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Draft Radiation Safety Regulations in Kingdom of

Saudi Arabia
(Basic Safety Standards in KSA)
NRRC-RR-01

April, 2020
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Draft Radiation Safety Regulations in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

(Basic Safety Standards in KSA)
NRRC-RR-01

Table of Contents

PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION AND SAFETY ...................................... 11

Chapter 1 Objective, Scope and Definitions ...................................................................................... 11
Section 1 Objective ................................................................................................................... 11
Section 2 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 11
Section 3 Relation to other regulations ......................................................................................... 11
Section 4 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 11
Chapter 2 Regulatory body............................................................................................................. 18
Section 5 Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission (NRRC)............................................... 18
Section 6 Registers of the NRRC................................................................................................. 19
Section 7 Workers’ dose register ................................................................................................. 20
Section 8 Disclosure and storage of information included in the workers’ dose register ........................ 20
Section 9 Monitoring document from the workers’ dose register....................................................... 21
Chapter 3 System of radiation protection and safety ........................................................................... 21
Section 10 General principles of radiation protection ...................................................................... 21
Section 11 Parties responsible for protection and safety .................................................................. 22
Section 12 Management system................................................................................................... 22
Section 13 Safety culture............................................................................................................ 23
Chapter 4 Qualifications, training and competence in radiation protection and safety .............................. 23
Section 14 Qualification requirements of a qualified expert ............................................................. 23
Section 15 Recognition of a qualified expert ................................................................................. 24
Section 16 Qualification requirements of a radiation safety officer.................................................... 24
Section 17 Recognition of a radiation safety officer ........................................................................ 25
Section 18 Qualification requirements and recognition of a physician performing workers’ health
surveillance .............................................................................................................................. 25
Section 19 Approval of radiation protection training ....................................................................... 25
Section 20 Certificate provided for radiation protection training ....................................................... 26
Section 21 Radiation protection skills in medical use of radiation ..................................................... 26
Chapter 5 Radiation measurements and the determination of dose........................................................ 26
Section 22 The reliability of radiation measurements ...................................................................... 26
Section 23 Approval of a dosimetry service................................................................................... 26
Section 24 Amending and withdrawing the approval of a dosimetry service ....................................... 27
Section 25 Determination of dose ................................................................................................ 27
PART 2 PLANNED EXPOSURE SITUATIONS .............................................................................. 28
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Chapter 6 Application of the system of protection.............................................................................. 28
Section 26 Scope....................................................................................................................... 28
Section 27 Categorization of practices and sealed sources ............................................................... 29
Section 28 Justification of practices ............................................................................................. 29
Section 29 Demonstration of justification of practices..................................................................... 29
Section 30 Prohibited practices.................................................................................................... 30
Section 31 Optimization of protection in planned exposure situations................................................ 30
Section 32 Optimization process in planned exposure situations ....................................................... 30
Section 33 Dose constraints ........................................................................................................ 31
Section 34 Dose limits ............................................................................................................... 31
Chapter 7 System of authorization................................................................................................... 31
Section 35 Authorization of practices ........................................................................................... 31
Section 36 Practices exempt from authorization ............................................................................. 32
Section 37 Exemption under a decision by the NRRC..................................................................... 33
Section 38 Application for authorization ....................................................................................... 33
Section 39 Validity of an authorization ......................................................................................... 33
Section 40 Amending an authorization ......................................................................................... 34
Section 41 Notification of changes to a practice ............................................................................. 34
Section 42 Furnishing of a financial security ................................................................................. 35
Section 43 Basis for imposing a financial security .......................................................................... 35
Section 44 The amount of a financial security................................................................................ 36
Chapter 8 Responsibilities of licensees and registrants........................................................................ 36
Section 45 Prime responsibility for protection and safety................................................................. 36
Section 46 Safety assessment...................................................................................................... 37
Section 47 Radiation protection and safety programme ................................................................... 37
Section 48 Involvement and advice of a qualified expert ................................................................. 38
Section 49 Involvement and advice of a medical physicist ............................................................... 38
Section 50 Liaison between the qualified expert and the medical physicist ......................................... 39
Section 51 Radiation safety officer .............................................................................................. 39
Section 52 Other practical requirements for qualified experts and radiation safety officers.................... 39
Section 53 Authorized users........................................................................................................ 39
Section 54 Financial and human resources .................................................................................... 39
Section 55 Competence, training and retraining of workers.............................................................. 40
Section 56 Monitoring for verification of compliance ..................................................................... 40
Section 57 Good engineering practice .......................................................................................... 41
Section 58 Defense in depth........................................................................................................ 41
Section 59 Prevention of radiation safety deviations ....................................................................... 42
Section 60 Quality assurance ...................................................................................................... 42
Section 61 Duty to provide information and storage of information................................................... 43
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Section 62 Responsibility of a private entrepreneur and a licensee’s or registrant’s representative for their
own radiation protection............................................................................................................. 43
Chapter 9 Safety of radiation sources ............................................................................................... 43
Section 63 Responsibilities for the safety of radiation sources .......................................................... 43
Section 64 Record-keeping ......................................................................................................... 44
Section 65 Obligations of the transferor and recipient ..................................................................... 44
Section 66 Obligation to provide information ................................................................................ 44
Section 67 Markings of a radioactive source.................................................................................. 45
Section 68 Identification of sealed sources .................................................................................... 45
Section 69 Commitment of a supplier for accepting the return of a disused sealed source ..................... 45
Section 70 Import and export of Category 1 and 2 sealed sources ..................................................... 46
Section 71 Special requirements for sealed sources......................................................................... 46
Section 72 General requirements for acceptance and for performance of radiation appliances and radioactive
sources .................................................................................................................................... 46
Section 73 Requirements for acceptance and performance of medical radiological equipment ............... 47
Section 74 Requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation appliances and radioactive sources
for industrial and research purposes ............................................................................................. 47
Chapter 10 Quality assurance for radiation appliances and radiation sources .......................................... 47
Section 75 Ensuring the operation of a radiation appliance .............................................................. 47
Section 76 Documentation of safety deviations related to a radiation appliance................................... 48
Section 77 Acceptance tests of medical radiological equipment and equipment used in veterinary medicine
.............................................................................................................................................. 48
Section 78 Quality assurance actions in the use of radiation in medicine ............................................ 48
Section 79 Commissioning and regular dose calibration of a radiation therapy equipment .................... 48
Section 80 Other quality assurance actions in radiation therapy ........................................................ 49
Section 81 Leakage tests of sealed sources .................................................................................... 49
Section 82 Quality assurance actions of radiation appliances used in industry..................................... 50
Chapter 11 Safety of the place of use or storage of radiation sources..................................................... 50
Section 83 Responsibilities for the safety of the place of use and storage of a radiation source .............. 50
Section 84 Radiation shielding of a place of use or storage .............................................................. 50
Section 85 Marking of a place of use or storage ............................................................................. 51
Section 86 Safety and alarm systems ............................................................................................ 51
Section 87 Other safety and functionality ...................................................................................... 52
Section 88 Special requirements in relation to contamination ........................................................... 52
Section 89 Special requirements in relation to patient rooms ............................................................ 52
Section 90 Special requirements in relation to surrounding spaces .................................................... 52
Chapter 12 Consumer products ....................................................................................................... 53
Section 91 Authorization of consumer products ............................................................................. 53
Section 92 Amending and withdrawing the authorization of consumer products.................................. 53
Section 93 Responsibilities of providers of consumer products......................................................... 53
Section 94 Optimization of protection and safety ........................................................................... 53
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Section 95 Labelling of consumer products ................................................................................... 54
Section 96 Information and instructions to users of consumer products.............................................. 54
Section 97 Information and instructions to consumer product retailers............................................... 54
Chapter 13 Radioactive waste, discharges and decommissioning.......................................................... 54
Section 98 General requirements for radioactive waste management ................................................. 54
Section 99 Strategy for radioactive waste management ................................................................... 55
Section 100 Clearance without further consideration ...................................................................... 55
Section 101 Clearance under an approval of the NRRC................................................................... 55
Section 102 Authorization of discharges ....................................................................................... 56
Section 103 Establishment of limits for discharges ......................................................................... 57
Section 104 Decommissioning of radiation sources and facilities ...................................................... 57
Section 105 Management of disused sources ................................................................................. 57
Section 106 Decontamination of facilities, structures and areas ........................................................ 58
Chapter 14 Occupational exposure .................................................................................................. 59
Section 107 Responsibility for the protection of workers, apprentices and students.............................. 59
Section 108 Co-operation between licensees, registrants and employers of outside workers .................. 59
Section 109 Age limits for occupational exposure and special arrangements for persons under 18 years of
age.......................................................................................................................................... 59
Section 110 Compensatory arrangements ...................................................................................... 59
Section 111 Prohibition to employ or classify unfit workers............................................................. 60
Section 112 Prohibition on dismissal............................................................................................ 60
Section 113 Protection of pregnant and breastfeeding workers ......................................................... 60
Section 114 Responsibilities of workers........................................................................................ 60
Section 115 Radiation protection programme for radiation workers .................................................. 61
Section 116 Pre-assessment of occupational exposure..................................................................... 61
Section 117 Classification of areas............................................................................................... 62
Section 118 Requirements for controlled areas............................................................................... 62
Section 119 Requirements for supervised areas.............................................................................. 63
Section 120 Local rules and procedures ........................................................................................ 63
Section 121 Personal protective equipment ................................................................................... 63
Section 122 Workplace monitoring .............................................................................................. 63
Section 123 Individual monitoring and assessment of occupational exposure...................................... 64
Section 124 Records of occupational exposure............................................................................... 64
Section 125 Access to dose records and reporting of results ............................................................. 65
Section 126 Radiation workers’ health surveillance ........................................................................ 65
Section 127 Special health surveillance ........................................................................................ 66
Section 128 Medical classification ............................................................................................... 66
Section 129 Medical records ....................................................................................................... 66
Section 130 Physician’s responsibility to contact ........................................................................... 67
Chapter 15 Public exposure............................................................................................................ 67
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Section 131 Responsibility for the protection of the members of the public ........................................ 67
Section 132 General considerations.............................................................................................. 67
Section 133 Control of visitors .................................................................................................... 67
Section 134 External exposure and contamination in areas accessible to members of the public ............ 68
Section 135 Monitoring programmes ........................................................................................... 68
Section 136 Reporting and publishing of monitoring results............................................................. 68
Chapter 16 Medical exposure ......................................................................................................... 69
Section 137 Scope..................................................................................................................... 69
Section 138 Establishment of diagnostic reference levels, dose constraints, criteria and guidelines ........ 69
Section 139 Assuming responsibilities for medical exposure............................................................ 69
Section 140 Responsibilities of registrants and licensees specific to protection of a patient ................... 70
Section 141 General requirements for justification of medical exposure............................................. 70
Section 142 Justification of medical exposure for asymptomatic populations and individuals ................ 71
Section 143 Medical exposure as part of a programme of biomedical research .................................... 71
Section 144 Protection of carers and comforters............................................................................. 71
Section 145 Optimization of protection and safety for each medical exposure..................................... 71
Section 146 Design considerations............................................................................................... 72
Section 147 Operational considerations ........................................................................................ 72
Section 148 Calibration.............................................................................................................. 72
Section 149 Dosimetry of patients ............................................................................................... 73
Section 150 Use of diagnostic reference levels............................................................................... 73
Section 151 Quality assurance for medical exposure....................................................................... 73
Section 152 Specific involvement of medical physicist ................................................................... 74
Section 153 Pregnant or breast-feeding female patients ................................................................... 75
Section 154 Release of patients after radionuclide therapy ............................................................... 75
Section 155 Prevention of unintended and accidental medical exposure ............................................. 75
Section 156 Investigation of unintended and accidental medical exposures ........................................ 75
Section 157 Radiological reviews ................................................................................................ 76
Section 158 Records .................................................................................................................. 77
Chapter 17 Non-medical human imaging.......................................................................................... 77
Section 159 Scope..................................................................................................................... 77
Section 160 Justification of non-medical human imaging ................................................................ 78
Section 161 Justification process for non-medical human imaging .................................................... 78
Section 162 Authorization of non-medical human imaging .............................................................. 79
Section 163 Use of medical radiological equipment ........................................................................ 79
Section 164 Use of inspection imaging devices .............................................................................. 79
PART 3 EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATIONS......................................................................... 80
Chapter 18 Generic requirements .................................................................................................... 80
Section 165 Scope..................................................................................................................... 80
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Chapter 19 Responsibilities of the licensee and registrant.................................................................... 80
Section 166 Emergency plan....................................................................................................... 80
Section 167 Prevention of radiation safety deviations ..................................................................... 80
Chapter 20 Public exposure in emergency exposure situation .............................................................. 80
Section 168 Strategies for the protection of the members of the public .............................................. 80
Section 169 Implementation of strategies for the protection of the members of the public ..................... 81
Chapter 21 Exposure of emergency workers ..................................................................................... 82
Section 170 Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers ................................... 82
Section 171 Assessment, recording and consideration of doses received by emergency workers ............ 82
Chapter 22 Transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation ................. 83
Section 172 Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure
situation................................................................................................................................... 83
PART 4 EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATIONS .............................................................................. 84
Chapter 23 Generic requirements .................................................................................................... 84
Section 173 Scope..................................................................................................................... 84
Section 174 Responsibilities for existing exposure situations ........................................................... 84
Section 175 Reference levels ...................................................................................................... 85
Section 176 Protection strategies ................................................................................................. 85
Chapter 24 Public exposure............................................................................................................ 86
Section 177 Justification for remedial and protective actions............................................................ 86
Section 178 Optimization of protection and safety.......................................................................... 86
Section 179 Responsibilities for remediation of areas with residual radioactive material ...................... 86
Section 180 Planning, implementation and verification of remedial actions on areas with residual radioactive
material ................................................................................................................................... 86
Section 181 Measures after remedial actions on areas with residual radioactive material ...................... 87
Section 182 Public exposure due to radon indoors .......................................................................... 88
Section 183 Exposure due to radionuclides in commodities ............................................................. 88
Chapter 25 Occupational exposure .................................................................................................. 89
Section 184 Remediation of areas with residual radioactive material ................................................. 89
Section 185 Exposure due to radon in workplaces .......................................................................... 89
Section 186 Exposure of aircrew due to cosmic radiation ................................................................ 89
Section 187 Protection and safety of other workers in existing exposure situation ............................... 89
Appendices.................................................................................................................................. 90
Appendix 1: Radiation protection training and sufficient work experience of a qualified expert ......... 90
Appendix 2: Radiation protection training and sufficient work experience of a radiation safety officer.92
Appendix 3: The content and scope of the radiation protection training of a physician performing radiation
worker’s health surveillance. ................................................................................................... 94
Appendix 4: Radiation protection training of a worker engaged in the medical use of radiation.......... 95
Appendix 5: Quantities, units, values and relationships used in the determination of dose ................. 92
Appendix 6: Categorization of practices ..................................................................................102
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Appendix 7: Categorization of sealed sources ...........................................................................103
Appendix 8: Specific restrictions for dose constraints.................................................................105
Appendix 9: Dose limits and verification compliance with dose limits ..........................................106
Appendix 10: Exemption levels for moderate amounts of material ...............................................335
Appendix 11: Exemption and clearance levels for bulk amounts of solid material; exemption without
further consideration .............................................................................................................349
Appendix 12: Information to be submitted in support of an application for authorization ................355
Appendix 13: Advice of the qualified expert .............................................................................357
Appendix 14: Duties of a radiation safety officer .......................................................................358
Appendix 15: Human resources in medical use of radiation .........................................................359
Appendix 16: Radiation protection retraining of a worker engaged in a practice .............................360
Appendix 17: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray imaging and fluoroscopic
equipment, computer tomography equipment and bone mineral density measurement equipment based on
the attenuation of X-rays used in health care .............................................................................362
Appendix 18: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray imaging and fluoroscopy
equipment and the related auxiliary equipment used in veterinary medicine ..................................368
Appendix 19: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation therapy equipment and
the related auxiliary equipment ...............................................................................................369
Appendix 20: Requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation appliances used in nuc lear
medicine .............................................................................................................................370
Appendix 21: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance for nuclear gauges .................371
Appendix 22: Requirements for acceptance and performance of industrial radiography equipment ...373
Appendix 23: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray appliances used in industry
and research.........................................................................................................................374
Appendix 24: Intervals of quality assurance actions in medical X-ray practices, nuclear medicine and
veterinary medicine ..............................................................................................................376
Appendix 25: Quality assurance actions of radiation appliances used in industry and research ..........378
Appendix 26: Reference values for surface contamination..........................................................379
Appendix 27: Generic criteria for protective actions and other response actions in an emergency to reduce
the risk of stochastic effects....................................................................................................380
Appendix 28: Generic criteria for doses received within short period of time for which protective actions
and other response actions are expected to be undertaken under any circumstances to avoid or to minimize
severe deterministic effects ....................................................................................................381
Appendix 29: Guidance values for restricting exposure of emergency workers ...............................382
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PART 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION AND SAFETY

Chapter 1 Objective, Scope and Definitions

Section 1 Objective

1. The objective of these Regulations is to provide requirements for the protection of people and
the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation
sources.

Section 2 Scope

2. These Regulations apply for the protection against occupational, public and medical exposure
to ionizing radiation in planned, existing and emergency exposure situations.

3. The following exposures are excluded from the scope of these regulations:

a) the use of radiation generators operating with a voltage difference less than five kilo-
volts;

b) cosmic radiation at the ground level;

c) naturally occurring radionuclides in human body;

d) in aviation, the exposure of other individuals than members of the air crew to cosmic
radiation;

e) public exposure caused by cosmic radiation during space flights.

Section 3 Relation to other regulations

4. The [Name(s) to be added] Regulations contain provisions on the application of these Regu-
lations to the use of nuclear energy and nuclear waste management.

Section 4 Definitions

Accelerator
A radiation generator in which ionizing radiation with energy higher than 1 mega-electron volt
(MeV) is generated by means of particle acceleration.

Activation
The process of inducing radioactivity in matter by irradiation of that matter.

Authorization
A written permission granted by NRRC for a person or organization to conduct a practice.

Consumer product
A device or manufactured item into which radionuclides have deliberately been incorporated
or produced by activation, or which generates ionizing radiation, and which can be sold or
made available to members of the public without special surveillance or regulatory control af-
ter sale.

Carers and comforters

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Persons who willingly and voluntarily help (other than in their occupation) in the care, support
and comfort of patients undergoing radiological procedures for medical diagnosis or medical
treatment.

Controlled area
A defined area in which specific protection measures and safety provisions are or could be
required for controlling exposures or preventing the spread of contamination in normal working
conditions and preventing or limiting the extent of potential exposures.

Decontamination
The complete or partial removal of contamination by a deliberate physical, chemical or biolog-
ical process.

Diagnostic reference level

A level used in medical imaging to indicate whether, in routine conditions, the dose to the pa-
tient or the amount of radiopharmaceuticals administered in a specified radiological procedure
for medical imaging is unusually high or unusually low for that procedure.

Disposal
Emplacement of waste in an appropriate facility without the intention of retrieval.

Disused source
A radioactive source which is no longer used, and is not intended to be used, for the practice
for which an authorization has been granted.

Dose
1. A measure of the energy deposited by radiation in a target.
2. Absorbed dose, committed equivalent dose, committed effective dose, effective dose, equiv-
alent dose or organ dose, as indicated by the context.

Dose constraint
A prospective and radiation source related value of individual dose that is used in planned ex-
posure situations as a parameter for the optimization of protection and safety for the source, and
that serves as a boundary in defining the range of options in optimization.

Dose limit
The value of the effective dose or the equivalent dose to individuals in planned exposure situa-
tions that is not to be exceeded.

Emergency
A non-routine situation that necessitates prompt action, primarily to mitigate a hazard or adverse
consequences for human health and safety, quality of life, property or the environment. This
includes nuclear or radiological emergencies and conventional emergencies such as fires, re-
lease of hazardous chemicals, storms or earthquakes. It includes situations for which prompt
action is warranted to mitigate the effects of a perceived hazard.

Emergency exposure situation

A situation of exposure that arises as a result of a radiation safety deviation, a malicious act or
other unexpected event, and requires prompt action in order to avoid or reduce adverse conse-
quences.

Emergency exposure situation

A situation of exposure that arises as a result of an accident, a malicious act or other unexpected
event, and requires prompt action in order to avoid or reduce adverse consequences.
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Emergency plan
A description of the objectives, policy and concept of operations for the response to an emer-
gency and of the structure, authorities and responsibilities for a systematic, coordinated and
effective response. The emergency plan serves as the basis for the development of other plans,
procedures and checklists.

Emergency preparedness
The capability to take actions that will effectively mitigate the consequences of an emergency
for human health and safety, quality of life, property and the environment.

Emergency response
The performance of actions to mitigate the consequences of an emergency for human health
and safety, quality of life, property and the environment. It may also provide a basis for the
resumption of normal social and economic activity.

Emergency worker
A person having specified duties as a worker in response to an emergency.

Employer
A person or organization with recognized responsibilities, commitments and duties towards a
worker in the employment of the person or organization by virtue of a mutually agreed relation-
ship. A self-employed person is regarded as being both an employer and a worker.

Exemption
A classification that a radiation source or a practice need not be subject to some or all aspects
of regulatory control.

Exemption level
A value expressed in terms of activity concentration, total activity, dose rate or radiation energy,
at or below which a radiation source need not be subject to some or all aspects of regulatory
control.

Existing exposure situation

A situation of exposure that already exists when a decision on the need for control needs to be
taken.

Exposure
The state or condition of being subject to irradiation.

Hazard assessment
Assessment of hazards associated with facilities, activities or sources within or beyond the bor-
ders of a State in order to identify:
(a) Those events and the associated areas for which protective actions may be required within
the State;
(b) The actions that would be effective in mitigating the consequences of such events.

Health professional
An individual who has been formally recognized through appropriate national procedures to
practice a profession related to health.

Health screening programme

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A programme in which health tests or medical examinations are performed for the purpose of
early detection of disease.

Individual monitoring
Monitoring using measurements by equipment worn by individuals, or measurements of quan-
tities of radioactive substances in or on, or taken into, the bodies of individuals, or measure-
ments of quantities of radioactive substances excreted from the body by individuals.

Inspection imaging device

An imaging device designed specifically for imaging persons or cargo conveyances for the pur-
pose of detecting concealed objects on or within the human body or within cargo or a vehicle.

License
A legal document issued by the NRRC granting authorization to conduct a practice.

Licensee
The holder of a current license.

Management system
A set of interrelated or interacting elements (system) for establishing policies and objectives
and enabling the objectives to be achieved in an efficient and effective manner.

Medical exposure
Exposure incurred by patients for the purposes of medical or dental diagnosis or treatment; by
carers and comforters; and by volunteers subject to exposure as part of a programme of bio-
medical research.

Medical physicist
A health professional with specialist education and training in the concepts and techniques of
applying physics in medicine and competent to practice independently in one or more of the
subfields (specialties) of medical physics.

Medical radiological equipment

Radiological equipment used in medical radiation facilities to perform radiological procedures
that either delivers an exposure of an individual or directly controls or influences the extent of
such exposure.

Medical radiation facility

A medical facility in which radiological procedures are performed.

Medical radiation technologist

A health professional, with specialist education and training in medical radiation technology,
competent to perform radiological procedures, on delegation from the radiological medical
practitioner, in one or more of the specialties of medical radiation technology.

Member of the public

For purposes of protection and safety, in a general sense, any individual in the population except
when subject to occupational exposure or medical exposure.

Monitoring
The measurement of dose, dose rate or activity for reasons relating to the assessment or control
of exposure to radiation or exposure due to radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the
results.

Natural background
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The doses, dose rates or activity concentrations associated with natural sources, or any other
sources in the environment that are not amenable to control.

Natural source
A naturally occurring source of radiation.

Non-medical human imaging

Human imaging using radiation for purposes other than medical diagnosis, medical treatment
or biomedical research.

Nuclear or radiological emergency

An emergency in which there is, or is perceived to be, a hazard due to: (a) The energy resulting
from a nuclear chain reaction or from the decay of the products of a chain reaction; or (b) Ra-
diation exposure.

Occupational exposure
Radiation exposure of workers incurred in the course of their work.

Outside worker
Any worker who is not employed by the licensee or registrant but performs activities in the
supervised and controlled areas, including apprentices and students.

Place of use or storage (of a radiation source)

An area and a room within a radiation facility in which a radiation source is used or storage and
an area elsewhere in which a radiation source is used.

Planned exposure situation

The situation of exposure that arises from the planned operation of a source or from a planned
activity that results in an exposure due to a source.

Practice
Any human activity that introduces additional sources of exposure or additional exposure path-
ways, or modifies the network of exposure pathways from existing sources, so as to increase
the exposure or the likelihood of exposure of people or the number of people exposed.

Protection and safety

The protection of people against exposure to ionizing radiation or exposure due to radioactive
material and the safety of sources, including the means for achieving this, and the means for
preventing radiation safety deviations and for mitigating the consequences of radiation safety
deviations if they do occur.

Protective action
An action for the purposes of avoiding or reducing doses that might otherwise be received in an
emergency exposure situation or an existing exposure situation.

Public exposure
Exposure incurred by members of the public due to sources in planned exposure situations,
emergency exposure situations and existing exposure situations, excluding any occupational
exposure or medical exposure.

Qualified expert
An individual having the expertise needed to give radiation protection advice in order to ensure
the effective protection of individuals.
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Quality assurance
The function of a management system that provides confidence that specified requirements will
be fulfilled.

Radiation appliance
A radiation generator and a device which contains a radioactive source.

Radiation facility
Any place where radiation sources are installed or radioactive material is produced, processed,
used, handled, stored or disposed.

Radiation generator
A device which generates ionizing radiation electrically.

Radiation worker
A worker involved in a practice who is liable to receive a dose exceeding a dose limit for public
exposure.

Radiation safety deviation

An event or situation that compromises or may compromise radiation safety or unplanned med-
ical exposure.

Radiation safety officer

A person technically competent in radiation safety matters relevant for a given type of practice
to oversee the application of regulatory requirements and supervise or perform the implemen-
tation of the radiation safety arrangements.

Radiation source
A radiation generator and radioactive source.

Radioactive material
Material containing radioactive substances to the extent that it is not exempted from the require-
ment of authorization.

Radioactive source
Radioactive substance and radioactive material that is used as a source of radiation.

Radioactive substance
Radioactive substance means a substance which decays by itself and emits ionizing radiation.

Radioactive waste
For legal and regulatory purposes, material for which no further use is foreseen that contains,
or is contaminated with, radionuclides at activity concentrations greater than clearance levels
as established by these regulations.

Radioactive waste management

All administrative and operational activities involved in the handling, pretreatment, treatment,
conditioning, transport, storage and disposal of radioactive waste.

Radiological medical practitioner

A health professional with specialist education and training in the medical uses of radiation,
who is competent to perform independently or to oversee radiological procedures in a given
specialty.

Radiological procedure
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A medical imaging procedure or therapeutic procedure that involves ionizing radiation deliv-
ered by a radiation generator, a device containing a sealed source or an unsealed source, or by
means of a radiopharmaceutical administered to a patient.

Radiopharmacist
A health professional, with specialist education and training in radiopharmacy, who is compe-
tent to prepare and dispense radiopharmaceuticals used for the purposes of medical diagnosis
and radionuclide therapy.

Radon
Any combination of isotopes of the element radon. For the purposes of these regulations, radon
refers to 220 Rn and 222Rn.

Radon progeny
The short-lived radioactive decay products of 220 Rn and of 222Rn.

Reference level
For an emergency exposure situation or an existing exposure situation, the level of dose, risk or
activity concentration above which it is not appropriate to plan to allow exposures to occur and
below which optimization of protection and safety would continue to be implemented.

Referring medical practitioner

A health professional who may refer individuals to a radiological medical practitioner for med-
ical exposure.

Registrant
The holder of a current registration.

Registration
A form of authorization for practices of low or moderate risks as defined in Section 31.

Remedial action
The removal of a source or the reduction of its magnitude (in terms of activity or amount) for
the purposes of preventing or reducing exposures that might otherwise occur in an existing ex-
posure situation.

Remediation
Any measures that may be carried out to reduce the radiation exposure due to existing contam-
ination of land areas through actions applied to the contamination itself (the source) or to the
exposure pathways to humans.

Representative person
An individual receiving a dose that is representative of the doses to the more highly exposed
individuals in the population.

Safety assessment
Assessment of all aspects of a practice that are relevant to protection and safety.

Safety culture
The assembly of characteristics and attitudes in organizations and individuals which establishes
that, as an overriding priority, protection and safety issues receive the attention warranted by
their significance.

Sealed source
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A radioactive source in which the radioactive substance or material is
a) permanently sealed in a capsule, or
b) closely bonded and in a solid form.

Standards dosimetry laboratory

A laboratory, designated by the NRRC, that possesses certification or accreditation necessary
for the purpose of developing, maintaining or improving primary or secondary standards for
radiation dosimetry.

Storage
The holding of radioactive sources, radioactive material, spent fuel or radioactive waste in a
facility that provides for their/its containment, with the intention of retrieval.

Supervised area
A defined area not designated as a controlled area but for which occupational exposure condi-
tions are kept under review, even though specific protection measures or safety provisions are
not normally needed.

Supplier (of a radiation source)

A designer, manufacturer, importer, exporter, seller, distributer, assembler and an installer of a
radiation source.

Unsealed source
A radioactive source in which the radioactive substance or material is neither
a) permanently sealed in a capsule, nor;
b) closely bonded and in a solid form.

Worker
Any person who works, whether full time, part time or temporarily, for an employer and who
has recognized rights and duties in relation to occupational radiation protection. A self-em-
ployed person is regarded as having the duties of both an employer and a worker.

Workers’ health surveillance

Medical supervision intended to ensure the initial and continuing fitness of workers for their
intended tasks.

Workplace monitoring
Monitoring using measurements made in the working environment.

Chapter 2 Regulatory body

Section 5 Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission (NRRC)

5. The Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Commission (NRRC) has supreme authority in su-
pervising compliance with these Regulations.

6. NRRC, in accordance with the provisions of these regulations:

a) issues an authorization for conducting a practice;

b) inspects radiation facilities and practices;

c) enforces compliance with the requirements of these regulations and the conditions set
in an authorization;
 19
d) approves qualified experts and radiation safety officers;

e) approves training programmes for qualified experts and radiation safety officers;

f) approves personal dosimetry services and other radiation measurement services;

g) approves radiation measurement calibration services.

7. In addition, NRRC:

a) prepares and implements an environmental radiation monitoring programme represent-

ing all members of the public to monitor the amounts of radioactive substances in the
environment and the magnitude of the public exposure resulting from them;

b) compiles and publishes nationwide assessments on exposures attributable to medical

use of radiation and their development

c) complies and published nationwide assessments of the total public exposure due to li-
censed and registered practices.

Section 6 Registers of the NRRC

8. For the purposes of carrying out the tasks specified in these Regulations, NRRC maintains:

a) a register of authorized practices containing information on:

(i) licensees and registrants;

(ii) radiation safety officers;
(iii) characteristics of the practices including the places and facilities in which they
are carried out;
(iv) radiation sources employed;
(v) information that might be necessary for the shutdown and decommissioning (or
closure) of a facility;

b) a workers’ dose register as prescribed in Section 7;

c) a register of radiation safety deviations, including non-routine releases of radioactive

material to the environment;

d) records of discharges, results of monitoring programmes and results of assessments of

public exposure

e) a register of organizations approved to provide radiation protection related services:

(i) personal dosimetry as prescribed in Chapter 5;

(ii) calibration as prescribed in Chapter 5;

(iii) training of qualified experts or radiation safety officers as prescribed in Section

19;

f) a register on qualified experts and radiation safety officers recognized in accordance

with Sections 15 and 17;
 20
g) a register of physicians recognized in accordance with Section 18 to perform workers’
health surveillance;

h) a register of practices involving naturally occurring natural material (NORM);

i) a register of legacy sites.

9. In addition, NRRC’s registers may contain other information on any company or persons sub-
ject to the requirements of these Regulations as it is necessary for the regulatory control and
its development.

Section 7 Workers’ dose register

10. NRRC maintains a workers’ dose register to ensure the health of radiation workers and radia-
tion safety.

11. For individual monitoring, the register contains:

a) the first name, last name, personal identity code, gender and nationality of the radiation
worker, emergency worker and emergency helper, as well as, the start and end date of
the individual monitoring;

b) information on the practice or exposure situation and the characteristics of the exposure,
as well as, the tasks of the worker;

c) the name, address, company identification and name of the contact person of the licen-
see, registrant and the employer of an outside worker;

d) the methods employed for determining individual radiation doses;

e) the results of individual monitoring, the time of the measurement period, as well as, the
result of the measurement or dose determination and, in case of internal exposure, the
information used for determining the dose;

f) information on radiation safety deviations, the investigations pertaining to the exposure

conditions and performed measures.

12. If a worker’s individual dose has been determined:

a) the effective dose is stored as millisieverts;

b) in the case of unevenly distributed radiation, the equivalent doses of different parts of
the body as millisieverts;

c) in the case of intake of radionuclides, the committed effective dose as millisieverts.

Section 8 Disclosure and storage of information included in the workers’ dose register

13. The personal data included in the workers’ dose register is subject to non-disclosure.

14. Information on occupational exposure may be disclosed from the register notwithstanding the
non-disclosure provisions to a physician performing workers’ health surveillance, a licensee
or registrant and the employer of an outside worker, provided that access to said information
is necessary for the purposes of health surveillance or the subsequent monitoring of a worker’s
exposure laid down in these Regulations.
 21

15. Records of occupational exposure for each worker shall be maintained during and after the
worker’s working life, at least until the former worker attains or would have attained the age
of 75 years, and for not less than 30 years after cessation of the work in which the worker was
subject to occupational exposure. NCRRC may store the aforementioned information for
longer than this for research purposes related to ensuring radiation safety.

Section 9 Monitoring document from the workers’ dose register

16. At an outside worker’s request, NRRC provides from the workers’ dose register a document
(monitoring document) on individual radiation exposure for the purpose of radiation work to
be carried out abroad. The monitoring document contains at least the following information:

a) worker’s effective dose over a period of five years, including the year in question;

b) in the case of unevenly distributed radiation exposure, the equivalent dose of eyes,
hands, arms, feet and ankles, as applicable;

c) in the case of an intake of a radioactive substance, the committed effective dose;

d) the document’s issuer and its address;

e) the date on which the document is issued.

17. Without acceptable grounds NRRC will not provide the worker with a new monitoring docu-
ment before the previously issued document has been returned and filled in with information
on doses received since its issuance.

Chapter 3 System of radiation protection and safety

Section 10 General principles of radiation protection

18. The system of radiation protection prescribed in these regulations is based on the general prin-
ciples of:

a) Justification;

b) Optimization;

c) Dose limitation.

19. All these general principles shall be applied to planned exposure situations with the exception
that dose limitation is not applicable to medical exposure.

20. For emergency and existing exposure situations, justification and optimization is applied to
remedial and protective actions.

21. The application of the requirements for the system of radiation protec tion shall be commen-
surate with the radiation risks associated with the exposure situation.

22. Further provisions on the application of the general principles in planned, existing and emer-
gency exposure situations are given in the corresponding Parts 2 – 4 of these regulations.
 22
Section 11 Parties responsible for protection and safety

23. The principal parities responsible for protection and safety are:

a) Licensees and registrants;

b) Employers, in relation to occupational exposure;

c) Radiological medical practitioners, in relation to medical exposure;

d) Those persons or organizations designated to deal with emergency exposure situations

or existing exposure situations.

24. Other parties shall have specified responsibilities in relation to protection and safety. These
other parties include:

a) Suppliers of sources, providers of equipment and software, and providers of consumer

products;

b) Radiation safety officers;

c) Referring medical practitioners;

d) Medical physicists;

e) Medical radiation technologists;

f) Qualified experts or any other party to whom a principal party has assigned specific
responsibilities;

g) Workers other than those listed in (a)–(f) in this paragraph;

h) Ethics committees.

25. Specified responsibilities for radiation and safety are addressed in related sections of these
Regulations.

Section 12 Management system

26. The principal parties shall ensure that protection and safety are effectively integrated into the
overall management system of the organizations for which they are responsible.

27. The principal parties shall demonstrate commitment to protection and safety at the highest
levels within the organizations for which they are responsible.

28. The principal parties shall ensure that the management system is designed and applied to en-
hance protection and safety by:

a) Applying the requirements for protection and safety coherently with other require-
ments;

b) Describing the planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confi-
dence that the requirements for protection and safety are fulfilled;

c) Ensuring that protection and safety are not compromised by other requirements;
 23
d) Providing for the regular assessment of performance for protection and safety, and the
application of lessons learned from experience;

e) Promoting safety culture.

29. The principal parties shall ensure that protection and safety elements of the management sys-
tem are commensurate with the complexity of and the radiation risks associated with the ac-
tivity.

Section 13 Safety culture

30. The principal parties shall ensure that the organization promotes and maintains safety culture
so that persons working at all levels of the organization, in accordance with their tasks:

a) are aware of the radiation risks involved and of the protective actions and understand
their relevance for safety;

b) are committed to follow established policies, rules and procedures dealing with protec-
tion and safety;

c) are committed to open communication with regard to protection and safety;

d) participate in the continuous development of protection and safety.

Chapter 4 Qualifications, training and competence in radiation protection and safety

Section 14 Qualification requirements of a qualified expert

31. Qualified experts’ fields of expertise are:

a) practices in health care and veterinary medicine;

b) practices in industry and research;

c) the use of nuclear energy.

32. A qualified expert shall have:

a) a master´s degree from a suitable field of engineering or mathematics, physics, chem-

istry or other natural science;

b) radiation protection training required by the field of expertise; and

c) sufficient work experience in the field of expertise.

33. In addition to requirements of paragraph 32, a qualified expert in health care and veterinary
medicine practices shall be a medical physicist.

34. Further requirements on the radiation protection training and sufficient work experience re-
ferred to in paragraph 32 are given in Appendix 1.
 24
Section 15 Recognition of a qualified expert

35. NRRC recognizes upon application a person who meets the qualification criteria specified in
Section 14 as a qualified expert. This recognition is indicated by a certificate issued by NRRC.

36. If education and radiation protection training for qualified experts in some particular field of
expertise is not available in Saudi Arabia or the qualifications have been obtained abroad,
NRRC determines the criteria required and recognizes a qualified expert on a case-by-case
basis.
37. NRRC may withdraw the recognition if the advice provided has been materially incorrect
and the qualified expert has failed to remedy the deficiencies within a reasonable period of
time despite a request to do so.

