksA
cgjgky] cM+s fdlkuksa ds LoRogj.k dks Hkh fot;h loZgkjk dk rkRdkfyd dk;ZHkkj
ugha cuk;k tk ldrk D;ksafd ,sls i+$keks± ds lektoknhdj.k dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
lkFk gh lkFk HkkSfrd vkSj [k+kldj rduhdh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vHkh ekStnw ugha gSAa dqN vyx&vyx
vkSj 'kk;n vioknLo:i ekeyksa esa] mudh t+ehu ds os fgLls ftUgsa os NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa
esa HkkM+s ij nsrs gSa ;k ftudh vklikl ds NksVs fdlkuksa dh vkcknh dks [k+klrkSj ij t+:jr
gks] dks t+Cr fd;k tk;sxkA cM+s fdlkuksa ds Ñf"k ;U=kksa vkfn ds ,d fgLls ds] dqN 'krks±
ij] NksVs fdlkuksa }kjk eqDr :i ls bLrseky dh Hkh xkj.Vh dh tk;sxhA gkyk¡fd vke
fu;e ds rkSj ij loZgkjk jkT;ksa dks cM+s fdlkuksa dks viuh t+ehu vius ikl j[kus dh
NwV nsuh pkfg,] vkSj bls rHkh t+Cr djuk pkfg, tc os esgurd'k vkSj 'kksf"kr yksxksa
dh lÙkk dk izfrjksèk djsaA :lh loZgkjk ØkfUr ds vuqHko] ftlesa cM+s fdlkuksa ds fo#)
la?k"kZ vusd fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k tfVy vkSj yEck pyk] us ;g fn[kk;k fd vxj
izfrjksèk dh FkksM+h&lh dksf'k'k djus ij Hkh dM+kbZ ls lco+$ fl[kk;k tk;s] rks ;g rco+$k
loZgkjk jkT; }kjk r; fd;s x;s dk;ZHkkjksa dks oi+$knkjh ls iwjk djus esa l{ke gS] vkSj ;gk¡
rd fd] cgqr èkhjs&èkhjs gh lgh] ml ljdkj ds fy, lEeku Hkh blesa iSnk gksus yxrk gS
tksfd lHkh dke djus okyksa dh j{kk djrh gS vkSj fudEes vehjksa ds izfr fueZe gksrh gSA
:l esa cqtqZvk oxZ dh ijkt; ds ckn cM+s fdlkuksa ds fo#) loZgkjk ds la?k"kZ dks
tfVy cukus vkSj èkhek djus okyh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;k¡] eq[; :i ls] fuEufyf[kr Fkha %
25 vDVwcj ¼7 uoEcj½ 1917 ds ckn :lh ØkfUr us ßvke tuoknhÞ eaft+y dks ikj
dj fy;k µ ;kuh ewyr% lexz fdlku leqnk; }kjk HkwLokfe;ksa ds fo#) cqtqZvk tuoknh
la?k"kZ] 'kgjh loZgkjk dh lkaLÑfrd vkSj la[;kRed det+ksjh( vkSj vUr esa] cgqr vfèkd
nwfj;k¡ vkSj lapkj ds cgqr [k+jkc lkèkuA pw¡fd mUur ns'kksa esa la?k"kZ dks èkhek djus okyh
108 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
;s fLFkfr;k¡ ekStwn ugha gSa] blfy, ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk ds ØkfUrdkjh loZgkjk dks vfèkd
ÅtZLoh <ax ls rS;kjh djuh pkfg,] vkSj cM+s fdlkuksa ds izfrjksèk ij iw.kZ fot; T+;knk
rst+h] n`<+rk vkSj lQyrk ds lkFk gkfly djuh pkfg,A ;g vfuok;Z gS D;ksafd] tc rd
,slh iw.kZ fot; gkfly ugha gksrh] rc rd xzkeh.k loZgkjkvksa] v)ZloZgkjkvksa vkSj NksVs
fdlkuksa dk tuleqnk; loZgkjk jkT; dks iwjh rjg fLFkj jkT; ds :i esa Lohdk;Z ugha djsxkA
izLrqfr % lR;e

¼fcxqy] ekpZ] 2005½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 109
 ifjf'k"V µ nks

fdlkuksa ds ckjs esa dE;qfuLV n`f"Vdks.k %

dqN egÙoiw.kZ igyw
Oyk-b- ysfuu

ß---oxZ&psru et+nwj ds yky >.Ms dk igyk eryc gS] fd ge viuh iwjh 'kfDr ds lkFk
iwjh vkt+knh vkSj iwjh t+ehu ds fy, fdlkuksa ds la?k"kZ dk leFkZu djrs gSa( nwljs] bldk
vFkZ gS fd ge ;gha ugha #drs cfYd blls vkxs tkrs gSaA ge vkt+knh vkSj t+ehu ds lkFk
gh lektokn ds fy, ;q) NsM+ jgs gSaA lektokn ds fy, la?k"kZ iw¡th ds 'kklu ds fo#)
la?k"kZ gSA ;g loZizFke vkSj lcls eq[; :i ls mtjrh et+nwj }kjk pyk;k tkrk gS tks
izR;{kr% vkSj iw.kZr% iw¡thokn ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA tgk¡ rd NksVs ekfyd fdlkuksa dk iz'u
gS] mueas ls dqN ds ikl [+kqn dh gh iw¡th gS] vkSj izk;% os [+kqn gh et+nwjksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs
gSaA blfy, lHkh NksVs ekfyd fdlku lektokn ds fy, yM+us okyksa dh o+$rkj esa 'kkfey
ugha gksxa ]s dsoy ogh ,slk djsxa s tks ÑrladYi gksdj lpsru rkSj ij iwt¡ h ds fo#) et+njw ksa
dk i{k ysaxs] futh lEifÙk ds fo#) lkoZtfud lEifÙk dk i{k ysaxsAÞ
¼^fdlku leqnk; vkSj loZgkjk*½

ßiw¡thokn ds vUrxZr NksVk ekfyd fdlku] og pkgs ;k u pkgs] blls voxr gks
;k u gks] ,d eky&mRiknd cu tkrk gS vkSj ;gh og ifjorZu gS tks ewyHkwr gS] D;ksafd
dsoy ;gh mls] ckotwn blds fd og HkkM+s ds Je dk 'kks"k.k ugha djrk] ,d
fuEu&iw¡thifr cuk nsrk gS vkSj mls loZgkjk ds ,d fojksèkh ds :i esa cny nsrk gSA og
viuk mRiknu csprk gS] tcfd loZgkjk viuh Je&'kfDrA ,d oxZ ds :i esa NksVk
ekfyd fdlku dsoy Ñf"k mRiknksa ds ewY; esa o`f) gh pkg ldrk gS vkSj ;g cM+s
HkwLokfe;ksa ds lkFk yxku esa mldh fgLlsnkjh vkSj 'ks"k lekt ds fo#) HkwLokfe;ksa ds lkFk
mldh i{kèkjrk ds leku gSA eky&mRiknu ds fodkl ds lkFk gh NksVk ekfyd fdlku
viuh oxZ&fLFkfr ds vuq:i ,d fuEu&HkwlEifÙkoku ekfyd cu tkrk gSAÞ
¼^Ñf"k esa iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds vk¡dM+s*½
110 @ ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl
 ß--- ;fn :l esa orZeku ØkfUr dh fu.kkZ;d fot; turk dh iw.kZ lEizHkqrk o+$k;e
djrh gS] ;kuh ,d x.kjkT; vkSj ,d iw.kZ tuoknh jkT; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrh gS]
rks ikVhZ t+ehu ds futh ekfydkus dks [k+Re dj nsxh vkSj lkjh t+ehu lkekU; lEifÙk ds
:i easa iwjh turk dks lkSai nsxhA
ßblds vfrfjDr] lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa :lh lkekftd tuoknh ikVhZ dk mís';]
tuoknh Hkwfe&lqèkkjksa dh pkgs tks Hkh fLFkfr gks] xzkeh.k loZgkjk ds LorU=k oxZ laxBu ds
fy,] mls le>kus ds fy, fd mldk fgr fdlku iw¡thifr oxZ ds fgr ls vlekèks; :i
ls fojksèkh gS] mls NksVs iSekus ds ekfydkus ds fo#) psrkouh nsus ds fy, tks] tc rd
eky&mRiknu ekStwn jgsxk rc rd turk dh nfjnzrk nwj ugha dj ldrk vkSj vUr esa]
leLr nfjnzrk vkSj leLr 'kks"k.k dks lekIr djus ds ,dek=k lkèku ds :i esa ,d iw.kZ
lektoknh ØkfUr dh vko';drk ij t+ksj nsus ds fy, fujUrj iz;kl djrs jguk gSAÞ
¼^et+nwj ikVhZ ds Hkwfe dk;ZØe esa la'kksèku*½