Section 16 Qualification requirements of a radiation safety officer

38. Radiation safety officer´s fields of expertise for practices in health care and veterinary medi-
cine are:
a) health care x-ray practice;

b) dental x-ray practice;

c) radiography practice without contrast media;

d) veterinary x-ray practice;

e) nuclear medicine;

f) installation, maintenance or remediation of radiation appliances and sources;

g) general use of radiation in health care and veterinary medicine.

39. Radiation safety officer´s fields of expertise for practices in industry and research and for the
use of nuclear energy are:
a) use of sealed sources and x-ray appliances;

b) use of unsealed sources;

c) industrial radiography;

d) use of particle accelerators in research and in the production of radionuclides;

e) use of nuclear energy.

40. A radiation safety officer shall have suitable basic education:

a) for practices in health care and veterinary medicine: a bachelor’s degree from a suitable
field of mathematical and natural science, engineering, medicine, dentistry or veteri-
nary medicine;

b) for use of particle accelerators in research and in isotope production and for use of
nuclear energy: a bachelor’s degree from a suitable field of engineering or mathematics,
physics, chemistry or other natural science;

c) for use of sealed sources, x-ray appliances or unsealed sources in industry or research
or industrial radiography: suitable basic education.
 25
41. In addition, a radiation safety officer shall have:
a) radiation protection training required by the field of expertise; and

b) sufficient work experience in the field of expertise.

42. In addition to what is provided in paragraph 40, point a), a radiographer is sufficient basic
education for other native x-ray practices than computed tomography practices and for veter-
inary x-ray practices.
43. Further requirements on the core learning outcomes of the radiation protection training and
sufficient work experience referred to in paragraph 41 are given in Appendix 2.

Section 17 Recognition of a radiation safety officer

44. NRRC recognizes upon application a person who meets the qualification criteria specified in
Section 16 as a radiation safety officer. This recognition is indicated by a certificate issued
by NRRC.
45. If the radiation protection training required by a radiation safety officer’s field of expertise is
not available in Saudi Arabia or the qualifications are obtained abroad, NRRC determines
the criteria required and recognizes a radiation safety officer on case by case basis.
46. A person whom NRRC has recognized as a qualified expert in accordance with Section 15
may act also as a radiation safety officer within their field of expertise without the recogni-
tion prescribed in paragraph 44.

Section 18 Qualification requirements and recognition of a physician performing workers’ health

surveillance

47. A physician who performs radiation workers´ health surveillance shall have training ap-
proved by the NRRC on the health effects of radiation and radiation protection. The c ontent
and scope of the training is presented in Appendix 3.
48. The NRRC recognizes upon application a physician to perform radiation workers´ health
surveillance if the physician has undergone the training referred to in paragraph 47.

Section 19 Approval of radiation protection training

49. NRRC approves upon application the radiation protection training organized by a training
organization:
a) for a qualified expert;

b) for a radiation safety officer;

c) for a physician performing radiation workers’ health surveillance;

50. The radiation protection training shall be approved if:

a) the training to fulfils the requirements prescribed in Appendices 1, 2 or 3, respectively;

b) the training organization possesses sufficient human resources with adequate expertise
to provide such training;

c) the training organization has other practical prerequisites for the provision of the train-
ing.
 26
51. The approval for the training is given for a period of five years at a time, and it may be with-
drawn if the prerequisites for the approval cease to exist or if material deficiencies are ob-
served in the provision of the training, and such deficiencies are not remedied within a pre-
scribed period of time despite a request to do so.

Section 20 Certificate provided for radiation protection training

52. The training organization referred to in Section 19 shall provide the person who has passed
the training with a certificate.
53. The certificate shall include:
a) the name of the organization issuing the certificate and a reference to the approval of
NRRC of the training;

b) the name and date of birth of the person who successfully completed the training;

c) the field of expertise of the qualified expert or the radiation safety officer;

d) the content and extent of the radiation protection training provided, indicating that the
requirements of Appendices 1, 2 or 3 are met.

54. If the training referred to in Section 19 is included in a university degree, the completion of
the training shall be evidenced by a diploma or by a separate certificate.

Section 21 Radiation protection skills in medical use of radiation

55. A course on radiation protection shall be included in the basic curriculum of medical and
dental schools.
56. The licensee and registrant are responsible for ensuring that workers engaged in medical use
of radiation have applicable qualifications, including radiation protection skills.
57. Further provisions on the qualifications of workers engaged in medical use of radiation, and
requirements for the training in radiation protection are given in Appendix 4.

Chapter 5 Radiation measurements and the determination of dose

Section 22 The reliability of radiation measurements

58. Measurements carried out to assess the radiation exposure and to ensure safety referred to in
these regulations shall be performed with a method suitable for the purpose and proved relia-
ble. In addition:
a) the results of the measurements shall be traceable to a standards dosimetry laboratory
recognized by NRRC;

b) the radiation meter or measuring instruments shall be appropriately calibrated;

c) the measurements procedures shall be documented and approved in accordance with

relevant international standards or codes of practice.

Section 23 Approval of a dosimetry service

59. NRRC may grant approval upon an application for a dosimetry service provider to perform
personal dosimetry. The requirements of an approval are:
 27
a) the use of a documented dosimetry system which is compliant with the requirements
laid down in Section 22;

b) the sufficient competence of the personnel;

c) the dosimetry service operates under an accredited quality management system and the
quality assurance arrangements comply with the requirements of Section 60;

d) the availability of necessary technical means for delivering the dose data to the workers’
dose register.

Section 24 Amending and withdrawing the approval of a dosimetry service

60. NRRC may amend the conditions for the approval of a dosimetry service if reasons neces-
sary in terms of the reliability of radiation measurements so require.
61. NRRC withdraws the approval if the dosimetry service has been discontinued.
62. NRRC may withdraw the approval if the conditions for the approval are not maintained, if
there are material deficiencies in the measurements or if the service otherwise fails to meet
the requirements laid down in these regulations and the deficiencies are not remedied within
a prescribed period of time despite a request to do so.

Section 25 Determination of dose

63. The quantities, units, values and relationships prescribed in Appendix 5 shall be used in the
determination of dose.
 28

PART 2 PLANNED EXPOSURE SITUATIONS

Chapter 6 Application of the system of protection

Section 26 Scope

64. The requirements for planned exposure situations apply to the following practices:

a) the production, supply, provision and transport of radioactive material and of devices
that contain radioactive material, including sealed sources and unsealed sources, and of
consumer products;

b) the production and supply of devices that generate radiation, including linear accelera-
tors, cyclotrons, and fixed and mobile radiography equipment;

c) the use of radiation or radioactive material for medical, industrial, veterinary, agricul-
tural, legal or security purposes, including the use of associated equipment, software or
devices where such use could affect exposure to radiation;

d) the use of radiation or radioactive material for education, training or research, including
any activities relating to such use that involve or could involve exposure to radiation or
exposure due to radioactive material;

e) the mining and processing of raw materials that involve exposure due to radioactive
material;

f) any other practice as specified by the NRRC.

65. The requirements for planned exposure situations apply to exposure due to sources within
practices, as follows:

a) facilities that contain radioactive material and facilities that contain radiation genera-
tors, medical radiation facilities, veterinary radiation facilities, facilities for the man-
agement of radioactive waste, installations for the processing of radioactive material,
irradiation facilities, and mineral extraction and mineral processing facilities that in-
volve or could involve exposure to radiation or exposure due to radioactive material;

b) individual sources of radiation, including sources within the types of facility mentioned
in sub-point a), as appropriate, in accordance with the requirements of the NRRC.

66. The requirements for planned exposure situations apply for any occupational exposure, med-
ical exposure or public exposure due to any practice or due to a source within a practice.

67. The relevant requirements for planned exposure situation apply to:

a) exposure due to material in any practice specified in paragraph 58 where the activity
concentration in the material of any radionuclide in the uranium decay chain or the
thorium decay chain is greater than 1 Bq/g or the activity concentration of 40 K is greater
than 10 Bq/g;

b) public exposure due to discharges or due to the management of radioactive waste aris-
ing from a practice involving material as specified in a) above;
 29
c) exposure due to 222 Rn and to 222 Rn progeny and due to 220 Rn and to 220 Rn progeny in
workplaces in which occupational exposure due to other radionuclides in the uranium
decay chain or the thorium decay chain is controlled as a planned exposure situation;

d) exposure due to 222 Rn and to 222 Rn progeny where the annual average activity concen-
tration of 222 Rn in air in workplaces remains above the reference level despite remedial
actions.

Section 27 Categorization of practices and sealed sources

68. The following categorizations shall be applied for the purpose of applying a graded approach
to regulation:

a) categorization of practices as prescribed in Appendix 6.

b) categorization of sealed sources as prescribed in Appendix 7.

Section 28 Justification of practices

69. The benefits from introducing or continuing a practice shall outweigh the detriment caused.

70. In assessing the benefits, account shall be taken of the health benefit to the exposed individual
and the benefits to the society.

71. In assessing the detriment caused, account shall be taken of exposures and related health det-
riment arising from the practice itself, as well as, arising from the management of generated
radioactive waste.

72. Practices involving medical exposure shall be justified both as a class or type of practice, and
at the level of each individual medical exposure.

Section 29 Demonstration of justification of practices

73. The person or organization applying for an authorization shall demonstrate the justification
for a new type of practice. The same applies to existing practices in the event that new im-
portant information on the efficiency, possible consequences or alternative methods or tech-
niques of the practice is obtained.

74. The demonstration of justification shall include:

a) prescription on the expected benefits including the basis and evidence for thereof;

b) safety assessment for the practice including the expected occupational, public and med-
ical exposures for normal operations, as well as, potential exposures;

c) statements from the key interested parties that may be affected by the intended practice.

75. In addition, the person or organization applying for an authorization shall obtain statements
relevant to the demonstration of justification from external experts or expert organizations,
professional associations or similar on the technology used, its safety and the benefits and
detriments caused.

76. The NRRC confirms the practice as justified either as part of granting the authorization or
separately.
 30
Section 30 Prohibited practices

77. Radioactive substances may not be used deliberately in:

a) foodstuffs;

b) beverages;

c) animal feed;

d) cosmetic products;

e) jewelry and other equivalent personal accessories;

f) toys.

78. Products falling under paragraph 77 may not be imported, exported or shipped.

79. What is provided with regard to radioactive substances in paragraphs 77 and 78 also applies
to practices in which the radioactive substances derive from activation.

Section 31 Optimization of protection in planned exposure situations

80. Radiation protection of individuals subject to occupational or public exposure in planned ex-
posure situations shall be arranged so that the magnitude of individual doses, the likelihood of
exposure and the number of individuals exposed are as low as reasonably achievable taking
into account the current state of technical knowledge and economic and societal factors.

81. The protection of individuals subject to medical exposure shall be arranged so that medical
exposure is limited to what is necessary to achieve the intended examination or treatment result
and performance of the procedure.

82. The optimization of protection within practices shall consider occupational, public and medi-
cal exposures. However, the individual level justification of medical exposure shall not con-
sider occupational and public exposures.

Section 32 Optimization process in planned exposure situations

83. Based on the results of the safety assessment prescribed in Section 46, the licensee and regis-
trant shall adopt:

a) measures for protection that are optimized for the prevailing circumstances, with ac-
count taken of the available options for protection and safety as well as the nature,
likelihood and magnitude of exposures;

b) measures, on the basis of the results of the optimization, for the restriction of the like-
lihood and magnitudes of exposures by means of measures for preventing radiation
safety deviations and for mitigating the consequences of those that do occur;

c) dose constraints for occupational, and public exposure.

84. The measures and dose constraints adopted under paragraph 83 shall be documented as part
of the safety assessment.

85. The licensee and registrant shall reassess the measures taken in accordance with paragraph 77
periodically, and at any time when the safety assessment is being revised.
 31

Section 33 Dose constraints

86. The licensee and registrant shall establish dose constraints for occupational and public expo-
sures, unless the NRRC has established dose constraints to be applied in all similar types of
practices.

87. The licensee and registrant shall establish the dose constraints for the occupational exposure
of an outside worker in co-operation with the employer of the outside worker.

88. Dose constraints shall be set taking into account the characteristic features of the practice, in
such a way that the exposure is anticipated to remain below the dose constraint due to the
optimization of radiation protection.

89. Dose constraints shall furthermore be set in such a way that the sum of doses from all practices
remains below the dose limit.

90. Restrictions for dose constraints are given in Appendix 8.

Section 34 Dose limits

91. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the sum of doses to an individual due to the prac-
tice it is responsible for shall not exceed a dose limit laid down for occupational or public
exposure.

92. Dose limits shall not apply to medical exposures.

93. The dose limits and requirements on the verification of compliance with dose limits are given
in Appendix 9.

Chapter 7 System of authorization

Section 35 Authorization of practices

94. Any person or organization intending to carry out a practice shall apply to the NRRC for au-
thorization, which shall take the form of either registration or licensing:

a) Category 1 and 2 practices shall be subject to licensing;

b) Category 3 practices shall be subject to registration.

95. Any person or organization applying for an authorization:

a) Shall submit to the NRRC the relevant information referred to in Section 38 necessary
to support the application;

b) Shall refrain from carrying the practice until the authorization has been granted.

96. The NRRC shall grant the authorization provided that:

a) the practice complies with the general principles of justification, optimization and dose
limitation;
 32
b) the safety assessment referred to in Section 46 demonstrates that the practice can be
carried out safely;

c) the radiation protection and safety programme referred to in Section 47 has been estab-
lished;

d) the applicant is entitled to engage in a trade in Saudi Arabia.

97. An authorization may be applied and granted separately for different stages of a practice.

98. The NRRC may include to an authorization conditions or limits necessary for ensuring safety.

Section 36 Practices exempt from authorization

99. An authorization is not required for:

a) the following sources within justified practices:

(i) material in a moderate amount for which either the total activity of an individual
radionuclide present on the premises at any one time or the activity concentration
as used in the practice does not exceed the applicable exemption level given in
Appendix 10;

(ii) material in bulk amount for which the activity concentration of a given radionuclide
of artificial origin used in the practice does not exceed the relevant value given in
Appendix 11;

b) a practice in which the radioactive substance derives from discharges of radioactive

substances permitted in accordance with Chapter 13;

c) a practice in which the radioactive substance derives from material which has been
cleared for reuse, recycling or disposal in accordance with Chapter 13;

d) the use, manufacture, trade, installation, holding, import, export or storage of an appli-
ance which produces ionizing radiation electrically, provided that the appliance oper-
ates with a maximum voltage of 30 kilovolts and does not cause, within a ten centimeter
distance of the appliance’s accessible surfaces, a greater higher dose rate than one mi-
crosievert per hour;

e) the use of fire alarms and smoke fire detectors containing radioactive americium-241
isotope in the purpose they have been designed for or their resale, possession, storage,
installation, maintenance or repair related to their use and resale; new fire alarms and
smoke fire may nevertheless contain a maximum of 40 kilobecqurels of the americium-
241 isotope;

f) for the use of a radiation source which produces ionizing radiation electrically or a
sealed source, with radiation safety properties meant for educational use as a teaching
aid in schools, vocational schools and comparable institutions; the sealed source shall
contain a maximum of 40 kilobecquerels of the americium-241, strontium-90 or cae-
sium-137 isotope;

g) the use of lamps and igniters, self-luminous watches, gunsights and compasses contain-
ing radioactive substances in the purpose they have been designed for or their resale,
possession, storage, installation, maintenance or repair related to their use and resale;
the activity of radioactive substance in new devices may nevertheless not exceed the
exemption level.
 33
Section 37 Exemption under a decision by the NRRC

100. NRRC may exempt a practice or a source within a practice from authorization or any other
requirement of these regulations provided that the practice is justified and the following gen-
eral criteria are met:

a) Radiation risks arising from the practice or from a source within the practice are suffi-
ciently low as not to warrant regulatory control, with no appreciable likelihood of situ-
ations arising that could lead to a failure to meet the general criterion for exemption; or

b) Regulatory control of the practice or the source would yield no net benefit, in that no
reasonable measures for regulatory control would achieve a worthwhile return in terms
of reduction of individual doses or of health risks.

101. Under the criteria set out in paragraph 94, NRRC may exempt a practice or a source within a
practice from authorization or any other requirement of these regulations provided that:

a) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any individual is of the order of 10 μSv
or less in a year;

b) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any individual for low probability scenar-
ios does not exceed 1 mSv in a year.

102. The NRRC may include to the decision conditions necessary for ensuring safety.

103. The NRRC may cancel and withdraw the decision if the prerequisites for exemption are not
met or if the conditions for exemption have not been complied with and the deficiencies are
not remedied within a prescribed period of time despite a request to do so.

Section 38 Application for authorization

104. An application for authorization shall include the information referred to in Appendix 12.

Section 39 Validity of an authorization

105. The NRRC shall grant the authorization for a fixed period of time nevertheless not exceeding
the following values:

a) Category 1 practice: 3 years;

b) Category 2 practice: 5 years;

c) Category 3 practice: 8 years.

106. If the licensee or registrant intends to continue carrying out the practice after the period of
authorization, it shall apply for a renewal of the authorization well in advance before the end
that period.

107. The NRRC withdraws an authorization when the practice has been discontinued and the licen-
see or registrant has demonstrated that it has relinquished or rendered harmless the radiation
sources specified in the authorization and the radioactive waste generated in the practice.

108. The NRRRC may withdraw an authorization if the conditions for granting it are no longer met
or if the licensee or registrant breaches the conditions for the authorization or the provisions
 34
of these regulations and fails to remedy the deficiencies or its conduct despite a request to do
so.

109. An authorization expires if the licensee or registrant loses its legal capacity.

110. In case an authorization has been granted to an individual person, the authorization expires if
the person dies or loses his/her right to practice his/her profession.

111. In the cases referred to in paragraphs 109 ja 110, the radiation safety officer shall immediately
inform the NRRC of the matter.

Section 40 Amending an authorization

112. NRRC may amend authorizations for safety related purposes.

113. The following changes in an authorized practice shall require an advance amending of the
authorization:

a) the licensee or registrant changes;

b) the expected occupational or public exposure increases;

c) the radiation safety officer changes or some other significant change in the management
system;

d) the Category 1 – 3 sealed source specified in the financial security changes or any other
change requiring a change to the financial security referred to in Section 42;

e) acquisition of a radiation source for a therapeutical treatment purpose;

f) acquisition of a radiation source other than a source referred to in point d) or e) if the

source differs, in terms of its radiation or radiation safety properties, from those already
authorized;

g) acquisition of a radiation source other than a source referred to in point d) or e) if it

requires changes in structural shielding or in other safety arrangements related to the
place of use;

h) the use of a radiation source for a purpose other than for which the authorization was
granted;

i) a change in the place where a practice is is carried out;

j) a change in the amount or characteristics of, or the management arrangements for the
radioactive waste generated;

k) change in the quantity or characteristics of discharges of radioactive substances.

Section 41 Notification of changes to a practice

114. The NRRC shall be informed of any other changes than those referred to in Section 36 to a
practice subject to an authorization within two weeks of the change, including:

a) a change in the contact details of the licensee or registrant;

b) the expected occupational or public exposure decreases;

 35
c) the acquisition of a radiation source other than a source referred to in paragraph 113,
points d) – g);

d) a significant change to the quality assurance programme of radiotherapy;

e) a radiation source’s removal from use;

f) the discontinuation of a practice in part or in full.

115. If a radiation source whose possessing requires an authorization is transferred to another li-
censee or registrant, the notification to the NRRC shall include a certificate provided by the
consignee on taking possession of the radiation source.

Section 42 Furnishing of a financial security

116. The applicant shall furnish a financial security for the costs arising from rendering radioactive
waste harmless and any possible environmental cleaning-up measures if an authorization is
granted for:

a) the use, manufacture, trade, possession, safekeeping, import, export, shipment or stor-
age of a Category 1 - 3 sealed source;

b) the use, manufacture, trade, possession, safekeeping, import, export, shipment or stor-
age of a radioactive substance or a radiation source containing such a substance, pro-
vided that the combined nuclide-specific activity of the radioactive substance being
held at any one time is greater than the activity of an equivalent Category 3 sealed
source;

c) the maintenance, remediation or rendering harmless of radiation appliances containing

sealed sources, provided that sealed sources are being removed from their fixed con-
tainer and the combined nuclide-specific activity of the sealed sources to be removed
annually is greater than the activity of an equivalent Category 3 sealed source;

d) a practice which generates or may generate radioactive waste, provided that the costs
arising from rendering it harmless are substantial.

117. However, a financial security need not be furnished for a radioactive substance with a shorter
half-life than 150 days.

118. The practice shall not be commenced before the financial security has been furnished.

119. The state or a municipality is not required to furnish a financial security.

Section 43 Basis for imposing a financial security

120. The NRRC shall decide on the furnishing of a financial security. The security is furnished
separately for each Category 1 - 3 sealed source in a situation specified in paragraph 116 point
a), and separately for each radionuclide in a situation specified point b) or c). The decision of
the NRRC on the financial security may be changed if the circumstances change.

121. The financial security consists of, in a situation referred to in paragraph 116 points a) – c), a
fixed basic charge and a surcharge determined on the basis of a radionuclide and activity, and
in a situation referred to in point d), the case-specifically estimated overall costs.
 36
122. The security may be furnished in the form of a surety, insurance or a pawned deposit. The
party providing the security shall be a credit, insurance or other professional financial institu-
tion with a registered office in Saudi Arabia.

Section 44 The amount of a financial security

123. The basic charge for a financial security in a practice referred to in paragraph 116 points a) –
c) is SAR 40,000. The surcharge is SAR 20 per payment unit.

124. The number of payment units is calculated by dividing the activity of the sealed source in
question, the activity value of the radioactive substance being held at any one time or the value
of the nuclide-specific combined activity of sealed sources removed from use annually by the
value of the Category 3 sealed source provided in Appendix 7.

125. The NRRC may estimate and impose the surcharge to be smaller than what is provided in
paragraph 123 if the number of the payment units is greater than 2,000 and the financial secu-
rity would be clearly too big in proportion to the risks related to the practice. In such a case,
however, the security may not be less than SAR 180,000.

126. A practice referred to in paragraph 116, point d) is subject to the furnishing of a financial
security if the amount of the costs arising from rendering the radioactive waste harmless, the
measures necessary in terms of radiation safety in the waste management or any environmental
cleaning-up measures is estimated to be greater than SAR 400,000.

Chapter 8 Responsibilities of licensees and registrants

Section 45 Prime responsibility for protection and safety

127. The licensee and registrant shall retain the prime responsibility for protection and safety
throughout the lifetime of the practice, and this responsibility cannot be delegated.

128. The responsibilities of the licensee and registrant:

a) are not diminished by the appointment of a radiation safety officer or by the use of
qualified experts;

b) shall also apply to any person or organization carrying out a practice subject to author-
ization, but for any reason does not have a current authorization.

129. The licensee and registrant shall be responsible for:

a) Establishing and maintaining the necessary competences;

b) Providing adequate training and information;

c) Establishing procedures and arrangements to maintain safety under all conditions;

d) Verifying appropriate design and the adequate quality of facilities and activities and of
their associated equipment;

e) Ensuring the safe control of all radiation sources that is used, produced, stored or trans-
ported;

f) Ensuring the safe control of all radioactive waste that is generated.

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Section 46 Safety assessment

130. The licensee and registrant shall conduct a safety assessment prior commencing a practice, so
as:

a) To identify the ways in which exposures could be incurred, account being taken of the
effects of external events as well as of events directly involving the sources and asso-
ciated equipment;

b) To determine the expected likelihood and magnitudes of occupational, public and med-
ical exposures in normal operation and, to the extent reasonable and practicable, to
make an assessment of potential exposures;

c) To assess the adequacy of the provisions for protection and safety:

(i) the optimization of the protection of workers, members of the public and persons
subject to medical exposure;

(ii) the prevention of and the preparation for radiation safety deviations.

131. The NRRC may require safety assessments to be conducted also at different stages of the
practice, including siting, design, manufacture, construction, assembly, commissioning,
maintenance and decommissioning (or closure) of facilities or parts thereof.

132. For Category 1 and 2 practices the safety assessment shall be specific to the practice or source.
For Category 3 practices the safety assessment may be generic and may be based on the safety
characteristics of the sources and on general assumptions on their use.

133. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the safety assessment and any updates or changes
to it are reviewed by a qualified expert.

134. The licensee and registrant shall ensure the updating of the safety assessment in case of:

a) significant modifications to the practice, including the facility and its site, radiation
sources used and procedures;

b) information on operating experience or radiation safety deviations indicate that the cur-
rent assessment might be invalid;

c) relevant changes in regulatory requirements, guidelines or standards.

135. The NRRC shall review and approve the safety assessment either as part of granting the au-
thorization for a practice or separately.

Section 47 Radiation protection and safety programme

136. The licensee and registrant shall establish and implement a radiation protection and safety
programme that is appropriate for the practice. The radiation protection and safety programme:

a) Shall adopt objectives for protection and safety in accordance with the requirements of
these regulations;

b) Shall apply measures for protection and safety that are commensurate with the radiation
risks associated with the practice and that are adequate to ensure compliance with the
requirements of these regulations.
 38
137. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that, in the implementation of the protection and safety
programme:

a) The measures and resources that are necessary for achieving the objectives for protec-
tion and safety have been determined and are duly provided;

b) The programme is periodically reviewed to assess its effectiveness and its continued
fitness for purpose;

c) Any failures or shortcomings in protection and safety are identified and corrected, and
steps are taken to prevent their recurrence;

d) Arrangements are made to consult with interested parties;

e) Appropriate records are maintained.

Section 48 Involvement and advice of a qualified expert

138. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a qualified expert is involved in the planning,
implementing and monitoring of the radiation protection of workers, members of the public
and patients.

139. A qualified expert shall be consulted whenever:

a) commencing a new practice;

b) changes are introduced influencing the levels of occupational, public or medical expo-
sure;

c) any problems in the protection of workers, members of the public or patients are iden-
tified or suspected;

d) ceasing a practice.

140. The level of involvement of the qualified expert during normal continuous operations shall be
commensurate with the radiological risk posed by the practice.

141. The consultation and the involvement of the qualified expert shall cover matters listed in Ap-
pendix 13.

Section 49 Involvement and advice of a medical physicist

142. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a medical physicist is involved in the planning,
implementation and monitoring of the radiation protection of person subject to:

a) medical exposure;

b) human imaging using radiation for purposes other than medical diagnosis, medical
treatment or biomedical research if medical radiological equipment is used for these
purposes.

143. Detailed requirements of the involvement of the medical physicist are given in Chapter 16 on
Medical Exposure.
 39
Section 50 Liaison between the qualified expert and the medical physicist

144. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that in the medical use of radiation the qualified expert
and the medical physicist liaise and co-operate in the optimization of protection.

Section 51 Radiation safety officer

145. The licensee and registrant shall appoint a radiation safety officer. The radiation safety officer
shall be tasked with assisting the licensee or registrant in the implementation of radiation pro-
tection. These tasks shall include overseeing the implementation of the radiation protection
programme and liaison with the NRRC.

146. In case of Category 1 practices, the licensee shall also appoint a deputy for the radiation safety
officer who shall carry the duties of the radiation safety officer during vacations and other
absences.

147. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the radiation safety officer has sufficient authority
to carry out the appointed tasks. These shall include the authority to discontinue the practice
if safety is endangered.

148. The licensee and registrant shall define the duties of the radiation safety officer in writing
taking into account the list of duties presented in Appendix 14.

Section 52 Other practical requirements for qualified experts and radiation safety officers

149. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the qualified expert and radiation safety officer
are capable and have actual possibilities to carry out the tasks assigned to them, as required by
the characteristics of the practice:

a) have any other practical skills required to carry out the tasks;

b) are fit for their tasks;

c) the location of their regular workplace and other conditions are organized in such a way
as to enable tasks to be performed appropriately.

Section 53 Authorized users

150. The licensee and registrant may appoint authorized users. The authorized users shall be tasked
with assisting the licensee or registrant in the implementation of some specific areas of radia-
tion protection.

151. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the authorized user has sufficient authority to
carry out the appointed tasks.

152. The licensee and registrant shall define the duties of the authorized user in writing.

Section 54 Financial and human resources

153. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that it has sufficient financial and human resources for
the safe conduct of the practice.

154. In medical use of radiation, the human resources listed in Appendix 15 shall be made available.
 40
155. In industrial site radiography, at least two radiographers shall be available for each source of
radiation. At least one of the two shall have the competence of a radiation safety officer.

Section 55 Competence, training and retraining of workers

156. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that all workers engaged in practices or whose tasks
otherwise require special expertise in radiation protection have the adequate qualifications,
radiation protection training and instruction for their duties and tasks.

157. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a worker engaged in practices is provided with
retraining in radiation protection regularly at least every three years.

158. The training and retraining shall provide up-to-date information on ionizing radiation and its
effects, as well as on radiation protection and regulations, provisions and guidelines concern-
ing the practice. Information shall be given on health risks due to occupational exposure in
normal operation, anticipated operational occurrences and radiation safety deviations.

159. The emphasis in retraining shall be placed on the specific characteristics of radiation safety in
the worker’s tasks and the changes and the latest information affecting radiation safety. Fur-
ther requirements for radiation protection retraining of a worker engaged in a practice are laid
down in Appendix 16.

160. The licensee and registrant shall keep a worker-specific record on the radiation protection
training, instruction and retraining for which it is responsible.

Section 56 Monitoring for verification of compliance

161. The licensee and registrant shall establish monitoring and measurements programmes to verify
compliance with the requirements for protection and safety. These programmes shall include,
as appropriate to the type of practice:

a) workplace monitoring;

b) monitoring of occupational exposures;

c) monitoring for assessing public exposures;

d) monitoring of radioactive discharges;

e) monitoring of contamination;

f) environmental monitoring;

g) monitoring of any other relevant parameter for verifying compliance with requirements
for protection and safety.

162. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that:

a) Suitable equipment is provided and procedures for verification are implemented;

b) Equipment is properly maintained, tested and calibrated at appropriate intervals with

reference to standards traceable to national or international standards;
 41
c) Records are maintained of the results of monitoring and verification of compliance,
including records of the tests and calibrations carried out in accordance with these reg-
ulations;

d) The results of monitoring and verification of compliance are shared with the NRRC as
required.

163. The NRRC shall review and approve the monitoring and measurement programmes either as
part of granting the authorization for a practice or separately.

Section 57 Good engineering practice

164. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the siting, location, design, manufacture, con-
struction, assembly, commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning (or clo-
sure) of facilities or parts thereof are based on good engineering practice which shall, as ap-
propriate:

a) Take account of national legal requirements and international and national standards;

b) Be supported by managerial and organizational features, with the purpose of ensuring

protection and safety throughout the lifetime of the facility;

c) Include adequate safety margins in the design and construction of the facility, and in
operations involving the facility, so as to ensure:

(i) reliable performance in normal operation;

(ii) the necessary quality, redundancy and capability for inspection, with emphasis on
preventing potential exposure;

d) mitigating the consequences of those radiation safety deviations that do occur and re-
stricting any possible future exposures;

e) Take account of relevant developments concerning technical criteria, as well as, the
results of any relevant research on protection and safety and feedback of information
on lessons learned from experience.

Section 58 Defense in depth

165. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a multilevel (defense in depth) system of sequen-
tial, independent provisions for protection and safety is applied to radiation sources under its
responsibility. The system shall be commensurate with the likelihood and magnitude of po-
tential exposures.

166. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that if one level of protection were to fail, the subse-
quent independent level of protection would be available. Such defense in depth shall be ap-
plied for the purposes of:

a) Preventing radiation safety deviations;

b) Mitigating the consequences of any radiation safety deviations that do occur;

c) Restoring the sources to safe conditions after any such radiation safety deviations.
 42
Section 59 Prevention of radiation safety deviations

167. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that structures, systems and components, including
software, that are related to protection and safety for facilities and activities are designed,
constructed, commissioned, operated and maintained so as to prevent radiation safety devia-
tions as far as reasonably practicable.

168. The licensee and registrant for any facility or activity shall make suitable arrangements:

a) To prevent reasonably foreseeable radiation safety deviations;

b) To mitigate the consequences of those radiation safety deviations that do occur;

c) To provide workers with the information, instruction, training and equipment necessary
to restrict potential exposures;

d) To ensure that there are adequate procedures for the control of the facility and for the
management of any reasonably foreseeable radiation safety deviations;

e) To ensure that safety significant structures, systems and components, including soft-
ware, and other equipment can be inspected and tested regularly for any degradation
that could lead to abnormal conditions or inadequate performance;

f) To ensure that maintenance, inspection and testing appropriate to the preservation of

the provisions for protection and safety can be carried out without undue occupational
exposure;

g) To provide, wherever appropriate, automatic systems for safely shutting off or reducing
the release of radiation from facilities in the event that operating conditions are outside
the stipulated ranges;

h) To ensure that abnormal operating conditions that could significantly affect protection
and safety are detected by systems that respond quickly enough to allow for corrective
action to be taken in a timely manner;

i) To ensure that all relevant safety documentation is available in the appropriate lan-
guages understandable to users.

Section 60 Quality assurance

169. The licensee and registrant shall establish quality objectives for the practice and define and
implement systematic measures to ensure the implementation of the objectives and the fulfil-
ment of the requirements laid down in these regulations.

170. The licensee and registrant shall draw up a quality assurance programme for the implementa-
tion of quality assurance. The programme shall detail:

a) the quality assurance measures and their performance;

b) performance intervals and action levels;

c) measures to be taken when the action levels are exceeded;

d) responsibilities for the implementation of measures pursuant to the programme.

 43
171. In addition, the progamme shall include instructions on performing the technical testing and
checking of radiation sources and radiation devices and other equipment, as well as, software
and auxiliary devices with an impact on safety.

172. The results of the quality assurance shall be documented. The quality assurance programme
shall be reviewed on a regular basis and updated when necessary.

173. More detailed requirements on quality assurance are prescribed related to:

a) radiation sources in Chapter 10 on Quality assurance for radiation sources;

b) medical exposures in Chapter 16 on Medical Exposure.

Section 61 Duty to provide information and storage of information

174. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the radiation safety instructions concerning work-
ers’ tasks and other documents pertaining to workers’ radiation safety are available to them.

175. Documents and other information pertaining to the safety of the practice shall be stored for as
long as it is necessary to ensure the radiation safety of the practices, unless otherwise provided
in these regulations.

Section 62 Responsibility of a private entrepreneur and a licensee’s or registrant’s representative for

their own radiation protection

176. A private entrepreneur and the representative of the licensee or registrant in a position other
than a worker shall ensure, when engaging in practices, their own radiation protection by com-
plying with the provisions applicable to the protection, radiation protection training and intro-
duction, as well as, supplementary training of workers.

Chapter 9 Safety of radiation sources

Section 63 Responsibilities for the safety of radiation sources

177. The licensee and registrant shall ensure the safety of radiation sources.

178. Suppliers of radiation sources shall ensure that the following responsibilities are discharged,
as applicable:
a) Supplying a well-designed, well manufactured and well-constructed radiation source
and device in which the radiation source is used that:

(i) Provides for protection and safety in accordance with the requirements of these
regulations;

(ii) Meets engineering, performance and functional specifications;

(iii) Meets quality standards commensurate with the significance for protection and
safety of systems and components, including software;

(iv) Provides clear displays, gauges and instructions on operating consoles in the ap-
propriate language understandable to users.

b) Ensuring that radiation sources are tested to demonstrate compliance with the relevant
specifications.
 44
c) Making information available, in the appropriate language understandable to users, on
the proper installation and use of the radiation source and on its associated radiation
risks, including performance specifications, instructions for operating and maintenance,
and instructions for protection and safety.

d) Ensuring that the protection provided by shielding and by other protective devices is
optimized.

Section 64 Record-keeping

179. The licensee and registrant shall maintain an inventory of radiation sources that includes rec-
ords of:

a) The location and description of each radiation source for which they are responsible;

b) The activity and form of each radioactive source for which they are responsible.

180. The records shall indicate the radiation sources held by the licensee and registrant, as well as,
the receptions and transfers of radiation sources.

181. The records shall be kept up to date.

Section 65 Obligations of the transferor and recipient

182. A radiation source subject to authorization may be transferred only to a licensee or registrant
having an authorization to hold the source. The transferor shall ensure that the recipient has
the authorization.

183. The recipient shall provide the transferor a certificate on the reception of the radiation source
referred to in paragraph 182.

Section 66 Obligation to provide information

184. The supplier of a radiation source shall provide, together with the source, to the recipient rel-
evant information on the structure of the source and its properties having an impact on safety.

185. Furthermore, the supplier of a sealed source shall provide, together with the source, to the
recipient;

a) manufacture’s and supplier’s contact and address details;

b) the written commitment of the supplier referred to in Section 69;

c) the certification of conformity referred to in Section 71.

186. The licensee or registrant transferring a radiation source to another licensee or registrant shall
provide, together with the source, to the recipient:

a) the information received from the supplier in accordance with paragraph 184;

b) any other information on the source in its possession having impact on safety.

187. Furthermore, the licensee or registrant transferring a sealed source to another licensee or reg-
istrant shall provide, together with the source, to the recipient:
 45
a) the written commitment and certificate received from the supplier in accordance with
paragraph 183;

b) the results of the latest leakage test referred to in Section 81.

Section 67 Markings of a radioactive source

188. The supplier of a radioactive source and a radiation appliance containing a radioactive source
shall ensure that the source itself is marked as “Radioactive”, where technically possible, and
the radiation appliance is equipped with the symbol indicating radiation hazard in accordance
with ISO 361 standard.

189. Furthermore, the supplier shall ensure that the container is marked with a label indicating the
radionuclide, activity and the activity´s determination time. In case of unsealed sources, the
total volume or activity concentration shall be marked.

190. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the symbol on the radiation appliance indicating
radiation hazard referred to in paragraph 182 and the label on the container referred to in par-
agraph 183 remain at all times in good condition and attached to the radiation appliance and
container.

Section 68 Identification of sealed sources

191. The licensee and registrant, in cooperation with manufacturers, shall ensure that sealed sources
are identifiable and traceable.

192. The manufacturer shall ensure that a sealed source itself is marked with a manufacturer num-
ber if this is technically possible. If the marking of a sealed source itself is not technically
possible, the manufacturer number or other identifier of the source shall be presented in the
documents accompanying the sealed source.

193. The manufacturer number of a sealed source shall be marked with as permanent method as
possible on the container of a sealed source.

194. The manufacturer number of a sealed source shall be presented in the certificate of conformity
referred to in Section 71.

Section 69 Commitment of a supplier for accepting the return of a disused sealed source

195. Prior to the acquisition of a sealed source the licensee or registrant shall require a written
commitment of the supplier for the return of the source once it becomes disused. The commit-
ment shall specify:

a) A commitment of the supplier to take the disused source within a specified time period;

b) The arrangements for transport and associated conditioning of the disused source in
connection with its return, including the provision of a transport package certified in
accordance with transport regulations and the maintenance of the source special form
certificate as applicable;

c) The initial estimation and allocation of the costs of return between the licensee or reg-
istrant and the supplier. For Category 1, 2 and 3 sealed sources the estimation and allo-
cation of the costs shall be revised every 5 years.
 46
Section 70 Import and export of Category 1 and 2 sealed sources

196. The licensee and registrant importing or exporting Category 1 and 2 sealed source shall ensure
that the procedures prescribed in the IAEA Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of
Radioactive Sources and its supplementary Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive
Sources established are followed and in particular:

a) Category 1 and 2 sealed sources may only be exported to a state with adequate tech-
nical, legislative and administrative capabilities to manage the safety of the source and
its use;

b) The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the required departure and arrival notifica-
tions are prepared for the competent authorities of the country of origin and country of
destination.

197. Prior to granting a license for the export of a Category 1 and 2 sealed source, the NRRC shall
seek consent from the appropriate regulatory authority of the country of destination that the
said country has no impediment for the export and that the consignee is entitled to receive the
source.

Section 71 Special requirements for sealed sources

198. Sealed sources shall comply with the requirements of the relevant international technical
standards. The manufacturer shall demonstrate this with a certificate of conformity.

199. The radioactive substance used in a sealed source shall be selected in such a way that its half-
life is no longer than is necessary in terms of the practice and the source’s purpose of use.

200. When assessing the justification of using a Category 1, 2 or 3 sealed source, due consideration
shall be given to the possibility of using a radiation generator or some other alternative tech-
nology instead of a radioactive source.

201. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the sealed source remains sealed.

Section 72 General requirements for acceptance and for performance of radiation appliances and
radioactive sources

202. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that radiation appliances and radioactive sources used
within the practice comply the requirements for acceptance and for performance presented in
these regulations.

203. A radiation appliance, radioactive source and equipment related to their use shall be suitable
for the intended use.

204. A radiation generator shall not be operated at higher electrical values than what is necessary
for the purpose.

205. A radiation appliance and a radioactive source shall meet at all time of their use the perfor-
mance characteristics and safety properties:

a) specified by the manufacturer;

b) specified by the NRRC in the authorization.

 47
Section 73 Requirements for acceptance and performance of medical radiological equipment

206. In addition to what is specified Section 72, a medical radiological equipment shall meet the
requirements for acceptance and performance specified in this Section.

207. A report shall be available at the place of use of the equipment, indicating the requirements
for acceptance and performance and that these are met.

208. Specific requirements for acceptance and performance are specified:

a) for X-ray imaging and fluoroscopic equipment, computer tomography equipment and
bone mineral density measurement equipment based on the attenuation of X-rays used
in health care in Appendix 17;

b) for X-ray imaging and fluoroscopic equipment and the related auxiliary equipment used
in veterinary medicine in Appendix 18;

c) for radiation therapy equipment and the related auxiliary equipment in Appendix 19;

d) for equipment used in nuclear medicine in Appendix 20.

Section 74 Requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation appliances and radioactive
sources for industrial and research purposes

209. In addition to what is specified Section 72, a radiation appliance and a radioactive source for
industrial and research purposes shall meet the requirements for acceptance and performance
specified in this section.

210. A radiation appliance, a radioactive source and the related equipment and software affecting
radiation safety shall not contain defects, damage, wear or other defects or transverse defects
that may prevent the radiation appliance or radioactive source from being used safely.

211. Warning and other markings of the radiation appliance and radioactive source and the warning
lights shall be easily visible, functional and clean.

212. The safety and alarm systems associated with the radiation appliance and radioactive source
and their use shall be operational during use.

213. Specific requirements for acceptance and performance are specified:

a) for nuclear gauges in Appendix 21;

b) for industrial radiography equipment in Appendix 22;

c) for X-ray appliances used in industry and research in Appendix 23.

Chapter 10 Quality assurance for radiation appliances and radiation sources

Section 75 Ensuring the operation of a radiation appliance

214. The licensee and registrant shall ensure the safe operation of a radiation appliance following
a substantial repair, maintenance or software update and always when there is reason to sus-
pect that there are disturbances or changes in the operation of the appliance. Faults and de-
fiences affecting radiation safety shall be repaired before using the appliance.
 48
Section 76 Documentation of safety deviations related to a radiation appliance

215. The licensee and registrant shall document the defects and malfunctions of a radiation appli-
ance or other safety deviation related to a radiation appliance. The documentation shall be kept
throughout the lifetime of the appliance.

Section 77 Acceptance tests of medical radiological equipment and equipment used in veterinary
medicine

216. The quality assurance program of the use of radiation in medicine and veterinary medicine
shall include acceptance tests in which the operation of the medical radiological equipment
and the equipment used in veterinary medicine is ensured before commissioning the equip-
ment. In addition, the reference values of performance to be used in controlling the equip-
ment’s operational capacity and performance characteristics shall be determined in the ac-
ceptance testing.

Section 78 Quality assurance actions in the use of radiation in medicine

217. The quality assurance program of the use of radiation in medicine shall include actions to
ensure:

a) before commissioning a radiation therapy equipment, that adequate information on the

risk assessment of the patients and the available results of the clinical use of the equip-
ment are available;

b) the targeting of the treatment dose to the specified target area in the planned magnitude
as accurately as possible;

c) an adequate image quality for providing useful diagnostic imaging information;

d) the accuracy of the assessment of medical exposure and the verification of the activity
administered to the patient.

218. The radiation doses caused by X-ray examinations shall be measured or evaluated by means
of calculations on a regular basis.

219. In nuclear medicine examinations, the activity to be administered to the patient shall be meas-
ured with an activity meter.

220. The quality assurance program in radiation therapy shall include a risk assessment of radiation
exposure due to a radiation safety deviation or unplanned exposure based on the safety assess-
ment referred to in Section 46.

221. The intervals of quality assurance actions in medical X-ray practice, nuclear medicine and
veterinary medicine shall not be longer than what is specified in Appendix 24.

Section 79 Commissioning and regular dose calibration of a radiation therapy equipment

222. Before commissioning a radiation therapy equipment, the licensee shall measure or verify the
characteristics of the equipment that are needed for the input information of the dose planning
system.

223. In order to ensure the quality of the radiotherapy dose planning system, the system shall be
tested before commissioning a new system or modification.
 49

224. A radiation therapy equipment shall undergo regular dose calibrations.

225. Dose calibration of a radiation therapy equipment shall be verified prior to its clinical use in
such a way that:

a) the verification is conducted by a person other than the one conducting the dose cali-
bration;

b) the dosemeter and the devices used with it during the measurement are others than those
used in the dose calibration.

226. An independent verification of dose calibration shall be conducted prior to clinical use of a
radiotherapy beam with a new nominal energy or other new characteristics.

Section 80 Other quality assurance actions in radiation therapy

227. The quality assurance of radiation therapy shall include the verification of each individual
dose plan when taking a new method into use.

228. In vivo dosimetry shall be included in every whole-body treatment.

229. The targeting of treatment shall be ensured in the treatment of each patient.

230. The licensee shall have available measuring equipment suitable for the quality assurance
measurements of radiation therapy equipment. The quality assurance of such measuring equip-
ment shall be arranged.

Section 81 Leakage tests of sealed sources

231. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a sealed source requiring an authorization is sub-
ject to a leakage test in accordance with the ISO 9978 standard:

a) if the environmental conditions of the sealed source or other reasons may have impaired
the leak tightness of the sealed source;

b) if it is possible that the sealed source has suffered damage as a result of an incident;

c) if the place of use of a radiation appliance with a fixed sealed source is c hanged and
more than one year has passed since the last leakage test;

d) when a fixed sealed source is removed from a radiation appliance or installed in an

radiation appliance;

e) when more than 15 years or more than the recommended service life specified by the
manufacturer has passed since the last demonstration of compliance, and at regular in-
tervals after that;

f) when a sealed source removed from use is handed over for transport.

232. A leakage test in accordance with the ISO 9978 standard shall, however, be performed on
Category 1 and 2 sealed sources at least once a year.

233. The leakage test does not need to be performed on a sealed source where the radioactive sub-
stance is a gaseous form or in cases referred to in paragraph 231 point d) and f) if the half-life
 50
of the radioactive substance is less than 150 days and three years at the most has passed from
the latest leakage test.

234. A licensee or registrant who receives sealed sources for processing as radioactive waste shall
perform a leakage test upon receipt of the sealed source and at the end of processing.

235. When determining the interval of regular leakage tests referred to in paragraph 225, point e),
the structure of the sealed source, the type of operation and operating environment as well as
other factors affecting the leak tightness of the sealed source shall be considered. The leakage
test shall, however, be performed at least every three years.

236. If reasonable grounds exist to suspect that the leak tightness of the sealed source may have
been compromised, the conformity of the source shall be re-demonstrated before continuing
its use.

Section 82 Quality assurance actions of radiation appliances used in industry

237. The quality assurance programme for radiation appliances used in industry shall include ac-
tions specified in Appendix 25.

Chapter 11 Safety of the place of use or storage of radiation sources

Section 83 Responsibilities for the safety of the place of use and storage of a radiation source

238. The licensee and registrant shall ensure the safety of the place of use and storage of a radiation
source.

239. When choosing a place of use or storage of a radiation source, the licensee and registrant shall
take into account:

a) Factors that could affect the safe management of and control over the radiation source;

b) Factors that could affect occupational exposure and public exposure due to the radiation
source;

c) The feasibility of taking the foregoing factors into account in engineering design.

240. In selecting a site for a facility that will contain a large amount of radioactive substances and
that will have the potential for the release of significant amounts of radioactive substances, the
licensee shall take into account:

a) features that might affect protection and safety;

b) features that might affect the integrity or functioning of the facility;

c) the feasibility of carrying out off-site protective actions if they become necessary.

Section 84 Radiation shielding of a place of use or storage

241. The place of use and storage of a radiation source shall be designed and constructed in such a
way that the exposure caused to workers and the public is as low as reasonably achievable and
the dose caused does not exceed the applicable dose constraint.

242. The type of use of the radiation source and the use of spaces surrounding the place of use or
storage shall be taken into account in protective shielding. The values of the orientation and
 51
occupancy factors used in shielding calculations shall be reasonably justified.

243. The adequacy of radiation shielding shall be re-evaluated if:

a) the radiation source changes or additional sources are added;

b) the type of use of the radiation source changes;

c) the use of spaces surrounding the place of use or storage will change in a way that might
increase occupational or public exposure.

244. The adequacy of radiation shielding shall be ensured by means of radiation measurements or
other reliable methods after the shielding has been constructed or changed.

Section 85 Marking of a place of use or storage

245. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that place of use or storage of radiation sources are
marked with signs indicating radiation hazard.

246. The warning signs shall be placed at the doors of the place of use or storage if the door is at
the border of the controlled area. The signs shall be in accordance with the ISO 361 standard.

247. Places of use or storage of radiation sources in which the design of radiation shielding is based
on the estimate that no one stays in the place continually shall be marked with a sign prohib-
iting people from continually staying in such places. However, marking is not needed if it
otherwise obvious that continuous staying is not possible.

Section 86 Safety and alarm systems

248. Safety and alarm systems shall be placed in the place of use of radiation sources, in the sur-
rounding area of it, the control room, the operating console and control unit, as appropriate to
the practice, such as:

a) emergency buttons, which end the generation of radiation w hen pressed;

b) safety switches which prevent the generation of radiation if the door to the place of use
is opened or someone enters a specific area when the radiation appliance is on;

c) acknowledging switches used to ensure that no one stays in the space where radiation
is used when the radiation appliance is started;

d) warning lights or some other methods of detecting when the radiation appliance is in
operation and when it is generating radiation.

249. When particle accelerators are used for isotope production and research, warning and meas-
urement systems shall be used for discharges, dose rate and pressure in the place of use, and
in order to ensure the safe status of the target, transmission line and hot cell.

250. The place of use of a Category 1, 2 or 3 sealed sourc es or a particle accelerator shall be
equipped with a warning light or other method referred to in paragraph 248 d), which is inde-
pendent of the safety system of the radiation appliance.

251. When the safety system referred to in paragraph 248 has prevented the generation of radiation,
operation may only be continued from the control unit or operating console of the radiation
appliance.
 52
Section 87 Other safety and functionality

252. At least one of the doors leading to the place of use or storage of the radiation source shall be
such that it can be opened from inside of the place. It shall also be possible to open the door
in case of malfunction.

253. Radioactive sources shall be kept separate from items not related to the use of radiation
sources.

254. In the use of radiation in medicine, the patient in the treatment or examination room shall be
visible from the control room and it shall be possible to communicate orally with the patient.
Also the doors leading to the treatment or examination room shall be visible from the control
room if the doors are not locked.

255. In the use of a Category 1 or 2 source in industry and research, the place of use or its door
shall be visible from the control unit of the radiation appliance. However, the door shall always
be visible if there is no access control to the place of use.

Section 88 Special requirements in relation to contamination

256. In the use of unsealed sources and in other practices involving the risk of contamination, the
place of use or storage of radiation sources shall be arranged so that during normal operation
and in case of a radiation safety deviation:

a) surface contamination can be cleaned as easily as possible;

b) spreading of radioactive substances to indoor air in the place of use and to the other
spaces of the building can be restricted effectively;

c) discharges of radioactive substances to the environment can be restricted effectively;

d) transfer of contamination outside the place of use can be restricted effectively;

e) waste generated can be handled safely.

Section 89 Special requirements in relation to patient rooms

257. A separate patient room with washing room and toilet shall be reserved for patients staying in
the hospital after receiving iodine-131 treatment. Entry to the patient room shall be marked
with a sign indicating radiation hazard.

Section 90 Special requirements in relation to surrounding spaces

258. If the spaces surrounding the place of the use of radiation therapy equipment include areas
where the dose rate of radiation is higher than 20 μSv/h, working and staying in these areas
shall be restricted.

259. If the spaces surrounding the place of use of radiation appliances for industrial or research
purposes include areas where the dose rate of radiation is higher than 20 μSv/h, working and
staying in these areas shall be restricted. However, this is not applied to radiation generators
producing pulsed radiation.
 53
Chapter 12 Consumer products

Section 91 Authorization of consumer products

260. No consumer products shall be provided to the public unless authorized by the NRRC. The
requirements for an authorization are:

a) The justification of providing the consumer products to the public is demonstrated as

prescribed in Sections 28 and 29;

b) An individual consumer product complies with the criteria of exemption specified in

Section 37;

c) Demonstration of compliance with the requirements in Sections 93 – 97.

Section 92 Amending and withdrawing the authorization of consumer products

261. NRRC may amend the conditions for the authorization of consumer products if reasons nec-
essary in terms of the safety of members of the public so require.

262. NRRC withdraws the authorization if the provision of the consumer products has been dis-
continued.

263. NRRC may withdraw the authorization if the conditions for the authorization or the require-
ments of these regulations are not met and the deficiencies are not remedied within a pre-
scribed period of time despite a request to do so.

Section 93 Responsibilities of providers of consumer products

264. Designers, manufacturers, producers, constructors, installers, distributors, sellers, and import-
ers and exporters of consumer products (hereinafter ‘providers of consumer products’) shall
ensure that consumer products are not made available to the public unless authorized by the
NRRC.

265. Providers of consumer products:

a) Shall comply with the conditions of the authorization to provide consumer products to
the public;

b) Shall ensure that consumer products comply with the requirements of these regulations;

c) Shall plan for appropriate arrangements for the servicing, maintenance, recycling or
disposal of consumer products.

Section 94 Optimization of protection and safety

266. The design and manufacture of consumer products, with regard to features that could affect
exposure during normal handling, transport and use, as well as in the event of mishandling,
misuse, accident or disposal, shall be subject to the optimization of protection and safety. In
this regard, designers, manufacturers and other providers of consumer products shall take into
account the following:

a) The various radionuclides that could be used in consumer products and their radiation
types, energies, activities and half-lives;
 54
b) The chemical and physical forms of the radionuclides that could be used in consumer
products and their significance for protection and safety in normal conditions and ab-
normal conditions;

c) The containment and shielding of radioactive substances in consumer products and ac-
cess to these radioactive substances in normal conditions and abnormal conditions;

d) The need for servicing or repair of consumer products and ways in which this could be
done;

e) Relevant experience with similar consumer products.

Section 95 Labelling of consumer products

267. Providers of consumer products shall ensure that:

a) Where practicable, a legible label is firmly affixed to a visible surface of each consumer
product that:

(i) States that the consumer product contains radioactive substances and identifies the
radionuclides and their activities;

(ii) States that the provision of the consumer product to the public has been authorized by
the NRRC;

(iii) Provides information on required or recommended options for recycling or disposal.

b) The information specified in (a) above is also printed legibly on the retail packaging of
the consumer product.

Section 96 Information and instructions to users of consumer products

268. Providers of consumer products shall provide clear and appropriate information and instruc-
tions with each consumer product on:

a) Correct installation, use and maintenance of the consumer product;

b) Servicing and repair;

c) The radionuclides and their activities at a specified date;

d) Dose rates in normal operation and during servicing and repair;

e) Required or recommended options for recycling or disposal.

Section 97 Information and instructions to consumer product retailers

269. Providers of consumer products shall provide the consumer product retailers with appropriate
information on safety and instructions on their transport and storage.

Chapter 13 Radioactive waste, discharges and decommissioning

Section 98 General requirements for radioactive waste management

270. The licensee and registrant:

 55
a) shall ensure safe management of and control over all radioactive waste that is generated,
and shall dispose of such waste in accordance with the regulatory requirements;

b) shall ensure that any radioactive waste generated is kept to the minimum practicable in
terms of both activity and volume;

c) shall ensure that radioactive waste is managed in accordance with the requirements of
these regulations and in accordance with the relevant authorization.

271. The licensee and registrant shall maintain an inventory of all radioactive waste that is gener-
ated, stored, transferred or disposed of.

Section 99 Strategy for radioactive waste management

272. The licensee and registrant shall develop and implement a strategy for radioactive waste man-
agement and shall include appropriate evidence that protection and safety is optimized.

273. The licensee and registrant

a) shall ensure there is separate processing of radioactive waste of different types, where
warranted by differences in factors such as radionuclide content, half-life, activity con-
centration, volume, and physical and chemical properties;

b) shall take into account the available options for storage and disposal of radioactive waste,
without precluding the mixing of radioactive waste for purposes of protection and safety;

Section 100 Clearance without further consideration

274. Licensee and registrant may clear radioactive material within a practice without further con-
sideration provided that:

a) The activity concentration of an individual radionuclide of artificial origin in solid form

does not exceed the relevant level given in Table 1 of Appendix 10; or

b) The activity concentrations of radionuclides of natural origin do not exceed the relevant
level given in Table 2 of Appendix 11.

275. Paragraph 274 shall not apply to radionuclides of natural origin in residues:

a) that might be recycled into construction materials referred to in Section 183; or

b) the disposal of which is liable to cause the contamination of drinking water supplies to
the extent that the applicable dose constraint could be exceeded.

Section 101 Clearance under an approval of the NRRC

276. NRRC may approve the clearance for specific situations of radioactive material within a prac-
tice provided that the following general criteria are met:

a) Radiation risks arising from the cleared material are sufficiently low as not to warrant
regulatory control, and there is no appreciable likelihood of occurrence for scenarios
that could lead to a failure to meet the general criterion for clearance; or

b) Continued regulatory control of the material would yield no net benefit, in that no rea-
sonable control measures would achieve a worthwhile return in terms of reduction of
individual doses or reduction of health risks.
 56
277. Under the criteria set out in paragraph 276 material may be cleared provided that:

a) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any individual owing to the cleared mate-
rial is of the order of 10 μSv or less in a year;

b) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any individual for low probability scenar-
ios does not exceed 1 mSv in a year.

278. The licensee and registrant shall demonstrate the compliance with these dose criteria through
dose assessments taking into account the characteristics of the specific situation including
physical and chemical form of the material and its means of use, recycling or disposal.

279. The NRRC may include to the approval conditions necessary for ensuring safety.

280. The NRRC may cancel and withdraw the approval if the prerequisites for clearance are not
met or if the conditions for clearance have not been complied with and the deficiencies are not
remedied within a prescribed period of time despite a request to do so.

Section 102 Authorization of discharges

281. Planned discharges to the sewer system, air, rivers, lakes, sea or elsewhere to the environment
shall be subject to authorization by the NRRC.

282. The NRRC shall grant an authorization for planned discharges provided that:

a) the characteristics and activity of the material to be discharged, and the possible points
and methods of discharge have been determined;

b) a dose constraint for public exposure arising from the discharges has been established
in accordance with Section 33;

c) the safety assessment prescribed in Section 46 demonstrates that the protection of the
public is optimized, and the expected public exposure does not exceed the dose con-
straint;

d) proposed limits for discharge have been derived in accordance with Section 103; the
NRRC shall approve these limits as part of authorizing the discharges;

e) means for monitoring compliance with limits referred to in point d) are in place in ac-
cordance with Section 135.

283. In addition, the NRRC may require a prospective assessment be made for radiological envi-
ronmental impacts, commensurate with the radiation risks associated with the facility or ac-
tivity.

284. When the discharges could cause public exposure outside Saudi Arabia the safety assessment
referred to in Section 46 shall also include assessment of such impacts.

285. The NRRC may include to the authorization conditions necessary for ensuring safety.

286. The NRRC may cancel and withdraw the authorization if the prerequisites for the discharges
are not met or if the conditions for authorization have not been complied with and the defi-
ciencies are not remedied within a prescribed period of time despite a request to do so.
 57
Section 103 Establishment of limits for discharges

287. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the limits for discharges referred to in Section 102
are derived:

a) in accordance with the safety assessment referred to in Section 46 basing on the ex-
pected public exposure to the representative person;

b) as to allow for operational flexibility;

c) taking into account the results of the prospective assessment made for radiological en-
vironmental impacts referred to in Section 102;

d) reflecting good practice in the operation of similar facilities or activities.

288. The licensee and registrant, in agreement with the NRRC, shall review and modify the limits
for discharges, as appropriate, taking into account:

a) operating experience;

b) any changes in exposure pathways or in the characteristics of the representative person

that could affect the assessment of doses due to the discharges.

Section 104 Decommissioning of radiation sources and facilities

289. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that at the end of operations:

a) disused sources are managed in accordance with Section 105;

b) facilities, structures and areas contaminated with radioactive substances are decontam-
inated in accordance with Section 106.

290. The licensee and registrant shall not unduly delay the implementation of the measures re-
ferred to in paragraph 289.

Section 105 Management of disused sources

291. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a disused source containing radioactive sub-
stances above the exemption level is removed by:

a) returning it to the manufacturer or supplier; or

b) transferring it to another licensee or registrant for use in accordance with paragraph 292
below; or

c) transferring it to a facility authorized by the NRRC to manage radioactive waste.

292. Radioactive substances may be stored without removing it in accordance with paragraph 291
if:

a) the source has a half-life and activity which enable safe aging;

b) the purpose, duration and target activity of the aging is defined in advance; however,
the duration shall not be more than three years unless it is specifically shown that longer
aging is the best option from the radiation protection point of view;
 58
c) the place of storage for aging complies with the requirements of Chapter 11;

Section 106 Decontamination of facilities, structures and areas

293. The licensee and registrant shall decontaminate facilities, structures and areas contaminated
with radioactive substances in such a way that the amount residual radioactive substances
does not exceed the clearance levels established under Section 101. If the amount of radio-
active substances cannot reasonably be reduced to these levels, the licensee or registrant
shall submit to the NRRC a plan of measures for the facility or area.

294. Decontamination is subject to authorization by the NRRC as prescribed in Section 35.

295. Decontamination shall be planned by:

a) determining the nature and amount of the contamination and activated structures and
materials;

b) identifying available decontamination techniques and procedures;

c) assessing the characteristics and quantities of arising waste and identifying possible
waste management routes;

d) identifying possible means of implementation, considering findings made under points

a) to c).

296. The method of decontamination shall be chosen in such a way as to achieve the best overall
solution, considering the safety of the decontamination operations and the harms of waste
treatment, storage and disposal.

297. The licensee and registrant shall draw up and submit to the NRRC for an approval a plan for
the implementation of the decontamination, setting out in particular:

a) the objectives of the decontamination and the criteria and means by which the fulfilment
of the objectives is to be demonstrated after the decontamination;

b) phasing and scheduling of actions;

c) the working methods to be used;

d) arrangements for the radiation protection of workers and the public, including the pre-
vention of the spread of contamination;

e) arrangements for waste treatment;

f) arrangements for quality assurance and documentation of activities.

298. Upon completion of the decontamination, the licensee and registrant shall demonstrate by
means of measurements or by other appropriate means that the objectives of the decontami-
nation are fulfilled.
 59
Chapter 14 Occupational exposure

Section 107 Responsibility for the protection of workers, apprentices and students

299. The licensee and registrant shall develop, organize and implement a radiation protection pro-
gramme for workers. The requirements for the programme are prescribed in Section 47.

300. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that outside workers, apprentices and students are
provided the same level of protection as employees of a licensee and registrant. This shall
also apply to the protection of self-employed individuals and individuals who work on a vol-
untary basis.

301. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that workers, who are exposed to radiation from
sources within a practice but who are not classified as radiation workers, are provided the same
level of protection as members of the public.

Section 108 Co-operation between licensees, registrants and employers of outside workers

302. The licensee and registrant and the employer of an outside worker shall cooperate to the extent
necessary for compliance by all responsible parties with the requirements for protection and
safety.

303. The cooperation shall include, but need not be limited to, where appropriate:

a) assessments and monitoring of the doses received by outside workers and mutual trans-
fer of records on occupational exposures;

b) establishment dose constraints for the occupational exposure of outside workers;

c) heath surveillance of outside workers;

d) education and training of the outside worker.

304. The licensee and registrant shall ensure clear allocation and documentation of the duties of the
licensee and registrant and the employer of outside workers.

Section 109 Age limits for occupational exposure and special arrangements for persons under 18 years
of age

305. A radiation worker shall be at least 18 years of age.

306. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that no person under the age of 16 years is or could be
subject to occupational exposure.

307. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that persons under the age of 18 years are allowed
access to a controlled area only under supervision and only for the purpose of training for
employment in which they are or could be subject to occupational exposure or for the purpose
of studies in which sources are used.

Section 110 Compensatory arrangements

308. Special compensatory arrangements, or preferential consideration with respect to salary, spe-
cial insurance coverage, working hours, length of vacation, additional holidays or retirement
benefits, shall neither be granted nor be used as substitutes for measures for protection and
safety.
 60
Section 111 Prohibition to employ or classify unfit workers

309. The licensee and registrant shall not employ or classify a worker for any period in a specific
post as radiation worker if health surveillance establishes that the worker is unfit for that spe-
cific post.

Section 112 Prohibition on dismissal

310. The licensee and registrant shall not terminate an employment on the basis of the worker being
exposed to a radiation dose exceeding the dose limit for occupational exposure.

Section 113 Protection of pregnant and breastfeeding workers

311. The licensee and registrant shall provide female workers who are liable to enter controlled
areas or supervised areas or who may undertake emergency duties with appropriate infor-
mation on:

a) The risk to the embryo or fetus due to exposure of a pregnant woman;

b) The importance for a female worker of notifying her employer as soon as possible if
she suspects that she is pregnant or if she is breast-feeding;

c) The risk of health effects for a breastfed infant due to ingestion of radioactive sub-
stances.

312. Notification of the employer by a female worker if she suspects that she is pregnant or if she
is breast-feeding shall not be considered a reason to exclude the female worker from work.

313. The employer of a female worker, who has been notified of her suspected pregnancy or that
she is breast-feeding, shall adapt the working conditions in respect of occupational exposure
so as to ensure that the embryo or fetus or the breastfed infant is afforded the same broad level
of protection as is required for members of the public.

Section 114 Responsibilities of workers

314. Workers:

a) Shall follow any applicable rules and procedures for protection and safety as specified
by the licensee, registrant or employer;

b) Shall use properly the monitoring equipment and personal protective equipment pro-
vided;

c) Shall cooperate with the licensee, registrant or employer with regard to protection and
safety, and programmes for workers’ health surveillance and programmes for dose as-
sessment;

d) Shall provide to the licensee, registrant or employer such information on their past and
present work that is relevant for ensuring effective and comprehensive protection and
safety for themselves and others;

e) Shall abstain from any wilful action that could put themselves or others in situations
that would not be in accordance with the requirements of these regulations;
 61
f) Shall accept such information, instruction and training in protection and safety as will
enable them to conduct their work in accordance with the requirements of these regu-
lations.

315. A worker who identifies circumstances that could adversely affect protection and safety shall
report such circumstances to the employer, registrant or licensee as soon as possible.

Section 115 Radiation protection programme for radiation workers

316. The licensee and registrant ensure that the radiation protection program for radiation workers
includes organizational, procedural and technical arrangements for:

a) pre-assessment of occupational exposures;

b) classification of areas;

c) local rules, procedures and use of personal protective equipment;

d) workplace monitoring;

e) assessment and recording of occupational exposure; and

f) workers health surveillance.

317. The radiation protection programme shall be appropriate to the nature of the practice and re-
lated sources and to the magnitude and nature of the risks.

318. The license and registrant shall design the radiation protection programme as to minimize the
need to rely on administrative controls and personal protective equipment for protection and
safety by providing well engineered controls and satisfactory working conditions, in accord-
ance with the following hierarchy of preventive measures:

a) engineered controls;

b) administrative controls;

c) personal protective equipment.

319. The licensee and registrant shall take into account the advise provided by a qualified expert in
establishing and maintaining and keeping under review the radiation protection programme.

320. The licensee and registrant shall periodically review conditions to assess whether there is any
need to modify the arrangements under the radiation protection programme.

321. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that radiation work is adequately supervised and shall
take all reasonable necessary steps to ensure that the measures under the radiation protection
program are observed.

Section 116 Pre-assessment of occupational exposure

322. The licensee and registrant shall assess occupational exposures prior to commencing a practice
as prescribed in Section 46.

323. The licensee and registrant shall also investigate the worker’s earlier occupational exposure
prior to commencing radiation work.
 62

Section 117 Classification of areas

324. The licensee and registrant shall identify and differentiate controlled areas and supervised ar-
eas from all the working areas used within a practice.

325. The licensee and registrant shall designate as a controlled area any area in which specific
measures for protection and safety are or could be required for:

a) Controlling exposures in normal operation;

b) Preventing the spread of contamination in normal operation;

c) Preventing or limiting the likelihood and magnitude of potential exposures.

326. In defining the boundaries of any controlled area, the licensee and registrant shall take account
of the magnitude of the exposures expected in normal operation, the likelihood and magnitude
of potential exposures, and the type and extent of the procedures required for protection and
safety.

327. The licensee and registrant shall designate as a supervised area any area not already designated
as a controlled area but where a worker is liable to receive a dose exceeding any of the dose
limits for public exposure.

328. The licensee and registrant shall periodically review conditions to assess whether there is any
need for changes to the boundaries of controlled and supervised areas.

Section 118 Requirements for controlled areas

329. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that:

a) A controlled area is delineated by physical means or, where this is not reasonably prac-
ticable, by some other suitable means;

b) Warning Signs approved by NRRC indicating the type of area, the nature of the sources
and their inherent risks are visibly displayed at access points to and at appropriate lo-
cations within controlled areas;

c) Measures for protection and safety, including, as appropriate, physical measures to con-
trol the spread of contamination and local rules are established;

d) Access to controlled areas is restricted to authorized individuals;

e) Decontamination takes place if contamination exceeds the levels set in Appendix 26.

330. Wherever there is a risk of the spread of radioactive contamination, the licensee and registrant
shall provide, as appropriate:

a) at entrances to controlled areas:

(i) Personal protective equipment;

(ii) Equipment for individual monitoring and workplace monitoring;

(iii) Suitable storage for personal clothing.

b) at exits from controlled areas:

 63
(i) Equipment for monitoring for contamination of skin and clothing;

(ii) Equipment for monitoring for contamination of any objects or material being re-
moved from the area;

(iii) Washing or showering facilities and other personal decontamination facilities;

(iv) Suitable storage for contaminated personal protective equipment.

Section 119 Requirements for supervised areas

331. The licensee and registrant, taking into account the nature, likelihood and magnitude of expo-
sures or contamination in the supervised areas shall:

a) delineate the supervised areas by appropriate means;

b) display warning signs approved by NRRC, as appropriate, at access points to supervised

areas;

c) ensures that decontamination takes place if contamination exceeds the levels set in Ap-
pendix 26.

Section 120 Local rules and procedures

332. The licensee and registrant, in consultation with workers, shall establish in writing local rules
and procedures that are necessary for protection and safety of workers and other persons.

333. The local rules and procedures shall include any relevant investigation level or authorized
level, and the procedures to be followed in the event that any such level is exceeded.

334. The licensee and registrant shall make the local rules and procedures and the measures for
protection and safety known to those workers to whom they apply and to other persons who
may be affected by them.

Section 121 Personal protective equipment

335. The licensee and registrant shall provide the workers with suitable and adequate personal pro-
tective equipment that meets relevant standards or specifications.

336. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that:

a) workers receive adequate instruction in the proper use of personal protective equip-
ment, including testing for good fit;

b) all personal protective equipment, including equipment for use in an emergency, is

maintained in proper condition and, if appropriate, is tested at regular intervals.

Section 122 Workplace monitoring

337. The licensee and registrant shall establish, maintain and keep under review a programme for
workplace monitoring under the supervision of a radiation safety officer or qualified expert.

338. The type and frequency of workplace monitoring:

a) Shall be sufficient to enable:

 64
(i) Evaluation of the radiological conditions in all workplaces;

(ii) Assessment of exposures in controlled areas and supervised areas;

(iii) Review of the classification of controlled areas and supervised areas.

b) Shall be based on dose rate, activity concentration in air and surface contamination, and
their expected fluctuations, and on the likelihood and magnitude of exposures in antic-
ipated radiation safety deviations.

339. The licensee and registrant shall maintain records of the findings of the workplace monitoring
programme and make the findings available to workers.

Section 123 Individual monitoring and assessment of occupational exposure

340. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that individual monitoring is performed for a radiation
worker and any other worker who works on a temporary basis in a controlled area.

341. The individual monitoring shall be performed by a dosimetry service that operates under a
quality management system and is approved by the NRRC.

342. The frequency of measurements shall be commensurate with the expected level of exposure,
as well as, the likelihood and magnitude of potential exposure.

343. In cases where individual monitoring is not possible or inadequate, the individual monitoring
shall be based on the workplace monitoring and information on the locations and durations of
exposure of the worker, or on the basis of calculation methods approved by the NRRC.

344. For a worker who regularly works in a supervised area or who enters a controlled area only
occasionally, the occupational exposure shall be assessed on the basis of the results of work-
place monitoring or individual monitoring, as appropriate.

345. For a worker who may be subject to internal exposure, the licensee and registrant shall arrange
for appropriate monitoring to the extent necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
measures for protection and safety and, where appropriate, to assess intakes of radionuclides
and the committed effective doses.

346. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that in the case of radiation safety deviations, the rel-
evant doses and their distribution in the body are assessed.

Section 124 Records of occupational exposure

347. The licensee and registrant shall maintain records of occupational exposure for every worker
for whom individual monitoring and assessment of occupational exposure is required as pre-
scribed in Section 123.

348. The licensee and registrant shall maintain records of occupational exposure during and after
the worker’s working life, at least until the former worker attains or would have attained the
age of 75 years, and for not less than 30 years after cessation of the work in which the worker
was subject to occupational exposure.

349. Records of occupational exposure shall include for each worker and for each employment:

a) Information on the general nature of the work;

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b) Dates of employment;

c) Results and dates of dose assessments, estimated exposures and intakes at or above the
relevant recording levels specified by NRRC; A distinction shall be made between re-
sults related to normal conditions of work and those related to radiation safety devia-
tions;

d) Data upon which the dose assessments were based and references to reports of any
relevant investigations on radiation safety deviations.

Section 125 Access to dose records and reporting of results

350. The licensee and registrant shall provide the workers with the results of the individual moni-
toring concerning them without delay. Upon request, they shall also be provided with the re-
sults of the workplace monitoring used for determining their individual radiation doses.

351. The licensee and registrant shall immediately inform the worker of any exposure exceeding
the dose constraint.

352. The licensee and registrant shall make data contained in the dose records available to:

a) The concerned worker;

b) The NRRC;

c) The employer of an outside worker;

d) The physician responsible for the health surveillance of the worker;

e) The new employer when worker changes employment.

353. In the case of exposure caused by a radiation safety deviation, the licensee and registrant shall
communicate the results of individual monitoring and dose assessments to the concerned
worker and the NRRC without delay.

354. If the licensee or registrant cease to conduct activities in which workers are subject to occu-
pational exposure, it shall make arrangements for the retention of workers’ records of occupa-
tional exposure by the NRRC.

Section 126 Radiation workers’ health surveillance

355. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that a radiation worker is provided necessary worker’s
health surveillance and health services. The programme for radiation workers’ health surveil-
lance shall be based on the general principles of occupational health.

356. The health surveillance shall be undertaken by a physician recognized by the NRRC in ac-
cordance with Section 18.

357. The radiation workers’ health surveillance shall include:

a) a medical examination prior to employment to determine the worker's fitness for a post
for which the worker is being considered;

b) periodic reviews of health at least once every three years, in order to determine whether
the workers remain fit to perform their duties.
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358. The nature and frequency of periodic reviews shall depend on the type of work and on the
individual worker's state of health.

359. In the event that there is a material change in the worker’s state of health, the worker shall
undergo an extra medical examination performed by the physician responsible for radiation
workers’ health surveillance.

Section 127 Special health surveillance

360. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that special health surveillance is performed in each
case where any of the dose limits for occupational exposure has been exceeded.

361. In the case referred to in paragraph 360, the physician responsible for workers’ health surveil-
lance shall decide on:

a) necessary further action for the health protection of the exposed individual, such as
further examinations, decontamination, urgent treatment or other action identified by
it;

b) subsequent exposure conditions in which the worker can continue to work.

Section 128 Medical classification

362. The physician responsible for worker’ health surveillance shall determine the medical fitness
for radiation work on the basis of the worker’s state of health, using the following classifica-
tion:

a) fit;

b) fit, subject to certain conditions;

c) unfit.

363. The physician responsible for workers’ health surveillance shall provide the worker with a
certificate indicating:

a) the classification referred to in paragraph 362;

b) details on any possible restrictions in radiation work;

c) the date of the most recent health review and the validity of the certificate.