ßdksbZ iwN ldrk gS % bldk gy D;k gS] fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dSls lqèkkjh tk ldrh gS\
NksVs fdlku [+kqn dks et+nwj oxZ ds vkUnksyu ls tksM+dj vkSj lektoknh O;oLFkk ds fy,
la?k"kZ esa ,oa t+ehu rFkk mRiknu ds vU; lkèkuksa ¼dkj[k+kusa] e'khusa vkfn½ dks lkekftd
lEifÙk ds :i esa cny nsus esa et+nwjksa dh enn djds gh viusvki dks iw¡th dh tdM+ ls eqDr
dj ldrs gSaA NksVs iSekus dh [ksrh vkSj NksVh tksrksa dks iw¡thokn ds prqfnZd geys ls cpkdj
fdlku leqnk; dks cpkus dk iz;kl lkekftd fodkl dh xfr dks vuqi;ksxh :i ls èkhek
djuk gksxk] bldk eryc iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr Hkh [+kq'kgkyh dh lEHkkouk dh HkzkfUr ls
fdlkuksa dks èkks[kk nsuk gksxk] bldk eryc esgurd'k oxks± esa QwV iSnk djuk vkSj cgqer
dh o+$her ij vYier ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k lqfoèkkizkIr fLFkfr iSnk djuk gksxkAÞ
¼^et+nwj ikVhZ vkSj fdlku*½

ß;fn] ujksnokfn;ksa ds dYiukyksd esa] ge okLrfod vkfFkZd dkj.kksa dks feF;k fopkjèkkjk
ls lkoèkuhiwoZd vyx djsa] rks mlh {k.k ik;saxs fd lkeUrh tkxhjksa ds VwVus ls] pkgs os
c¡Vokjs ls VwVas ;k jk"Vªhdj.k ls ;k E;qfufliyhdj.k ls] lcls vfèkd ykHkkfUor gksus okyk
oxZ Li"V rkSj ij iw¡thoknh fdlku gh gSA ¼jkT;&iznÙk½ _.k&vuqnku Hkh iw¡thoknh fdlku
dks gh lokZfèkd ykHk igq¡pkus ds fy, ckè; gSA ¼fdlku Hkwfe ØkfUr½ HkwLokfeRo dh iwjh
O;oLFkk dks 'kq) :i ls bu iw¡thoknh i+$eks± dh izxfr vkSj le`f) dh 'krks± ds vèkhu dj
nsus ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN Hkh ugha gSAÞ
¼^lkekftd tuokn dk Hkwfe dk;ZØe*½

ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;---ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl @ 111
 csgrj ft+Unxh dk jkLrk
csgrj fdrkcksa ls gksdj tkrk gS!

tupsruk

ml ikj gS mEehnksa
vkSj mtkl dh
,d iwjh nqfu;k
v¡èksjk rks fli+QZ nsgjh ij gS

lEiw.kZ lwphi=k
2018
 ge gSa liuksa ds gjdkjs
ge gSa fopkjksa ds Mkfd;s
vke yksxksa ds fy,
t+:jh gSa os fdrkcsa
tks mudh ft+Unxh dh ?kqVu
vkSj eqfDr ds LoIuksa rd
igq¡pkrh gSa fopkj
tSls fd ck:n dh <sjh rd
vkx dh fpuxkjhA
?kj&?kj rd fpuxkjh fNVdkus okyk
rst+ gok dk >ksadk cu tkuk gksxk
ft+Unxh vkSj vkus okys fnuksa dk lp
crykus okyh fdrkcksa dks
tu&tu rd igq¡pkuk gksxkA
nks n'kd igys izxfr'khy] tui{k/j lkfgR; dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dh
eqfge dh ,d NksVh&lh 'kq#vkr gqb]Z cM+s ealcw s ds lkFkA ,d NksVh&lh nqdku
vkSj i+QVq ikFkksa ij] eqgYyksa esa vkSj nÝ+rjksa ds lkeus NksVh&NksVh izn'kZfu;k¡ yxkus
okys rFkk lkbfdyksa ij] Bsyksa ij] >ksyksa esa Hkjdj ?kj&?kj fdrkcsa igqp ¡ kus okys
le£ir voSrfud okyf.V;jksa dh Vhe & 'kq#vkr cl ;gha ls gqbAZ vkt ;g
oSpkfjd vfHk;ku mÙkj Hkkjr ds ntZuksa 'kgjksa vkSj xk¡oksa rd iQSy pqdk gSA ,d
cM+s vkSj ,d NksVs izn'kZuh okgu ds ekè;e ls tupsruk fgUnh vkSj iatkch {ks=k
ds lqnjw dksuksa rd fgUnh] iatkch vkSj vaxt sz h+ lkfgR; ,oa dyk&lkexzh ds lkFk
lius vkSj fopkj ysdj tk jgh gS] thou&la?k"kZ&l`tu&izxfr dk ukjk ysdj tk
jgh gSA
fgUnh {ks=k esa ;g vius <ax dk ,d vuwBk ç;kl gSA ,d Hkh oSrfud LVki+Q
ds fcuk] le£ir okyf.V;jksa vkSj fofHkUu lg;ksxh tulaxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds cwrs ij ;g çkstsDV vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
vkb;s] vki lHkh bl eqfge esa gekjs lg;k=kh cfu;sA
 lEiw.kZ lwphi=

ifjdYiuk çdk'ku
miU;kl
1- r#.kkbZ dk rjkuk@;kÄ eks ---
2- rhu Vds dk miU;kl@csVksZYV csz"V ---
3- ek¡@efDle xksdhZ ---
4- os rhu@efDle xksdhZ 75-00
5- esjk cpiu@efDle xksdhZ ---
6- thou dh jkgksa ij@efDle xksdhZ ---
7- esjs fo'ofo|ky;@efDle xksdhZ ---
8- i+Qksek xksnsZ;so@efDle xksdhZ 55-00
9- vHkkxk@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
10- csdjh dk ekfyd@efDle xksdhZ 25-00
11- vlyh bUlku@cksfjl iksysoksbZ ---
12- r#.k xkMZ@vysDlkUæ i+Qns;so (nks [k.Mksa esa) 160-00
13- xksnku@çsepUn ---
14- fueZyk@çsepUn ---
15- iFk ds nkosnkj@'kjr~pUæ ---
16- pfj=kghu@'kjr~pUæ ---
17- x`gnkg@'kjr~pUæ 70-00
18- 'ks"kç'u@'kjr~pUæ ---
19- bUæèkuq"k@okUnk oSlhY;qLdk 65-00
20- bdrkyhlok¡@cksjhl yozsU;kso 20-00
21- nkLrku pyrh gS (,d ukStoku dh
Mk;jh ls)@vukrksyh dqT+usRlkso 70-00
-3-
22- os lnk ;qok jgsaxs@xzhxksjh cdykukso 60-00
23- eqnks± dks D;k ykt&'keZ@xzhxksjh cdykukso 40-00
24- c[+rjcUn jsy 14&69@Olsoksyksn bokukso 30-00
25- v'olsuk@blkd ckcsy 40-00
26- yky >.Ms ds uhps@ykvks 'k 50-00
27- fjD'kkokyk@ykvks 'k 65-00
28- fpjLej.kh; (çfl¼ dUuM+ miU;kl)@fujatu 55-00
29- ,d r;'kqnk ekSr (,uthvks dh i`"BHkwfe ij)@eksfgr jk; 30-00
30. Mother/Maxim Gorky 250.00
31. The Song of Youth/Yang Mo ---
dgkfu;k¡
1- Js"B lksfo;r dgkfu;k¡ (3 [k.Mksa dk lsV) 450-00
2- og 'k[+l ftlus gSMyscxZ dks Hkz"V dj fn;k
(ekdZ V~osu dh nks dgkfu;k¡) 60-00

efDle xksdhZ
3- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 1) ---
4- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 2) ---
5- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 3) ---
6- fgEer u gkjuk esjs cPpks 10-00
7- dkeks % ,d tk¡ckt+ bUo+Qykch et+nwj dh dgkuh ---
vUrksu ps[k+o
8- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 1) ---
9- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 2) ---
10- nks vej dgkfu;k¡@yw 'kqu ---
11- Js"B dgkfu;k¡@çsepUn 80-00
12- ik¡p dgkfu;k¡@iqf'du ---
13- rhu dgkfu;k¡@xksxksy 30-00
14- rwi+Qku@vysDlkUæ lsjki+Qheksfop 60-00
15- olUr@lsxbZs Z vUrksukso 60-00
16- olUrkxe@jvks f'k 50-00
-4-
17- lwjt dk [k+t+kuk@fe[k+kbZy çhf'ou 40-00
18- LusxksosRl dk gksVy@eRosbZ rsosY;kso 35-00
19- olUr ds js'ke ds dhM+@s ekvks rqu 50-00
20- ØkfUr >a>k dh vuqxw¡tsa (vDVwcj ØkfUr dh dgkfu;k¡) 75-00
21- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;ka@¡ ';kvks gqÄ 50-00
22- le; ds ia[k@dksULrkUrhu ikmLrksOldh ---
23- Js"B :lh dgkfu;k¡ (ladyu) ---
24- vutku iQwy@vkUæsbZ Iykrksukso 40-00
25- dqÙks dk fny@fe[k+kbZy cqYxkdkso 70-00
26- nksu dh dgkfu;k¡@fe[k+kbZy 'kksyks[k+kso 35-00
27- vc bUlki+Q gksus okyk gS ---
(Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh çxfr'khy mnwZ dgkfu;ksa dk çfrfufèk ladyu)
(X;kjg u;h dgkfu;ksa lfgr ifjo£¼r laLdj.k)@l- 'kdhy flího+Qh
28- yky dqjrk@gfj'kadj JhokLro ---
29- pEik vkSj vU; dgkfu;k¡@enu eksgu 35-00