Section 129 Medical records

364. The physician responsible for workers’ health surveillance shall open a medical record for
each radiation worker and keep it up to date so long as the worker remains a radiation worker.
Thereafter, the record shall be retained until the individual has or would have attained the age
of 75 years, but in any case, not less than 30 years after termination of the radiation work.

365. The medical record shall include information regarding the nature of the work and the results
of the medical examinations prior to employment, the periodic health reviews and the special
health surveillance.

366. The physician responsible for workers’ health surveillance shall provide the licensee or regis-
trant or the employer of an outside worker with the information on the medical surveillance
of a worker’s health necessary to fulfil the obligations laid down in these Regulations.
 67

Section 130 Physician’s responsibility to contact

367. The physician responsible for workers’ health surveillance shall contact the NRRC if an ob-
servation made in the context of workers’ health surveillance which gives reason to believe a
serious breach in radiation safety.

Chapter 15 Public exposure

Section 131 Responsibility for the protection of the members of the public

368. The licensee and registrant shall apply the relevant requirements of these regulations in respect
of the protection of the members of the public in planned exposure situations.

369. The licensee and registrant shall conduct a safety assessment covering all aspects of public
exposure as prescribed in Section 46.

370. The licensee and registrant shall develop, organize and implement a radiation protection pro-
gramme for members of the public. The requirements for the programme are prescribed in
Section 47.

Section 132 General considerations

371. The licensee and registrant, in determining the exposure to the members of the public in ac-
cordance with Section 46 and in developing, organizing and implementing the radiation pro-
tection programme referred to in Section 47, shall take into account:

a) Possible changes in any conditions that could affect exposure of members of the public,
such as changes in the characteristics and use of the source, pathways or changes in
values of parameters used for the determination of the representative person;

b) Good practice in the operation of similar sources or the conduct of similar practices;

c) Possible buildup and accumulation in the environment of radioactive substances from

discharges during the lifetime of the practice;

d) Uncertainties in the assessment of doses, especially uncertainties in contributions to

doses if the source and the representative person are separated in space or in time.

Section 133 Control of visitors

372. The licensee and registrant:

a) Shall apply the relevant requirements of these regulations in respect of public exposure
for visitors to a controlled area or a supervised area;

b) Shall ensure that visitors are accompanied in any controlled area by a person who
knows the measures for protection and safety for the controlled area;

c) Shall provide adequate information and instructions to visitors before they enter a con-
trolled area or a supervised area, so as to provide for protection and safety for visitors
and for other individuals who could be affected by their actions;

d) Shall ensure that adequate control is maintained over the entry of visitors to a controlled
area or a supervised area, including the use of signs for such areas.
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Section 134 External exposure and contamination in areas accessible to members of the public

373. Licensee and registrant shall ensure that if a source can give rise to external exposure of mem-
bers of the public:

a) The floor plans and arrangements of equipment for all new installations utilizing such
sources, as well as all significant modifications to existing installations, are subject, as
appropriate, to review and approval by the NRRC prior to commissioning;

b) Shielding and other measures for protection and safety, including access control, are
provided as appropriate for restricting public exposure, in particular at open sites such
as for some applications of industrial radiography.

374. Licensee and registrant shall ensure, as appropriate, that:

a) Specific provisions for confinement are established for the design and operation of a
source that could cause the spread of contamination in areas that are accessible to mem-
bers of the public;

b) Measures for protection and safety are implemented for restricting public exposure due
to contamination in areas within a facility that are accessible to members of the public.

Section 135 Monitoring programmes

375. Licensee and registrant shall, as appropriate, establish and implement monitoring programmes
to ensure that public exposure due to radiation sources under their responsibility is adequately
assessed and that the assessment is sufficient to verify and demonstrate compliance with the
authorization.

376. The monitoring programmes shall include monitoring of the following, as appropriate:

a) External exposure due to radiation sources;

b) Discharges;

c) Radioactivity in the environment;

d) Other parameters important for the assessment of public exposure.

377. Licensee and registrant shall establish and maintain a capability to conduct monitoring in an
emergency in the event of unexpected increases in radiation levels or in concentrations of
radionuclides in the environment due to a radiation safety event.

378. Licensee and registrant shall maintain appropriate records of the results of the monitoring pro-
grammes and estimated doses to members of the public.

Section 136 Reporting and publishing of monitoring results

379. Licensee and registrant shall report or make available to the NRRC the results of the monitor-
ing programmes referred to in Section 135 at approved intervals. The reporting shall include,
as applicable, the levels and composition of discharges, dose rates at the site boundary and in
premises open to members of the public, results of environmental monitoring and retrospective
assessments of doses to the representative person.

380. Licensee and registrant shall report promptly to the NRRC, in accordance with reporting cri-
teria established by the NRRC:
 69

a) any levels exceeding the operational limits and conditions relating to public exposure,
including authorized limits on discharges;

b) any significant increase in dose rate or concentrations of radionuclides in the environ-

ment that could be attributed to the practice.

381. Licensee and registrant shall publish or make available on request, as appropriate, results from
monitoring programmes and assessments of doses from public exposure.

Chapter 16 Medical exposure

Section 137 Scope

382. The requirements in respect of medical exposure in planned exposure situations prescribed in
Sections 138 - 158 apply to all medical exposures, including intended, unintended and acci-
dental exposures.

383. Dose limits do not apply to medical exposures.

Section 138 Establishment of diagnostic reference levels, dose constraints, criteria and guidelines

384. The NRRC shall ensure that as a result of consultation between the NRRC, the Ministry of
Health and relevant professional bodies, the following are established:

a) A set of diagnostic reference levels for medical exposures incurred in medical imaging,
including image guided interventional procedures. In setting such diagnostic reference
levels, account shall be taken of the need for adequate image quality. The diagnostic
reference levels shall be based, as far as possible, on wide scale surveys or on published
values that are appropriate for the circumstances in Saudi Arabia;

b) Dose constraints for:

(i) Exposures of carers and comforters;

(ii) Exposures due to diagnostic investigations of volunteers participating in a pro-

gramme of biomedical research.

c) Criteria and guidelines for the release of patients who have undergone therapeutic ra-
diological procedures using unsealed sources or patients who still retain implanted
sealed sources.

Section 139 Assuming responsibilities for medical exposure

385. The licensee and registrant shall allow health professionals to assume responsibilities for med-
ical exposure at a particular medical radiation facility as prescribed in these regulations only
if they:

a) Are specialized in the appropriate area;

b) Meet the respective requirements for education, training and competence in radiation
protection, in accordance with Section 21 and Appendix 4.

c) Are named in a list maintained up to date by the licensee or registrant.

 70
Section 140 Responsibilities of registrants and licensees specific to protection of a patient

386. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that no patient, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic,
undergoes a medical exposure unless:

a) The radiological procedure has been requested by a referring medical practitioner and
information on the clinical context has been provided, or it is part of an approved health
screening programme;

b) The medical exposure has been justified by means of consultation between the radio-
logical medical practitioner and the referring medical practitioner, as appropriate, or it
is part of an approved health screening programme;

c) A radiological medical practitioner has assumed responsibility for overall protection

and safety for patient in the planning and delivery of the medical exposure specified in
Section 139 including the justification of the radiological procedure as specified in Sec-
tion 141 and the optimization of protection and safety as specified in Sections 146 -
151;

d) The patient or the patient’s legal authorized representative has been informed as appro-
priate of the expected diagnostic or therapeutic benefits of the radiological procedure
as well as the radiation risks.

387. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that any delegation of responsibilities for the protec-
tion of the patient by a principal party is documented.

Section 141 General requirements for justification of medical exposure

388. Medical exposures shall be justified by weighing the diagnostic or therapeutic benefits that
they are expected to yield against the radiation detriment that they might cause, with account
taken of the benefits and the risks of available alternative techniques that do not involve med-
ical exposure.

389. Generic justification of a radiological procedure shall be carried out by the Ministry of Health
in conjunction with appropriate professional bodies, and shall be reviewed from time to time,
with account taken of advances in knowledge and technological developments.

390. The justification of medical exposure for an individual patient shall be carried out by means
of consultation between the radiological medical practitioner and the referring medical prac-
titioner, as appropriate, with account taken, in particular for patients who are pregnant or
breast-feeding or are paediatric, of:

a) The appropriateness of the request;

b) The urgency of the radiological procedure;

c) The characteristics of the medical exposure;

d) The characteristics of the individual patient;

e) Relevant information from the patient’s previous radiological procedures.

391. Relevant national or international referral guidelines shall be taken into account for the justi-
fication of the medical exposure of an individual patient in a radiological procedure.
 71
Section 142 Justification of medical exposure for asymptomatic populations and individuals

392. Justification for radiological procedures to be performed as part of a health screening pro-
gramme for asymptomatic populations shall be carried out by the Ministry of Health in con-
junction with appropriate professional bodies.

393. Any radiological procedure on an asymptomatic individual that is intended to be performed

for the early detection of disease, but not as part of an approved health screening programme,
shall require specific justification for that individual by the radiological medical practitioner
and the referring medical practitioner, in accordance with the guidelines of relevant profes-
sional bodies or the Ministry of Health. As part of this process, the individual shall be informed
in advance of the expected benefits, risks and limitations of the radiological procedure.

Section 143 Medical exposure as part of a programme of biomedical research

394. The medical exposure of volunteers as part of a programme of biomedical research is deemed
to be not justified unless it is subject to an approval by both NRRC and an ethics committee
or other institutional body that has been assigned functions similar to those of an ethics com-
mittee by the Government;

395. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the programme of biomedical research is in ac-
cordance with relevant international declarations and recommendations and

a) for each programme:

(i) A radiological medical practitioner has assumed responsibility as specified in Sec-

tion 139;

(ii) Dose constraints defined in Section 138 are specified or approved by both NRRC
and the ethics committee in accordance with paragraph 394, are used in the optimi-
zation of protection and safety for persons subject to exposure

b) the person subject to exposure has been informed as appropriate of the expected bene-
fits and risks.

Section 144 Protection of carers and comforters

396. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that no individual incurs a medical exposure as a carer
or comforter unless he or she has received, and has indicated an understanding of, relevant
information on radiation protection and information on the radiation risks prior to providing
care and comfort to an individual undergoing a radiological procedure.

397. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that relevant dose constraints specified in Section 138
are used in the optimization of protection and safety in any radiological procedure in which
an individual acts as a carer or comforter.

Section 145 Optimization of protection and safety for each medical exposure

398. The licensee, registrant and radiological medical practitioners shall ensure that protection and
safety is optimized for each medical exposure.

399. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the particular aspects of medical exposures are
considered in the optimization process for:

a) Paediatric patients subject to medical exposure;

 72
b) Individuals subject to medical exposure as part of an approved health screening pro-
gramme;

c) Volunteers subject to medical exposure as part of a programme of biomedical research;

d) Exposure arising from therapeutic radiological procedures, image guided interventional

procedures, computed tomography and other relatively high doses to the patient;

e) Exposure of the embryo or fetus, in particular for radiological procedures in which the
abdomen or pelvis of the pregnant female patient is exposed to the useful radiation
beam or could otherwise receive a significant dose;

f) Exposure of a breastfed infant as a result of a female patient having undergone a radi-

ological procedure with radiopharmaceuticals.

Section 146 Design considerations

400. In addition to ensuring that the responsibilities stated in Section 63 are discharged, as applica-
ble, the licensee and registrant, in cooperation with suppliers, shall ensure that medical radio-
logical equipment and software that could influence the delivery of medical exposure are used
only if they conform to the applicable standards of the International Electrotechnical Commis-
sion and the International Organization for Standardization or to national standards adopted
by the NRRC.

Section 147 Operational considerations

401. For diagnostic radiological procedures and image guided interventional procedures, the radi-
ological medical practitioner, in cooperation with the medical radiation tec hnologist and the
medical physicist, and if appropriate with the radiopharmacist or radiochemist, shall ensure
that the following are used:
a) Appropriate medical radiological equipment and software, and, for nuclear medicine,
appropriate radiopharmaceuticals;

b) Appropriate techniques and parameters to deliver a medical exposure of the patient that
is the minimum necessary to fulfil the clinical purpose of the radiological procedure,
with account taken of relevant norms of acceptable image quality established by rele-
vant professional bodies and of relevant diagnostic reference levels established in ac-
cordance with Section 138.

402. For therapeutic radiological procedures, the radiological medical practitioner, in cooperation
with the medical physicist and the medical radiation technologist, shall ensure that for each
patient the exposure of volumes other than the planning target volume is kept as low as rea-
sonably achievable consistent with delivery of the prescribed dose to the planning target vol-
ume within the required tolerances.

403. For therapeutic radiological procedures in which radiopharmaceuticals are administered, the
radiological medical practitioner, in cooperation with the medical physicist and the medical
radiation technologist, and if appropriate with the radiopharmacist or radiochemist, shall en-
sure that for each patient the appropriate radiopharmaceutical with the appropriate activity is
selected and administered, so that the radioactivity is primarily localized in the organ(s) of
interest, while the radioactivity in the rest of the body is kept as low as reasonably achievable.

Section 148 Calibration

404. The licensee and registrant shall ensure in accordance with Section 152 that:
 73
a) All sources giving rise to medical exposure are calibrated in terms of appropriate quan-
tities using internationally accepted or nationally accepted protocols;

b) Calibrations are carried out at the time of commissioning a unit prior to clinical use,
after any maintenance procedure that could affect the dosimetry and at intervals ap-
proved by the NRRC;

c) Calibrations of radiation therapy units are subject to independent verification prior to

clinical use;

d) Calibration of all dosimeters used for dosimetry of patients and for the calibration of
sources is traceable to a standards dosimetry laboratory.

Section 149 Dosimetry of patients

405. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that dosimetry of patients is performed and docu-
mented by or under the supervision of a medical physicist, using calibrated dosimeters and
following internationally accepted or nationally accepted protocols, including dosimetry to
determine the following:

a) For diagnostic radiological procedures, typical doses to patients for common proce-
dures;

b) For image guided interventional procedures, typical doses to patients;

c) For therapeutic radiological procedures, absorbed doses to the planning target volume
for each patient treated with external beam therapy and/or brachytherapy and absorbed
doses to relevant tissues or organs as determined by the radiological medical practi-
tioner;

d) For therapeutic radiological procedures with unsealed sources, typical absorbed doses
to patients.

Section 150 Use of diagnostic reference levels

406. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that:

a) Local assessments, on the basis of the measurements required in Sec tion 149, are made
at approved intervals for those radiological procedures for which diagnostic reference
levels have been established in accordance with Section 138.

b) A review is conducted to determine whether the optimization of protection and safety

for patients is adequate, or whether corrective action is required if, for a given radio-
logical procedure:

(i) Typical doses or activities exceed the relevant diagnostic reference level; or

(ii) Typical doses or activities fall substantially below the relevant diagnostic reference
level and the exposures do not provide useful diagnostic information or do not yield
the expected medical benefit to the patient.

Section 151 Quality assurance for medical exposure

407. The licensee and registrant, in applying the requirements of these regulations in respect of
management systems, shall establish a comprehensive programme of quality assurance for
medical exposures with the active participation of medical physicists, radiological medical
 74
practitioners, medical radiation technologists and, for complex nuclear medicine facilities, ra-
diopharmacists and radiochemists, and in conjunction with other health professionals as ap-
propriate. Principles established by the World Health Organization, the Pan American Health
Organization and relevant professional bodies shall be taken into account.

408. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that programmes of quality assurance for medical ex-
posure include, as appropriate to the medical radiation facility:

a) Measurements of the physical parameters of medical radiological equipment made by,

or under the supervision of, a medical physicist:

(i) At the time of acceptance and commissioning of the equipment prior to its clinical
use on patients;

(ii) Periodically thereafter;

(iii) After any major maintenance procedure that could affect protection and safety of
patients;

(iv) After any installation of new software or modification of existing software that
could affect protection and safety of patients.

b) Implementation of corrective actions if measured values of the physical parameters

mentioned in a) above are outside established tolerance limits.

c) Verification of the appropriate physical and clinical factors used in radiological proce-
dures.

d) Maintaining records of relevant procedures and results.

e) Periodic checks of the calibration and conditions of operation of dosimetry equipment

and monitoring equipment.

409. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that regular and independent audits are made of the
programme of quality assurance for medical exposures, and that their frequency is in ac cord-
ance with the complexity of the radiological procedures being performed and the associated
risks.

Section 152 Specific involvement of medical physicist

410. In addition to what is prescribed on the involvement of medical physicist in Section 49, the
licensee and registrant shall ensure that:

a) For therapeutic radiological procedures, the requirements of these regulations for cali-
bration, dosimetry and quality assurance, including the acceptance and commissioning
of medical radiological equipment, as specified in Sections 148, 149 and 151, are ful-
filled by or under the supervision of a medical physicist;

b) For diagnostic radiological procedures and image guided interventional procedures, the
requirements of these regulations for medical imaging, calibration, dosimetry and qual-
ity assurance, including the acceptance and commissioning of medical radiological
equipment, as specified in Sections 148, 149 and 151, are fulfilled by or under the over-
sight of or with the documented advice of a medical physicist, whose degree of involve-
ment is determined by the complexity of the radiological procedures and the associated
radiation risks.
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Section 153 Pregnant or breast-feeding female patients

411. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that signs in appropriate languages are placed in public
places, waiting rooms for patients, cubicles and other appropriate places, and that other means
of communication are also used as appropriate, to request female patients who are to undergo
a radiological procedure to notify the radiological medical practitioner, medical radiation tech-
nologist or other personnel in the event that:

a) She is or might be pregnant;

b) She is breast-feeding and the scheduled radiological procedure includes the administra-
tion of a radiopharmaceutical.

412. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that there are procedures in place for ascertaining the
pregnancy status of a female patient of reproductive capacity before the performance of any
radiological procedure that could result in a significant dose to the embryo or fetus, so that
this information can be considered in the justification for the radiological procedure and in the
optimization of protection and safety.

413. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that there are arrangements in place for establishing
that a female patient is not currently breast-feeding before the performance of any radiological
procedure involving the administration of a radiopharmaceutical that could result in a signifi-
cant dose to a breastfed infant, so that this information can be considered in the justification
for the radiological procedure and in the optimization of protection and safety.

Section 154 Release of patients after radionuclide therapy

414. The radiological medical practitioner shall ensure that no patient who has undergone a thera-
peutic radiological procedure with a sealed source or an unsealed source is discharged from a
medical radiation facility until it has been established by either a medical physicist or the
facility’s radiation protection officer that:

a) The activity of radionuclides in the patient is such that doses that could be received by
members of the public and family members would be in compliance with the require-
ments set in accordance with Section 138; and

b) The patient or the legal guardian of the patient is provided with:

(i) Written instructions for keeping doses to persons in contact with or in the vicinity
of the patient as low as reasonably achievable and for avoiding the spread of con-
tamination;

(ii) Information on the radiation risks.

Section 155 Prevention of unintended and accidental medical exposure

415. The licensee and registrant, in accordance with the relevant requirements of Sections 13, 55
and 59, shall ensure that all practicable measures are taken to minimize the likelihood of un-
intended or accidental medical exposures arising from flaws in design and operational failures
of medical radiological equipment, from failures of and errors in software, or as a result of
human error.

Section 156 Investigation of unintended and accidental medical exposures

416. The licensee and registrant shall promptly investigate any of the following unintended or ac-
cidental medical exposures:
 76

a) Any medical treatment delivered to the wrong individual or to the wrong tissue or organ
of the patient, or using the wrong radiopharmaceutical, or with an activity, a dose or
dose fractionation differing substantially from (over or under) the values prescribed by
the radiological medical practitioner, or that could lead to unduly severe secondary ef-
fects;

b) Any diagnostic radiological procedure or image guided interventional procedure in

which the wrong individual or the wrong tissue or organ of the patient is subject to
exposure;

c) Any exposure for diagnostic purposes that is substantially greater than was intended;

d) Any exposure arising from an image guided interventional procedure that is substan-
tially greater than was intended;

e) Any inadvertent exposure of the embryo or fetus in the course of performing a radio-
logical procedure;

f) Any failure of medical radiological equipment, failure of software or system failure, or

accident, error, mishap or other unusual occurrence with the potential for subjecting the
patient to a medical exposure that is substantially different from what was intended.

417. The licensee and registrant shall, with regard to any unintended or accidental medical expo-
sures investigated as required in paragraph 416:

a) Calculate or estimate the doses received and the dose distribution within the patient;

b) Indicate the corrective actions required to prevent the recurrence of such an unintended
or accidental medical exposure;

c) Implement all the corrective actions that are under their own responsibility;

d) Produce and keep, as soon as possible after the investigation or as otherwise required
by the NRRC, a written record that states the cause of the unintended or accidental
medical exposure and includes the information specified in points a– c above, as rele-
vant, and any other information as required by the NRRC;

e) For significant unintended or accidental medical exposures or as otherwise required by

the NRRC, submit the record specified in point d above, as soon as possible, to the
NRRC, and to the Ministry of Heath if appropriate;

f) Ensure that the appropriate radiological medical practitioner informs the referring med-
ical practitioner and the patient or the patient’s legal authorized representative of the
unintended or accidental medical exposure.

Section 157 Radiological reviews

418. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that radiological reviews are performed periodically
by the radiological medical practitioners at the medical radiation facility, in cooperation with
the medical radiation technologists and the medical physicists. The radiological review shall
include an investigation and critical review of the current practical application of the radiation
protection principles of justification and optimization for the radiological procedures that are
performed in the medical radiation facility.
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Section 158 Records

419. The licensee and registrant shall maintain for a period of 10 years and shall make available, as
required, the following personnel records:

a) Records of any delegation of responsibilities by a principal party as required in Section

140;

b) Records of training of personnel in radiation protection as required in Section 139.

420. The licensee and registrant shall maintain for a period of 30 years and shall make available, as
required, the following records of calibration, dosimetry and quality assurance:
a) Records of the results of the calibrations and periodic checks of the relevant physical
and clinical parameters selected during treatment of patients;

b) Records of dosimetry of patients, as required in Section 149;

c) Records of local assessments and reviews made with regard to diagnostic reference
levels, as required in Section 150;

d) Records associated with the quality assurance programme, as required in Section 151.

421. The licensee and registrant shall maintain for a period of 30 years and shall make available, as
required, the following records for medical exposure:

a) For diagnostic radiology, information necessary for retrospective assessment of doses,

including the number of exposures and the duration of fluoroscopic radiological proce-
dures;

b) For image guided interventional procedures, information necessary for retrospective

assessment of doses, including the duration of the fluoroscopic component and the num-
ber of images acquired;

c) For nuclear medicine, the types of radiopharmaceutical administered and their activity;

d) For external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy, a description of the planning

target volume, the absorbed dose to the centre of the planning target volume, and the
maximum and minimum absorbed doses delivered absorbed doses to the planning tar-
get volume, and the absorbed doses to relevant tissues or organs as determined by the
radiological medical practitioner; and in addition, for external beam radiation therapy,
the dose fractionation and the overall treatment time;

e) Exposure records for volunteers subject to medical exposure as part of a programme of

biomedical research;

f) Reports on investigations of unintended and accidental medical exposures as required

in Section 156.

Chapter 17 Non-medical human imaging

Section 159 Scope

422. The requirements of this Chapter apply to all types of non-medical human imaging, including:

a) theft detection;
 78
b) detection of concealed objects;

c) occupational, legal or health insurance purposes, including:

(i) assessment of fitness for employment (prior to employment or periodically during

employment);

(ii) assessment of physiological suitability for a career or a sport;

(iii) assessment of athletes before a selection or transfer;

(iv) determination of age for legal purposes;

(v) obtaining evidence for legal purposes;

(vi) detection of drugs concealed within the body;

(vii) immigration or emigration requirements;

(viii) pre-insurance checks; and

(ix) obtaining evidence for the purposes of a compensation claim.

Section 160 Justification of non-medical human imaging

423. Non-medical human imaging for theft detection purposes shall be deemed to be not justified.

424. Non-medical human imaging for the detection of concealed objects for anti-smuggling pur-
poses shall normally be deemed to be not justified. If, in exceptional circumstances, the Coun-
cil of Ministers decides that the justification of such human imaging is to be considered, the
requirements of Sections 161 -164 shall apply.

425. Non-medical human imaging for the detection of concealed objects that can be used for crim-
inal acts that pose a national security threat shall be justified only by the Council of Ministers.
If the Council of Ministers decides that the justification of such human imaging is to be con-
sidered, the requirements of Sections 161 - 164 shall apply.

426. Non-medical human imaging that is performed for occupational, legal or health insurance pur-
poses, and is undertaken without reference to clinical indication, shall normally be deemed to
be not justified. If, in exceptional circumstances, the Council of Ministers decides that the
justification of such human imaging for specific practices is to be considered, the requirements
of Sections 161 - 164 shall apply.

Section 161 Justification process for non-medical human imaging

427. If justification of non-medical human imaging is to be considered in accordance with para-

graphs 424 – 425, justification shall be assessed and demonstrated in accordance with Sections
28 and 29 and taking consideration of:

a) The benefits and detriments of implementing the type of human imaging procedure;

b) The benefits and detriments of not implementing the type of human imaging procedure;

c) Any legal or ethical issues associated with the introduction of the type of human imag-
ing procedure;
 79
d) The effectiveness and suitability of the type of human imaging procedure, including the
appropriateness of the radiation equipment for the intended use;

e) The availability of sufficient resources to conduct the human imaging procedure safely
throughout the intended period of the practice.

Section 162 Authorization of non-medical human imaging

428. If it has been determined by means of the process specified in Section 161 that a particular
practice of non-medical human imaging is justified, then such a practice shall be subject to
authorization in accordance with Section 35.

Section 163 Use of medical radiological equipment

429. For non-medical human imaging, performed by medical personnel using medical radio-logical
equipment, that exposes people to radiation for employment related, legal or health insurance
purposes without reference to clinical indications:

a) The NRRC shall ensure, on the basis of consultation between the NRRC, relevant au-
thorities and professional bodies, that dose constraints are established for such non-
medical human imaging;

b) The licensee and registrant shall ensure that the appropriate optimization requirements
for medical exposure in Sections 145 – 152 are applied, with dose constraints as re-
quired in a) above used instead of diagnostic reference levels.

Section 164 Use of inspection imaging devices

430. The licensee and registrant shall apply the requirements for public exposure in planned expo-
sure situations to procedures with inspection imaging devices in whic h radiation is used to
expose persons for the purpose of detection of concealed weapons, contraband or other objects
on or within the body.

431. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that optimization of protection and safety is subject to
any dose constraints for public exposure set by the NRRC.

432. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that all persons who are to undergo procedures with
inspection imaging devices in which ionizing radiation is used are informed of the possibility
of requesting the use of an alternative inspection technique that does not use ionizing radiation,
where available.

433. The licensee and registrant shall ensure that any inspection imaging device used for the detec-
tion of concealed objects on or within the body conforms to applicable standards of the Inter-
national Electrotechnical Commission or the International Organization for Standardization or
to equivalent national standards.
 80
PART 3 EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATIONS

Chapter 18 Generic requirements

Section 165 Scope

434. The requirements for emergency exposure situations established in Part 3 of these regulations
apply to activities undertaken in preparedness for and in response to nuclear or radiological
emergency.

Chapter 19 Responsibilities of the licensee and registrant

Section 166 Emergency plan

435. The licensee and registrant shall prepare an emergency plan for the protection of people and
the environment if the safety assessment referred to in Section 46 indicates that there is a
reasonable likelihood of an emergency affecting either workers or members of the public.

436. The emergency plan shall include arrangements for:

a) the prompt identification of an emergency;

b) determining the appropriate level of the emergency response.

437. In relation to the arrangements for the emergency response at the scene by the licensee and
registrant, the emergency plan shall include, in particular:

a) Provision for individual monitoring and area monitoring, and arrangements for medical
treatment;

b) Arrangements for assessing and mitigating any consequences of an emergency.

438. The licensee and registrant shall be responsible for the implementation of its emergency plan
and shall be prepared to take any necessary action for effective response.

Section 167 Prevention of radiation safety deviations

439. To prevent the occurrence of conditions that could lead to a loss of control over a radiation
source or to the escalation of such conditions, the licensee and registrant shall, as appropriate:

a) Develop, maintain and implement procedures to provide the means for preventing loss
of control over the radiation source and for regaining control over the source as neces-
sary;

b) Make available equipment, instrumentation and diagnostic aids that may be needed;

c) Train and periodically retrain personnel in the procedures to be followed and exercise
the procedures.

Chapter 20 Public exposure in emergency exposure situation

Section 168 Strategies for the protection of the members of the public

440. Parties responsible for the protection of the members in emergency exposure situations shall
ensure that protection strategies are developed, justified and optimized at the planning stage,
 81
by using scenarios based on the hazard assessment, for avoiding deterministic effects and re-
ducing the likelihood of stochastic effects due to public exposure.

441. Development of a protection strategy shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following
three successive steps:

a) A reference level expressed in terms of residual dose shall be set, typically an effective
dose in the range of 20–100 mSv, that includes dose contributions via all exposure
pathways. The protection strategy shall include planning for residual doses to be as low
as reasonably achievable below the reference level, and the strategy shall be optimized.

b) On the basis of the outcome of the optimization of the protection strategy, using the
reference level, generic criteria for particular protective actions and other response ac-
tions, expressed in terms of projected dose or of dose that has been received, shall be
developed. If the numerical values of the generic criteria given in Appendix 27 are
exceeded, those protective actions and other response actions, either individually or in
combination, shall be implemented.

c) Once the protection strategy has been optimized and a set of generic criteria has been
developed, pre-established operational criteria for initiating the different parts of an
emergency plan, primarily for the initial phase, shall be derived from the generic crite-
ria. Operational criteria, such as on-scene conditions, operational intervention levels
and emergency action levels, shall be expressed in terms of parameters or observable
conditions. Arrangements shall be established in advance to revise these operational
criteria, as appropriate, in an emergency, with account taken of the prevailing condi-
tions as they evolve.

Section 169 Implementation of strategies for the protection of the members of the public

442. Parties responsible for the protection of the members in emergency exposure situations shall
ensure that

a) each protective action is justified in the context of the protection strategy;

b) consideration is taken that emergencies are dynamic, that decisions taken early in the
emergency response may influence subsequent actions, and that different geographical
areas may have different prevailing conditions and there may be different requirements
for the response.

443. Parties responsible for the protection of the members in emergency exposure situations shall
ensure that the response in an emergency exposure situation is undertaken by the timely im-
plementation of arrangements for emergency response, including but not limited to:

a) Promptly taking protective actions and other response actions to avoid severe determin-
istic effects on the basis of observed conditions and, if possible, before any exposure
occurs. Dose levels required to be used as generic criteria for preventing severe deter-
ministic effects are given in Appendix 28;

b) Assessing the effectiveness of the protective actions and other response actions taken
and modifying them as appropriate;

c) Comparing residual doses with the applicable reference level, giving priority to those
groups for whom residual doses exceed the reference level;
 82
d) Implementing further protection strategies as necessary, on the basis of prevailing con-
ditions and available information.

Chapter 21 Exposure of emergency workers

Section 170 Arrangements for controlling the exposure of emergency workers

444. In an emergency exposure situation, the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in
planned exposure situations (Chapter 14) shall be applied for emergency workers, in accord-
ance with a graded approach, except as required in paragraph 445.

445. Response organizations and employers shall ensure that no emergency worker is subject to an
exposure in an emergency in excess of 50 mSv other than:

a) For the purposes of saving life or preventing serious injury;

b) When undertaking actions to prevent severe deterministic effects and actions to prevent
the development of catastrophic conditions that could significantly affect people and
the environment; or

c) When undertaking actions to avert a large collective dose.

446. In the exceptional circumstances specified in paragraph 445, response organizations and em-
ployers shall make all reasonable efforts to keep doses to emergency workers below the values
set out in Appendix 29.

447. In addition, emergency workers undertaking actions as a result of which their doses could
approach or exceed the values set out in Appendix 29 shall do so only when the expected
benefits to others would clearly outweigh the risks to the emergency workers.

448. Response organizations and employers shall ensure that emergency workers who undertake
actions in which the doses received might exceed 50 mSv:

a) do so voluntarily;

b) that they have been clearly and comprehensively informed in advance of the associated
health risks, as well as of available measures for protection and safety;

c) that they are, to the extent possible, trained in the actions that they may be required to
take.

Section 171 Assessment, recording and consideration of doses received by emergency workers

449. Response organizations and employers shall take all reasonable steps to assess and record the
doses received in an emergency by emergency workers. Information on the doses received and
information concerning the associated health risks shall be communicated to the workers in-
volved.

450. Workers who receive doses in an emergency exposure situation shall not normally be pre-
cluded from incurring further occupational exposure. However, qualified medical advice shall
be obtained before any further occupational exposure if such a worker has received a dose
exceeding 200 mSv or at the request of the worker.
 83
Chapter 22 Transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation

Section 172 Arrangements for the transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing
exposure situation

451. The strategies established under Section 168 shall consider arrangements for the transition
from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation. The arrangements
shall take into account that different geographical areas may undergo the transition at different
times. The responsible authority shall take the decision to make the transition to an existing
exposure situation. The transition shall be made in a coordinated and orderly manner, by mak-
ing any necessary transfer of responsibilities between organizations, with the involvement of
relevant authorities and interested parties.

452. Workers undertaking work such as repairs to plant and buildings or activities for radioactive
waste management, or undertaking remedial actions for the decontamination of the site and
surrounding areas, shall be subject to the relevant requirements for occupational exposure in
planned exposure situations stated in Chapter 14.
 84
PART 4 EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATIONS

Chapter 23 Generic requirements

Section 173 Scope

453. The requirements for existing exposure situations in PART 4 apply to:

a) Exposure due to contamination of areas by residual radioactive material deriving from:

(i) Past activities that were never subject to regulatory control or that were subject to
regulatory control but not in accordance with the requirements of these regulations;

(ii) A nuclear or radiological emergency, after an emergency has been declared to be

ended in accordance with Section 172.

b) Exposure due to commodities, including food, feed, drinking water and construction
materials, that incorporate radionuclides deriving from residual radioactive material as
stated in point a).

c) Exposure due to natural sources, including:

(i) 222 Rnand its progeny and 220 Rn and its progeny, in workplaces other than those
workplaces for which exposure due to other radionuclides in the uranium decay
chain or the thorium decay chain is controlled as a planned exposure situation, in
dwellings and in other buildings with high occupancy factors for members of the
public;

(ii) Radionuclides of natural origin, regardless of activity concentration, in commodi-

ties, including food, feed, drinking water, agricultural fertilizer and soil amend-
ments, and construction materials, and residual radioactive material in the environ-
ment;

(iii) Materials, other than those stated in ii. above, in which the activity concentration
of no radionuclide in either the uranium decay chain or the thorium decay chain
exceeds 1 Bq/g and the activity concentration of 40 K does not exceed 10 Bq/g;

(iv) Exposure of aircrew and space crew to cosmic radiation.

Section 174 Responsibilities for existing exposure situations

454. If the existing exposure situation has been caused by a practice, the licensee and registrant
shall be responsible for determining occupational and public exposures, evaluating of possible
remedial measures, developing protection strategies and for implementing the strategies. The
protection strategies shall be approved by the NRRC before their implementation.

455. If the licensee or registrant is not capable to carry its responsibilities referred to in paragraph
454, or if the responsible party cannot be identified, the owner of the area or property shall
carry these responsibilities if the existing exposure situation has occurred with the consent of
the owner or if the owner has been aware or should have been aware of the situation at the
time of acquisition.

456. For other existing exposure situations than those referred to in paragraph 454, and which have
been identified as being of concern, the NRRC:

a) determines which occupational exposures and public exposures are of concern from the
point of view of radiation protection;
 85
b) determines possible remedial measures or other further action;

c) communicates the results of the determinations to the Council of Ministers for the pur-
pose of establishing protection strategies and for assigning responsibilities for their im-
plementation.

Section 175 Reference levels

457. Based on the determinations and evaluations of the situation referred to Section 174, the
NRRC shall in co-operation with other relevant authorities and stake holders establish refer-
ence levels appropriate to the situation.

458. Reference levels shall be expressed as an annual effective dose to the representative person in
the range of 1–20 mSv or other corresponding quantity, the actual value depending on the
feasibility of controlling the situation and on experience in managing similar situations in the
past.

459. The NRRC shall periodically review the reference levels to ensure that they remain appropri-
ate in the light of the prevailing circumstances.

Section 176 Protection strategies

460. Protection strategies referred to in Section 174 shall be developed so that:

a) the remedial actions and protective actions are justified in accordance with Section 177;

b) protection and safety is optimized in accordance with Section 178;

c) the protection strategy is commensurate with the radiation risks associated with the ex-
isting exposure situation;

d) the protection strategy specifies:

(i) the objectives to be achieved by means of the protection strategy;

(ii) appropriate reference levels;

e) the involvement of interested parties in decisions regarding the development and im-
plementation of protection strategies is ensured, as appropriate.

461. The implementation of protection strategies shall include:

a) Arranging for evaluation of the available remedial actions and protective actions for
achieving the objectives, and for evaluation of the efficiency of the actions planned and
implemented;

b) Ensuring that information is available to individuals subject to exposure on potential

health risks and on the means available for reducing their exposures and the associated
risks.

c) Reporting on the progress made and on completion to the NRRC and other relevant
authorities for the purpose of verifying successful implementation.
 86
Chapter 24 Public exposure

Section 177 Justification for remedial and protective actions

462. Remedial actions or protective actions shall yield sufficient benefits to outweigh the detri-
ments associated with taking them, including detriments in the form of radiation risks.

463. The persons or organizations responsible for the planning, implementation and verification of
remedial actions shall, as appropriate, ensure that any additional doses received by members
of the public as a result of the remedial actions are justified on the basis of the resulting net
benefit, including consideration of the consequent reduction of the annual dose.

Section 178 Optimization of protection and safety

464. The form, scale and duration of remedial actions or protective actions shall be optimized.
While this optimization process is intended to provide optimized protection for all individuals
subject to exposure, priority shall be given to those groups for whom the dose exceeds the
reference level. All reasonable steps shall be taken to prevent doses from remaining above the
reference levels.

465. In the choice of the optimized remediation option:

a) Radiological impacts on people and the environment shall be considered together with
non-radiological impacts on people and the environment, and with technical, societal
and economic factors;

b) The costs of the transport and management of radioactive waste, the radiation exposure
of and health risks to the workers managing the radioactive waste, and any subsequent
public exposure associated with its disposal shall all be taken into account.

Section 179 Responsibilities for remediation of areas with residual radioactive material

466. Persons or organizations responsible for areas with residual radioactive material shall be iden-
tified and those persons and organizations responsible for planning, implementing and verify-
ing the results of remedial actions shall be designated in accordance with Section 174.

467. Persons or organizations responsible for areas with residual radioactive material shall ensure
the establishment of

a) any restrictions on the use of or access to the areas concerned before, during and, if
necessary, after remediation;

b) an appropriate system for maintaining, retrieval and amendment of records that cover
the nature and the extent of contamination; the decisions made before, during and after
remediation; and information on verification of the results of remedial actions, includ-
ing the results of all monitoring programmes after completion of the remedial actions .

Section 180 Planning, implementation and verification of remedial actions on areas with residual
radioactive material

468. The persons or organizations responsible for the planning, implementation and verification of
remedial actions on areas with residual radioactive material shall, as appropriate, ensure that:

a) A remedial action plan, supported by a safety assessment, is prepared and is submitted

to the NRRC for approval;
 87
b) The remedial action plan is aimed at the timely and progressive reduction of the radia-
tion risks and eventually, if possible, at the removal of restrictions on the use of or
access to the area;

c) A monitoring programme is established and implemented;

d) A system for maintaining adequate records relating to the existing exposure situation
and to actions taken for protection and safety is in place;

e) Procedures are in place for reporting to the NRRC on any abnormal conditions relevant
to protection and safety.

469. Any significant changes to the remedial action plan referred paragraph 468 a) regarding pro-
cedures or equipment that may have radiological environmental impacts or that may alter the
exposure conditions for workers taking remedial actions or for members of the public shall be
subject to NRRC’s approval.
470. The person or organization responsible for carrying out the remedial actions:

a) Shall ensure that the work, including management of the radioactive waste arising, is
conducted in accordance with the remedial action plan;

b) Shall take responsibility for all aspects of protection and safety, including the conduct
of a safety assessment;

c) Shall monitor the area regularly during the remediation so as to verify levels of con-
tamination, to verify compliance with the requirements for radioactive waste manage-
ment, and to enable any unexpected levels of radiation to be detected and the remedial
action plan to be modified accordingly, subject to approval by the NRRC;

d) Shall perform a radiological survey after completion of remedial actions to demonstrate

that the end point conditions, as established in the remedial action plan, have been met;

e) Shall prepare and retain a final remediation report and shall submit a copy to the NRRC.

Section 181 Measures after remedial actions on areas with residual radioactive material

471. After the remedial actions have been completed, the NRRC or other relevant authority:

a) shall review, amend as necessary and formalize the type, extent and duration of any
post-remediation control measures already identified in the remedial action plan, with
due consideration of the residual radiation risks;

b) shall identify the person or organization responsible for any post-remediation control
measures;

c) shall, where necessary, impose specific restrictions for the remediated area to control:

(i) Access by unauthorized persons;

(ii) Removal of radioactive material or use of such material, including its use in com-
modities;

(iii) Future use of the area, including the use of water resources and its use for the pro-
duction of food or feed, and the consumption of food from the area.

d) shall periodically review conditions in the remediated area and, if appropriate, shall
amend or remove any restrictions.
 88
472. The person or organization responsible for post-remediation control measures shall establish
and maintain, for as long as required by the NRRC, an appropriate programme, including any
necessary provision for monitoring, to verify the long-term effectiveness of the completed
remedial actions for areas in which controls are required after remediation.

473. For those areas with long lasting residual radioactive material, in whic h it has been decided to
allow habitation and the resumption of social and economic activities, the NRRC, in consul-
tation with other relevant authorities and interested parties, shall ensure that arrangements are
in place, as necessary, for the continuing control of exposure with the aim of establishing
conditions for sustainable living, including:

a) Establishment of reference levels for protection and safety that are consistent with day
to day life;

b) Establishment of an infrastructure to support continuing ‘self-help protective actions’

in the affected areas, such as by the provision of information and advice, and by moni-
toring.

474. The conditions prevailing after the completion of remedial actions shall be considered to con-
stitute the background conditions for any new facilities and activities or for habitation on the
land unless the NRRC has not imposed restrictions or controls after the remediations.

Section 182 Public exposure due to radon indoors

475. The reference level for the annual average 222 Rn concentration (in air) in dwellings and other
buildings with high occupancy factors for members of the public shall be 300 Bq/m 3 .

476. Where the 222 Rn concentration is above the reference level remedial action should be taken to
reduce the activity concentration and consequent exposures to levels at which protection is
optimized. Priority should be given to actions to reduce activity concentrations in situations
for which such action is likely to be most effective.

Section 183 Exposure due to radionuclides in commodities

477. This Section applies to commodities which unintentionally contain radionuclides originating
from the nature. This section does not apply to consumer products covered by Chapter 12.

478. The reference level for public exposure for construction materials used for building houses
shall be 1 mSv/a. The public exposure shall be determined as the effective dose caused by
external gamma radiation originating from natural radionuclides in building materials sub-
tracted by the effective dose caused by natural background.

479. The reference level for public exposure for drinking water shall be 0,1 mSv/a. The public
exposure shall be determined as the effective dose caused by the ingestion of all other radio-
nuclides in the drinking water except radon and its progeny.

480. The reference level for radon concentration in drinking water is 100 Bq/l.

481. Based on the reference levels for drinking water established in paragraphs 479 and 480, the
related guideline levels for radionuclides contained in drinking water that have been published
by the World Health Organization shall be used.
 89
482. For international trade of food stuff that could contain radioactive substances as a result of a
nuclear or radiological emergency, the guideline levels published by the Joint Food and Agri-
culture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Codex Alimentarius
Commission shall be used.

Chapter 25 Occupational exposure

Section 184 Remediation of areas with residual radioactive material

483. Employers shall ensure that the exposure of workers undertaking remedial actions is controlled
in accordance with the relevant requirements on occupational exposure in planned exposure
situations as established in Chapter 14.

Section 185 Exposure due to radon in workplaces

484. The reference level for the annual average 222 Rn concentration (in air) in workplaces shall be
300 Bq/m3 .

485. Employers shall ensure that activity concentrations of 222Rn in workplaces are as low as rea-
sonably achievable below the reference level and that protection is optimized.

486. If, despite all reasonable efforts by the employer to reduce activity concentrations of radon,
the activity concentration of 222 Rn in workplaces remains above the reference level, the rele-
vant requirements for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations as stated in Chap-
ter 14 shall apply.

Section 186 Exposure of aircrew due to cosmic radiation

487. The employer of aircrew shall assess the exposure of the aircrew to cosmic radiation if the
aircrew works at altitudes above 8000 meters. The assessment shall be based on calculation
methods recognized by the NRRC as suitable and reliable for the intended purpose.

488. The reference level for the effective dose received by aircrew from occupational exposure to
cosmic radiation shall be 1 mSv per year.

489. In accordance with paragraph 487:

a) Where the doses of aircrew are likely to exceed the reference level, employers of air-
crew:

(i) Shall assess and keep records of doses;

(ii) Shall make records of doses available to aircrew.

b) Employers:

(i) Shall inform female aircrew of the risk to the embryo or fetus due to exposure to
cosmic radiation and of the need for early notification of pregnancy;

(ii) Shall apply the requirements of Section 113 in respect of notification of pregnancy.

Section 187 Protection and safety of other workers in existing exposure situation

490. The requirements in respect of public exposure stated in Chapter 24 shall be applied for pro-
tection and safety for workers in existing exposure situations to other workers than those re-
ferred to in Sections 184 – 186.
 90
Appendices

Appendix 1: Radiation protection training and sufficient work experience of a qualified expert

The training of a qualified expert shall include the areas of knowledge as prescribed in the following table.
The training shall be such that the core learning outcomes given in the table are achieved.

A qualified expert shall have at least two years of working experience in the field of expertise or corresponding
tasks.

AREA OF KNOWLEDGE (Level of CORE LEARNING OUTCOMES

knowledge: Master´s degree level)
1. Scientific basis, general knowledge of radia-  Profoundly understands properties of different types
tion of radiation, their physical arising and interaction
 Nuclear physics mechanisms and other characteristics of radioactive
 Radiation physics substances
 Radiochemistry  Profoundly understands the principles of applications
basing in the use of radiation sources in the field of
expertise
 Is able to act as an expert in taking into service of
new applications and methods as well as in introduc-
ing novel practices
2. Measuring technique and calculation meth-  Understands radiation measurement methods and de-
ods termination methods basing on calculations and
 Measurement methods, conduct of measuring radiation exposure
measurement  Is able to determine characteristics of radiation me-
 Radiation dosimetry ters appropriate for the practice
 Planning of shielding  Is able to plan radiation shielding for places where
radiation is used
3. Radiation protection  Understands the principles of radiation protection
 Radiation biology and the relevant legislation and the radiation safety
 Quantities and units and security arrangements needed at the site where
 Basic principles radiation is used
 Protection of members of the public in-  Is able to act as an expert in the field of expertise,
cluding the environment as an exposure communicate on radiation protection matters and
pathway provide guidance to the licensee and registrant on
 Legislation and international recom- the fulfilment of statutory requirements
mendations  Is able to provide guidance to the licensee and regis-
 Radiation safety and security arrange- trant in determination of the exposure caused by the
ments at facilities practice, optimization of protection, as well as, pre-
 Identification of risks and arrangements ventive planning and the identification of risks
for radiation safety deviations  Is able to advice the licensee and registrant in organ-
 Management system and the tasks and izing training and guidance in radiation-safe work
cooperation between qualified experts for workers and plan the necessary radiation protec-
and radiation safety officers tion training and retraining
 Safety culture, radiation protection
training and quality assurance
4. Practices in the field of expertise  Is familiar with the practices, their operating princi-
 Types of practices and uses of radiation ples and radiation sources used, as well as, radioac-
sources tive waste generated, discharges and decontamina-
 Characteristics and handling of radia- tion
tion sources  Is familiar with the radiation safety requirements
concerning the practices
 91
 Acquisition processes, installation,  Is able to prepare a safety assessments, report, rec-
maintenance and remediation of radia- ommendations and guidelines concerning radiation
tion sources safety
 Trade , import, export, shipment and  Is able to prepare quality assurance programs for the
transportation of radiation sources practice
 Record-keeping, storage and removal  Is able to advice on organizing training for workers
from the use of radiation sources
 Handling of radioactive waste, decon-
tamination, discharges
 92
Appendix 2: Radiation protection training and sufficient work expe rience of a radiation safety officer.

The content and extent of the training and the sufficient work experience of a radiation safety officer depend
on the practice specific field of expertise and shall meet the requirements set out in Table A2.1. The training
shall include the areas of knowledge as prescribed in Table A2.2. The training shall be such that the core
learning outcomes prescribed in Table A2.2 are achieved.

Table A2.1 Content and extent of the training and the sufficient w ork experience of a radiation safety officer.

Practice specific field of expertise Content of Extent of training Sufficient

training work experi-
ence
Health care and veterinary medicine
Health care x-ray practice At least 54 hours
Radiography practice without contrast (at least 16 hours of
media See Table A2.2 contact teaching: the-
Veterinary x-ray practice ory 8 hours + practical 4 months
Nuclear medicine exercises 8 hours)
Installation, maintenance or remedia-
tion of radiation appliances and sources
General use of radiation in health care Radiation safety officer shall have the competence of a
and veterinary medicine qualified expert in the same field of expertise
Industry, research and use of nuclear energy
Use of sealed sources and x-ray appli- At least 27 hours (at 4 months
ances See Table A2.2 least 16 hours of con-
tact teaching: theory 8
hours + practical exer-
cises 8 hours)
Use of unsealed sources 6 months
Industrial radiography
Use of particle accelerators in research Radiation safety officer shall have the competence of a
and in the production of radionuclides; qualified expert in the same field of expertise
Use of nuclear energy Radiation safety officer shall have the 3 years of
competence of a qualified expert in the which at least
same field of expertise one year in ra-
diation protec-
tion tasks in
nuclear facili-
ties
 93

Table A2.2 Areas of knowledge and core learning outcomes of radiation protection training of radiation
safety officers.

AREA OF KNOWLEDGE (Level of CORE LEARNING OUTCOMES

knowledge: Bachelor´s degree level) (within the practice specific field of expertise)
1. Scientific basis, general knowledge of radi-  Is familiar with the principles of applications basing
ation in the use of radiation sources
 Nuclear physics
 Radiation physics
 Radiochemistry
2. Measuring technique and calculation meth-  Is familiar with the determination methods of radia-
ods tion exposure
 Measurement methods, conduct of  Is able to use radiation meters according to instruc-
measurement tions and draw conclusions about the necessary
 Radiation dosimetry measures based on measurement results
 Planning of shielding
3. Radiation protection  Is familiar with the basic principles of radiation pro-
 Radiation biology tection, and relevant legislation and radiation safety
 Quantities and units and security arrangements
 Basic principles  Is able to implement and supervise radiation protec-
 Protection of members of the public in- tion arrangements including the protection of work-
cluding the environment as an exposure ers
pathway  Is able to guide the workers in the safe use of radia-
 Legislation and international recom- tion, in the adoption of new methods and in optimi-
mendations zation of protection
 Radiation safety and security arrange-  Is able to identify risks in the practice and prepare
ments at facilities for and respond to radiation safety deviations
 Identification of risks and arrange-  Is familiar with the management system and is able
ments for radiation safety deviations to act in cooperation with the experts
 Management system and the tasks and  Promotes a good radiation safety culture through
cooperation between qualified experts their own actions
and radiation safety officers  Is able to ensure implementation of training, in-
 Safety culture, radiation protection struction, retraining and quality assurance
training and quality assurance
4. Practices in the field of expertise  Is familiar with the radiation sources used
 Types of practices and uses of radiation  Is familiar with requirements concerning practices
sources and radiation protection guidelines at the workplace
 Characteristics and handling of radia-
tion sources
 Acquisition processes, installation,
maintenance and remediation of radia-
tion sources
 Trade, import, export, shipment and
transportation of radiation sources
 Record-keeping, storage and removal
from the use of radiation sources
 Handling of radioactive waste, decon-
tamination, discharges
 94
Appendix 3: The content and scope of the radiation protection training of a physician performing
radiation worker’s health surveillance.

The radiation protection training shall be at least 50 hours. At least one half of the training shall be given in
the form of guided instruction (contact teaching).

Radiation protection training shall include the following subjects:

1. Fundamentals of radiation physics

• the structure of atoms and atomic nuclei, radioactivity
• types and sources of radiation
• interactions between radiation and matter
• quantities and units of radiation
• detection and measurement of radiation

2. Fundamentals of radiation biology

• biological effects of radiation and detection of these effects
• risk of cancer due to radiation and the risk of inheritable and deterministic effects
• assessment of radiation risk

3. Radiation protection of workers

• radiation protection regulations and guidelines
• regulatory control of practices and the role of the regulatory authorities
• general principles of radiation protection (justification, optimization, dose limitation)
• dose limits and dose constraints
• assessing radiation risk and explaining it understandably to the worker
• authorization and reporting obligations
• different types of practices
• licensee’s and registrant’s organization and the safety culture
• monitoring of radiation exposure and health surveillance of workers
• radiation safety deviations and measures on their occurrence
 95
Appendix 4: Radiation protection training of a worker engaged in the medical use of radiation

The training of a workers engaged in the medical use of radiation shall be such that the core learning out-
comes for the different professions given in Table A4.1 are met.

Table A4.1 (part 1/3) Core learning outcomes

.
PROFESSIONAL Licentiate in Radiologist or a A specialist in clin- Specialist in oncol-
TITLE medicine or other specialist in inter- ical physiology ogy
person issuing a ventional radiol- and nuclear medi-
referral ogy, dental radiol- cine
ogist
LEVEL OF Master´s degree
KNOWLEDGE level or Bachelor´s Master´s degree level
degree level
CORE Masters medical physics and radiation biology and knows how to apply the knowledge
LEARNING in order to communicate at the general level on medical exposure, occupational expo-
OUTCOMES sure and public exposure as well as how to interpret radiation risks.
A. Radiation Knows how to justify the radiation risk caused by medical exposure to the person issu-
physics and ing a referral and to the patient.
radiation biol-
ogy
Knows how to Knows how to take Knows how to take
take into consider- into consideration into consideration
ation factors re- factors related to factors related to im-
lated to image image quality and age quality and radi-
quality and radia- radiation exposure ation exposure in the
tion exposure in in the selection of selection of radio-
appliance selec- radiopharmaceuti- therapy and imaging
tion and the opti- cals and appliances, appliances, of the ra-
mization of imag- in the optimization diopharmaceutical
ing programs as of imaging pro- used in therapeutic
well as in the se- grams and in the se- nuclear medicine
lection of the im- lection of the imag- practices and of the
aging method for ing method for an treatment method for
an individual pa- individual patient. an individual patient.
tient.
B. Radiation pro- Is familiar with general radiation protection principles and knows how to apply them in
tection in practice in order to ensure patient safety in different situations, especially in view of the
medical expo- special features of radiation protection for children, adolescents, fetuses and asympto-
sures matic persons.
C. Radiation Knows how to pro- Knows how to use procedures intended for optimizing protection
protection of tect against radiation of workers.
workers at work in accord-
ance with the guide-
lines given.
 96

Table A4.1 (part 2/3) Core learning outcomes

PROFES- Dentist Other physician Radiographer Medical physicist

SIONAL TITLE using radiation
LEVEL OF Master´s degree level Bachelor´s degree level Master´s degree level
KNOWLEDGE
CORE Masters medical physics Masters medical physics Masters medical physics
LEARNING and radiation biology and and radiation biology and and radiation biology and
OUTCOMES knows how to apply the knows how to apply the knows how to apply the
A. Radiation knowledge in their field in knowledge in their field and knowledge in their field in
physics and order to communicate on the is capable of communi- order to advice others on the
radiation bi- type and amount of radiation cating on the most important type and amount of radia-
ology exposure in the field and factors affecting medical tion exposure in the every-
how to interpret radiation exposure, occupational ex- day work.
risks. posure and public exposure.
Knows how to assess and
Knows how to justify the ra- Knows how to communi- interpret radiation risks.
diation risk caused by medi- cate on the type and amount Knows how to advice others
cal exposure to the person of radiation exposure in the in the choice of appliances
issuing a referral and to the everyday work and to inter- and software, taking into
patient. pret radiation risks. consideration factors related
to image quality and radia-
Knows how to take into con- Knows how to take into tion exposure.
sideration factors related to consideration factors related
image quality and radiation to image quality and radia-
exposure in the selection of tion exposure in the imaging
the appliance, in the optimi- and treatment of an individ-
zation of imaging programs ual patient.
and in the selection of the
imaging method for an indi-
vidual patient.
B. Radiation Is familiar with general radiation protection principles and Knows how to assess and
protection in knows how to apply them in practice in order to ensure pa- develop suitable radiation
medical ex- tient safety in different exposure situations, especially in protection procedures for
posures view of the special features of radiation protection for chil- their field in order to opti-
dren, adolescents, fetuses and asymptomatic persons. mize medical exposure and
the public and occupational
exposure caused by the
medical use of radiation.

C. Radiation Knows how to use procedures intended for optimizing pro- Knows how to optimize oc-
protection of tection of workers. cupational exposure caused
workers by the medical use of radia-
tion in cooperation with the
qualified expert.
 97

Table A4.1 (part 3/3) Core learning outcomes

PROFESSIONAL Other health-care Other health-care profes- Licentiate in veterinary

TITLE professional using ra- sional and veterinary assis- medicine
diation tant engaged in work with
exposure to radiation
LEVEL OF Master´s degree level or
KNOWLEDGE Bachelor´s degree level Master´s degree level
CORE Masters medical phys- Knows how to communicate
LEARNING ics and radiation biol- at the general level on medical
OUTCOMES ogy, knows how to ap- exposure, occupational expo-
A. Radiation ply the knowledge in sure and public exposure as
physics and their field, is capable of well as interpret radiation
communicating on the risks.
radiation biol-
ogy most important factors
affecting medical expo-
sure, occupational expo-
sure and public expo-
sure, and knows how to
interpret radiation risks.
Knows how to take into
consideration factors re-
lated to image quality
and radiation exposure
in the imaging and treat-
ment of an individual
patient.
Knows how to communicate on the type and amount of radiation exposure in the eve-
ryday work and to interpret radiation risks.
B. Radiation Is familiar with general Is familiar with general radiation protection principles and
protection in radiation protection knows how to apply them in practice.
medical expo- principles and applies Can take care of the radia-
sures them in practice in order tion protection of veteri-
to ensure patient safety nary assistants and other
in different exposure sit- persons assisting in veteri-
uations, especially in nary medicine exposures.
view of the special fea-
tures of radiation pro-
tection for children, ad-
olescents, fetuses and
asymptomatic persons.
C. Radiation Knows how to use procedures intended for optimizing protection of workers.
protection of .
workers
 98
Appendix 5: Quantities, units, values and relationships used in the determination of dose

Absorbed dose, D
The fundamental dosimetric quantity D, defined as:

d𝜀̅
𝐷=
d𝑚

where d𝜀̅ is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter in a volume element and
dm is the mass of matter in the volume element. The SI unit for absorbed dose is joule per
kilogram (J/kg), termed the gray (Gy). The energy can be averaged over any defined volume,
the average dose being equal to the total energy imparted in the volume divided by the mass in
the volume. Absorbed dose is defined at a point; the mean absorbed dose in a specified tissue
or organ of the human body is termed the organ dose.

Activity, A
The quantity A for an amount of radionuclide in a given energy state at a given time, defined
as:

d𝑁
𝐴(𝑡 ) =
d𝑡

where dN is the expectation value of the number of spontaneous nuclear transformations from
the given energy state in the time interval dt. The SI unit for activity is reciprocal second (s–1),
termed the becquerel (Bq).

Ambient dose equivalent, H*(d)

The dose equivalent that would be produced by the corresponding aligned and expanded field
in the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ICRU sphere at a depth
d on the radius vector opposing the direction of the aligned field.

Committed dose
The lifetime dose expected to result from an intake.

Committed effective dose, E(τ)

The quantity E(τ), defined as:

𝐸 (𝜏) = ∑ 𝑤T ∙ 𝐻T (𝜏)
𝑇

where HT(τ) is the committed equivalent dose to tissue or organ T over the integration time τ
elapsed after an intake of radioactive substances and w T is the tissue weighting factor for tissue
or organ T. When τ is not specified, it will be taken to be 50 years for adults and the time to age
70 years for intakes by children.

Committed equivalent dose, HT(τ)

The quantity HT(τ), defined as:
𝑡0+𝜏
𝐻T (𝜏) = ∫ 𝐻̇T (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
 99

where t0 is the time of intake, 𝐻̇T(t ) is the equivalent dose rate at time t in tissue or organ T and
τ is the integration time elapsed after an intake of radioactive substances. When τ is not speci-
fied, it will be taken to be 50 years for adults and the time to age 70 years for intakes by children.

Directional dose equivalent, H΄(d,Ω)

The dose equivalent that would be produced by the corresponding expanded field in the Inter-
national Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ICRU sphere at a depth d on a
radius in a specified direction Ω.

Energy fluence, Ψ

A measure of the energy density of a radiation field, defined as:

d𝑅
Ψ=
d𝑎

where dR is the radiation energy incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area da.

Effective dose, E
The quantity E, defined as a summation of the tissue or organ equivalent doses, each multiplied
by the appropriate tissue weighting factor:

𝐸 = ∑ 𝑤T ∙ 𝐻T
T

where HT is the equivalent dose in tissue or organ T and w T is the tissue weighting factor for
tissue or organ T. From the definition of equivalent dose, it follows that:

𝐸 = ∑ 𝑤T ∙ ∑ 𝑤R ∙ 𝐷T,R
T R

where w R is the radiation weighting factor for radiation type R and D T,R is the average absorbed
dose in the tissue or organ T delivered by radiation type R. The SI unit for effective dose is joule
per kilogram (J/kg), termed the sievert (Sv).

Equilibrium equivalent concentration (EEC)

The activity concentration of 222 Rn or 220 Rn in radioactive equilibrium with its short lived prog-
eny that would have the same potential alpha energy concentration as the actual (non-equilib-
rium) mixture.

The equilibrium equivalent concentration of 222Rn is given by:

EEC 222 Rn = (0.104 × C( 218 Po)) + (0.514 × C( 214 Pb)) + (0.382 × C( 214 Bi)) where C(x) is the
activity concentration of nuclide x in air. 1 Bq/m3 EEC 222 Rn corresponds to 5.56 × 10–6 mJ/m3.
The equilibrium equivalent concentration of 220Rn is given by:
EEC 220 Rn = (0.913 × C( 212Pb)) + (0.087 × C( 212 Bi)) where C(x) is the activity concentration of
nuclide x in air. 1 Bq/m3 EEC 220 Rn corresponds to 7.57 × 10–5 mJ/m3.

Equilibrium factor
The ratio of the equilibrium equivalent activity concentration of 222 Rn to the actual 222 Rn activity
concentration.

Equivalent dose, HT
The quantity HT,R, defined as:
 100
𝐻T,R = 𝑤R ∙ 𝐷T,R

where DT,R is the absorbed dose delivered by radiation type R averaged over a tissue or organ
T and wR is the radiation weighting factor for radiation type R. When the radiation field is
composed of different radiation types with different values of w R, the equivalent dose is:

𝐻T = ∑ 𝑤R ∙ 𝐷T,R
R

The SI unit for equivalent dose is joule per kilogram (J/kg), termed the sievert (Sv).

ICRU sphere
A sphere of 30 cm diameter made of tissue equivalent material with a density of 1 g/cm 3 and a
mass composition of 76.2% oxygen, 11.1% carbon, 10.1% hydrogen and 2.6% nitrogen.

Intake
1. The act or process of taking radionuclides into the body by inhalation or ingestion or through
the skin.
2. The activity of a radionuclide taken into the body in a given time period or as a result of a
given event.

Kerma, K
The quantity K, defined as:

d𝐸𝑡𝑟
𝐾=
d𝑚

where dEtr is the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all charged ionizing particles liberated by
uncharged ionizing particles in a material of mass dm. The SI unit for kerma is joule per kilo-
gram (J/kg), termed the gray (Gy).

Personal dose equivalent, H p (d)

The dose equivalent in soft tissue below a specified point on the body at an appropriate depth
d. The values of d are 10 mm for strongly penetrating radiation and 0.07 mm for weakly pene-
trating radiation for whole body monitoring. Hp (0.07) shall be used for monitoring for hands
and feet for all radiation types. Hp (3) shall be used for monitoring exposure of the lens of the
eye.

Particle fluence, Φ
A measure of the density of particles in a radiation field, defined as:

d𝑁
Φ=
d𝑎

where dN is the number of particles incident on a sphere of cross-sectional area da.

Radiation weighting factor, wR

A number by which the absorbed dose in a tissue or organ is multiplied to reflect the relative
biological effectiveness of the radiation in inducing stochastic effects at low doses, the result
being the equivalent dose. The radiation weighting factor values10 are:

Type of radiation wR
Photons 1
Electrons and muons 1
 101
Protons and charged pions 2
Alpha particles, fission fragments, heavy ions 20

Neutrons A continuous function of neutron energy:

2
2.5 + 18.2𝑒−[ ln( 𝐸𝑛 )] /6 ,𝐸𝑛 < 1 𝑀𝑒𝑉
2
𝑤𝑅 = {5.0 + 17𝑒 −[ln(2𝐸𝑛 )] /6 ,1 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ≤ 𝐸𝑛 ≤ 50𝑀𝑒𝑉
2
2.5 + 3.25𝑒 −[ln(0,04𝐸𝑛)] /6 ,𝐸
𝑛 > 50 𝑀𝑒𝑉

Tissue weighting factor, wT

Multiplier of the equivalent dose to a tissue or organ used for purposes of radiation protection
to account for the different sensitivities of different tissues or organs to the induction of sto-
chastic effects of radiation. Tissue weighting factors used for calculating effective dose are as
follows.

Tissue or organ wT

Bone marrow (red) 0.12

Colon 0.12
Lung 0.12
Stomach 0.12
Breast 0.12
Gonads 0.08
Bladder 0.04
Oesophagus 0.04
Liver 0.04
Thyroid 0.04
Bone surface 0.01
Brain 0.01
Salivary glands 0.01
Skin 0.01
Remainder tissues a 0.12

Total 1.00

a Thew T for remainder tissues (0.12) applies to the arithmetic mean dose to these 13 tissues and
organs for each sex: adrenals, extrathoracic region, gall bladder, heart, kidneys, lymphatic
nodes, muscle, oral mucosa, pancreas, prostate (male), small intestine, s pleen, thymus,
uterus/cervix (female).
 102

Appendix 6: Categorization of practices

Category Type of practice

 Use of Category 1 or 2 sealed sources

 Assembling, repair and maintenance of sources used in Category 1 practices
 Research, education or training with sources used in Category 1 practices
1
Medical use of radiation Industrial and other use of radiation
 Radiotherapy  Use of irradiators
 Nuclear medicine  Industrial radiography
 Diagnostic radiology utilizing com-  Use of accelerators
puter tomography or fixed fluoroscopy  Isotope production
 Screening with sources used in Practice
Class 1

 Use of Category 3 sealed sources

 Transport of radioactive substances
 Assembling, repair and maintenance of sources used in Category 2 or 3 practices
 Trade, import, export of radioactive sources
 Research, education or training with sources used in Category 2 or 3 practices
2
Medical use of radiation Industrial and other use of radiation
 Diagnostic radiology and other medical  Well logging
use of x-rays except those which do not  Use of nuclear gauges (utilizing
belong to Category 1 or 3 practices Category 3 sealed sources)
 Screening with sources used in Cate-  Use of unsealed sources (except
gory 2 or 3 practices isotope production)
 Use of unsealed sources (except nu-
clear medicine)
 Veterinary practices utilizing computer
tomography or fixed fluoroscopy

 Use of Category 4 or 5 sealed sources

 Use of shielded x-ray devices
3
Medical use of radiation Industrial and other use of radiation
 Dental x-ray practices  Use of nuclear gauges (utilizing
 Use of bone densitometers Category 4 or 5 sources)
 Veterinary practices other than Practice  Use of luggage scanners
Class 2 veterinary practices  Import and trade in consumer
products such as smoke detec-
tors
 103
Appendix 7: Categorization of sealed sources

Categorization of sealed sources shall be done primarily based on the type of use of the source. This is pre-
sented in Table A7.1.

When the use of the source is not known, the categorization shall be made based on the nuclide and the activity
of the source. Table A7.2 presents the activities corresponding to the different categories for some most com-
monly used radionuclides. The NRRC shall define activities for other radionuclides, if needed.

Table A7.1. Categorization of sealed sources based on the type of practice.

Category Sealed sources used in certain practice.

1  Radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs)

 Irradiators
 Teletherapy sources
 Fixed, multi-beam teletherapy (gamma knife) sources

2  Industrial gamma radiography sources

 High/medium dose rate brachytherapy sources

3  Fixed industrial gauges that incorporate high activity sources

 Well logging gauges

4  Low dose rate brachytherapy sources (except eye plaques and permanent implants)
 Industrial gauges that do not incorporate high activity sources
 Bone densitometers
 Static eliminators

5  Low dose rate brachytherapy eye plaques and permanent implant sources
 X ray fluorescence (XRF) devices
 Electron capture devices
 Mossbauer spectrometry sources
 Positron emission tomography (PET) check sources
 104
Table A7.2. Categorization of sealed sources based on activity.

A sealed source belongs to the category in question if it’s activity exceeds the activity value given in the Table.
For radionuclides not listed in the table below, the relevant activity value can be derived from the D-value
defined in the IAEA publication Dangerous quantities of radioactive material (EPR-D-VALUES 2006) by
multiplying with the number given on the second row of the Table. The exemption levels defining the Category
5 are given in Appendix 10.

Nuclide Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Category 5

Activity value 1000 x D 10 x D D 0.01 X D

corresponding
to D-value

GBq GBq GBq GBq Exemption

level

Fe-55 8∙108 8∙106 800 000 8 000 1 MBq

Co-60 3∙104 3∙102 30 0.3 0.1 MBq

Ge-68 7∙104 7∙102 70 0.7 0.1 MBq

Se-75 2∙105 2∙103 200 2 1 MBq

Kr-85 3∙107 3∙105 30 000 300 10 kBq

Sr-90 (a) 1∙106 1∙104 1000 10 10 kBq

Pd-103 (a) 9∙107 9∙105 90 000 900 0.1 GBq

I-125 2∙105 2∙103 200 2 1 MBq

Cs-137 (a) 1∙105 1∙103 100 1 10 kBq

Pm-147 4∙107 4∙105 40 000 400 0.1 MBq

Gd-153 1∙106 1∙104 1000 10 10 MBq

Tm-170 2∙107 2∙105 20 000 200 1 MBq

Ir-192 8∙104 8∙102 80 0.8 10 kBq

Tl-204 2∙107 2∙105 20 000 200 10 kBq

Ra-226 4∙104 4∙102 40 0.4 10 kBq

Pu-238 6∙104 6∙102 60 0.6 10 kBq

Am-241 6∙104 6∙102 60 0.6 10 kBq

Cf-252 2∙104 2∙102 20 0.2 10 kBq

 105
Appendix 8: Specific restrictions for dose constraints

1. The dose constraints in this Appendix are expressed in terms of effective dose.

2. The dose constraint for workers other than radiation workers shall not exceed 0,3 mSv/a.

3. The dose constraint for members of the public shall not exceed 0,1mSv/a in case of:

a) the release of radioactive substances into the sewer system, to the sea, to a lake or a river, or to
the air;
b) conditional reuse, recycling or disposal of radioactive material arising from an authorized prac-
tice.

4. The dose constraint for the design of places of use or storage of a radiation sources shall not exceed:

a) 6 mSv/a for radiation worker in supervised area;

b) 0,3 mSv/a for occupational exposure in other areas than controlled or supervised areas;
c) 0,1 mSv/a for members of the public.

5. The dose constraints for the use of radiation sources for educational purposes in schools shall be:

a) 0,03 mSv for the exposure of the student by a single demonstration;

b) 0.3 mSv/a for the exposure to the student, teacher and other workers.
 106
Appendix 9: Dose limits and verification compliance with dose limits

Occupational exposure
1. For occupational exposure of workers over the age of 18 years, the dose limits are:
a) An effective dose of 20 mSv per year averaged over five consecutive years (100 mSv in 5 years)
and of 50 mSv in any single year;
b) An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 20 mSv per year averaged over five consecutive
years (100 mSv in 5 years) and of 50 mSv in any single year;
c) An equivalent dose to the extremities (hands and feet) or to the skin 1 of 500 mSv in a year.
2. Additional restrictions apply to occupational exposure for a female worker who has notified preg-
nancy or is breast-feeding (Section 113).
3. For occupational exposure of apprentices of 16 to 18 years of age who are being trained for employ-
ment involving radiation and for exposure of students of age 16 to 18 who use sources in the course
of their studies, the dose limits are:
a) An effective dose of 6 mSv in a year;
b) An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 20 mSv in a year;
c) An equivalent dose to the extremities (hands and feet) or to the skin1 of 150 mSv in a year.
1 The equivalent dose limits for the skin apply to the average dose over 1 cm2 of the most highly irradiated area of the
skin. The dose to the skin also contributes to the effective dose, this contribution being the average dose to the entire
skin multiplied by the tissue weighting factor for the skin.

Public exposure
4. For public exposure, the dose limits are:
a) An effective dose of 1 mSv in a year;
b) In special circumstances1, a higher value of effective dose in a single year could apply, provided
that the average effective dose over five consecutive years does not exceed 1 mSv per year;
c) An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 15 mSv in a year;
d) An equivalent dose to the skin of 50 mSv in a year.

1
For example, in authorized, justified and planned operational conditions that lead to transitory increases in exposures.

Verification of compliance with dose limits

5. The effective dose limits specified in this Appendix apply to the sum of the relevant doses from ex-
ternal exposure in the specified period and the relevant committed doses from intakes in the same
period; the period for calculating the committed dose shall normally be 50 years for intakes by adults
and shall be up to age 70 years for intakes by children.
6. For occupational exposure, the personal dose equivalent Hp (10)1 may be used as an approximation of
the effective dose from external exposure to penetrating radiation.
7. Values of the effective dose per unit air kerma free-in-air and per unit particle fluence are given in
Tables A9.1A–A9.1D.
 107
8. Doses per unit intake (dose coefficients) for the estimation of the committed effective dose for inges-
tion and inhalation of radionuclides are given in Tables A9.2A–A9.2H.

1
Hp(10) is the personal dose equivalent Hp(d) where d = 10 mm.

Table A9.1A. Conversion coefficients from air kerma free-in-air to h p(10,0°) in an international
commission on radiation units and measurements icru slab (photons) [IAEA, Conversion Coefficients for Use
in Radiological Protection against External Radiation, ICRP Publication 74, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1997).]

Photon energy Hp(10,0o)/K Photon energy Hp(10,0o)/K

(MeV) (Sv/Gy) (MeV) (Sv/Gy)

0.010 0.009 0.150 1.607

0.0125 0.098 0.200 1.492
0.015 0.264 0.300 1.369
0.0175 0.445 0.400 1.300
0.020 0.611 0.500 1.256
0.025 0.883 0.600 1.226
0.030 1.112 0.800 1.190
0.040 1.490 1.0 1.167
0.050 1.766 1.5 1.139
0.060 1.892 3.0 1.117
0.080 1.903 6.0 1.109
0.100 1.811 10.0 1.111
0.125 1.696

Table A9.1B. Conversion coefficients from air kerma free-in-air to h p(0.07,0°) in an international
commission on radiation units and measurements icru slab (photons) [IAEA, Conversion Coefficients for Use
in Radiological Protection against External Radiation, ICRP Publication 74, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1997).]