dfork,¡
1- tc eSa tM+ksa ds chp jgrk gw¡@ikCyks us:nk 60-00
2- vk¡[ksa nqfu;k dh rji+Q ns[krh gS@a ySXaXlVu g~;wt 60-00
3- mEehn&,&lgj dh ckr lquks (i+QSt+ vgen i+QSt+ ds laLej.k vkSj
pqfuUnk 'kk;jh] lEiknd% 'kdhy flího+Qh) 160-00
4- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh dfork,¡ (jktuhfrd i`"BHkwfe lfgr foLr`r
fVIif.k;k¡ ,oa vuqokn % lR;ozr) 20-00
5- bdgÙkj dfork,¡ vkSj rhl NksVh dgkfu;k¡ & csVksZYV czs"V
(ewy teZu ls vuqokn % eksgu Fkify;ky)
(czs"V ds nqyZHk fp=kksa vkSj Ldspksa ls lfTtr) 150-00
6- lej rks 'ks"k gS--- (bIVk ds nkSj ls vkt rd ds
çfrfufèk ØkfUrdkjh lewgxhrksa dk ladyu) 65-00
7- eè;oxZ dk 'kksdxhr@gkUl ekXuql ,URlsUlcxZj 30-00
8- tsy Mk;jh@gks ph feUg 40-00
9- vksl dh cw¡nsa vkSj yky X+kqykc@gksls ekfj;k fllksa 25-00
-5-
10- bfUri+Qknk % i+QyLrhuh dfork,¡@l- jkeÑ".k ik.Ms; ---
11- ygw gS fd rc Hkh xkrk gS@ik'k ---
12- yksgw vkSj bLikr ls iQwVrk X+kqykc % i+QyLrhuh dfork,¡ (f}Hkk"kh ladyu)
A Rose Breaking Out of Steel and Blood (Palestinian Poems) 60-00
13- ikBkUrj@fo".kq [kjs 50-00
14- ykyVsu tykuk (pquh gqbZ dfork,¡)@fo".kq [kjs 60-00
15- bZ'oj dks eks{k@uhykHk 60-00
16- cgusa vkSj vU; dfork,¡¡@vln t+Snh 50-00
17- lkeku dh ryk'k@vln t+Snh 50-00
18- dksgsdki+Q ij laxhr&lkèkuk@'kf'kçdk'k 50-00
19- ir>M+ dk LFkkiR;@'kf'kçdk'k 75-00
20- lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) ---
(gkMZckmaM) 125-00
21- bl ikS#"kiw.kZ le; esa@dkR;k;uh 60-00
22- tknw ugha dfork@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) ---
(gkMZckmaM) 200-00
23- i+QqVikFk ij dqlhZ@dkR;k;uh 80-00
24- jk[k&v¡èksjs dh ckfj'k esa@dkR;k;uh 15-00
25- ;g eq[kkSVk fdldk gS@foey dqekj 50-00
26- ;g tks oDr gS@dfiys'k Hkkst 60-00
27- ns'k ,d jkx gS@Hkxor jkor ---
28- cgqr ueZ pknj Fkh ty ls cquh@ujs'k pUædj 60-00
29- fnu HkkSagsa p<+krk gS@ey; 120-00
30- ns[krs u ns[krs@ey; 65-00
31- vlEHko dh vk¡p@ey; 100-00
32- bPNk dh nwc@ey; 90-00
33- bl <yku ij@izeksn dqekj 90-00
34- rks@'kSys; 75-00
ukVd
1- djoV@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
2- nq'eu@efDle xksdhZ 35-00
-6-
3- ryNV@efDle xksdhZ ---
4- rhu cgusa (nks ukVd)@vUrksu ps[k+o 45-00
5- psjh dh cfx+;k (nks ukVd)@v- ps[k+o 45-00
6- cfynku tks O;FkZ u x;k@Olsoksyksn fo'usOLdh 30-00
7- Øsefyu dh ?kf.V;k¡@fudksykbZ iksxksfnu 30-00
laLej.k
1- yso rksYLrks; % 'kCn&fp=k@efDle xksdhZ 20-00
L=kh&foe'kZ
1- nqxZ }kj ij nLrd (L=kh iz'u ij ys[k)@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) 130-00
ToyUr ç'u
1- dqN thoUr dqN ToyUr@dkR;k;uh 90-00
2- "kM~;U=kjr e`rkRekvksa ds chp
(lkEçnkf;drk ij ys[k)@dkR;k;uh 25-00
3- bl jkf=k ';keyk csyk esa (ys[k vkSj fVIif.k;k¡)@lR;ozr 30-00
O;aX;
1- dgsa eucgdh [kjh&[kjh@eucgdh yky 25-00
ukStokuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k
1- t; thou! (ys[k] Hkk"k.k vkSj i=k)@fudksykbZ vksL=kksOLdh 50-00
oSpkfjdh
1- ekvksoknh vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj lektokn dk Hkfo";@jse.M yksV~Vk 25-00
lkfgR;&foe'kZ
1- miU;kl vkSj tuleqnk;@jSYi+Q i+QkWDl 75-00
2- ys[kudyk vkSj jpukdkS'ky@
xksdhZ] i+Qsfnu] e;kdksOLdh] v- rksYlrks; ---
3- n'kZu] lkfgR; vkSj vkykspuk@
csfyaLdh] gtZ+u] psuhZ'ksOLdh] nksczksY;qckso 65-00
4- l`tu&çfØ;k vkSj f'kYi ds ckjs esa@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
-7-
5- ekDlZokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku dh leL;k,¡@Lrkfyu 20-00
u;h ih<+h ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
1- ,d iqLrd ekrk&firk ds fy,@vUrksu edkjsadks ---
2- esjk ân; cPpksa ds fy,@olhyh lq[k+ksEyhULdh ---
vkàku iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- çse] ijEijk vkSj foæksg@dkR;k;uh 50-00
l`tu ifjizs{; iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- ,d u;s loZgkjk iqutkZxj.k vkSj çcksèku ds
oSSpkfjd&lkaLÑfrd dk;ZHkkj@dkR;k;uh] lR;e 25-00

nks egRoiw.kZ if=kdk,¡

ekDlZoknh lS¼kfUrd 'kksèk vkSj foe'kZ dk eap

lEiknd% dkR;k;uh @ lR;e
,d izfr % 100 #i;s] vkthou% 5000 #i;s
okf"kZd (4 vad) % 400 #i;s (100 #- jft- cqdiksLV O;; vfrfjDr)

ehfM;k] laLÑfr vkSj lekt ij dsfUær

lEiknd% dkR;k;uh @ lR;e
,d izfr % 40 #i;s vkthou% 3000 #i;s
okf"kZd (4 vad) % 160 #i;s (100 #- jft- cqd iksLV O;; vfrfjDr)
lEikndh; dk;kZy; %
69 ,&1] ckck dk iqjok] isij fey jksM] fu'kkrxat] y[kuÅ&226006
iQksu% 9936650658] 8853093555
osclkbV % http://dishasandhaan.in bZesy% [email protected]
osclkbV % http://naandipath.in bZesy% [email protected]

-8-
 jkgq y Qkm.Ms ' ku
ukStokuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k
1- ukStokuksa ls nks ckrs@a ihVj ØksiksVfdu 15-00
2- ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZØe dk elfonk@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
3- eSa ukfLrd D;ksa gw¡ vkSj ^MªheyS.M* dh Hkwfedk@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
4- ce dk n'kZu vkSj vnkyr esa c;ku@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
5- tkfr&èkeZ ds >xM+s NksM+ks] lgh yM+kbZ ls ukrk tksM+ks@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
6- Hkxr¯lg us dgk---(pqus gq, m¼j.k)@Hkxr¯lg 15-00

ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds nLrkost+
1- Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds
lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+@l- lR;e 350-00
2- 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd@Hkxr¯lg 100-00
3- fopkjksa dh lku ij@Hkxr¯lg 50-00
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fopkjksa vkSj thou ij
1- cgjksa dks lqukus ds fy,@,l- bji+Qku gchc
(Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dh fopkjèkkjk vkSj dk;ZØe) ---
2- ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl@f'ko oekZ 15-00
3- Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dh
fopkjèkkjk vkSj jktuhfr@fciu pUæ 20-00
4- ;'k dh èkjksgj@
Hkxokunkl ekgkSj] f'ko oekZ] lnkf'kojko eydkiqjdj 50-00
5- laLe`fr;k¡@f'ko oekZ 80-00
6- 'kghn lq[knso % ukS?kjk ls iQk¡lh rd@l- MkW- gjnhi ¯lg 40-00

-9-
 egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fopkjksÙkstd ladyu
1- mEehn ,d ft+Unk 'kCn gS
(^nkf;Rocksèk* ds egÙoiw.kZ lEikndh; ys[kksa dk ladyu) 75-00
2- ,uthvks % ,d [k+rjukd lkezkT;oknh dqpØ 60-00
3- MCY;w,l,i+Q % lkezkT;okn dk u;k Vªkstu gkWlZ 50-00

ToyUr ç'u
1- ^tkfr* ç'u ds lekèkku ds fy, cq¼ dki+Qh ugha] vEcsMdj Hkh
dki+Qh ugha] ekDlZ t+:jh gSa @ jaxuk;dEek ---
2- tkfr vkSj oxZ % ,d ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k @ jaxuk;dEek 60-00

nkf;Rocksèk iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk

1- vu'oj gSa loZgkjk la?k"kks± dh vfXuf'k[kk,¡@nhik;u cksl 10-00
2- lektokn dh leL;k,¡] iw¡thoknh iquLFkkZiuk vkSj egku loZgkjk
lkaLÑfrd ØkfUr@'kf'kçdk'k 30-00
3- D;ksa ekvksokn\@'kf'kçdk'k 20-00
4- cqtqZvk oxZ ds Åij loZrkseq[kh vfèkuk;dRo
ykxw djus ds ckjs esa@pkÄ pqu&fp;kvks 5-00
5- Hkkjrh; Ñf"k esa iw¡thoknh fodkl@lq[kfoUnj 35-00
vkàku iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- Nk=k&ukStoku u;h 'kq#vkr dgk¡ ls djsa\ 15-00
2- vkj{k.k % i{k] foi{k vkSj rhljk i{k 15-00
3- vkradokn ds ckjs esa % foHkze vkSj ;FkkFkZ 15-00
4- ØkfUrdkjh Nk=k&;qok vkUnksyu 15-00
5- Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj mlds lekèkku dk loky
lkspus ds fy, dqN eqís 50-00
fcxqy iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk laxBu vkSj mldk <k¡pk@ysfuu 10-00
2- edM+k vkSj eD[kh@foYgsYe yhCus[+r 5-00

- 10 -
3- VªsM;wfu;u dke ds tuoknh rjho+Qs@lsxsZbZ jksLrksoLdh 5-00
4- ebZ fnol dk bfrgkl@vysDt+S.Mj VªSDVucxZ 10-00
5- isfjl dE;wu dh vej dgkuh 20-00
6- vDVwcj ØkfUr dh e'kky 15-00
7- taxyukek % ,d jktuhfrd leh{kk@MkW- n'kZu [ksM+h 5-00
8- ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;] eè;e fdlku vkSj NksVs iSekus
ds eky mRiknu ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl 30-00
9- la'kks/uokn ds ckjs esa 10-00
10- f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh@gkoMZ i+QkLV 10-00
11- et+nwj vkUnksyu esa u;h 'kq#vkr ds fy, 20-00
12- et+nwj uk;d] ØkfUrdkjh ;ks¼k 15-00
13- pksj] Hkz"V vkSj foyklh usrk'kkgh ---
14- cksyrs vk¡dM+s] ph[k+rh lPpkb;k¡ ---
15- jktèkkuh ds esgurd'k % ,d vè;;u@vfHkuo 30-00
16- i+Qklhokn D;k gS vkSj blls dSls yM+sa\@vfHkuo 75-00
17- usikyh ØkfUr % bfrgkl] orZeku ifjfLFkfr vkSj vkxs ds jkLrs
ls tqM+h dqN ckrsa] dqN fopkj@vkyksd jatu 55-00
18- dSlk gS ;g yksdra=k vkSj ;g lafoèkku fdudh lsok djrk gS
vkyksd jatu@vkuUn flag 100-00
ekDlZokn
1- èkeZ ds ckjs esa@ekDlZ] ,axsYl 100-00
2- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks"k.kki=k@ekDlZ&,axsYl 25-00
3- lkfgR; vkSj dyk@ekDlZ&,axsYl 150-00
4- ç+Qkal esa oxZ&la?k"kZ@dkyZ ekDlZ 40-00
5- ç+Qkal esa x`g;q¼@dkyZ ekDlZ 20-00
6- ywbZ cksukikrZ dh vBkjgoha czwesj@dkyZ ekDlZ 35-00
7- mt+jrh Je vkSj iw¡th@dkyZ ekDlZ 15-00
8- et+nwjh] nke vkSj equki+Qk@dkyZ ekDlZ 20-00
9- xksFkk dk;ZØe dh vkykspuk@dkyZ ekDlZ 40-00
10- yqMfox i+Qk;jck[k+ vkSj Dykfldh; teZu n'kZu dk vUr@
ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl 20-00

- 11 -
11- teZuh esa ØkfUr rFkk çfrØkfUr@ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl 30-00
12- lektokn % dkYifud rFkk oSKkfud@ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl ---
13- ikVhZ dk;Z ds ckjs esa@ysfuu 15-00
14- ,d o+Qne vkxs] nks o+Qne ihNs@ysfuu 60-00
15- tuoknh ØkfUr esa lkekftd&tuokn ds nks j.kdkS'ky@ysfuu 25-00
16- lektokn vkSj ;q¼@ysfuu 20-00
17- lkezkT;okn % iw¡thokn dh pje voLFkk@ysfuu 30-00
18- jkT; vkSj ØkfUr@ysfuu 40-00
19- loZgkjk ØkfUr vkSj x+íkj dkmRLdh@ysfuu 15-00
20- nwljs b.Vjus'kuy dk iru@ysfuu 15-00
21- xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls@ysfuu ---
22- ekDlZokn dk foÑr :i rFkk lkezkT;oknh vFkZokn@ysfuu 20-00
23- dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj mudh f'k{kk@ysfuu 20-00
24- D;k djsa\@ysfuu ---
25- ¶okeiUFkh¸ dE;qfuT+e & ,d cpdkuk etZ+@ysfuu ---
26- ikVhZ lkfgR; vkSj ikVhZ laxBu@ysfuu 15-00
27- turk ds chp ikVhZ dk dke@ysfuu 70-00
28- èkeZ ds ckjs es@a ysfuu 20-00
29- rksYLrks; ds ckjs esa@ysfuu 10-00
30- ekDlZokn dh ewy leL;k,¡@th- Iys[k+kukso 30-00
31- tq>k: HkkSfrdokn@Iys[k+kukso 35-00
32- ysfuuokn ds ewy fl¼kUr@Lrkfyu 50-00
33- lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (cksY'ksfod) dk bfrgkl 90-00
34- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh jpuk,¡ % çfrfufèk p;u (,d [k.M esa) ---
35- dE;qfuLV thou'kSyh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh ds ckjs esa@ekvks Rls&rqÄ ---
36- lksfo;r vFkZ'kkL=k dh vkykspuk@ekvks Rls&rqÄ 35-00
37- n'kZu fo"k;d ik¡p fucUèk@ekvks Rls&rqÄ 70-00
38- dyk&lkfgR; fo"k;d ,d Hkk"k.k vkSj ik¡p nLrkost+ @
ekvks Rls&rqÄ 15-00
39- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh jpukvksa ds m¼j.k 50-00

- 12 -
 vU; ekDlZoknh lkfgR;
1- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k] ekDlZoknh vè;;u ikBÔØe u;h 300-00
2- [kzq'pso >wBk Fkk@xzksoj i+Qj 300-00
3- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k ds ewyHkwr fl¼kUr (nks [k.Mksa esa)
(fn 'ka?kkbZ VsDLVcqd vkWi+Q iksfyfVdy bdksukWeh) 160-00
4- isfjl dE;wu dh f'k{kk,¡ (lfp=k) ,ysDt+s.Mj VªDS VucxZ 10-00
5- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks"k.kki=k@Mh- fj;kt+kukso 100-00
(foLr`r O;k[;kRed fVIif.k;ksa lfgr)
6- }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn@MsfoM xsLV ---
7- egku loZgkjk lkaLÑfrd ØkfUr % pqus gq, nLrkost+
vkSj ys[k ([k.M 1) 35-00
8- bfrgkl us tc djoV cnyh@fofy;e fg.Vu 25-00
9- }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn@oh- vnksjkRLdh 50-00
10- vDVwcj ØkfUr vkSj ysfuu@vYcVZ jhl fofy;El 90-00
(egÙoiw.kZ u;h lkexzh vkSj vusd u;s nqyZHk fp=kksa ls lfTtr ifjo£¼r laLdj.k)
11- lksfo;r la?k esa iw¡thokn dh iquLFkkZiuk@ek£Vu fudksyl 50-00
jkgqy lkfgR;
1- rqEgkjh {k;@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 40-00
2- fnekx+h X+kqykeh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u ---
3- oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 65-00
4- jkgqy fucUèkkoyh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 50-00
5- Lrkfyu % ,d thouh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 150-00
ijEijk dk Lej.k
1- pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡@x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ 100-00
2- lyk[kksa ds ihNs [email protected]'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ 30-00
3- bZ'oj dk cfg"dkj@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00
4- ykSfdd ekxZ@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 20-00
5- èkeZ dk <dkslyk@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00
6- fL=k;ksa dh Lokèkhurk@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00