Photon energy Hp(0.07,0 o)/K Photon energy Hp(0.07,0 o)/K

(MeV) (Sv/Gy) (MeV) (Sv/Gy)
0.005 0.750 0.100 1.669
0.010 0.947 0.150 1.518
0.015 0.981 0.200 1.432
0.020 1.045 0.300 1.336
0.030 1.230 0.400 1.280
0.040 1.444 0.500 1.244
0.050 1.632 0.600 1.220
0.060 1.716 0.800 1.189
0.080 1.732 1.000 1.173
 108
Table A9.1C. Effective dose per unit neutron fluence e/φ for monoenergetic neutrons incident in
international organization for standardization geometry on an adult anthropomorphic computational
phantom [IAEA, Conversion Coefficients for Use in Radiological Protection against External Radiation, ICRP Publication 74,
Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1997). ]

Neutron energy E/Φ Neutron energy E/Φ

(MeV) (pSv · cm2) (MeV) (pSv · cm2)
1.00 × 10–9 2.40 1.50 × 10–1 35.2
1.00 × 10–8 2.89 2.00 × 10–1 42.4

2.53 × 10–8 3.30 3.00 × 10–1 54.7

1.00 × 10–7 4.13 5.00 × 10–1 75.0

2.00 × 10–7 4.59 7.00 × 10–1 92.8

5.00 × 10–7 5.20 9.00 × 10–1 108

1.00 × 10–6 5.63 1.00 × 100 116

2.00 × 10–6 5.96 1.20 × 100 130

5.00 × 10–6 6.28 2.00 × 100 178

1.00 × 10–5 6.44 3.00 × 100 220

2.00 × 10–5 6.51 4.00 × 100 250

5.00 × 10–5 6.51 5.00 × 100 272

1.00 × 10–4 6.45 6.00 × 100 282

2.00 × 10–4 6.32 7.00 × 100 290

5.00 × 10–4 6.14 8.00 × 100 297

1.00 × 10–3 6.04 9.00 × 100 303

2.00 × 10–3 6.05 1.00 × 101 309

5.00 × 10–3 6.52 1.20 × 101 322

1.00 × 10–2 7.70 1.40 × 101 333

2.00 × 10–2 10.2 1.50 × 101 338

3.00 × 10–2 12.7 1.60 × 101 342

5.00 × 10–2 17.3 1.80 × 101 345

7.00 × 10–2 21.5 2.00 × 101 343

1.00 × 10–1 25.2

 109

TABLE A9.1D REFERENCE CONVERSION COEFFICIENTS FROM FLUENCE TO

DIRECTIONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT FOR MONOENERGETIC ELECTRONS AND
NORMAL INCIDENCE [IAEA, Dangerous Quantities of Radioactive Material (D-values), Emergency Preparedness and
Response, EPR-D-VALUES 2006, IAEA, Vienna (2006). ]

Electron energy Hʹ(0.07,0°)/Φ Hʹ(3,0°)/Φ Hʹ(10,0°)/Φ

(MeV) (nSv · cm2) (nSv · cm2) (nSv · cm2)
0.07 0.221
0.08 1.056
0.09 1.527
0.10 1.661

0.1125 1.627

0.125 1.513
0.15 1.229

0.20 0.834
0.30 0.542
0.40 0.455

0.50 0.403

0.60 0.366
0.70 0.344 0.000

0.80 0.329 0.045

1.00 0.312 0.301

1.25 0.296 0.486

1.50 0.287 0.524

1.75 0.282 0.512 0.000

2.00 0.279 0.481 0.005
2.50 0.278 0.417 0.156
3.00 0.276 0.373 0.336
3.50 0.274 0.351 0.421
4.00 0.272 0.334 0.447
5.00 0.271 0.317 0.430
6.00 0.271 0.309 0.389
7.00 0.271 0.306 0.360
8.00 0.271 0.305 0.341
10.00 0.275 0.303 0.330
 110

Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Hydrogen
Tritiated 12.3 a 1.000 1.8 × 10–11
Water
Organically 12.3 a 1.000 4.2 × 10–11
bound tritium
Beryllium
Be-7 53.3 d M 0.005 4.8 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 0.005 2.8 × 10–11
S 0.005 5.2 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
Be-10 1.60 × 106 a M 0.005 9.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–9 0.005 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.005 3.2 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8

Carbon
C-11 0.340 h 1.000 2.4 × 10–11
C-14 5.73 × 103 a 1.000 5.8 × 10–10

Fluorine
F-18 1.83 h F 1.000 3.0 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 1.000 4.9 × 10–11
M 1.000 5.7 × 10–11 8.9 × 10–11
S 1.000 6.0 × 10–11 9.3 × 10–11
 111
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Sodium
Na-22 2.60 a F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.000 3.2 × 10–9
Na-24 15.0 h F 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 1.000 4.3 × 10–10

Magnesium
Mg-28 20.9 h F 0.500 6.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 0.500 2.2 × 10–9
M 0.500 1.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9

Aluminium
Al-26 7.16 × 105 a F 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 0.010 3.5 × 10–9
M 0.010 1.8 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8

Silicon
Si-31 2.62 h F 0.010 2.9 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 0.010 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.010 7.5 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 8.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
Si-32 4.50 × 102 a F 0.010 3.2 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 0.010 5.6 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.5 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.1 × 10–7 5.5 × 10–8
 112
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Phosphorus
P-32 14.3 d F 0.800 8.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 0.800 2.4 × 10–9
M 0.800 3.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9
P-33 25.4 d F 0.800 9.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10 0.800 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.800 1.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9

Sulphur
S-35 87.4 d F 0.800 5.3 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–11 0.800 1.4 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.800 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 1.9 × 10–10
S-35 87.4 d 1.000 7.7 × 10–10
(organic)

Chlorine
Cl-36 3.01 × 105 a F 1.000 3.4 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 1.000 9.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 6.9 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
Cl-38 0.620 h F 1.000 2.7 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 1.000 1.2 × 10–10
M 1.000 4.7 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
Cl-39 0.927 h F 1.000 2.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 1.000 8.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11

Potassium
K-40 1.28 × 109 a F 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.000 6.2 × 10–9
K-42 12.4 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.000 4.3 × 10–10
 113
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
K-43 22.6 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10 2.6 × 10 1.000 2.5 × 10–10
K-44 0.369 h F 1.000 2.1 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 1.000 8.4 × 10–11
K-45 0.333 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.000 5.4 × 10–11

Calcium
Ca-41 1.40 × 105 a M 0.300 1.7 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.300 2.9 × 10–10
Ca-45 163 d M 0.300 2.7 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 0.300 7.6 × 10–10
Ca-47 4.53 d M 0.300 1.8 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 0.300 1.6 × 10–9

Scandium
Sc-43 3.89 h S 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10
Sc-44 3.93 h S 1.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10
Sc-44m 2.44 d S 1.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–9
Sc-46 83.8 d S 1.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9
Sc-47 3.35 d S 1.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–10
Sc-48 1.82 d S 1.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9
Sc-49 0.956 h S 1.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–11

Titanium
Ti-44 47.3 a F 0.010 6.1 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–8 0.010 5.8 × 10–9
M 0.010 4.0 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8
S 0.010 1.2 × 10–7 6.2 × 10–8
 114
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Ti-45 3.08 h F 0.010 4.6 × 10 8.3 × 10 0.010 1.5 × 10–10
M 0.010 9.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10
S 0.010 9.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10

Vanadium
V-47 0.543 h F 0.010 1.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 0.010 6.3 × 10–11
M 0.010 3.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
V-48 16.2 d F 0.010 1.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9
M 0.010 2.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
V-49 330 d F 0.010 2.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 0.010 1.8 × 10–11
M 0.010 3.2 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11

Chromium
Cr-48 23.0 h F 0.100 1.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.0 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 0.010 2.0 × 10–10
S 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Cr-49 0.702 h F 0.100 2.0 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 0.100 6.1 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 0.010 6.1 × 10–11
S 0.100 3.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11
Cr-51 27.7 d F 0.100 2.1 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 0.100 3.8 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 0.010 3.7 × 10–11
S 0.100 3.6 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
 115
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Manganese
Mn-51 0.770 h F 0.100 2.4 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 0.100 9.3 × 10–11
M 0.100 4.3 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Mn-52 5.59 d F 0.100 9.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–9 0.100 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Mn-52m 0.352 h F 0.100 2.0 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 0.100 6.9 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
Mn-53 3.70 × 106 a F 0.100 2.9 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 0.100 3.0 × 10–11
M 0.100 5.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Mn-54 312 d F 0.100 8.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.1 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Mn-56 2.58 h F 0.100 6.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.5 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10

Iron
Fe-52 8.28 h F 0.100 4.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.100 6.3 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–10
Fe-55 2.70 a F 0.100 7.7 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–10 0.100 3.3 × 10–10
M 0.100 3.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Fe-59 44.5 d F 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 0.100 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.5 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Fe-60 1.00 × 105 a F 0.100 2.8 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7 0.100 1.1 × 10–7
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7
 116
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Cobalt
Co-55 17.5 h M 0.100 5.1 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–10 0.100 1.0 × 10–9
S 0.050 5.5 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–10 0.050 1.1 × 10–9
Co-56 78.7 d M 0.100 4.6 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 0.100 2.5 × 10–9
S 0.050 6.3 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 2.3 × 10–9
Co-57 271 d M 0.100 5.2 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10
S 0.050 9.4 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 0.050 1.9 × 10–10
Co-58 70.8 d M 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.100 7.4 × 10–10
S 0.050 2.0 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.050 7.0 × 10–10
Co-58m 9.15 h M 0.100 1.3 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 0.100 2.4 × 10–11
S 0.050 1.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 0.050 2.4 × 10–11
Co-60 5.27 a M 0.100 9.6 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9 0.100 3.4 × 10–9
S 0.050 2.9 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 0.050 2.5 × 10–9
Co-60m 0.174 h M 0.100 1.1 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–12 0.100 1.7 × 10–12
S 0.050 1.3 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–12 0.050 1.7 × 10–12
Co-61 1.65 h M 0.100 4.8 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11 0.100 7.4 × 10–11
S 0.050 5.1 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11 0.050 7.4 × 10–11
Co-62m 0.232 h M 0.100 2.1 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 0.100 4.7 × 10–11
 117
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Nickel
Ni-56 6.10 d F 0.050 5.1 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10 0.050 8.6 × 10–10
M 0.050 8.6 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–10
Ni-57 1.50 d F 0.050 2.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 0.050 8.7 × 10–10
M 0.050 5.1 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
Ni-59 7.50 × 104 a F 0.050 1.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 0.050 6.3 × 10–11
M 0.050 1.3 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
Ni-63 96.0 a F 0.050 4.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 0.050 1.5 × 10–10
M 0.050 4.4 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
Ni-65 2.52 h F 0.050 4.4 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11 0.050 1.8 × 10–10
M 0.050 8.7 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10
Ni-66 2.27 d F 0.050 4.5 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10 0.050 3.0 × 10–9
M 0.050 1.6 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

Copper
Cu-60 0.387 h F 0.500 2.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 0.500 7.0 × 10–11
M 0.500 3.5 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
S 0.500 3.6 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
Cu-61 3.41 h F 0.500 4.0 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11 0.500 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.500 7.6 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.500 8.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10
Cu-64 12.7 h F 0.500 3.8 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 0.500 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.500 1.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
S 0.500 1.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
Cu-67 2.58 d F 0.500 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 0.500 3.4 × 10–10
M 0.500 5.2 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
S 0.500 5.8 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
 118
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Zinc
Zn-62 9.26 h S 0.500 4.7 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10 0.500 9.4 × 10–10
Zn-63 0.635 h S 0.500 3.8 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 0.500 7.9 × 10–11
Zn-65 244 d S 0.500 2.9 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 0.500 3.9 × 10–9
Zn-69 0.950 h S 0.500 2.8 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 0.500 3.1 × 10–11
Zn-69m 13.8 h S 0.500 2.6 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 0.500 3.3 × 10–10
Zn-71m 3.92 h S 0.500 1.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 0.500 2.4 × 10–10
Zn-72 1.94 d S 0.500 1.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 0.500 1.4 × 10–9

Gallium
Ga-65 0.253 h F 0.001 1.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 0.001 3.7 × 10–11
M 0.001 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Ga-66 9.40 h F 0.001 2.7 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 0.001 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.001 4.6 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
Ga-67 3.26 d F 0.001 6.8 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 0.001 1.9 × 10–10
M 0.001 2.3 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Ga-68 1.13 h F 0.001 2.8 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 0.001 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.001 5.1 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–11
Ga-70 0.353 h F 0.001 9.3 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–11 0.001 3.1 × 10–11
M 0.001 1.6 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Ga-72 14.1 h F 0.001 3.1 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.001 5.5 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–10
Ga-73 4.91 h F 0.001 5.8 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10 0.001 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.001 1.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
 119
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Germanium
Ge-66 2.27 h F 1.000 5.7 × 10–11 9.9 × 10–11 1.000 1.0 × 10–10
M 1.000 9.2 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10
Ge-67 0.312 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.000 6.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 2.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
Ge-68 288 d F 1.000 5.4 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–9
M 1.000 1.3 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9
Ge-69 1.63 d F 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.000 2.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
Ge-71 11.8 d F 1.000 5.0 × 10–12 7.8 × 10–12 1.000 1.2 × 10–11
M 1.000 1.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
Ge-75 1.38 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.000 4.6 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Ge-77 11.3 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.000 3.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 3.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Ge-78 1.45 h F 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–11 1.000 1.2 × 10–10
M 1.000 9.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10

Arsenic
As-69 0.253 h M 0.500 2.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 0.500 5.7 × 10–11
As-70 0.876 h M 0.500 7.2 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.500 1.3 × 10–10
As-71 2.70 d M 0.500 4.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 0.500 4.6 × 10–10
As-72 1.08 d M 0.500 9.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 0.500 1.8 × 10–9
As-73 80.3 d M 0.500 9.3 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 0.500 2.6 × 10–10
 120
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–9 –9
As-74 17.8 d M 0.500 2.1 × 10 1.8 × 10 0.500 1.3 × 10–9
As-76 1.10 d M 0.500 7.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–10 0.500 1.6 × 10–9
As-77 1.62 d M 0.500 3.8 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 0.500 4.0 × 10–10
As-78 1.51 h M 0.500 9.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10 0.500 2.1 × 10–10

Selenium
Se-70 0.683 h F 0.800 4.5 × 10–11 8.2 × 10–11 0.800 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.800 7.3 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.050 1.4 × 10–10
Se-73 7.15 h F 0.800 8.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10 0.800 2.1 × 10–10
M 0.800 1.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 0.050 3.9 × 10–10
Se-73m 0.650 h F 0.800 9.9 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–11 0.800 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.8 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 0.050 4.1 × 10–11
Se-75 120 d F 0.800 1.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.800 2.6 × 10–9
M 0.800 1.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.050 4.1 × 10–10
Se-79 6.50 × 104 a F 0.800 1.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 0.800 2.9 × 10–9
M 0.800 2.9 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 0.050 3.9 × 10–10
Se-81 0.308 h F 0.800 8.6 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–11 0.800 2.7 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.5 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 0.050 2.7 × 10–11
Se-81m 0.954 h F 0.800 1.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 0.800 5.3 × 10–11
M 0.800 4.7 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 0.050 5.9 × 10–11
Se-83 0.375 h F 0.800 1.9 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 0.800 4.7 × 10–11
M 0.800 3.3 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 0.050 5.1 × 10–11
 121
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Bromine
Br-74 0.422 h F 1.000 2.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 1.000 8.4 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.1 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Br-74m 0.691 h F 1.000 4.2 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11 1.000 1.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 6.5 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
Br-75 1.63 h F 1.000 3.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 1.000 7.9 × 10–11
M 1.000 5.5 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–11
Br-76 16.2 h F 1.000 2.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 1.000 4.6 × 10–10
M 1.000 4.2 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
Br-77 2.33 d F 1.000 6.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 9.6 × 10–11
M 1.000 8.7 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10
Br-80 0.290 h F 1.000 6.3 × 10–12 1.1 × 10–11 1.000 3.1 × 10–11
M 1.000 1.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Br-80m 4.42 h F 1.000 3.5 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 1.000 1.1 × 10–10
M 1.000 7.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Br-82 1.47 d F 1.000 3.7 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 1.000 5.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 6.4 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–10
Br-83 2.39 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.000 4.3 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11
Br-84 0.530 h F 1.000 2.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 1.000 8.8 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.9 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
 122
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Rubidium
Rb-79 0.382 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.000 5.0 × 10–11
Rb-81 4.58 h F 1.000 3.7 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Rb-81m 0.533 h F 1.000 7.3 × 10–12 1.3 × 10–11 1.000 9.7 × 10–12
Rb-82m 6.20 h F 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–10
Rb-83 86.2 d F 1.000 7.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9 1.000 1.9 × 10–9
Rb-84 32.8 d F 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 2.8 × 10–9
Rb-86 18.6 d F 1.000 9.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 2.8 × 10–9
Rb-87 4.70 × 1010 a F 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.5 × 10–9
Rb-88 0.297 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.000 9.0 × 10–11
Rb-89 0.253 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.000 4.7 × 10–11

Strontium
Sr-80 1.67 h F 0.300 7.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 0.300 3.4 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 3.5 × 10–10
Sr-81 0.425 h F 0.300 2.2 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 0.300 7.7 × 10–11
S 0.010 3.8 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 0.010 7.8 × 10–11
Sr-82 25.0 d F 0.300 2.2 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 0.300 6.1 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 0.010 6.0 × 10–9
Sr-83 1.35 d F 0.300 1.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 0.300 4.9 × 10–10
S 0.010 3.4 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 0.010 5.8 × 10–10
 123
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Sr-85 64.8 d F 0.300 3.9 × 10 5.6 × 10 0.300 5.6 × 10–10
S 0.010 7.7 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 0.010 3.3 × 10–10
Sr-85m 1.16 h F 0.300 3.1 × 10–12 5.6 × 10–12 0.300 6.1 × 10–12
S 0.010 4.5 × 10–12 7.4 × 10–12 0.010 6.1 × 10–12
Sr-87m 2.80 h F 0.300 1.2 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 0.300 3.0 × 10–11
S 0.010 2.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 0.010 3.3 × 10–11
Sr-89 50.5 d F 0.300 1.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.300 2.6 × 10–9
S 0.010 7.5 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 0.010 2.3 × 10–9
Sr-90 29.1 a F 0.300 2.4 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 0.300 2.8 × 10–8
S 0.010 1.5 × 10–7 7.7 × 10–8 0.010 2.7 × 10–9
Sr-91 9.50 h F 0.300 1.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 0.300 6.5 × 10–10
S 0.010 4.1 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 0.010 7.6 × 10–10
Sr-92 2.71 h F 0.300 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 0.300 4.3 × 10–10
S 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 0.010 4.9 × 10–10

Yttrium
Y-86 14.7 h M 1.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–10
Y-86m 0.800 h M 1.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11
Y-87 3.35 d M 1.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
 124
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –9 –4
Y-88 107 d M 1.0 × 10 3.9 × 10 3.3 × 10 1.0 × 10 1.3 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
Y-90 2.67 d M 1.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Y-90m 3.19 h M 1.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Y-91 58.5 d M 1.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
Y-91m 0.828 h M 1.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
Y-92 3.54 h M 1.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Y-93 10.1 h M 1.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
Y-94 0.318 h M 1.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
Y-95 0.178 h M 1.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11

Zirconium
Zr-86 16.5 h F 0.002 3.0 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 0.002 8.6 × 10–10
M 0.002 4.3 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
S 0.002 4.5 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10
Zr-88 83.4 d F 0.002 3.5 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 0.002 3.3 × 10–10
M 0.002 2.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.002 3.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
 125
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Zr-89 3.27 d F 0.002 3.1 × 10 5.2 × 10 0.002 7.9 × 10–10
M 0.002 5.3 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
S 0.002 5.5 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–10
Zr-93 1.53 × 106 a F 0.002 2.5 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 0.002 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.002 9.6 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
S 0.002 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Zr-95 64.0 d F 0.002 2.5 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 0.002 8.8 × 10–10
M 0.002 4.5 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9
S 0.002 5.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Zr-97 16.9 h F 0.002 4.2 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10 0.002 2.1 × 10–9
M 0.002 9.4 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.002 1.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9

Niobium
Nb-88 0.238 h M 0.010 2.9 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 0.010 6.3 × 10–11
S 0.010 3.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
Nb-89 2.03 h M 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 0.010 3.0 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Nb-89m 1.10 h M 0.010 7.1 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.4 × 10–10
S 0.010 7.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10
Nb-90 14.6 h M 0.010 6.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9
S 0.010 6.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9
Nb-93m 13.6 a M 0.010 4.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
Nb-94 2.03 × 104 a M 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.010 4.5 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8
 126
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–9 –9
Nb-95 35.1 d M 0.010 1.4 × 10 1.3 × 10 0.010 5.8 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Nb-95m 3.61 d M 0.010 7.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10 0.010 5.6 × 10–10
S 0.010 8.5 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–10
Nb-96 23.3 h M 0.010 6.5 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–10 0.010 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.010 6.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9
Nb-97 1.20 h M 0.010 4.4 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11 0.010 6.8 × 10–11
S 0.010 4.7 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
Nb-98 0.858 h M 0.010 5.9 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–11 0.010 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 6.1 × 10–11 9.9 × 10–11

Molybdenum
Mo-90 5.67 h F 0.800 1.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 0.800 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.050 3.7 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 0.050 6.2 × 10–10
Mo-93 3.50 × 103 a F 0.800 1.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.800 2.6 × 10–9
S 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 0.050 2.0 × 10–10
Mo-93m 6.85 h F 0.800 1.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.800 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 0.050 2.8 × 10–10
Mo-99 2.75 d F 0.800 2.3 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 0.800 7.4 × 10–10
S 0.050 9.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 0.050 1.2 × 10–9
Mo-101 0.244 h F 0.800 1.5 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 0.800 4.2 × 10–11
S 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.050 4.2 × 10–11

Technetium
Tc-93 2.75 h F 0.800 3.4 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 0.800 4.9 × 10–11
M 0.800 3.6 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
 127
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Tc-93m 0.725 h F 0.800 1.5 × 10 2.6 × 10 0.800 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.7 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Tc-94 4.88 h F 0.800 1.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.800 1.8 × 10–10
M 0.800 1.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Tc-94m 0.867 h F 0.800 4.3 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11 0.800 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.800 4.9 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–11
Tc-95 20.0 h F 0.800 1.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 0.800 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.800 1.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Tc-95m 61.0 d F 0.800 3.1 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 0.800 6.2 × 10–10
M 0.800 8.7 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–10
Tc-96 4.28 d F 0.800 6.0 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–10 0.800 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.800 7.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9
Tc-96m 0.858 h F 0.800 6.5 × 10–12 1.1 × 10–11 0.800 1.3 × 10–11
M 0.800 7.7 × 10–12 1.1 × 10–11
Tc-97 2.60 × 106 a F 0.800 4.5 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11 0.800 8.3 × 10–11
M 0.800 2.1 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Tc-97m 87.0 d F 0.800 2.8 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 0.800 6.6 × 10–10
M 0.800 3.1 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Tc-98 4.20 × 106 a F 0.800 1.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 0.800 2.3 × 10–9
M 0.800 8.1 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
Tc-99 2.13 × 105 a F 0.800 2.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 0.800 7.8 × 10–10
M 0.800 3.9 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Tc-99m 6.02 h F 0.800 1.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 0.800 2.2 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.9 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Tc-101 0.237 h F 0.800 8.7 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–11 0.800 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.3 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
 128
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Tc-104 0.303 h F 0.800 2.4 × 10 3.9 × 10 0.800 8.1 × 10–11
M 0.800 3.0 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11

Ruthenium
Ru-94 0.863 h F 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 0.050 9.4 × 10–11
M 0.050 4.4 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
S 0.050 4.6 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
Ru-97 2.90 d F 0.050 6.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.050 1.5 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.1 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.1 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Ru-103 39.3 d F 0.050 4.9 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10 0.050 7.3 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
S 0.050 2.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Ru-105 4.44 h F 0.050 7.1 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 0.050 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Ru-106 1.01 a F 0.050 8.0 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–9 0.050 7.0 × 10–9
M 0.050 2.6 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
S 0.050 6.2 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8

Rhodium
Rh-99 16.0 d F 0.050 3.3 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 0.050 5.1 × 10–10
M 0.050 7.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–10
S 0.050 8.3 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–10
Rh-99m 4.70 h F 0.050 3.0 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 0.050 6.6 × 10–11
M 0.050 4.1 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
S 0.050 4.3 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
 129
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Rh-100 20.8 h F 0.050 2.8 × 10 5.1 × 10 0.050 7.1 × 10–10
M 0.050 3.6 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10
S 0.050 3.7 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Rh-101 3.20 a F 0.050 1.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.050 5.5 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.050 5.0 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
Rh-101m 4.34 d F 0.050 1.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 0.050 2.2 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
S 0.050 2.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
Rh-102 2.90 a F 0.050 7.3 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–9 0.050 2.6 × 10–9
M 0.050 6.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9
S 0.050 1.6 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9
Rh-102m 207 d F 0.050 1.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 0.050 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.050 3.8 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
S 0.050 6.7 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Rh-103m 0.935 h F 0.050 8.6 × 10–13 1.2 × 10–12 0.050 3.8 × 10–12
M 0.050 2.3 × 10–12 2.4 × 10–12
S 0.050 2.5 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12
Rh-105 1.47 d F 0.050 8.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10 0.050 3.7 × 10–10
M 0.050 3.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
S 0.050 3.4 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Rh-106m 2.20 h F 0.050 7.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 0.050 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Rh-107 0.362 h F 0.050 9.6 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–11 0.050 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.050 1.7 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
S 0.050 1.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
 130
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Palladium
Pd-100 3.63 d F 0.005 4.9 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10 0.005 9.4 × 10–10
M 0.005 7.9 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–10
S 0.005 8.3 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–10
Pd-101 8.27 h F 0.005 4.2 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11 0.005 9.4 × 10–11
M 0.005 6.2 × 10–11 9.8 × 10–11
S 0.005 6.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Pd-103 17.0 d F 0.005 9.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.005 1.9 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10
S 0.005 4.0 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
Pd-107 6.50 × 106 a F 0.005 2.6 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 0.005 3.7 × 10–11
M 0.005 8.0 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11
S 0.005 5.5 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
Pd-109 13.4 h F 0.005 1.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.005 5.5 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.4 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10

Silver
Ag-102 0.215 h F 0.050 1.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 0.050 4.0 × 10–11
M 0.050 1.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
S 0.050 1.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
Ag-103 1.09 h F 0.050 1.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 0.050 4.3 × 10–11
M 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
S 0.050 2.8 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
 131
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Ag-104 1.15 h F 0.050 3.0 × 10 5.7 × 10 0.050 6.0 × 10–11
M 0.050 3.9 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11
S 0.050 4.0 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
Ag-104m 0.558 h F 0.050 1.7 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 0.050 5.4 × 10–11
M 0.050 2.6 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
S 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
Ag-105 41.0 d F 0.050 5.4 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10 0.050 4.7 × 10–10
M 0.050 6.9 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10
S 0.050 7.8 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
Ag-106 0.399 h F 0.050 9.8 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–11 0.050 3.2 × 10–11
M 0.050 1.6 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
S 0.050 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Ag-106m 8.41 d F 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 0.050 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ag-108m 1.27 × 102 a F 0.050 6.1 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 0.050 2.3 × 10–9
M 0.050 7.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9
S 0.050 3.5 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8
Ag-110m 250 d F 0.050 5.5 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–9 0.050 2.8 × 10–9
M 0.050 7.2 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9
S 0.050 1.2 × 10–8 7.3 × 10–9
Ag-111 7.45 d F 0.050 4.1 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 0.050 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.050 1.5 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.050 1.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
Ag-112 3.12 h F 0.050 8.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10 0.050 4.3 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
 132
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Ag-115 0.333 h F 0.050 1.6 × 10 2.6 × 10 0.050 6.0 × 10–11
M 0.050 2.8 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
S 0.050 3.0 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11

Cadmium
Cd-104 0.961 h F 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 0.050 5.8 × 10–11
M 0.050 3.6 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
S 0.050 3.7 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
Cd-107 6.49 h F 0.050 2.3 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 0.050 6.2 × 10–11
M 0.050 8.1 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.050 8.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
Cd-109 1.27 a F 0.050 8.1 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–9 0.050 2.0 × 10–9
M 0.050 6.2 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
S 0.050 5.8 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9
Cd-113 9.30 × 1015 a F 0.050 1.2 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 0.050 2.5 × 10–8
M 0.050 5.3 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8
S 0.050 2.5 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8
Cd-113m 13.6 a F 0.050 1.1 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 0.050 2.3 × 10–8
M 0.050 5.0 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8
S 0.050 3.0 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8
Cd-115 2.23 d F 0.050 3.7 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 0.050 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.050 9.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9
S 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Cd-115m 44.6 d F 0.050 5.3 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 0.050 3.3 × 10–9
M 0.050 5.9 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9
S 0.050 7.3 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9
 133
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
Cd-117 2.49 h F 0.050 7.3 × 10 1.3 × 10 0.050 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
S 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Cd-117m 3.36 h F 0.050 1.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.050 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.050 2.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10

Indium
In-109 4.20 h F 0.020 3.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 0.020 6.6 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.4 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
In-110 4.90 h F 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 0.020 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
In-110m 1.15 h F 0.020 3.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 0.020 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.020 5.0 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–11
In-111 2.83 d F 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 0.020 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
In-112 0.240 h F 0.020 5.0 × 10–12 8.6 × 10–12 0.020 1.0 × 10–11
M 0.020 7.8 × 10–12 1.3 × 10–11
In-113m 1.66 h F 0.020 1.0 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 0.020 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
In-114m 49.5 d F 0.020 9.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–8 0.020 4.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 5.9 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9
In-115 5.10 × 1015 a F 0.020 3.9 × 10–7 4.5 × 10–7 0.020 3.2 × 10–8
M 0.020 1.5 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
In-115m 4.49 h F 0.020 2.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.020 8.6 × 10–11
M 0.020 6.0 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–11
 134
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
In-116m 0.902 h F 0.020 3.0 × 10 5.5 × 10 0.020 6.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.8 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–11
In-117 0.730 h F 0.020 1.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 0.020 3.1 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.0 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11
In-117m 1.94 h F 0.020 3.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 0.020 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.020 7.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
In-119m 0.300 h F 0.020 1.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 0.020 4.7 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11

Tin
Sn-110 4.00 h F 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.020 3.5 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.6 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Sn-111 0.588 h F 0.020 8.3 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–11 0.020 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.4 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
Sn-113 115 d F 0.020 5.4 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10 0.020 7.3 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Sn-117m 13.6 d F 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 0.020 7.1 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Sn-119m 293 d F 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 0.020 3.4 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Sn-121 1.13 d F 0.020 6.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10 0.020 2.3 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.2 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Sn-121m 55.0 a F 0.020 8.0 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–10 0.020 3.8 × 10–10
M 0.020 4.2 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
Sn-123 129 d F 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 0.020 2.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 7.7 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9
 135
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Sn-123m 0.668 h F 0.020 1.4 × 10 2.4 × 10 0.020 3.8 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.8 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Sn-125 9.64 d F 0.020 9.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 0.020 3.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 3.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
Sn-126 1.00 × 105 a F 0.020 1.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 0.020 4.7 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.7 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8
Sn-127 2.10 h F 0.020 6.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.020 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Sn-128 0.985 h F 0.020 5.4 × 10–11 9.5 × 10–11 0.020 1.5 × 10–10
M 0.020 9.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10

Antimony
Sb-115 0.530 h F 0.100 9.2 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–11 0.100 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Sb-116 0.263 h F 0.100 9.9 × 10–12 1.8 × 10–11 0.100 2.6 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Sb-116m 1.00 h F 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11 0.100 6.7 × 10–11
M 0.010 5.0 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–11
Sb-117 2.80 h F 0.100 9.3 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–11 0.100 1.8 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.7 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Sb-118m 5.00 h F 0.100 1.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
Sb-119 1.59 d F 0.100 2.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.100 8.1 × 10–11
M 0.010 3.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11
Sb-120 0.265 h F 0.100 4.9 × 10–12 8.5 × 10–12 0.100 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.010 7.4 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–11
 136
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Sb-120m 5.76 d F 0.100 5.9 × 10 9.8 × 10 0.100 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Sb-122 2.70 d F 0.100 3.9 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 0.100 1.7 × 10–9
M 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Sb-124 60.2 d F 0.100 1.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 0.100 2.5 × 10–9
M 0.010 6.1 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9
Sb-124m 0.337 h F 0.100 3.0 × 10–12 5.3 × 10–12 0.100 8.0 × 10–12
M 0.010 5.5 × 10–12 8.3 × 10–12
Sb-125 2.77 a F 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.100 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.010 4.5 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
Sb-126 12.4 d F 0.100 1.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 0.100 2.4 × 10–9
M 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Sb-126m 0.317 h F 0.100 1.3 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 0.100 3.6 × 10–11
M 0.010 2.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Sb-127 3.85 d F 0.100 4.6 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10 0.100 1.7 × 10–9
M 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Sb-128 9.01 h F 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 0.100 7.6 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.2 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10
Sb-128m 0.173 h F 0.100 1.1 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 0.100 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.5 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Sb-129 4.32 h F 0.100 1.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 0.100 4.2 × 10–10
M 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Sb-130 0.667 h F 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 0.100 9.1 × 10–11
M 0.010 5.4 × 10–11 9.1 × 10–11
Sb-131 0.383 h F 0.100 3.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 0.100 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.010 5.2 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11
 137
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Tellurium
Te-116 2.49 h F 0.300 6.3 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.300 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.300 1.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Te-121 17.0 d F 0.300 2.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 0.300 4.3 × 10–10
M 0.300 3.9 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Te-121m 154 d F 0.300 1.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 0.300 2.3 × 10–9
M 0.300 4.2 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9
Te-123 1.00 × 1013 a F 0.300 4.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 0.300 4.4 × 10–9
M 0.300 2.6 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
Te-123m 120 d F 0.300 9.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9 0.300 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.300 3.9 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9
Te-125m 58.0 d F 0.300 5.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10 0.300 8.7 × 10–10
M 0.300 3.3 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9
Te-127 9.35 h F 0.300 4.2 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11 0.300 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.300 1.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Te-127m 109 d F 0.300 1.6 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 0.300 2.3 × 10–9
M 0.300 7.2 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9
Te-129 1.16 h F 0.300 1.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 0.300 6.3 × 10–11
M 0.300 3.8 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
Te-129m 33.6 d F 0.300 1.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 0.300 3.0 × 10–9
M 0.300 6.3 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9
Te-131 0.417 h F 0.300 2.3 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 0.300 8.7 × 10–11
M 0.300 3.8 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
Te-131m 1.25 d F 0.300 8.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9 0.300 1.9 × 10–9
M 0.300 1.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
Te-132 3.26 d F 0.300 1.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 0.300 3.7 × 10–9
M 0.300 2.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
 138
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Te-133 0.207 h F 0.300 2.0 × 10 3.8 × 10 0.300 7.2 × 10–11
M 0.300 2.7 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Te-133m 0.923 h F 0.300 8.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.300 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.300 1.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Te-134 0.696 h F 0.300 5.0 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11 0.300 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.300 7.1 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10

Iodine
I-120 1.35 h F 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.000 3.4 × 10–10
I-120m 0.883 h F 1.000 8.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10 1.000 2.1 × 10–10
I-121 2.12 h F 1.000 2.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 1.000 8.2 × 10–11
I-123 13.2 h F 1.000 7.6 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 1.000 2.1 × 10–10
I-124 4.18 d F 1.000 4.5 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.3 × 10–8
I-125 60.1 d F 1.000 5.3 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.5 × 10–8
I-126 13.0 d F 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.000 2.9 × 10–8
I-128 0.416 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.000 4.6 × 10–11
I-129 1.57 × 107 a F 1.000 3.7 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8 1.000 1.1 × 10–7
I-130 12.4 h F 1.000 6.9 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–10 1.000 2.0 × 10–9
I-131 8.04 d F 1.000 7.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–8 1.000 2.2 × 10–8
I-132 2.30 h F 1.000 9.6 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–10 1.000 2.9 × 10–10
I-132m 1.39 h F 1.000 8.1 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 1.000 2.2 × 10–10
I-133 20.8 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.000 4.3 × 10–9
I-134 0.876 h F 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–11 1.000 1.1 × 10–10
I-135 6.61 h F 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 1.000 9.3 × 10–10
 139
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Caesium
Cs-125 0.750 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.000 3.5 × 10–11
Cs-127 6.25 h F 1.000 2.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 1.000 2.4 × 10–11
Cs-129 1.34 d F 1.000 4.5 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–11 1.000 6.0 × 10–11
Cs-130 0.498 h F 1.000 8.4 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–11 1.000 2.8 × 10–11
Cs-131 9.69 d F 1.000 2.8 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 1.000 5.8 × 10–11
Cs-132 6.48 d F 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 1.000 5.0 × 10–10
Cs-134 2.06 a F 1.000 6.8 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–9 1.000 1.9 × 10–8
Cs-134m 2.90 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.000 2.0 × 10–11
Cs-135 2.30 × 106 a F 1.000 7.1 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–10
Cs-135m 0.883 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.000 1.9 × 10–11
Cs-136 13.1 d F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.000 3.0 × 10–9
Cs-137 30.0 a F 1.000 4.8 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–9 1.000 1.3 × 10–8
Cs-138 0.536 h F 1.000 2.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 1.000 9.2 × 10–11

Barium
Ba-126 1.61 h F 0.100 7.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.6 × 10–10
Ba-128 2.43 d F 0.100 8.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 0.100 2.7 × 10–9
Ba-131 11.8 d F 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 0.100 4.5 × 10–10
Ba-131m 0.243 h F 0.100 4.1 × 10–12 6.4 × 10–12 0.100 4.9 × 10–12
Ba-133 10.7 a F 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 0.100 1.0 × 10–9
Ba-133m 1.62 d F 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 0.100 5.5 × 10–10
Ba-135m 1.20 d F 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 0.100 4.5 × 10–10
Ba-139 1.38 h F 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 0.100 1.2 × 10–10
Ba-140 12.7 d F 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 0.100 2.5 × 10–9
Ba-141 0.305 h F 0.100 2.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 0.100 7.0 × 10–11
Ba-142 0.177 h F 0.100 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 0.100 3.5 × 10–11
 140
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Lanthanum
La-131 0.983 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–11
M 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
La-132 4.80 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
La-135 19.5 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–11
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
La-137 6.00 × 104 a F 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–11
M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
La-138 1.35 × 1011 a F 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9
M 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8
La-140 1.68 d F 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
La-141 3.93 h F 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
La-142 1.54 h F 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10
La-143 0.237 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–11
M 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Cerium
Ce-134 3.00 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
Ce-135 17.6 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
Ce-137 9.00 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
 141
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –10 –10 –4
Ce-137m 1.43 d M 5.0 × 10 4.0 × 10 5.5 × 10 5.0 × 10 5.4 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10
Ce-139 138 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ce-141 32.5 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
Ce-143 1.38 d M 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9
Ce-144 284 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8
Praseodymium
Pr-136 0.218 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Pr-137 1.28 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Pr-138m 2.10 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10
Pr-139 4.51 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
Pr-142 19.1 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10
Pr-142m 0.243 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–12 8.9 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–12 9.4 × 10–12
Pr-143 13.6 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Pr-144 0.288 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
 142
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –10 –10 –4
Pr-145 5.98 h M 5.0 × 10 1.6 × 10 2.5 × 10 5.0 × 10 3.9 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Pr-147 0.227 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11

Neodymium
Nd-136 0.844 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–11 8.9 × 10–11
Nd-138 5.04 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Nd-139 0.495 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Nd-139m 5.50 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Nd-141 2.49 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–12 8.5 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–12
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–12 8.8 × 10–12
Nd-147 11.0 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Nd-149 1.73 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10
Nd-151 0.207 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Promethium
Pm-141 0.348 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
 143
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –10 –4
Pm-143 265 d M 5.0 × 10 1.4 × 10 9.6 × 10 5.0 × 10 2.3 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10
Pm-144 363 d M 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9
Pm-145 17.7 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Pm-146 5.53 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9
Pm-147 2.62 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Pm-148 5.37 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Pm-148m 41.3 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9
Pm-149 2.21 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–10
Pm-150 2.68 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Pm-151 1.18 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
 144
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Samarium
Sm-141 0.170 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–11
Sm-141m 0.377 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–11
Sm-142 1.21 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10
Sm-145 340 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10
Sm-146 1.03 × 108 a M 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–6 6.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–8
Sm-147 1.06 × 1011 a M 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–6 6.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–8
Sm-151 90.0 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–11
Sm-153 1.95 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–10
Sm-155 0.368 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–11
Sm-156 9.40 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10

Europium
Eu-145 5.94 d M 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.5 × 10–10
Eu-146 4.61 d M 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-147 24.0 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10
Eu-148 54.5 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-149 93.1 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10
Eu-150 34.2 a M 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-150m 12.6 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10
Eu-152 13.3 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9
Eu-152m 9.32 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–10
Eu-154 8.80 a M 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9
Eu-155 4.96 a M 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–10
Eu-156 15.2 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9
Eu-157 15.1 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–10
 145
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
Gadolinium
Gd-145 0.382 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–11
M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Gd-146 48.3 d F 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9
Gd-147 1.59 d F 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10
Gd-148 93.0 a F 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–5 3.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–8
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–6
Gd-149 9.40 d F 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10
Gd-151 120 d F 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10
Gd-152 1.08 × 1014 a F 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–8
M 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–6
Gd-153 242 d F 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Gd-159 18.6 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10

Terbium
Tb-147 1.65 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10
Tb-149 4.15 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10
Tb-150 3.27 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10
Tb-151 17.6 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10
Tb-153 2.34 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10
 146
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –10 –10 –4
Tb-154 21.4 h M 5.0 × 10 3.8 × 10 6.0 × 10 5.0 × 10 6.5 × 10–10
Tb-155 5.32 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10
Tb-156 5.34 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9
Tb-156m 1.02 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10
Tb-156mʹ 5.00 h M 5.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–11
Tb-157 7.1 × 101 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–11
Tb-158 1.80 × 102 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9
Tb-160 72.3 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9
Tb-161 6.91 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10

Dysprosium
Dy-155 10.0 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10
Dy-157 8.10 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–11
Dy-159 144 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10
Dy-165 2.33 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10
Dy-166 3.40 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9

Holmium
Ho-155 0.800 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–11
Ho-157 0.210 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–12 7.6 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–12
Ho-159 0.550 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–12
Ho-161 2.50 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–11
Ho-162 0.250 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–12 4.5 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–12
Ho-162m 1.13 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–11
Ho-164 0.483 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–12 1.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–12
Ho-164m 0.625 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–11
Ho-166 1.12 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9
Ho-166m 1.20 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9
 147
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –11 –10 –4
Ho-167 3.10 h M 5.0 × 10 7.1 × 10 1.0 × 10 5.0 × 10 8.3 × 10–11

Erbium
Er-161 3.24 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–11
Er-165 10.4 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–11
Er-169 9.30 d M 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–10
Er-171 7.52 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–10
Er-172 2.05 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9

Thulium
Tm-162 0.362 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–11
Tm-166 7.70 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–10
Tm-167 9.24 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–10
Tm-170 129 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
Tm-171 1.92 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10
Tm-172 2.65 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9
Tm-173 8.24 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–10
Tm-175 0.253 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–11

Ytterbium
Yb-162 0.315 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Yb-166 2.36 d M 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–10
Yb-167 0.292 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–12 9.0 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–12
S 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–12 9.5 × 10–12
 148
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –9 –4
Yb-169 32.0 d M 5.0 × 10 2.4 × 10 2.1 × 10 5.0 × 10 7.1 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
Yb-175 4.19 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10
Yb-177 1.90 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–11 8.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–11 9.4 × 10–11
Yb-178 1.23 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10

Lutetium
Lu-169 1.42 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
Lu-170 2.00 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–10
Lu-171 8.22 d M 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–10
Lu-172 6.70 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Lu-173 1.37 a M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Lu-174 3.31 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Lu-174m 142 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
Lu-176 3.60 × 1010 a M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8
Lu-176m 3.68 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
 149
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –9 –4
Lu-177 6.71 d M 5.0 × 10 1.0 × 10 1.0 × 10 5.0 × 10 5.3 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Lu-177m 161 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
Lu-178 0.473 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
Lu-178m 0.378 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–11
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
Lu-179 4.59 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10

Hafnium
Hf-170 16.0 h F 0.002 1.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 0.002 4.8 × 10–10
M 0.002 3.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
Hf-172 1.87 a F 0.002 3.2 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 0.002 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.002 1.9 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
Hf-173 24.0 h F 0.002 7.9 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 0.002 2.3 × 10–10
M 0.002 1.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Hf-175 70.0 d F 0.002 7.2 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–10 0.002 4.1 × 10–10
M 0.002 1.1 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10
Hf-177m 0.856 h F 0.002 4.7 × 10–11 8.4 × 10–11 0.002 8.1 × 10–11
M 0.002 9.2 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10
Hf-178m 31.0 a F 0.002 2.6 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7 0.002 4.7 × 10–9
M 0.002 1.1 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8
Hf-179m 25.1 d F 0.002 1.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.002 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.002 3.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
 150
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
Hf-180m 5.50 h F 0.002 6.4 × 10 1.2 × 10 0.002 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.002 1.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Hf-181 42.4 d F 0.002 1.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 0.002 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.002 4.7 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9
Hf-182 9.00 × 106 a F 0.002 3.0 × 10–7 3.6 × 10–7 0.002 3.0 × 10–9
M 0.002 1.2 × 10–7 8.3 × 10–8
Hf-182m 1.02 h F 0.002 2.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 0.002 4.2 × 10–11
M 0.002 4.7 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
Hf-183 1.07 h F 0.002 2.6 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 0.002 7.3 × 10–11
M 0.002 5.8 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11
Hf-184 4.12 h F 0.002 1.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 0.002 5.2 × 10–10
M 0.002 3.3 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10

Tantalum
Ta-172 0.613 h M 0.001 3.4 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 0.001 5.3 × 10–11
S 0.001 3.6 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
Ta-173 3.65 h M 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.9 × 10–10
S 0.001 1.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Ta-174 1.20 h M 0.001 4.2 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 0.001 5.7 × 10–11
S 0.001 4.4 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
Ta-175 10.5 h M 0.001 1.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 0.001 2.1 × 10–10
S 0.001 1.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Ta-176 8.08 h M 0.001 2.0 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 0.001 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.001 2.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Ta-177 2.36 d M 0.001 9.3 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.001 1.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
 151
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
Ta-178 2.20 h M 0.001 6.6 × 10 1.0 × 10 0.001 7.8 × 10–11
S 0.001 6.9 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
Ta-179 1.82 a M 0.001 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 0.001 6.5 × 10–11
S 0.001 5.2 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
Ta-180 1.00 × 1013 a M 0.001 6.0 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 0.001 8.4 × 10–10
S 0.001 2.4 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
Ta-180m 8.10 h M 0.001 4.4 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 0.001 5.4 × 10–11
S 0.001 4.7 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
Ta-182 115 d M 0.001 7.2 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 0.001 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.001 9.7 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–9
Ta-182m 0.264 h M 0.001 2.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 0.001 1.2 × 10–11
S 0.001 2.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Ta-183 5.10 d M 0.001 1.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 0.001 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.001 2.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Ta-184 8.70 h M 0.001 4.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 0.001 6.8 × 10–10
S 0.001 4.4 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Ta-185 0.816 h M 0.001 4.6 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 0.001 6.8 × 10–11
S 0.001 4.9 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
Ta-186 0.175 h M 0.001 1.8 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 0.001 3.3 × 10–11
S 0.001 1.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11

Tungsten
W-176 2.30 h F 0.300 4.4 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11 0.300 1.0 × 10–10
0.010 1.1 × 10–10
W-177 2.25 h F 0.300 2.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 0.300 5.8 × 10–11
0.010 6.1 × 10–11
 152
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
W-178 21.7 d F 0.300 7.6 × 10 1.2 × 10 0.300 2.2 × 10–10
0.010 2.5 × 10–10
W-179 0.625 h F 0.300 9.9 × 10–13 1.8 × 10–12 0.300 3.3 × 10–12
0.010 3.3 × 10–12
W-181 121 d F 0.300 2.8 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 0.300 7.6 × 10–11
0.010 8.2 × 10–11
W-185 75.1 d F 0.300 1.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 0.300 4.4 × 10–10
0.010 5.0 × 10–10
W-187 23.9 h F 0.300 2.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 0.300 6.3 × 10–10
0.010 7.1 × 10–10
W-188 69.4 d F 0.300 5.9 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–10 0.300 2.1 × 10–9
0.010 2.3 × 10–9

Rhenium
Re-177 0.233 h F 0.800 1.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 0.800 2.2 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.4 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
Re-178 0.220 h F 0.800 1.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 0.800 2.5 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.5 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
Re-181 20.0 h F 0.800 1.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 0.800 4.2 × 10–10
M 0.800 2.5 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
Re-182 2.67 d F 0.800 6.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 0.800 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.800 1.3 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Re-182m 12.7 h F 0.800 1.5 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 0.800 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.800 2.0 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10
Re-184 38.0 d F 0.800 4.6 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10 0.800 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.800 1.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
 153
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Re-184m 165 d F 0.800 6.1 × 10 8.8 × 10 0.800 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.800 6.1 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
Re-186 3.78 d F 0.800 5.3 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 0.800 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.800 1.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Re-186m 2.00 × 105 a F 0.800 8.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9 0.800 2.2 × 10–9
M 0.800 1.1 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9
Re-187 5.00 × 1010 a F 0.800 1.9 × 10–12 2.6 × 10–12 0.800 5.1 × 10–12
M 0.800 6.0 × 10–12 4.6 × 10–12
Re-188 17.0 h F 0.800 4.7 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10 0.800 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.800 5.5 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10
Re-188m 0.3 h F 0.800 1.0 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 0.800 3.0 × 10–11
M 0.800 1.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Re-189 1.01 d F 0.800 2.7 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 0.800 7.8 × 10–10
M 0.800 4.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10

Osmium
Os-180 0.366 h F 0.010 8.8 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–11 0.010 1.7 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
S 0.010 1.5 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Os-181 1.75 h F 0.010 3.6 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11 0.010 8.9 × 10–11
M 0.010 6.3 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–11
S 0.010 6.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Os-182 22.0 h F 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 0.010 5.6 × 10–10
M 0.010 3.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
S 0.010 3.9 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
Os-185 94.0 d F 0.010 1.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.010 5.1 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
 154
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–12 –12
Os-189m 6.00 h F 0.010 2.7 × 10 5.2 × 10 0.010 1.8 × 10–11
M 0.010 5.1 × 10–12 7.6 × 10–12
S 0.010 5.4 × 10–12 7.9 × 10–12
Os-191 15.4 d F 0.010 2.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 0.010 5.7 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Os-191m 13.0 h F 0.010 2.6 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 0.010 9.6 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
Os-193 1.25 d F 0.010 1.7 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 8.1 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.7 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
S 0.010 5.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
Os-194 6.00 a F 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 0.010 2.4 × 10–9
M 0.010 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
S 0.010 7.9 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8

Iridium
Ir-182 0.250 h F 0.010 1.5 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 0.010 4.8 × 10–11
M 0.010 2.4 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
S 0.010 2.5 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
Ir-184 3.02 h F 0.010 6.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Ir-185 14.0 h F 0.010 8.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10 0.010 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
 155
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Ir-186 15.8 h F 0.010 1.8 × 10 3.3 × 10 0.010 4.9 × 10–10
M 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
S 0.010 3.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
Ir-186m 1.75 h F 0.010 2.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.010 6.1 × 10–11
M 0.010 4.3 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11
S 0.010 4.5 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
Ir-187 10.5 h F 0.010 4.0 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11 0.010 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.010 7.5 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 7.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10
Ir-188 1.73 d F 0.010 2.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 0.010 6.3 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
S 0.010 4.3 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10
Ir-189 13.3 d F 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 5.5 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
Ir-190 12.1 d F 0.010 7.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
S 0.010 2.3 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Ir-190m 3.10 h F 0.010 5.3 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–11 0.010 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.010 8.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10
S 0.010 8.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10
Ir-190mʹ 1.20 h F 0.010 3.7 × 10–12 5.6 × 10–12 0.010 8.0 × 10–12
M 0.010 9.0 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–11
S 0.010 1.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
Ir-192 74.0 d F 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.010 4.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9
S 0.010 6.2 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9
 156
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–9 –9
Ir-192m 2.41 × 10 a 2
F 0.010 4.8 × 10 5.6 × 10 0.010 3.1 × 10–10
M 0.010 5.4 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9
S 0.010 3.6 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8
Ir-193m 11.9 d F 0.010 1.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Ir-194 19.1 h F 0.010 2.2 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.010 5.3 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 5.6 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–10
Ir-194m 171 d F 0.010 5.4 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–9 0.010 2.1 × 10–9
M 0.010 8.5 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.2 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9
Ir-195 2.50 h F 0.010 2.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.010 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.010 6.7 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–11
S 0.010 7.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Ir-195m 3.80 h F 0.010 6.5 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 2.1 × 10–10
M 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10

Platinum
Pt-186 2.00 h F 0.010 3.6 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11 0.010 9.3 × 10–11
Pt-188 10.2 d F 0.010 4.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 0.010 7.6 × 10–10
Pt-189 10.9 h F 0.010 4.1 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11 0.010 1.2 × 10–10
Pt-191 2.80 d F 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.010 3.4 × 10–10
Pt-193 50.0 a F 0.010 2.1 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 0.010 3.1 × 10–11
Pt-193m 4.33 d F 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 4.5 × 10–10
Pt-195m 4.02 d F 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 0.010 6.3 × 10–10
 157
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
Pt-197 18.3 h F 0.010 9.1 × 10 1.6 × 10 0.010 4.0 × 10–10
Pt-197m 1.57 h F 0.010 2.5 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 0.010 8.4 × 10–11
Pt-199 0.513 h F 0.010 1.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 0.010 3.9 × 10–11
Pt-200 12.5 h F 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–9

Gold
Au-193 17.6 h F 0.100 3.9 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11 0.100 1.3 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
S 0.100 1.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Au-194 1.64 d F 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 0.100 4.2 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
S 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Au-195 183 d F 0.100 7.1 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.5 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10
S 0.100 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Au-198 2.69 d F 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.100 7.6 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–10
S 0.100 8.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9
Au-198m 2.30 d F 0.100 3.4 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
S 0.100 1.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Au-199 3.14 d F 0.100 1.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 4.4 × 10–10
M 0.100 6.8 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
S 0.100 7.5 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
Au-200 0.807 h F 0.100 1.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 0.100 6.8 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
S 0.100 3.6 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
 158
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Au-200m 18.7 h F 0.100 3.2 × 10 5.7 × 10 0.100 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 6.9 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–10
S 0.100 7.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9
Au-201 0.440 h F 0.100 9.2 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–11 0.100 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
S 0.100 1.8 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11

Mercury
Hg-193 3.50 h F 0.400 2.6 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 1.000 3.1 × 10–11
(organic) 0.400 6.6 × 10–11
Hg-193 3.50 h F 0.020 2.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 0.020 8.2 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.020 7.5 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Hg-193m 11.1 h F 0.400 1.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–10
(organic) 0.400 3.0 × 10–10
Hg-193m 11.1 h F 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 0.020 4.0 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.020 2.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a F 0.400 1.5 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.000 5.1 × 10–8
(organic) 0.400 2.1 × 10–8
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a F 0.020 1.3 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 0.020 1.4 × 10–9
(inorganic) M 0.020 7.8 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9
Hg-195 9.90 h F 0.400 2.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 1.000 3.4 × 10–11
(organic) 0.400 7.5 × 10–11
Hg-195 9.90 h F 0.020 2.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 0.020 9.7 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.020 7.2 × 10–11 9.2 × 10–11
Hg-195m 1.73 d F 0.400 1.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.000 2.2 × 10–10
(organic) 0.400 4.1 × 10–10
 159
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Hg-197 2.67 d F 0.400 5.0 × 10 8.5 × 10 1.000 9.9 × 10–11
(organic) 0.400 1.7 × 10–10
Hg-197 2.67 d F 0.020 6.0 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10 0.020 2.3 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Hg-197m 23.8 h F 0.400 1.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.000 1.5 × 10–10
(organic) 0.400 3.4 × 10–10
Hg-197m 23.8 h F 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.020 4.7 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.020 5.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10
Hg-199m 0.710 h F 0.400 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.000 2.8 × 10–11
(organic) 0.400 3.1 × 10–11
Hg-199m 0.710 h F 0.020 1.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 0.020 3.1 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.020 3.3 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11

Hg-203 46.6 d F 0.400 5.7 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–9
(organic) 0.400 1.1 × 10–9
Hg-203 46.6 d F 0.020 4.7 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 0.020 5.4 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

Thallium
Tl-194 0.550 h F 1.000 4.8 × 10–12 8.9 × 10–12 1.000 8.1 × 10–12
Tl-194m 0.546 h F 1.000 2.0 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 1.000 4.0 × 10–11
Tl-195 1.16 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.000 2.7 × 10–11
Tl-197 2.84 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.000 2.3 × 10–11
Tl-198 5.30 h F 1.000 6.6 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 7.3 × 10–11
Tl-198m 1.87 h F 1.000 4.0 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11 1.000 5.4 × 10–11
Tl-199 7.42 h F 1.000 2.0 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 1.000 2.6 × 10–1
 160
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
Tl-200 1.09 d F 1.000 1.4 × 10 2.5 × 10 1.000 2.0 × 10–10
Tl-201 3.04 d F 1.000 4.7 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11 1.000 9.5 × 10–11
Tl-202 12.2 d F 1.000 2.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.000 4.5 × 10–10
Tl-204 3.78 a F 1.000 4.4 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–9

Lead
Pb-195m 0.263 h F 0.200 1.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 0.200 2.9 × 10–11
Pb-198 2.40 h F 0.200 4.7 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–11 0.200 1.0 × 10–10
Pb-199 1.50 h F 0.200 2.6 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 0.200 5.4 × 10–11
Pb-200 21.5 h F 0.200 1.5 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 0.200 4.0 × 10–10
Pb-201 9.40 h F 0.200 6.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.200 1.6 × 10–10
Pb-202 3.00 × 105 a F 0.200 1.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 0.200 8.7 × 10–9
Pb-202m 3.62 h F 0.200 6.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–10 0.200 1.3 × 10–10
Pb-203 2.17 d F 0.200 9.1 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–10 0.200 2.4 × 10–10
Pb-205 1.43 × 107 a F 0.200 3.4 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 0.200 2.8 × 10–10
Pb-209 3.25 h F 0.200 1.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 0.200 5.7 × 10–11
Pb-210 22.3 a F 0.200 8.9 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–6 0.200 6.8 × 10–7
Pb-211 0.601 h F 0.200 3.9 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 0.200 1.8 × 10–10
Pb-212 10.6 h F 0.200 1.9 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 0.200 5.9 × 10–9
Pb-214 0.447 h F 0.200 2.9 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 0.200 1.4 × 10–10

Bismuth
Bi-200 0.606 h F 0.050 2.4 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 0.050 5.1 × 10–11
M 0.050 3.4 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–1
Bi-201 1.80 h F 0.050 4.7 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11 0.050 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.050 7.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10
 161
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –11
Bi-202 1.67 h F 0.050 4.6 × 10 8.4 × 10 0.050 8.9 × 10–11
M 0.050 5.8 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–10
Bi-203 11.8 h F 0.050 2.0 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 0.050 4.8 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.8 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Bi-205 15.3 d F 0.050 4.0 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10 0.050 9.0 × 10–10
M 0.050 9.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–9
Bi-206 6.24 d F 0.050 7.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 0.050 1.9 × 10–9
M 0.050 1.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Bi-207 38.0 a F 0.050 5.2 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–10 0.050 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.050 5.2 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Bi-210 5.01 d F 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 0.050 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.050 8.4 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–8
Bi-210m 3.00 × 106 a F 0.050 4.5 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8 0.050 1.5 × 10–8
M 0.050 3.1 × 10–6 2.1 × 10–6
Bi-212 1.01 h F 0.050 9.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–8 0.050 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.050 3.0 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8
Bi-213 0.761 h F 0.050 1.1 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 0.050 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.9 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8
Bi-214 0.332 h F 0.050 7.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–8 0.050 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.050 1.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8

Polonium
Po-203 0.612 h F 0.100 2.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 0.100 5.2 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.6 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
Po-205 1.80 h F 0.100 3.5 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 0.100 5.9 × 10–11
M 0.100 6.4 × 10–11 8.9 × 10–11
 162
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–11 –10
Po-207 5.83 h F 0.100 6.3 × 10 1.2 × 10 0.100 1.4 × 10–10
M 0.100 8.4 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–10
Po-210 138 d F 0.100 6.0 × 10–7 7.1 × 10–7 0.100 2.4 × 10–7
M 0.100 3.0 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6

Astatine
At-207 1.80 h F 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 1.000 2.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
At-211 7.21 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 1.000 1.1 × 10–8
M 1.000 9.8 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–7

Francium
Fr-222 0.240 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.000 7.1 × 10–10
Fr-223 0.363 h F 1.000 9.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 2.3 × 10–9

Radium
Ra-223 11.4 d M 0.200 6.9 × 10–6 5.7 × 10–6 0.200 1.0 × 10–7
Ra-224 3.66 d M 0.200 2.9 × 10–6 2.4 × 10–6 0.200 6.5 × 10–8
Ra-225 14.8 d M 0.200 5.8 × 10–6 4.8 × 10–6 0.200 9.5 × 10–8
Ra-226 1.60 × 103 a M 0.200 3.2 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 0.200 2.8 × 10–7
Ra-227 0.703 h M 0.200 2.8 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 0.200 8.4 × 10–11
Ra-228 5.75 a M 0.200 2.6 × 10–6 1.7 × 10–6 0.200 6.7 × 10–7

Actinium
Ac-224 2.90 h F 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–7 8.9 × 10–8
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–7 9.9 × 10–8
 163
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –7 –6 –4
Ac-225 10.0 d F 5.0 × 10 8.7 × 10 1.0 × 10 5.0 × 10 2.4 × 10–8
M 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–6 5.7 × 10–6
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–6 6.5 × 10–6
Ac-226 1.21 d F 5.0 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–6 9.2 × 10–7
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6
Ac-227 21.8 a F 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–6
M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4
S 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5
Ac-228 6.13 h F 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–10
M 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
S 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8

Thorium
Th-226 0.515 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10
S 2.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–10
Th-227 18.7 d M 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–6 6.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–9
S 2.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–6 7.6 × 10–6 2.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–9
Th-228 1.91 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–5 2.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–8
S 2.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–8
Th-229 7.34 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–5 6.9 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–7
S 2.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–7
Th-230 7.70 × 104 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–7
S 2.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–6 2.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–8
Th-231 1.06 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10
S 2.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10
 164
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –5 –5 –4
Th-232 1.40 × 10 a 10
M 5.0 × 10 4.2 × 10 2.9 × 10 5.0 × 10 2.2 × 10–7
S 2.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–8
Th-234 24.1 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9
S 2.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9

Protactinium
Pa-227 0.638 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–8
Pa-228 22.0 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8
Pa-230 17.4 d M 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–7 4.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–7 5.7 × 10–7
Pa-231 3.27 × 104 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–7
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5
Pa-232 1.31 d M 5.0 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Pa-233 27.0 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Pa-234 6.70 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–10
S 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
Uranium
U-230 20.8 d F 0.020 3.6 × 10–7 4.2 × 10–7 0.020 5.5 × 10–8
M 0.020 1.2 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 0.002 2.8 × 10–8
S 0.002 1.5 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5
U-231 4.20 d F 0.020 8.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–10 0.020 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 0.002 2.8 × 10–10
S 0.002 3.7 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
 165
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–6 –6
U-232 72.0 a F 0.020 4.0 × 10 4.7 × 10 0.020 3.3 × 10–7
M 0.020 7.2 × 10–6 4.8 × 10–6 0.002 3.7 × 10–8
S 0.002 3.5 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5
U-233 1.58 × 105 a F 0.020 5.7 × 10–7 6.6 × 10–7 0.020 5.0 × 10–8
M 0.020 3.2 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 0.002 8.5 × 10–9
S 0.002 8.7 × 10–6 6.9 × 10–6
U-234 2.44 × 105 a F 0.020 5.5 × 10–7 6.4 × 10–7 0.020 4.9 × 10–8
M 0.020 3.1 × 10–6 2.1 × 10–6 0.002 8.3 × 10–9
S 0.002 8.5 × 10–6 6.8 × 10–6
U-235 7.04 × 108 a F 0.020 5.1 × 10–7 6.0 × 10–7 0.020 4.6 × 10–8
M 0.020 2.8 × 10–6 1.8 × 10–6 0.002 8.3 × 10–9
S 0.002 7.7 × 10–6 6.1 × 10–6
U-236 2.34 × 107 a F 0.020 5.2 × 10–7 6.1 × 10–7 0.020 4.6 × 10–8
M 0.020 2.9 × 10–6 1.9 × 10–6 0.002 7.9 × 10–9
S 0.002 7.9 × 10–6 6.3 × 10–6
U-237 6.75 d F 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 0.020 7.6 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 0.002 7.7 × 10–10
S 0.002 1.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
U-238 4.47 × 109 a F 0.020 4.9 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–7 0.020 4.4 × 10–8
M 0.020 2.6 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–6 0.002 7.6 × 10–9
S 0.002 7.3 × 10–6 5.7 × 10–6
U-239 0.392 h F 0.020 1.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 0.020 2.7 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.3 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 0.002 2.8 × 10–11
S 0.002 2.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Tl-198m 1.87 h F 1.000 4.0 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11 1.000 5.4 × 10–11
Tl-199 7.42 h F 1.000 2.0 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 1.000 2.6 × 10–1
 166
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–10 –10
U-240 14.1 h F 0.020 2.1 × 10 3.7 × 10 0.020 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 5.3 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10 0.002 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.002 5.7 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–10

Neptunium
Np-232 0.245 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–12
Np-233 0.603 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–12 3.0 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–12
Np-234 4.40 d M 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–10
Np-235 1.08 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–11
Np-236 1.15 × 105 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–6 2.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–8
Np-236m 22.5 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10
Np-237 2.14 × 106 a M 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–7
Np-238 2.12 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–10
Np-239 2.36 d M 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–10
Np-240 1.08 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–11

Plutonium
Pu-234 8.80 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–10
1.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10
Pu-235 0.422 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–12
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–12 2.6 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–5 2.1 × 10–12
1.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–12
Pu-236 2.85 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–8
S 1.0 × 10–5 9.6 × 10–6 7.4 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–5 6.3 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–8
 167
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –10 –10 –4
Pu-237 45.3 d M 5.0 × 10 3.3 × 10 2.9 × 10 5.0 × 10 1.0 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–5 3.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–10
1.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10
Pu-238 87.7 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–5 3.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 8.8 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–8
Pu-239 2.41 × 104 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 8.3 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–5 9.0 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–8
Pu-240 6.54 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 8.3 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–5 9.0 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–8
Pu-241 14.4 a M 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–7 8.4 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–10
1.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–10
Pu-242 3.76 × 105 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–5 3.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 7.7 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–5 8.6 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–8
Pu-243 4.95 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–5 8.5 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–5 8.5 × 10–11
1.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–11
Pu-244 8.26 × 107 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–5 3.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 7.4 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–8
1.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–8
Pu-245 10.5 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–10
1.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10
 168
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –9 –4
Pu-246 10.9 d M 5.0 × 10 7.0 × 10 6.5 × 10 5.0 × 10 3.3 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–5 7.6 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–5 3.3 × 10–9
1.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–9

Americium
Am-237 1.22 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–11
Am-238 1.63 h M 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–11
Am-239 11.9 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–10
Am-240 2.12 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–10
Am-241 4.32 × 102 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–7
Am-242 16.0 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–10
Am-242m 1.52 × 102 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–7
Am-243 7.38 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–7
Am-244 10.1 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–10
Am-244m 0.433 h M 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–11
Am-245 2.05 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–11
Am-246 0.650 h M 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–11
Am-246m 0.417 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–11
Curium
Cm-238 2.40 h M 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–11
Cm-240 27.0 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–6 2.3 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–9
Cm-241 32.8 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–10
Cm-242 163 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–6 3.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8
Cm-243 28.5 a M 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–7
Cm-244 18.1 a M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–7
Cm-245 8.50 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–7
 169
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –5 –5 –4
Cm-246 4.73 × 10 3
a M 5.0 × 10 4.0 × 10 2.7 × 10 5.0 × 10 2.1 × 10–7
Cm-247 1.56 × 107 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–5 2.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–7
Cm-248 3.39 × 105 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–7
Cm-249 1.07 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–11
Cm-250 6.90 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–6

Berkelium
Bk-245 4.94 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–10
Bk-246 1.83 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10
Bk-247 1.38 × 103 a M 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–7
Bk-249 320 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–10
Bk-250 3.22 h M 5.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–10

Californium
Cf-244 0.323 h M 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–11
Cf-246 1.49 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–9
Cf-248 334 d M 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–6 6.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–8
Cf-249 3.50 × 102 a M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–7
Cf-250 13.1 a M 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7
Cf-251 8.98 × 102 a M 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–5 4.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–7
Cf-252 2.64 a M 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–8
Cf-253 17.8 d M 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9
Cf-254 60.5 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–7

Einsteinium
Es-250 2.10 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–11
 170
Table A9.2A. workers: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation and ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)

Physical Inhalation Ingestion

Radionuclide a
half-life Type f1 e(g)1 μm e(g)5 μm f1 e(g)
–4 –9 –9 –4
Es-251 1.38 d M 5.0 × 10 2.0 × 10 1.7 × 10 5.0 × 10 1.7 × 10–10
Es-253 20.5 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–6 2.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–9
Es-254 276 d M 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–6 6.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–8
Es-254m 1.64 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–7 3.7 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–9
Es-251 1.38 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10
Es-253 20.5 d M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–6 2.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–9
Es-254 276 d M 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–6 6.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–8
Es-254m 1.64 d M 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–7 3.7 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–9

Fermium
Fm-252 22.7 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9
Fm-253 3.00 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 3.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–10
Fm-254 3.24 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10
Fm-255 20.1 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9
Fm-257 101 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–6 5.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8

Mendelevium
Md-257 5.20 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10
Md-258 55.0 d M 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–8
Fermium
Fm-252 22.7 h M 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9
Fm-253 3.00 d M 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 3.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–10
Fm-254 3.24 h M 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10
Fm-255 20.1 h M 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9
Fm-257 101 d M 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–6 5.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8

a
m and mʹ denote metastable states of the radionuclide. T he metastable state mʹ is of higher energy than the metastable state m.
Note : T ypes F, M and S denote fast, moderate and slow absorption from the lung, respectively. f1: gut transfer factor; e(g): effective dose per unit intake by age group.
 171

Table A9.2B. compounds and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective
dose per unit intake via ingestion for workers
Element Gut transfer factor f1 Compounds

Hydrogen 1.000 Tritiated water (ingested)

1.000 Organically bound tritium

Beryllium 0.005 All compounds

Carbon 1.000 Labelled organic compounds

Fluorine 1.000 All compounds
Sodium 1.000 All compounds

Magnesium 0.500 All compounds

Aluminium 0.010 All compounds
Silicon 0.010 All compounds

Phosphorus 0.800 All compounds

Sulphur 0.800 Inorganic compounds
0.100 Elemental sulphur
1.000 Organic sulphur
Chlorine 1.000 All compounds
Potassium 1.000 All compounds

Calcium 0.300 All compounds

Scandium 1.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Titanium 0.010 All compounds

Vanadium 0.010 All compounds

Chromium 0.100 Hexavalent compounds
0.010 Trivalent compounds

Manganese 0.100 All compounds

Iron 0.100 All compounds
Cobalt 0.100 All unspecified compounds
0.050 Oxides, hydroxides and inorganic compounds
Nickel 0.050 All compounds
Copper 0.500 All compounds
 172
Table A9.2B. compounds and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective
dose per unit intake via ingestion for workers (cont.)
Element Gut transfer factor f1 Compounds

Zinc 0.500 All compounds

Gallium 0.001 All compounds
Germanium 1.000 All compounds
Arsenic 0.500 All compounds
Selenium 0.800 All unspecified compounds
0.050 Elemental selenium and selenides

Bromine 1.000 All compounds

Rubidium 1.000 All compounds

Strontium 0.300 All unspecified compounds
0.010 Strontium titanate (SrTiO3)

Yttrium 1.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Zirconium 0.002 All compounds

Niobium 0.010 All compounds
Molybdenum 0.800 All unspecified compounds
0.050 Molybdenum sulphide
Technetium 0.800 All compounds
Ruthenium 0.050 All compounds

Rhodium 0.050 All compounds

Palladium 0.005 All compounds
Silver 0.050 All compounds

Cadmium 0.050 All inorganic compounds

Indium 0.020 All compounds
Tin 0.020 All compounds
Antimony 0.100 All compounds
Tellurium 0.300 All compounds
Iodine 1.000 All compounds
Caesium 1.000 All compounds
 173
Table A9.2B. compounds and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective
dose per unit intake via ingestion for workers (cont.)
Element Gut transfer factor f1 Compounds

Barium 0.100 All compounds

Lanthanum 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Cerium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Praseodymium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Neodymium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Promethium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Samarium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Europium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Gadolinium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Terbium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
–4
Dysprosium 5.0 × 10 All compounds
Holmium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Erbium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Thulium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Ytterbium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Lutetium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Hafnium 0.002 All compounds

Tantalum 0.001 All compounds

Tungsten 0.300 All unspecified compounds
0.010 Tungstic acid

Rhenium 0.800 All compounds

Osmium 0.010 All compounds
Iridium 0.010 All compounds

Platinum 0.010 All compounds

Gold 0.100 All compounds
Mercury 0.020 All inorganic compounds
 174
Table A9.2B. compounds and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective
dose per unit intake via ingestion for workers (cont.)
Element Gut transfer factor f1 Compounds

Mercury 1.000 Methyl mercury

0.400 All unspecified organic compounds

Thallium 1.000 All compounds

Lead 0.200 All compounds
Bismuth 0.050 All compounds
Polonium 0.100 All compounds
Astatine 1.000 All compounds
Francium 1.000 All compounds
Radium 0.200 All compounds
Actinium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Thorium 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
2.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides
Protactinium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Uranium 0.020 All unspecified compounds
0.002 Most tetravalent compounds, e.g. UO2,
U3 O8 , UF4
Neptunium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Plutonium 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
1.0 × 10–4 Nitrates
1.0 × 10–5 Insoluble oxides
Americium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Curium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Berkelium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Californium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Einsteinium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Fermium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Mendelevium 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
 175

Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Beryllium M 0.005 All unspecified compounds
S 0.005 Oxides, halides and nitrates

Fluorine F 1.000 Determined by combining cation

M 1.000 Determined by combining cation
S 1.000 Determined by combining cation
Sodium F 1.000 All compounds

Magnesium F 0.500 All unspecified compounds

M 0.500 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides and nitrates

Aluminium F 0.010 All unspecified compounds

M 0.010 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides, nitrates and metallic aluminium

Silicon F 0.010 All unspecified compounds

M 0.010 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides and nitrates
S 0.010 Aluminosilicate glass aerosol

Phosphorus F 0.800 All unspecified compounds

M 0.800 Some phosphates: determined by combining cation
 176
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Sulphur F 0.800 Sulphides and sulphates: determined by combining cation
M 0.800 Elemental sulphur; Sulphides and sulphates: determined by combining cation

Chlorine F 1.000 Determined by combining cation

M 1.000 Determined by combining cation

Potassium F 1.000 All compounds

Calcium M 0.300 All compounds
Scandium S 1.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Titanium F 0.010 All unspecified compounds

M 0.010 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides and nitrates

S 0.010 Strontium titanate (SrTiO3)
Vanadium F 0.010 All unspecified compounds
M 0.010 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides and halides
Chromium F 0.100 All unspecified compounds
M 0.100 Halides and nitrates
S 0.100 Oxides and hydroxides
 177
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Manganese F 0.100 All unspecified compounds
M 0.100 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates

Iron F 0.100 All unspecified compounds

M 0.100 Oxides, hydroxides and halides

Cobalt M 0.100 All unspecified compounds

S 0.050 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates

Nickel F 0.050 All unspecified compounds

M 0.050 Oxides, hydroxides and carbides

Copper F 0.500 All unspecified inorganic compounds

M 0.500 Sulphides, halides and nitrates
S 0.500 Oxides and hydroxides
Zinc S 0.500 All compounds
Gallium F 0.001 All unspecified compounds
M 0.001 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halides and nitrates
Germanium F 1.000 All unspecified compounds
M 1.000 Oxides, sulphides and halides
 178
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Arsenic M 0.500 All compounds
Selenium F 0.800 All unspecified inorganic compounds
M 0.800 Elemental selenium, oxides, hydroxides and carbides
Bromine F 1.000 Determined by combining cation
M 1.000 Determined by combining cation
Rubidium F 1.000 All compounds
Strontium F 0.300 All unspecified compounds
S 0.010 Strontium titanate (SrTiO3)
Yttrium M 1.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 1.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides

Zirconium F 0.002 All unspecified compounds
M 0.002 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates
S 0.002 Zirconium carbide

Niobium M 0.010 All unspecified compounds

S 0.010 Oxides and hydroxides
 179
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Molybdenum F 0.800 All unspecified compounds
S 0.050 Molybdenum sulphide, oxides and hydroxides

Technetium F 0.800 All unspecified compounds

M 0.800 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates
Ruthenium F 0.050 All unspecified compounds
M 0.050 Halides
S 0.050 Oxides and hydroxides

Rhodium F 0.050 All unspecified compounds

M 0.050 Halides
S 0.050 Oxides and hydroxides

Palladium F 0.005 All unspecified compounds

M 0.005 Nitrates and halides
S 0.005 Oxides and hydroxides
Silver F 0.050 All unspecified compounds and metallic silver
M 0.050 Nitrates and sulphides
S 0.050 Oxides, hydroxides and carbides
 180
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Cadmium F 0.050 All unspecified compounds
M 0.050 Sulphides, halides and nitrates
S 0.050 Oxides and hydroxides
Indium F 0.020 All unspecified compounds
M 0.020 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates
Tin F 0.020 All unspecified compounds
M 0.020 Stannic phosphate, sulphides, oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates
Antimony F 0.100 All unspecified compounds
M 0.010 Oxides, hydroxides, halides, sulphides, sulphates and nitrates

Tellurium F 0.300 All unspecified compounds

M 0.300 Oxides, hydroxides and nitrates
Iodine F 1.000 All compounds
Caesium F 1.000 All compounds

Barium F 0.100 All compounds

 181
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Lanthanum F 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
M 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides

Cerium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides and fluorides

Praseodymium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides and fluorides

Neodymium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides and fluorides

Promethium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides, carbides and fluorides
Samarium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Europium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Gadolinium F 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
M 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides and fluorides
Terbium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
 182
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Dysprosium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Holmium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

Erbium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Thulium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Ytterbium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides and fluorides
Lutetium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides, hydroxides and fluorides

Hafnium F 0.002 All unspecified compounds

M 0.002 Oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbides and nitrates
Tantalum M 0.001 All unspecified compounds
S 0.001 Elemental tantalum, oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbides, nitrates and nitrides
Tungsten F 0.300 All compounds
 183
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Rhenium F 0.800 All unspecified compounds
M 0.800 Oxides, hydroxides, halides and nitrates

Osmium F 0.010 All unspecified compounds

M 0.010 Halides and nitrates
S 0.010 Oxides and hydroxides
Iridium F 0.010 All unspecified compounds
M 0.010 Metallic iridium, halides and nitrates
S 0.010 Oxides and hydroxides

Platinum F 0.010 All compounds

Gold F 0.100 All unspecified compounds

M 0.100 Halides and nitrates
S 0.100 Oxides and hydroxides
Mercury F 0.020 Sulphates
M 0.020 Oxides, hydroxides, halides, nitrates and sulphides
Mercury F 0.400 All organic compounds

Thallium F 1.000 All compounds

 184
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Lead F 0.200 All compounds
Bismuth F 0.050 Bismuth nitrate
M 0.050 All unspecified compounds
Polonium F 0.100 All unspecified compounds
M 0.100 Oxides, hydroxides and nitrates
Astatine F 1.000 Determined by combining cation
M 1.000 Determined by combining cation
Francium F 1.000 All compounds
Radium M 0.200 All compounds

Actinium F 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

M 5.0 × 10–4 Halides and nitrates
S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides
Thorium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
S 2.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides
 185
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Protactinium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds
S 5.0 × 10–4 Oxides and hydroxides

Uranium F 0.020 Most hexavalent compounds, e.g. UF6, UO2F2 and UO2(NO3)2
M 0.020 Less soluble compounds, e.g. UO3, UF4, UCl4 and most other hexavalent compounds
S 0.002 Highly insoluble compounds, e.g. UO2 and U3O8
Neptunium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Plutonium M 5.0 × 10–4 All unspecified compounds

S 1.0 × 10–5 Insoluble oxides

Americium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Curium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Berkelium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Californium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Einsteinium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
 186
Table A9.2C. compounds, lung absorption types and values of gut transfer factor f 1 used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for worker (cont.)