- 13 -
 thouh vkSj laLej.k
1- dkyZ ekDlZ thou vkSj f'k{kk,¡@ts+YMk dksV~l 25-00
2- iz+QsMfjd ,axsYl % thou vkSj f'k{kk,¡@t+sYMk dksV~l ---
3- dkyZ ekDlZ % laLej.k vkSj ys[k ---
4- vnE; cksY'ksfod urk'kk
(,d L=kh et+nwj laxBudrkZ dh laf{kIr thouh)@,y- dkrk'ksok 30-00
5- ysfuu dFkk@ejh;k fçyst+k;sok 70-00
6- ysfuu fo"k;d dgkfu;k¡ 75-00
7- ysfuu ds thou ds pUn iUus@yhfn;k i+Qksfr;sok ---
8- Lrkfyu % ,d thouh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 150-00
fofoèk
1- iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ls@twfy;l Ý+;wfpd 30-00
2- iki vkSj foKku@Mk;lu dkVZj 100-00
3- lkisf{kdrk fl¼kUr D;k gS\@yso yUnkÅ] ;wjh :esj ----

eqfDrdkeh Nk=kks&a ;qokvksa dk

vkàku
lEikndh; dk;kZy;
ch&100] eqdqUn fogkj] djkoy uxj]
fnYyh&110094
,d çfr % 20 #i;s • okf"kZd % 160 #i;s (MkdO;; lfgr)

- 14 -
 Rahul Foundation
MARXIST CLASSICS
KARL MARX
1. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 100.00
2. The Civil War in France 80.00
3. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 40.00
4. Critique of the Gotha Programme 25.00
5. Preface and Introduction to
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 25.00
6. The Poverty of Philosophy 80.00
7. Wages, Price and Profit 35.00
8. Class Struggles in France 50.00
FREDERICK ENGELS
9. The Peasant War in Germany 70.00
10. Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of
Classical German Philosophy 65.00
11. On Capital 55.00
12. The Origin of the Family, Private Property
and the State 100.00
13. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 60.00
14. On Marx 20.00
15. Principles of Communism 5.00
MARX and ENGELS
16. Historical Writings (Set of 2 Vols.) 700.00
17. Manifesto of the Communist Party 50.00
18. Selected Letters 40.00
V. I. LENIN
19. Theory of Agrarian Question 160.00
20. The Collapse of the Second International 25.00
21. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 80.00
22. Materialism and Empirio-Criticism 150.00

- 15 -
23. Two Tactics of Social-Democracy
in the Democratic Revolution 55.00
24. Capitalism and Agriculture 30.00
25. A Characterisation of Economic Romanticism 50.00
26. On Marx and Engels 35.00
27. “Left-Wing” Communism, An Infantile Disorder 40.00
28. Party Work in the Masses 55.00
29. The Proletarian Revolution and
the Renegade Kautsky 40.00
30. One Step Forward, Two Steps Back ...
31. The State and Revolution ...
MARX, ENGELS and LENIN
32. On the Dictatorship of Proletariat,
Questions and Answers 50.00
33. On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat:
Selected Expositions 10.00
PLEKHANOV
34. Fundamental Problems of Marxism 35.00
J. STALIN
35. Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 25.00
36. Anarchism or Socialism? 25.00
37. Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 30.00
38. On Organisation 15.00
39. The Foundations of Leninism 40.00
40. The Essential Stalin Major Theoretical Writings 1905–52 175.00
(Edited and with an Introduction by Bruce Franklin)
LENIN and STALIN
41. On the Party ...
MAO TSE-TUNG
42. Five Essays on Philosophy 50.00
43. A Critique of Soviet Economics 70.00
44. On Literature and Art 80.00

- 16 -
45. Selected Readings from the
Works of Mao Tse-tung ...
46. Quotations from the Writings of Mao Tse-tung ...

OTHER MARXISM
1. Political Economy, Marxist Study Courses
(Prepared by the British Communist Party in the 1930s) 275.00
2. Fundamentals of Political Economy
(The Shanghai Textbook) 160.00
3. Reader in Marxist Philosophy/
Howard Selsam & Harry Martel ...
4. Socialism and Ethics/Howard Selsam ...
5. What Is Philosophy? (A Marxist Introduction)/
Howard Selsam 75.00
6. Reader’s Guide to Marxist Classics/Maurice Cornforth 70.00
7. From Marx to Mao Tse-tung /George Thomson ...
8. Capitalism and After/George Thomson ...
9. The Human Essence/George Thomson 65.00
10. Mao Tse-tung’s Immortal Contributions/Bob Avakian 125.00
11. A Basic Understanding of the Communist Party
(Written during the GPCR in China) 150.00
12. The Lessons of the Paris Commune/
Alexander Trachtenberg (Illustrated) 15.00

BIOGRAPHIES & REMINISCENCES

1. Reminiscences of Marx and Engels (Collection) ...
2. Karl Marx And Frederick Engels:
An Introduction to their Lives and Work/David Riazanov ...
3. Joseph Stalin: A Political Biography
by The Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute ...
PROBLEMS OF SOCIALISM
1. How Capitalism was Restored in the Soviet Union, And
What This Means for the World Struggle
(Red Papers 7) 175.00

- 17 -
2. Preface of Class Struggles in the USSR /
Charles Bettelheim 30.00
3. Nepalese Revolution: History, Present Situation and
Some Points, Some Thoughts on the Road Ahead /
Alok Ranjan 75.00
4. Problems of Socialism, Capitalist Restoration and
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution /
Shashi Prakash 40.00

ON THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION

1. Hundred Day War: The Cultural Revolution At Tsinghua
University / William Hinton ...
2. The Cultural Revolution at Peking University /
Victor Nee with Don Layman 30.00
3. Mao Tse-tung’s Last Great Battle / Raymond Lotta 25.00
4. Turning Point in China / William Hinton ...
5. Cultural Revolution and Industrial Organization
in China / Charles Bettelheim 55.00
6. They Made Revolution Within
the Revolution / Iris Hunter ...

ON SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION
1. Away With All Pests: An English Surgeon in
People’s China: 1954–1969 / Joshua S. Horn ...
2. Serve The People: Observations on Medicine in
the People’s Republic of China /Victor W. Sidel and Ruth Sidel ...
3. Philosophy is No Mystery
(Peasants Put Their Study to Work) 35.00

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
1. Caste and Class: A Marxist Viewpoint /
Ranganayakamma 60.00
DAYITVABODH REPRINT SERIES
1. Immortal are the Flames of Proletarian Struggles /
Deepayan Bose 15.00

- 18 -
2. Problems of Socialism, Capitalist Restoration and
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution /
Shashi Prakash 40.00
3. Why Maoism? / Shashi Prakash 25.00
AHWAN REPRINT SERIES
1. Where Should Students and Youth Make a New Beginning?
2. Reservation: Support, Opposition and Our Position 20.00
3. On Terrorism : Illusion and Reality / Alok Ranjan 15.00
BIGUL REPRINT SERIES
1. Still Ablaze is the Torch of October Revolution 20.00
2. Nepalese Revolution History, Present Situation and Some
Points, Some Thoughts on the Road Ahead /
Alok Ranjan 75.00
WOMEN QUESTION
1. The Emancipation of Women / V. I. Lenin ...
2. Breaking All Tradition’s Chains: Revolutionary
Communism and Women’s Liberation /Mary Lou Greenberg...

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Probabilities of the Quantum World / Daniel Danin ...
2. An Appeal to the Young / Peter Kropotkin 15.00

et+njw ksa dk bUo+Qykch ekfld v[k+ckj

et+nwj ,d izfr % 5 #i;s

fcxqy et+nwj okf"kZd % 70 #i;s

(Mkd O;; lfgr)
lEikndh; dk;kZy;
69 ,&1] ckck dk iqjok] isij fey jksM]
fu'kkrxat] y[kuÅ&226006
i+Qksu % 0522&4108495
bZesy % [email protected]
osclkbV % mazdoorbigul.net

- 19 -
 vjfoUn Le`fr U;kl ds izdk'ku
1- bDdhloha lnh esa Hkkjr dk et+nwj vkUnksyu% fujUrjrk vkSj
ifjorZu] fn'kk vkSj lEHkkouk,¡] leL;k,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(f}rh; vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 40-00
2- Hkkjr esa tuoknh vf/dkj vkUnksyu% fn'kk] leL;k,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(r`rh; vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 80-00
3- tkfr iz'u vkSj ekDlZokn
(prqFkZ vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 150-00
PUBLICATIONS FROM
ARVIND MEMORIAL TRUST
1. Working Class Movement in the Twenty-First Century:
Continuity and Change, Orientation and Possibilities,
Problems and Challenges (Papers presented in the
Second Arvind Memorial Seminar) 40.00
2. Democratic Rights Movement in India: Orientation,
Problems and Challenges (Papers presented in the
Third Arvind Memorial Seminar) 80.00
3. Caste Question and Marxism (Papers presented in the
Fourth Arvind Memorial Seminar) 200.00

tupsruk
,d oSpkfjd eqfge gS
Hkfo";&fuekZ.k dk ,d izkstsDV gS
oSdfYid ehfM;k dh ,d l'kDr èkkjk gSA
ifjdYiuk çdk'ku] jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku] vuqjkx VªLV] vjfoUn Le`fr U;kl]
'kghn Hkxrflag ;knxkjh çdk'ku] nLrd çdk'ku vkSj çkaty vkVZ ifCy'klZ
dh iqLrdksa dh ^tupsruk* eq[; forjd gSA ;s çdk'ku ik¡p Ïksrksa & ljdkj]
jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa] dkWjiksjsV ?kjkuksa] cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa vkSj fons'kh i+Qf.Max
,tsafl;ksa ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dk vuqnku ;k foÙkh; lgk;rk fy;s fcuk turk
ls tqVk;s x;s lalkèkuksa ds vkèkkj ij vkt ds nkSj ds fy, t+:jh o egÙoiw.kZ
lkfgR; csgn lLrh njksa ij miyCèk djkus ds fy, çfrc¼ gSaA
- 20 -
 vuqjkx VªLV
1- cPpksa ds ysfuu 35-00
2 Stories About Lenin 35.00
3- lp ls cM+k lp@johUnzukFk Bkdqj 25-00
4- vkSt+kjksa dh dgkfu;k¡ 20-00
5- xqM+ dh Myh@dkR;k;uh 20-00
6- iQwy dqaMykdkj D;ksa gksrs gS@a luh 20-00
7- èkjrh vkSj vkdk'k@v- oksYdkso 120-00
8- dtkdh@izsepUn 35-00
9- uhyk I;kyk@vjdknh xSnkj 40-00
10- xM+fj;s dh dgkfu;k¡@d+;we raxjhdqyh;so 35-00
11- phaVh vkSj vUrfj{k ;k=kh@v- feR;k;so 35-00
12- vUèkfo'oklh 'ksdh Vsy@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
13- pyrk&fiQjrk gSV@,u- ukslkso] gksYdj iqDd 20-00
14- pkykd ykseM+h (yksddFkk) 20-00
15- fn;kadk&VkWefpd 20-00
16- xèkk vkSj Ånfcyko@efDle xksdhZ] lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
17- xqiQk ekuoksa dh dgkfu;k¡@eSjh eklZ ---
18- ge lwjt dks ns[k ldrs gS@a fedksyk fxy] nk;j Lykodksfop 20-00
19- eqlhcr dk lkFkh@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
20- uUgs vkFkZj dk lwjt@g|kd X;qyut+j;ku] xsyhuk yscsnsok 20-00
22- vkdk'k esa ekSt&eLrh@fpuqvk vpscs 20-00
23- ft+Unxh ls I;kj (nks jksekapd dgkfu;k¡)@tSd y.Mu 40-00
24- ,d NksVs yM+ds vkSj ,d NksVh
yM+dh dh dgkuh@efDle xksdhZ 20-00
25- cgknqj@vejdkUr 15-00
26- cqUuw dh ijh{kk (lfp=k jaxhu)@'kL;k g"kZ ---
- 21 -
27- nkUdks dk tyrk gqvk ân;@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
28- uUgk jktdqekj@vkrqvku n lSarsDT+kwisjh 40-00
29- nknk vk£[ki vkSj Y;ksadk@efDle xksdhZ 30-00
30- lsekxk dSls idM+k x;k@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
31- ckt+ dk xhr@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
32- okadk@vUrksu ps[k+o 15-00
33- rksrk@johUæukFk VSxksj 15-00
34- iksLVekLVj@johUæukFk VSXkksj ---
35- dkcqyhokyk@johUæukFk VSxksj 20-00
36- viuk&viuk HkkX;@tSusUæ 15-00
37- fnekx+ dSls dke djrk gS@fd'kksj 25-00
38- jkeyhyk@çsepUn 15-00
39- nks cSyksa dh dFkk@çsepUn 25-00
40- bZnxkg@çsepUn ---
41- ykWVjh@çsepUn 20-00
42- xqYyh&M.Mk@çsepUn ---
43- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc@çsepUn 20-00
44- eksVsjke 'kkL=kh@çsepUn ---
45- gkj dh thr@lqn'kZu ---
46- boku@Oyknhfej cksxkseksykso 40-00
47- pedrk yky flrkjk@yh f'ku&F;su 55-00
48- mYVk nj[+r@Ñ'upUnj 35-00
49- gjkeh@fe[kkbZy 'kksyks[k+kso 25-00
50- nksu fdgksrs @lokZUrsl (ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) ---
51- vk'p;Zyksd esa ,fyl @yqbl dSjksy
(ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) 30-00
52- >k¡lh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ@o`Unkouyky oekZ
(ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) 35-00
53- uUgs xqnM+hyky ds lkgfld dkjukes@lqu ;vksP;qu ---
54- yk[kh@vUrksu ps[k+o 25-00
55- csf>u pjkxkg@boku rqxZuso 12-00
- 22 -
56- fgjukSVk@n~eh=kh ekfeu flfc;kZd 25-00
57- ?kj dh yyd@fudksykbZ rsys'kkso 10-00
58- cl ,d ;kn@ysvksuhn vUæs;so 20-00
59- enkjh@vysDlkUæ dqfçu 35-00
60- ijk;s ?kksalys esa@Ý+;ksnksj nksLrks;sOLdh 20-00
61- dksgdki+Q dk cUnh@rksYlrks; 30-00
62- euekuh ds ets+@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 30-00
63- lnkuUn dh NksVh nqfu;k@lR;thr jk; 15-00
64- Nr ij iQ¡l x;k fcYyk@forkmrs ftfyUldkbrs 35-00
65- xksyw ds dkjukes@jkeckcw 25-00
66- nks lkgfld dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 15-00
67- vke ft+Unxh dh ets+nkj dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
68- daxwjs okys edku dk jgL;e; ekeyk@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
69- jkst+ejsZ dh dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
70- vthcksx+jhc fo+QLls@gksYxj iqDd ---
71- u;s t+ekus dh ijhdFkk,¡@gksYxj iqDd 25-00
72- fdLlk ;g fd ,d nsgkrh us nks
vi+Qljksa dk dSls isV Hkjk@fe[kkby lfYrdkso&'psfæu 15-00
73- i'pn`f"V&Hkfo";n`f"V (ys[k ladyu)@ deyk ik.Ms; 30-00
74- ;knksa ds ?ksjs esa vrhr (laLej.k)@ deyk ik.Ms; 100-00
75- gekjs vklikl dk v¡èksjk (dgkfu;k¡)@ deyk ik.Ms; 60-00
76- dkyeUFku (miU;kl)@ deyk ik.Ms; 60-00

dksia y
cPpksa ds lexz oSKkfud vkSj
lkaLÏfrd fodkl ds fy, lefiZr
vuqjkx VªLV dh =Sekfld if=dk
Mh&68] fujkyk uxj] y[kuÅ&226020
,d izfr % 20 #i;s]
okf"kZ d % 100 #i;s (MkdO;; lfgr)

- 23 -
 iatkch çdk'ku
çÃåÕ êz Õ Åôé
îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ çÅ ÃòË-ÜÆòéÆ éÅòñ (Çå§é íÅן ÇòµÚ)
A. î¶ðÅ ìÚêé AC@.@@
B. î¶ð¶ Çòôò-ÇòÇçÁÅñ¶ A@@.@@
C. î¶ð¶ ôÇ×ðçÆ ç¶ Ççé B@@.@@

D. êz¶î, êz§êðÅ Áå¶ Çòçð¯Ô / ÕÅÇåÁÅÂÆéÆ B@.@@

E. æƶàð çŠçֶê åðÕôÅÃåð / ìzËõå AE.@@
F. ÁÅÂÆܶºÃåÅÂÆé çÅ Çëñî ÇÃèźå AE.@@
G. î÷ç±ð ÜîÅåÆ Ã§×Æå ðÚéÅòź çÆÁź ÃîµÇÃÁÅòź A@.@@
H. êÇÔñÅ ÁÇèÁÅêÕ / ڧ׶÷ ÁÅÇÂåîÅå¯ò (éÅòñ) BE.@@
I. ôźå ÃðØÆ ò¶ñÅ / ì¯Çðà òÅÃÆÇñï¶ò (éÅòñ) C@.@@
A@. íÅºÜ / ÁñË×÷źçð øç¶ï¶ò (éÅòñ) A@@.@@
AA. ë½ñÅçÆ Ôó / ÁñË×÷źçð ÃðÅøÆî¯ÇòÚ (éÅòñ) A@@.@@
AB. ÇÂÕåÅÿÆòź / ì¯Çðà ñòð¶Çéúò (éÅòñ) C@.@@
AC. îź / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ (éÅòñ) AH@.@@
AD. êÆÿ¶ ç˺å çÅ ôÇÔð / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ H@.@@
AE. ÃÅÇÔå ìÅð¶ / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ B@@.@@
AF. ÁÃñÆ ÇÂéÃÅé çÆ ÕÔÅäÆ / ì¯Çðà ê¯ñ¶òÅÂÆ (éÅòñ) B@@.@@
AG. Áµá¶ êÇÔð (ÕÔÅäÆÁź) ABE.@@
AH. ìÇØÁÅóź ç¶ òµÃ / ìð°é¯ ÁÇêåÜ (éÅòñ) A@@.@@
AI. îÆÇåzÁÅ Õ¯Õ¯ð / îÆÔÅÇÂñ ÃÅç¯ÇòÁÅé¯ (éÅòñ) A@@.@@
B@. ÇÂéÕñÅì ñÂÆ Ü±ÞÆ ÜòÅéÆ AE@.@@
BA. ìµÇÚÁź 鱧 ÇçÁź Ççñ ÁÅêäÅ î˺ / ò. ð֯îÇñ§ÃÕÆ AE@.@@
BB. ëÅÃÆ ç¶ åõå¶ å¯§ / ܱñÆÁà ë±ÇÚÕ (éÅòñ) E@.@@
BC. í°µìñ / øð§÷ç ÁñÆ (êÅÇÕÃåÅéÆ ê§ÜÅì çÅ éÅòñ) B@@.@@
BD. Ãí 寺 ÖåðéÅÕ... (êÅô çÆ Ãî°µÚÆ À°êñµìè ôÅÇÂðÆ) B@@.@@
BE. èðåÆ èé éÅ ÁÅêäÅ / Ü×çÆô Ú§çð BE@.@@

- 24 -
 ôÔÆç í×å ÇÃ§Ø ïÅç×ÅðÆ êzÕÅôé
A. À°Üðå, ÕÆîå Áå¶ î°éÅëÅ / îÅðÕà C@.@@
B. À°ÜðåÆ ÇÕðå Áå¶ ÃðîÅÇÂÁÅ / îÅðÕà B@.@@
C. ÇÃÁÅÃÆ ÁÅðÇæÕåÅ çÆ Áñ¯ÚéÅ ÇòµÚ ï¯×çÅé / îÅðÕà ABE.@@
D. ñ±ÂÆ ì¯éÅêÅðà çÆ ÁáÅðòƺ ìð±î¶ð / îÅðÕà E@.@@
E. 걧ÜÆ çÆ À°åêåÆ / îÅðÕà DE.@@
F. ÇðÔÅÇÂôÆ Øðź çÅ ÃòÅñ / ¶º×ñ÷ CE.@@
G. ÇëÀ±ðìÅÖ : êÅçðæòÅçÆ Áå¶ ÁÅçðôòÅçÆ ÇçzôàÆÕ¯äź
çÅ Çòð¯è / îÅðÕÃ-¶º×ñ÷ F@.@@
H. ÜðîéÆ ÇòµÚ ÇÂéÕñÅì Áå¶ À°ñà ÇÂéÕñÅì / ¶º×ñ÷ E@.@@
I. îÅðÕÃ ç¶ ÒÒÃðîÅÇÂÁÅÓÓ ìÅð¶ / ¶º×ñ÷ F@.@@
A@. ëðźà Áå¶ ÜðîéÆ ÓÚ ÇÕÃÅéÆ çÅ ÃòÅñ / ¶º×ñ÷ B@.@@
AA. ïôÇñ÷î : ÇòÇ×ÁÅéÕ Áå¶ ï±à¯êÆÁÅÂÆ / ¶º×ñ÷ CE.@@
AB. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà ìÅð¶ / ¶º×ñ÷ A@.@@
AC. ñ°âÇò× ÇëÀ°ðìÅÖ Áå¶ ÕñÅÃÆÕÆ Üðîé çðôé
çÅ Á§å / ¶º×ñ÷ C@.@@
AD. àµìð, ÇéµÜÆ ÜÅÇÂçÅç Áå¶ ðÅÜ çÆ À°µåêåÆ / ¶º×ñ÷ FE.@@
AE. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà Áå¶ À°éź çÆ ÇõÇÖÁÅ / ñËÇéé CE.@@
AF. ðÅÜ Áå¶ ÇÂéÕñÅì / ñËÇéé E@.@@
AG. ç±ÜÆ Ç§àðéËôéñ çÅ êåä / ñËÇéé DE.@@
AH. Ö¶åÆ ÇòµÚ 걧ÜÆòÅç / ñËÇéé AE.@@
AI. ðÅÜ / ñËÇéé A@.@@
B@. ÃÅîðÅÜòÅç, ÃðîŶçÅðÆ çÅ ÃðòÀ°µÚ êóÅÁ / ñËÇéé G@.@@
BA. ÇÂµÕ Õçî Áµ×¶ ç¯ Õçî ÇêµÛ¶ / ñËÇéé ABE.@@
BB. ñ¯Õź ÇòµÚ Õ§î ÇÕò¶º Õðƶ / ñËÇéé FE.@@
BC. ÃÅÇÔå Áå¶ ÕñÅ ìÅð¶ / ñËÇéé AE@.@@
BD. ÃîÅÜòÅç Áå¶ Ü§× / ñËÇéé DE.@@
BE. Öµì¶ êµÖÆ ÕÇîÀ±Çé÷î ÇÂµÕ ìÚ×ÅéÅ ð¯× / ñËÇéé FE.@@
BF. ÁÃƺ ÇÜÔóÅ ÇòðÃÅ ÇåÁÅ×ç¶ Ôź / ñËÇéé BE.@@
BG. êz¯ñ¶åÅðÆ ÇÂéÕñÅì Áå¶ í×½óÅ ÕÅÀ±åÃÕÆ / ñËÇéé G@.@@
BH. ÁÅðæÕ ð¯îźÚòÅç çÅ ÚÇðµåð ÇÚµåðä / ñËÇéé E@.@@

- 25 -
BI. ðå§åð òêÅð çÅ ÃòÅñ / îÅðÕÃ, ¶º×ñ÷, ñËÇéé A@.@@
C@. ñËÇééòÅç çÆÁź éÆÔź / ÃàÅÇñé B@.@@
CA. øñÃëÅéÅ ÇñÖåź / îÅú-÷¶-å°§× BE.@@
CB. ïòÆÁå ÁðæôÅÃåð çÆ Áñ¯ÚéÅ / îÅú-÷¶-å°§× F@.@@
CC. îÅðÕÃòÅç ç¶ ì°ÇéÁÅçÆ îÃñ¶ / êñËÖÅé¯ò D@.@@
CD. ðÅÜéÆåÕ ÁðæôÅÃåð ç¶ î±ñ ÇÃèźå F@.@@
CE. ÇëñÅÃëÆ Õ¯ÂÆ ×¯ðÖè§çÅ éÔƺ A@.@@
CF. çò§çòÅç ÷ðƶ ñ¯Õź çÆ Ã¶òÅ A@.@@
CG. ÇÂÇåÔÅÃ é¶ Üç Õðòà ìçñÆ D@.@@
CH. ÇÂéÕñÅì Á§çð ÇÂéÕñÅì B@.@@
CI. îÅú-÷¶-å°§× çÆ ÁÇîµà ç¶ä ABE.@@
D@. ÚÆé ÇòµÚ À°ñà ÇÂéÕñÅì
Áå¶ îÅú çÅ ÇÂéÕñÅìÆ ÇòðÃÅ F@.@@
DA. îÅúòÅçÆ ÁðæôÅÃåð Áå¶ ÃîÅÜòÅç çÅ íÇòµÖ F@.@@
DB. ñËÇéé çÆ ÜÆòé ÕÔÅäÆ A@@.@@
DC. Áâ¯ñ ìÅñôÇòÕ éåÅôÅ C@.@@
DD. îÅðÕà Áå¶ Â¶º×ñ÷
ÁÅêä¶ ÃîÕÅñÆÁź çÆÁź é÷ðź ÇòµÚ GE.@@
DE. êËÇðà ÕÇîÀ±é çÆ Áîð ÕÔÅäÆ A@.@@
DF. ì°Þ éÔƺ ÃÕçÆ ÁÕå±ìð ÇÂéÕñÅì çÆ îôÅñ A@.@@
DG. çÇÔôå×ðçÆ ìÅð¶ íðî Áå¶ ïæÅðæ A@.@@
DH. ê§ÜÅì çÅ ÇÕÃÅé Á§ç¯ñé Áå¶ ÕÇîÀ±ÇéÃà ñÇÔð A@.@@
DI. ܧ×ñéÅîÅ : ÇÂµÕ ðÅÜéÆåÕ êóÚ¯ñ A@.@@
E@. íÅðåÆ Ö¶åÆ ÇòµÚ 걧ÜÆòÅçÆ ÇòÕÅà B@.@@
EA. ÁÇîµà Ôé î÷ç±ð ç×ðÅîź çÆÁź ÇÚäן A@.@@
EB. ÃîÅÜòÅç çÆÁź ÃîµÇÃÁÅòź, 걧ÜÆòÅç çÆ î°ó ìÔÅñÆ
Áå¶ îÔÅé êz¯ñ¶åÅðÆ ÃµÇíÁÅÚÅð ÇÂéÕñÅì B@.@@
EC. ÇÕÀ°º îÅúòÅç? A@.@@
ED. ïòÆÁå ï±éÆÁé ç¶ ÇÂÇåÔÅà ìÅð¶ êzÚÅð¶ ÜÅºç¶ Þ±á A@.@@
EE. Çð÷ðò¶ôé : êµÖ, ÇòêµÖ Áå¶ åÆÃðÅ êµÖ E.@@
EF. îÅðÕÃòÅç Áå¶ ÜÅå çÅ ÃòÅñ / ðÖÇò§çð B@.@@

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EG. îÅðÕÃòÅç ìÅð¶ Á§ì¶âÕð ç¶ ÇòÚÅð / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ AE.@@
EH. âÅ. Á§ì¶âÕð Áå¶ íÅðå çŠçÇòèÅé / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ AE.@@
EI. âÅ. Á§ì¶âÕð : ÜÆòé Áå¶ ÇòÚÅð / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ A@.@@
F@. íÅðå ç¶ ÇÂÇåÔÅà ÇòµÚ ÜÅå-êÅå / êz¯. ÇÂðøÅé ÔìÆì A@.@@
FA. À°çÅðòÅçÆ éÆåÆÁź ç¶ AH ÃÅñ E.@@
FB. Ú¯ð, Çízôà Áå¶ ÁïÅô é¶åÅôÅÔÆ E.@@
FC. êÅê Áå¶ ÇòÇ×ÁÅé / âÅÂÆÃé ÕÅðàð F@.@@
FD. ëÅÃÆòÅç ÕÆ ÔË Áå¶ ÇÂà éÅÿ ÇÕò¶º ñóƶ? AE.@@
FE. ÁÅÂÆéÃàÆé ç¶ ÃîÅÇÜÕ Ãð¯ÕÅð A@.@@
FF. é½ÜòÅéź éÅÿ ç¯ ×µñź / êÆàð Õz¯ê¯àÇÕé A@.@@
FG. ÇÂéÕñÅì çŠðé¶ÔÅ
(í×å ÇÃ§Ø Áå¶ ÃÅæÆÁź çÆÁź ÇñÖåź) C@.@@
FH. ÁÇÜÔÅ ÃÆ ÃÅâÅ í×å ÇÃ§Ø / Çôò òðîÅ A@.@@
FI. î˺ éÅÃÇåÕ ÇÕÀ°º Ôź? / í×å ÇÃ§Ø A@.@@
G@. í×å ÇÃ§Ø é¶ ÇÕÔÅ... / í×å ÇÃ§Ø E.@@
GA. í×å ÇÃ§Ø å¶ À°Ãç¶ ÃÅæÆÁź
çÅ ÇòÚÅðèÅðÕ ÇòÕÅà / êz¯. Çìêé Ú§çðÅ A@.@@
GB. ÇÂéÕñÅìÆ ñÇÔð çÅ ÇÃèźåÕ ÇòÕÅà / Çôò òðîÅ A@.@@
GC. ôÔÆç Ú§çð ô¶Öð ÁÅ÷Åç / í×òÅé çÅà îÔ½ð A@.@@
GD. ×çðÆ Ã±ðìÆð / êz¯. ðäèÆð ÇÃ§Ø A@.@@
GE. ôÔÆç ðÖç¶ò B@.@@
GF. ôÔÆç ÕðåÅð ÇÃ§Ø ÃðÅíÅ E.@@
GG. ÇòÇçÁÅðæÆ é½ÜòÅé éòƺ ô°ð±ÁÅå Çյ毺 Õðé? A@.@@
GH. ïèòÅç ìÅð¶ E.@@
GI. íÅðå ÇòµÚ Ç×ÁÅé êzÃÅð çÆ ñ¯ó ÇÕÀ°º? / ðÖÇò§çð AE.@@
H@. òèçÆ ÁìÅçÆ AE.@@
HA. ï°µ× ÇÕò¶º ìçñç¶ Ôé? / âÅ. Á§Çîzå A@.@@
HB. èðî ìÅð¶ / ñËÇéé C@.@@
HC. îé°µÖÆ ÜÆòé ÇòµÚ îÅå-íÅôÅ çÅ îÔµåò B@.@@
HD. ÇÂµÕ êzÇåíÅ çÅ Üéî / ×ËéÇðÖ ò¯ñÕ¯ò A@@.@@
HE. íÅðå ÇòµÚ éòÀ°çÅðòÅç ç¶ ç¯ çÔÅÕ¶ / ðÖÇò§çð B@.@@

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HF. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà çÅ ÕñÅ çðôé B@@.@@
HG. ÃåÅÇñé – ÇÂµÕ ÜÆòéÆ / ðÅÔ°ñ ÃźÕðåÅÇÂé AE@.@@
HH. ê¯ðé¯×zÅëÆ : ÇÂÕ ÃðîŶçÅðÅ Õ¯Ôó / Áܶ êÅñ A@.@@
HI. Á½ðåź çÆ ×°ñÅîÆ çÅ ÁÅðÇæÕ ÁèÅð / ÃÆåÅ A@.@@

Áé°ðÅ× àðµÃà (ìµÇÚÁź ñÂÆ)

A. ÇÂòÅé / òñÅçÆîÆ ì×Åîñ¯ò CE.@@
B. òźÕÅ / Áéå¯é ÚËÖ¯ò A@.@@
C. ÇÕÃîå ÁÅê¯-ÁÅêäÆ / ÜË鶺çð B@.@@
D. Õ¯Ô¶ÕÅø çÅ ÕËçÆ / åÅñÃåŶ C@.@@
E. Ûµå Óå¶ ëà Ç×ÁÅ ÇìµñÅ Áå¶ Ô¯ð ÕÔÅäÆÁź B@.@@
F. ÁÜÆì¯-×ðÆì Çյö / Ô¯ñ×ð ê°µÕ B@.@@
G. ç¯ ÇÔ§îåÆ ÕÔÅäÆÁź / Ô¯ñ×ð ê°µÕ AE.@@
H. éò¶º ÷îÅé¶ çÆÁź êðÆ-ÕæÅòź / Ô¯ñ×ð ê°µÕ B@.@@
I. ÁÃƺ ñðÜ é±§ ò¶Ö ÃÕç¶ Ôź / ÇîÕ¯ñ Ç×µñ A@.@@
A@. ×°ëÅ îÅéòź çÆÁź ÕÔÅäÆÁź / îËðÆ îÅðà B@.@@
AA. ÇÕµÃÅ ÇÂÔ ÇÕ ÇÂµÕ ê¶ºâ± é¶ ç¯ ÁøÃð ôÇÔðÆ
ÁëÃðź çÅ Çãµâ ÇÕò¶º íÇðÁÅ / ÇîÖÅÂÆñ ôÚ¶Ççzé AE.@@
AB. ÃçÅé§ç çÆ Û¯àÆ ç°éÆÁź / õÇåÁÅÜÆå ðŶ A@.@@
AC. ìÅ÷ çÅ ×Æå / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
AD. ìµÃ ÇÂµÕ ïÅç / ÇñúÇéç Áźçð¶ï¶ò A@.@@
AE. çÅçÅ ÁðõÆê Áå¶ ÇñúéÕÅ / ׯðÕÆ B@.@@
AF. çÅéÕ¯ çÅ ìÿçÅ Ô¯ÇÂÁÅ Ççñ / ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
AG. Øð çÆ ññÕ / ÇéÕ¯ñÅÂÆ å¶ñ¶ô¯ò B@.@@
AH. ×°µñÆ-â§âÅ / êz¶îÚ§ç A@.@@
AI. ÔÅð çÆ Çܵå / ô°çðôé A@.@@
B@. ÔðÅîÆ / ÇîõÅÇÂñ ô¯ñ¯õ¯ò B@.@@
BA. ÕÅì°ñÆòÅÿÅ / ðÇò§çðéÅæ àËׯð A@.@@
BB. î°ÃÆìå çÅ ÃÅæÆ / öð¶×ÂÆ ÇîÖÅñÕ¯ò A@.@@
BC. ê¯ÃàîÅÃàð / ðÇò§çðéÅæ àËׯð A@.@@

- 28 -
BD. ðÅîñÆñÅ / êz¶îÚ§ç A@.@@
BE. öîÅ×Å ÇÕò¶º ëÇóÁÅ Ç×ÁÅ / ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
BF. å°ðçÅ-ÇëðçÅ à¯ê / Á˵é. é¯Ã¯ò A@.@@
BG. ì¶ÇÜé ÚðÅ×ÅÔ / ÇÂòÅé å°ð׶é¶ò B@.@@
BH. À°ñàÅ ð°µÖ / ÇÕzôéÚ§çð CE.@@
BI. òµâ¶ íÅÂÆ ÃÅÔì / êz¶îÚ§ç A@.@@
C@. ÇÂµÕ Û¯à¶ î°§â¶ Áå¶ Õ°óÆ çÆ ÕÔÅäÆ ÇÜÔó¶ ìðøÆñÆ
á§â ÓÚ ÕÅºì¶ éÅÿ îð¶ éÔƺ / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
CA. ìÔÅçð / ÁîðÕźå A@.@@
CB. ÇÔðé¯àÅ / çÇîåðÆ îÅÇîé ÇÃÇìð¶ÁÅÕ A@.@@

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