Element Absorption Gut transfer Compounds

type(s) factor f1
Fermium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds
Mendelevium M 5.0 × 10–4 All compounds

Note: Types F, M and S denote fast, moderate and slow absorption from the lung, respective
 187

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hydrogen
Tritiated 12.3 a 1.000 6.4 × 10–11 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
water
Organically 12.3 a 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
bound tritium

Beryllium
Be-7 53.3 d 0.020 1.8 × 10–10 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Be-10 1.60 × 106 a 0.020 1.4 × 10–8 0.005 8.0 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9

Carbon
C-11 0.340 h 1.000 2.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
C-14 5.73 × 103 a 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10

Fluorine
F-18 1.83 h 1.000 5.2 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11

Sodium
Na-22 2.60 a 1.000 2.1 × 10–8 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 8.4 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Na-24 15.0 h 1.000 3.5 × 10–9 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
 188
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Magnesium
Mg-28 20.9 h 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 0.500 1.4 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9

Aluminium
Al-26 7.16 × 105 a 0.020 3.4 × 10–8 0.010 2.1 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9

Silicon
Si-31 2.62 h 0.020 1.9 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Si-32 4.50 × 102 a 0.020 7.3 × 10–9 0.010 4.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10

Phosphorus
P-32 14.3 d 1.000 3.1 × 10–8 0.800 1.9 × 10–8 9.4 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
P-33 25.4 d 1.000 2.7 × 10–9 0.800 1.8 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10

Sulphur
S-35 87.4 d 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
(inorganic)
S-35 87.4 d 1.000 7.7 × 10–9 1.000 5.4 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
(organic)
 189
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Chlorine
Cl-36 3.01 × 105 a 1.000 9.8 × 10–9 1.000 6.3 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10
Cl-38 0.620 h 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 1.000 7.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Cl-39 0.927 h 1.000 9.7 × 10–10 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11

Potassium
K-40 1.28 × 109 a 1.000 6.2 × 10–8 1.000 4.2 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9
K-42 12.4 h 1.000 5.1 × 10–9 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
K-43 22.6 h 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
K-44 0.369 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
K-45 0.333 h 1.000 6.2 × 10–10 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11

Calciumb
Ca-41 1.40 × 105 a 0.600 1.2 × 10–9 0.300 5.2 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Ca-45 163 d 0.600 1.1 × 10–8 0.300 4.9 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10
Ca-47 4.53 d 0.600 1.3 × 10–8 0.300 9.3 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9

Scandium
Sc-43 3.89 h 0.001 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Sc-44 3.93 h 0.001 3.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Sc-44m 2.44 d 0.001 2.4 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
 190
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sc-46 83.8 d 0.001 1.1 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Sc-47 3.35 d 0.001 6.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
Sc-48 1.82 d 0.001 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Sc-49 0.956 h 0.001 1.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11

Titanium
Ti-44 47.3 a 0.020 5.5 × 10–8 0.010 3.1 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.9 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9
Ti-45 3.08 h 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 0.010 9.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10

Vanadium
V-47 0.543 h 0.020 7.3 × 10–10 0.010 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
V-48 16.2 d 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
V-49 330 d 0.020 2.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11

Chromium
Cr-48 23.0 h 0.200 1.4 × 10–9 0.100 9.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.010 9.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Cr-49 0.702 h 0.200 6.8 × 10–10 0.100 3.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
0.020 6.8 × 10–10 0.010 3.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
Cr-51 27.7 d 0.200 3.5 × 10–10 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11
0.020 3.3 × 10–10 0.010 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
 191
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Manganese
Mn-51 0.770 h 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 6.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11
Mn-52 5.59 d 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 8.8 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Mn-52m 0.352 h 0.200 7.8 × 10–10 0.100 4.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11
Mn-53 3.70 × 106 a 0.200 4.1 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
Mn-54 312 d 0.200 5.4 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
Mn-56 2.58 h 0.200 2.7 × 10–9 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10

Ironc
Fe-52 8.28 h 0.600 1.3 × 10–8 0.100 9.1 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Fe-55 2.70 a 0.600 7.6 × 10–9 0.100 2.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Fe-59 44.5 d 0.600 3.9 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Fe-60 1.00 × 105 a 0.600 7.9 × 10–7 0.100 2.7 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.5 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7

Cobaltd
Co-55 17.5 h 0.600 6.0 × 10–9 0.100 5.5 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Co-56 78.7 d 0.600 2.5 × 10–8 0.100 1.5 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Co-57 271 d 0.600 2.9 × 10–9 0.100 1.6 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Co-58 70.8 d 0.600 7.3 × 10–9 0.100 4.4 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10
Co-58m 9.15 h 0.600 2.0 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
Co-60 5.27 a 0.600 5.4 × 10–8 0.100 2.7 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9
 192
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Co-60m 0.174 h 0.600 2.2 × 10–11 0.100 1.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–12 3.2 × 10–12 2.2 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–12
Co-61 1.65 h 0.600 8.2 × 10–10 0.100 5.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
Co-62m 0.232 h 0.600 5.3 × 10–10 0.100 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Nickel
Ni-56 6.10 d 0.100 5.3 × 10–9 0.050 4.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
Ni-57 1.50 d 0.100 6.8 × 10–9 0.050 4.9 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
Ni-59 7.50 × 104 a 0.100 6.4 × 10–10 0.050 3.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
Ni-63 96.0 a 0.100 1.6 × 10–9 0.050 8.4 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
Ni-65 2.52 h 0.100 2.1 × 10–9 0.050 1.3 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Ni-66 2.27 d 0.100 3.3 × 10–8 0.050 2.2 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9

Copper
Cu-60 0.387 h 1.000 7.0 × 10–10 0.500 4.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
Cu-61 3.41 h 1.000 7.1 × 10–10 0.500 7.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Cu-64 12.7 h 1.000 5.2 × 10–10 0.500 8.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Cu-67 2.58 d 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 0.500 2.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10

Zinc
Zn-62 9.26 h 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 0.500 6.5 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10
Zn-63 0.635 h 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 0.500 5.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11
Zn-65 244 d 1.000 3.6 × 10–8 0.500 1.6 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9
 193
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Zn-69 0.950 h 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 0.500 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Zn-69m 13.8 h 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 0.500 2.3 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Zn-71m 3.92 h 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 0.500 1.5 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Zn-72 1.94 d 1.000 8.7 × 10–9 0.500 8.6 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9

Gallium
Ga-65 0.253 h 0.010 4.3 × 10–10 0.001 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
Ga-66 9.40 h 0.010 1.2 × 10–8 0.001 7.9 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Ga-67 3.26 d 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 0.001 1.2 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Ga-68 1.13 h 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 0.001 6.7 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Ga-70 0.353 h 0.010 3.9 × 10–10 0.001 2.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Ga-72 14.1 h 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 0.001 6.8 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Ga-73 4.91 h 0.010 3.0 × 10–9 0.001 1.9 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10

Germanium
Ge-66 2.27 h 1.000 8.3 × 10–10 1.000 5.3 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Ge-67 0.312 h 1.000 7.7 × 10–10 1.000 4.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
Ge-68 288 d 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 1.000 8.0 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ge-69 1.63 d 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Ge-71 11.8 d 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 7.8 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
Ge-75 1.38 h 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 1.000 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
 194
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ge-77 11.3 h 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Ge-78 1.45 h 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 1.000 7.0 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Arsenic
As-69 0.253 h 1.000 6.6 × 10–10 0.500 3.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
As-70 0.876 h 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 0.500 7.8 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
As-71 2.70 d 1.000 2.8 × 10–9 0.500 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
As-72 1.08 d 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 0.500 1.2 × 10–8 6.3 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
As-73 80.3 d 1.000 2.6 × 10–9 0.500 1.9 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
As-74 17.8 d 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 0.500 8.2 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
As-76 110 d 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 0.500 1.1 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
As-77 1.62 d 1.000 2.7 × 10–9 0.500 2.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
As-78 1.51 h 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 0.500 1.4 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10

Selenium
Se-70 0.683 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 0.800 7.1 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Se-73 7.15 h 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 0.800 1.4 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Se-73m 0.650 h 1.000 2.6 × 10–10 0.800 1.8 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Se-75 120 d 1.000 2.0 × 10–8 0.800 1.3 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
Se-79 6.50 × 104 a 1.000 4.1 × 10–8 0.800 2.8 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9
Se-81 0.308 h 1.000 3.4 × 10–10 0.800 1.9 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
 195
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Se-81m 0.954 h 1.000 6.0 × 10–10 0.800 3.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
Se-83 0.375 h 1.000 4.6 × 10–10 0.800 2.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Bromine
Br-74 0.422 h 1.000 9.0 × 10–10 1.000 5.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
Br-74m 0.691 h 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 8.5 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
Br-75 1.63 h 1.000 8.5 × 10–10 1.000 4.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–11
Br-76 16.2 h 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 1.000 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
Br-77 2.33 d 1.000 6.3 × 10–10 1.000 4.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
Br-80 0.290 h 1.000 3.9 × 10–10 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Br-80m 4.42 h 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 1.000 8.0 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Br-82 1.47 d 1.000 3.7 × 10–9 1.000 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
Br-83 2.39 h 1.000 5.3 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
Br-84 0.530 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 1.000 5.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11

Rubidium
Rb-79 0.382 h 1.000 5.7 × 10–10 1.000 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
Rb-81 4.58 h 1.000 5.4 × 10–10 1.000 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Rb-81m 0.533 h 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 1.000 6.2 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12
Rb-82m 6.20 h 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 1.000 5.9 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Rb-83 86.2 d 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 1.000 8.4 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Rb-84 32.8 d 1.000 2.0 × 10–8 1.000 1.4 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
 196
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Rb-86 18.7 d 1.000 3.1 × 10–8 1.000 2.0 × 10–8 9.9 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
Rb-87 4.70 × 1010 a 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Rb-88 0.297 h 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.000 6.2 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11
Rb-89 0.253 h 1.000 5.4 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Strontiume
Sr-80 1.67 h 0.600 3.7 × 10–9 0.300 2.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Sr-81 0.425 h 0.600 8.4 × 10–10 0.300 4.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–11
Sr-82 25.0 d 0.600 7.2 × 10–8 0.300 4.1 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 8.7 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
Sr-83 1.35 d 0.600 3.4 × 10–9 0.300 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
Sr-85 64.8 d 0.600 7.7 × 10–9 0.300 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10
Sr-85m 1.16 h 0.600 4.5 × 10–11 0.300 3.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 7.8 × 10–12 6.1 × 10–12
Sr-87m 2.80 h 0.600 2.4 × 10–10 0.300 1.7 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
Sr-89 50.5 d 0.600 3.6 × 10–8 0.300 1.8 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
Sr-90 29.1 a 0.600 2.3 × 10–7 0.300 7.3 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8
Sr-91 9.50 h 0.600 5.2 × 10–9 0.300 4.0 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10
Sr-92 2.71 h 0.600 3.4 × 10–9 0.300 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10

Yttrium
Y-86 14.7 h 0.001 7.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10
Y-86m 0.800 h 0.001 4.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
Y-87 3.35 d 0.001 4.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
 197
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Y-88 107 d 0.001 8.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Y-90 2.67 d 0.001 3.1 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Y-90m 3.19 h 0.001 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Y-91 58.5 d 0.001 2.8 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
Y-91m 0.828 h 0.001 9.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
Y-92 3.54 h 0.001 5.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
Y-93 10.1 h 0.001 1.4 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Y-94 0.318 h 0.001 9.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
Y-95 0.178 h 0.001 5.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11

Zirconium
Zr-86 16.5 h 0.020 6.9 × 10–9 0.010 4.8 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
Zr-88 83.4 d 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Zr-89 3.27 d 0.020 6.5 × 10–9 0.010 4.5 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10
Zr-93 1.53 × 106 a 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 7.6 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–9
Zr-95 64.0 d 0.020 8.5 × 10–9 0.010 5.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–1
Zr-97 16.9 h 0.020 2.2 × 10–8 0.010 1.4 × 10–8 7.3 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Niobium
Nb-88 0.238 h 0.020 6.7 × 10–10 0.010 3.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
Nb-89 2.03 h 0.020 3.0 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
Nb-89m 1.10 h 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 8.7 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
 198
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Nb-90 14.6 h 0.020 1.1 × 10–8 0.010 7.2 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Nb-93m 13.6 a 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 9.1 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Nb-94 2.03 × 104 a 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 9.7 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Nb-95 35.1 d 0.020 4.6 × 10–9 0.010 3.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
Nb-95m 3.61 d 0.020 6.4 × 10–9 0.010 4.1 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
Nb-96 23.3 h 0.020 9.2 × 10–9 0.010 6.3 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Nb-97 1.20 h 0.020 7.7 × 10–10 0.010 4.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Nb-98 0.858 h 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 7.1 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10

Molybdenum
Mo-90 5.67 h 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Mo-93 3.50 × 103 a 1.000 7.9 × 10–9 1.000 6.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
Mo-93m 6.85 h 1.000 8.0 × 10–10 1.000 5.4 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Mo-99 2.75 d 1.000 5.5 × 10–9 1.000 3.5 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
Mo-101 0.244 h 1.000 4.8 × 10–10 1.000 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11

Technetium
Tc-93 2.75 h 1.000 2.7 × 10–10 0.500 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11
Tc-93m 0.725 h 1.000 2.0 × 10–10 0.500 1.3 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Tc-94 4.88 h 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 0.500 1.0 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Tc-94m 0.867 h 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 0.500 6.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Tc-95 20.0 h 1.000 9.9 × 10–10 0.500 8.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
 199
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Tc-95m 61.0 d 1.000 4.7 × 10–9 0.500 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
Tc-96 4.28 d 1.000 6.7 × 10–9 0.500 5.1 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Tc-96m 0.858 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 0.500 6.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
Tc-97 2.60 × 106 a 1.000 9.9 × 10–10 0.500 4.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Tc-97m 87.0 d 1.000 8.7 × 10–9 0.500 4.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
Tc-98 4.20 × 106 a 1.000 2.3 × 10–8 0.500 1.2 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Tc-99 2.13 × 105 a 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 0.500 4.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
Tc-99m 6.02 h 1.000 2.0 × 10–10 0.500 1.3 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
Tc-101 0.237 h 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 0.500 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–1
Tc-104 0.303 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 0.500 5.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11

Ruthenium
Ru-94 0.863 h 0.100 9.3 × 10–10 0.050 5.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
Ru-97 2.90 d 0.100 1.2 × 10–9 0.050 8.5 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
Ru-103 39.3 d 0.100 7.1 × 10–9 0.050 4.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
Ru-105 4.44 h 0.100 2.7 × 10–9 0.050 1.8 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Ru-106 1.01 a 0.100 8.4 × 10–8 0.050 4.9 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–9

Rhodium
Rh-99 16.0 d 0.100 4.2 × 10–9 0.050 2.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10
Rh-99m 4.70 h 0.100 4.9 × 10–10 0.050 3.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
Rh-100 20.8 h 0.100 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 3.6 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
 200
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Rh-101 3.20 a 0.100 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
Rh-101m 4.34 d 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 0.050 1.2 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Rh-102 2.90 a 0.100 1.9 × 10–8 0.050 1.0 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
Rh-102m 207 d 0.100 1.2 × 10–8 0.050 7.4 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Rh-103m 0.935 h 0.100 4.7 × 10–11 0.050 2.7 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–12 4.8 × 10–12 3.8 × 10–12
Rh-105 1.47 d 0.100 4.0 × 10–9 0.050 2.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
Rh-106m 2.20 h 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 0.050 9.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Rh-107 0.362 h 0.100 2.9 × 10–10 0.050 1.6 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11

Palladium
Pd-100 3.63 d 0.050 7.4 × 10–9 0.005 5.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10
Pd-101 8.27 h 0.050 8.2 × 10–10 0.005 5.7 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
Pd-103 17.0 d 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Pd-107 6.50 × 106 a 0.050 4.4 × 10–10 0.005 2.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
Pd-109 13.4 h 0.050 6.3 × 10–9 0.005 4.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10

Silver
Ag-102 0.215 h 0.100 4.2 × 10–10 0.050 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
Ag-103 1.09 h 0.100 4.5 × 10–10 0.050 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
Ag-104 1.15 h 0.100 4.3 × 10–10 0.050 2.9 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
Ag-104m 0.558 h 0.100 5.6 × 10–10 0.050 3.3 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Ag-105 41.0 d 0.100 3.9 × 10–9 0.050 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10
 201

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ag-106 0.399 h 0.100 3.7 × 10–10 0.050 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
Ag-106m 8.41 d 0.100 9.7 × 10–9 0.050 6.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Ag-108m 1.27 × 102 a 0.100 2.1 × 10–8 0.050 1.1 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
Ag-110m 250 d 0.100 2.4 × 10–8 0.050 1.4 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
Ag-111 7.45 d 0.100 1.4 × 10–8 0.050 9.3 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ag-112 3.12 h 0.100 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
Ag-115 0.333 h 0.100 7.2 × 10–10 0.050 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11

Cadmium
Cd-104 0.961 h 0.100 4.2 × 10–10 0.050 2.9 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Cd-107 6.49 h 0.100 7.1 × 10–10 0.050 4.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
Cd-109 1.27 a 0.100 2.1 × 10–8 0.050 9.5 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Cd-113 9.30 × 1015 a 0.100 1.0 × 10–7 0.050 4.8 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8
Cd-113m 13.6 a 0.100 1.2 × 10–7 0.050 5.6 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8
Cd-115 2.23 d 0.100 1.4 × 10–8 0.050 9.7 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Cd-115m 44.6 d 0.100 4.1 × 10–8 0.050 1.9 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
Cd-117 2.49 h 0.100 2.9 × 10–9 0.050 1.9 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Cd-117m 3.36 h 0.100 2.6 × 10–9 0.050 1.7 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10

Indium
In-109 4.20 h 0.040 5.2 × 10–10 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
In-110 4.90 h 0.040 1.5 × 10–9 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
 202

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

In-110m 1.15 h 0.040 1.1 × 10–9 0.020 6.4 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
In-111 2.83 d 0.040 2.4 × 10–9 0.020 1.7 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
In-112 0.240 h 0.040 1.2 × 10–10 0.020 6.7 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
In-113m 1.66 h 0.040 3.0 × 10–10 0.020 1.8 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
In-114m 49.5 d 0.040 5.6 × 10–8 0.020 3.1 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9
In-115 5.10 × 1015 a 0.040 1.3 × 10–7 0.020 6.4 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8
In-115m 4.49 h 0.040 9.6 × 10–10 0.020 6.0 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11
In-116m 0.902 h 0.040 5.8 × 10–10 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11
In-117 0.730 h 0.040 3.3 × 10–10 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
In-117m 1.94 h 0.040 1.4 × 10–9 0.020 8.6 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
In-119m 0.300 h 0.040 5.9 × 10–10 0.020 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Tin
Sn-110 4.00 h 0.040 3.5 × 10–9 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Sn-111 0.588 h 0.040 2.5 × 10–10 0.020 1.5 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Sn-113 115 d 0.040 7.8 × 10–9 0.020 5.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
Sn-117m 13.6 d 0.040 7.7 × 10–9 0.020 5.0 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
Sn-119m 293 d 0.040 4.1 × 10–9 0.020 2.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Sn-121 1.13 d 0.040 2.6 × 10–9 0.020 1.7 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
Sn-121m 55.0 a 0.040 4.6 × 10–9 0.020 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Sn-123 129 d 0.040 2.5 × 10–8 0.020 1.6 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Sn-123m 0.668 h 0.040 4.7 × 10–10 0.020 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11
 203

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sn-125 9.64 d 0.040 3.5 × 10–8 0.020 2.2 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
Sn-126 1.00 × 105 a 0.040 5.0 × 10–8 0.020 3.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9
Sn-127 2.10 h 0.040 2.0 × 10–9 0.020 1.3 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Sn-128 0.985 h 0.040 1.6 × 10–9 0.020 9.7 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10

Antimony
Sb-115 0.530 h 0.200 2.5 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
Sb-116 0.263 h 0.200 2.7 × 10–10 0.100 1.6 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Sb-116m 1.00 h 0.200 5.0 × 10–10 0.100 3.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11
Sb-117 2.80 h 0.200 1.6 × 10–10 0.100 1.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
Sb-118m 5.00 h 0.200 1.3 × 10–9 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Sb-119 1.59 d 0.200 8.4 × 10–10 0.100 5.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11
Sb-120 0.265 h 0.200 1.7 × 10–10 0.100 9.4 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
Sb-120m 5.76 d 0.200 8.1 × 10–9 0.100 6.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Sb-122 2.70 d 0.200 1.8 × 10–8 0.100 1.2 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Sb-124 60.2 d 0.200 2.5 × 10–8 0.100 1.6 × 10–8 8.4 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Sb-124m 0.337 h 0.200 8.5 × 10–11 0.100 4.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–12
Sb-125 2.77 a 0.200 1.1 × 10–8 0.100 6.1 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Sb-126 12.4 d 0.200 2.0 × 10–8 0.100 1.4 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
Sb-126m 0.317 h 0.200 3.9 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Sb-127 3.85 d 0.200 1.7 × 10–8 0.100 1.2 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Sb-128 9.01 h 0.200 6.3 × 10–9 0.100 4.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
 204

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sb-128 0.173 h 0.200 3.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Sb-129 4.32 h 0.200 4.3 × 10–9 0.100 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
Sb-130 0.667 h 0.200 9.1 × 10–10 0.100 5.4 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11
Sb-131 0.383 h 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10

Tellurium
Te-116 2.49 h 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.300 1.0 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–1
Te-121 17.0 d 0.600 3.1 × 10–9 0.300 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–1
Te-121m 154 d 0.600 2.7 × 10–8 0.300 1.2 × 10–8 6.9 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
Te-123 1.00 × 1013 a 0.600 2.0 × 10–8 0.300 9.3 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9
Te-123m 120 d 0.600 1.9 × 10–8 0.300 8.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Te-125m 58.0 d 0.600 1.3 × 10–8 0.300 6.3 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
Te-127 9.35 h 0.600 1.5 × 10–9 0.300 1.2 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Te-127m 109 d 0.600 4.1 × 10–8 0.300 1.8 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
Te-129 1.16 h 0.600 7.5 × 10–10 0.300 4.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
Te-129m 33.6 d 0.600 4.4 × 10–8 0.300 2.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
Te-131 0.417 h 0.600 9.0 × 10–10 0.300 6.6 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11
Te-131m 1.25 d 0.600 2.0 × 10–8 0.300 1.4 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Te-132 3.26 d 0.600 4.8 × 10–8 0.300 3.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9
Te-133 0.207 h 0.600 8.4 × 10–10 0.300 6.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11
Te-133m 0.923 h 0.600 3.1 × 10–9 0.300 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Te-134 0.696 h 0.600 1.1 × 10–9 0.300 7.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
 205

Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Iodine
I-120 1.35 h 1.000 3.9 × 10–9 1.000 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
I-120m 0.883 h 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
I-121 2.12 h 1.000 6.2 × 10–10 1.000 5.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11
I-123 13.2 h 1.000 2.2 × 10–9 1.000 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
I-124 4.18 d 1.000 1.2 × 10–7 1.000 1.1 × 10–7 6.3 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
I-125 60.1 d 1.000 5.2 × 10–8 1.000 5.7 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
I-126 13.0 d 1.000 2.1 × 10–7 1.000 2.1 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 6.8 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8
I-128 0.416 h 1.000 5.7 × 10–10 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
I-129 1.57 × 107 a 1.000 1.8 × 10–7 1.000 2.2 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
I-130 12.4 h 1.000 2.1 × 10–8 1.000 1.8 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
I-131 8.04 d 1.000 1.8 × 10–7 1.000 1.8 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 5.2 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8
I-132 2.30 h 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
I-132m 1.39 h 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
I-133 20.8 h 1.000 4.9 × 10–8 1.000 4.4 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9
I-134 0.876 h 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.000 7.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
I-135 6.61 h 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 1.000 8.9 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10

Caesium
Cs-125 0.750 h 1.000 3.9 × 10–10 1.000 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Cs-127 6.25 h 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
 206
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cs-129 1.34 d 1.000 4.4 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
Cs-130 0.498 h 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Cs-131 9.69 d 1.000 4.6 × 10–10 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
Cs-132 6.48 d 1.000 2.7 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
Cs-134 2.06 a 1.000 2.6 × 10–8 1.000 1.6 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8
Cs-134m 2.90 h 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Cs-135 2.30 × 106 a 1.000 4.1 × 10–9 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Cs-135m 0.883 h 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 1.000 8.6 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
Cs-136 13.1 d 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 1.000 9.5 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
Cs-137 30.0 a 1.000 2.1 × 10–8 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
Cs-138 0.536 h 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.000 5.9 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11

Bariumf
Ba-126 1.61 h 0.600 2.7 × 10–9 0.200 1.7 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Ba-128 2.43 d 0.600 2.0 × 10–8 0.200 1.7 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Ba-131 11.8 d 0.600 4.2 × 10–9 0.200 2.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Ba-131m 0.243 h 0.600 5.8 × 10–11 0.200 3.2 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 9.3 × 10–12 6.3 × 10–12 4.9 × 10–12
Ba-133 10.7 a 0.600 2.2 × 10–8 0.200 6.2 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Ba-133m 1.62 d 0.600 4.2 × 10–9 0.200 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
Ba-135m 1.20 d 0.600 3.3 × 10–9 0.200 2.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
Ba-139 1.38 h 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.200 8.4 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Ba-140 12.7 d 0.600 3.2 × 10–8 0.200 1.8 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
 207
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ba-141 0.305 h 0.600 7.6 × 10–10 0.200 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
Ba-142 0.177 h 0.600 3.6 × 10–10 0.200 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11

Lanthanum
La-131 0.983 h 0.005 3.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
La-132 4.80 h 0.005 3.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
La-135 19.5 h 0.005 2.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
La-137 6.00 × 104 a 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
La-138 1.35 × 1011 a 0.005 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
La-140 1.68 d 0.005 2.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
La-141 3.93 h 0.005 4.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
La-142 1.54 h 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
La-143 0.237 h 0.005 6.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11

Cerium
Ce-134 3.00 d 0.005 2.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Ce-135 17.6 h 0.005 7.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10
Ce-137 9.00 h 0.005 2.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Ce-137m 1.43 d 0.005 6.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
Ce-139 138 d 0.005 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Ce-141 32.5 d 0.005 8.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
Ba-141 0.305 h 0.600 7.6 × 10–10 0.200 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
 208
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ce-143 1.38 d 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Ce-144 284 d 0.005 6.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9

Praseodymium
Pr-136 0.218 h 0.005 3.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Pr-137 1.28 h 0.005 4.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
Pr-138m 2.10 h 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Pr-139 4.51 h 0.005 3.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Pr-142 19.1 h 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Pr-142m 0.243 h 0.005 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Pr-143 13.6 d 0.005 1.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Pr-144 0.288 h 0.005 6.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
Pr-145 5.98 h 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
Pr-147 0.227 h 0.005 3.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11

Neodymium
Nd-136 0.844 h 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11
Nd-138 5.04 h 0.005 7.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
Nd-139 0.495 h 0.005 2.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Nd-139m 5.50 h 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Nd-141 2.49 h 0.005 7.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–12
Nd-147 11.0 d 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
 209
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Nd-149 1.73 h 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Nd-151 0.207 h 0.005 3.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11

Promethium
Pm-141 0.348 h 0.005 4.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Pm-143 265 d 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
Pm-144 363 d 0.005 7.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10
Pm-145 17.7 a 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Pm-146 5.53 a 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10
Pm-147 2.62 a 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Pm-148 5.37 d 0.005 3.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Pm-148m 41.3 d 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Pm-149 2.21 d 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10
Pm-150 2.68 h 0.005 2.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Pm-151 1.18 d 0.005 8.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10

Samarium
Sm-141 0.170 h 0.005 4.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
Sm-141m 0.377 h 0.005 7.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
Sm-142 1.21 h 0.005 2.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Sm-145 340 d 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Sm-146 1.03 × 108 a 0.005 1.5 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 7.0 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–8 5.4 × 10–8
 210
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sm-147 1.06 × 1011 a 0.005 1.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–7 9.2 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8
Sm-151 90.0 a 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11
Sm-153 1.95 d 0.005 8.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10
Sm-155 0.368 h 0.005 3.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Sm-156 9.40 h 0.005 2.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10

Europium
Eu-145 5.94 d 0.005 5.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–10
Eu-146 4.61 d 0.005 8.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-147 24.0 d 0.005 3.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Eu-148 54.5 d 0.005 8.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-149 93.1 d 0.005 9.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Eu-150 34.2 a 0.005 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Eu-150m 12.6 h 0.005 4.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Eu-152 13.3 a 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Eu-152m 9.32 h 0.005 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
Eu-154 8.80 a 0.005 2.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Eu-155 4.96 a 0.005 4.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
Eu-156 15.2 d 0.005 2.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Eu-157 15.1 h 0.005 6.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
Eu-158 0.765 h 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
 211
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Gadolinium
Gd-145 0.382 h 0.005 4.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Gd-146 48.3 d 0.005 9.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10
Gd-147 1.59 d 0.005 4.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10
Gd-148 93.0 a 0.005 1.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 7.3 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–8
Gd-149 9.40 d 0.005 4.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Gd-151 120 d 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Gd-152 1.08 × 1014 a 0.005 1.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–7 7.7 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8
Gd-153 242 d 0.005 2.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
Gd-159 18.6 h 0.005 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10

Terbium
Tb-147 1.65 h 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Tb-149 4.15 h 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Tb-150 3.27 h 0.005 2.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Tb-151 17.6 h 0.005 2.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Tb-153 2.34 d 0.005 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Tb-154 21.4 h 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10
Tb-155 5.32 d 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Tb-156 5.34 d 0.005 9.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Tb-156m 1.02 d 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
 212
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Tb-156mʹ 5.00 h 0.005 8.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
Tb-157 1.50 × 102 a 0.005 4.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
Tb-158 1.50 × 102 a 0.005 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Tb-160 72.3 d 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 5.4 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
Tb-161 6.91 d 0.005 8.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10

Dysprosium
Dy-155 10.0 h 0.005 9.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Dy-157 8.10 h 0.005 4.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
Dy-159 144 d 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Dy-165 2.33 h 0.005 1.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Dy-166 3.40 d 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9

Holmium
Ho-155 0.800 h 0.005 3.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
Ho-157 0.210 h 0.005 5.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–12 6.5 × 10–12
Ho-159 0.550 h 0.005 7.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 9.9 × 10–12 7.9 × 10–12
Ho-161 2.50 h 0.005 1.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
Ho-162 0.250 h 0.005 3.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–12 4.2 × 10–12 3.3 × 10–12
Ho-162m 1.13 h 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Ho-164 0.483 h 0.005 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.5 × 10–12
Ho-164m 0.625 h 0.005 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
 213
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ho-166 1.12 d 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ho-166m 1.20 × 103 a 0.005 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Ho-167 3.10 h 0.005 8.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11

Erbium
Er-161 3.24 h 0.005 6.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11
Er-165 10.4 h 0.005 1.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
Er-169 9.30 d 0.005 4.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
Er-171 7.52 h 0.005 4.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
Er-172 2.05 d 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9

Thulium
Tm-162 0.362 h 0.005 2.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Tm-166 7.70 h 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Tm-167 9.24 d 0.005 6.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
Tm-170 129 d 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Tm-171 1.92 a 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Tm-172 2.65 d 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Tm-173 8.24 h 0.005 3.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
Tm-175 0.253 h 0.005 3.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Ho-166 1.12 d 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ho-166m 1.20 × 103 a 0.005 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
 214
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ytterbium
Yb-162 0.315 h 0.005 2.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Yb-166 2.36 d 0.005 7.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10
Yb-167 0.292 h 0.005 7.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 8.4 × 10–12 6.7 × 10–12
Yb-169 32.0 d 0.005 7.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
Yb-175 4.19 d 0.005 5.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Yb-177 1.90 h 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11
Yb-178 1.23 h 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Lutetium
Lu-169 1.42 d 0.005 3.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
Lu-170 2.00 d 0.005 7.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10
Lu-171 8.22 d 0.005 5.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10
Lu-172 6.70 d 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Lu-173 1.37 a 0.005 2.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–1
Lu-174 3.31 a 0.005 3.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
Lu-174m 142 d 0.005 6.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
Lu-176 3.60 × 1010 a 0.005 2.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Lu-176m 3.68 h 0.005 2.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Lu-177 6.71 d 0.005 6.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
Lu-177m 161 d 0.005 1.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
 215
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Lu-178 0.473 h 0.005 5.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
Lu-178m 0.378 h 0.005 4.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11
Lu-179 4.59 h 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10

Hafnium
Hf-170 16.0 h 0.020 3.9 × 10–9 0.002 2.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
Hf-172 1.87 a 0.020 1.9 × 10–8 0.002 6.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Hf-173 24.0 h 0.020 1.9 × 10–9 0.002 1.3 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
Hf-175 70.0 d 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 0.002 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
Hf-177m 0.856 h 0.020 7.8 × 10–10 0.002 4.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
Hf-178m 31.0 a 0.020 7.0 × 10–8 0.002 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9
Hf-179m 25.1 d 0.020 1.2 × 10–8 0.002 7.8 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Hf-180m 5.50 h 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.002 9.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Hf-181 42.4 d 0.020 1.2 × 10–8 0.002 7.4 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Hf-182 9.00 × 106 a 0.020 5.6 × 10–8 0.002 7.9 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
Hf-182m 1.02 h 0.020 4.1 × 10–10 0.002 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
Hf-183 1.07 h 0.020 8.1 × 10–10 0.002 4.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
Hf-184 4.12 h 0.020 5.5 × 10–9 0.002 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10

Tantalum
Ta-172 0.613 h 0.010 5.5 × 10–10 0.001 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
Ta-173 3.65 h 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 0.001 1.3 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
 216
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ta-174 1.20 h 0.010 6.2 × 10–10 0.001 3.7 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
Ta-175 10.5 h 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 0.001 1.1 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Ta-176 8.08 h 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 0.001 1.7 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
Ta-177 2.36 d 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 0.001 6.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Ta-178 2.20 h 0.010 6.3 × 10–10 0.001 4.5 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
Ta-179 1.82 a 0.010 6.2 × 10–10 0.001 4.1 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
Ta-180 1.00 × 1013 a 0.010 8.1 × 10–9 0.001 5.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10
Ta-180m 8.10 h 0.010 5.8 × 10–10 0.001 3.7 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Ta-182 115 d 0.010 1.4 × 10–8 0.001 9.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Ta-182m 0.264 h 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 0.001 7.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
Ta-183 5.10 d 0.010 1.4 × 10–8 0.001 9.3 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ta-184 8.70 h 0.010 6.7 × 10–9 0.001 4.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
Ta-185 0.816 h 0.010 8.3 × 10–10 0.001 4.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Ta-186 0.175 h 0.010 3.8 × 10–10 0.001 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11

Tungsten
W-176 2.30 h 0.600 6.8 × 10–10 0.300 5.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
W-177 2.25 h 0.600 4.4 × 10–10 0.300 3.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
W-178 21.7 d 0.600 1.8 × 10–9 0.300 1.4 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
W-179 0.625 h 0.600 3.4 × 10–11 0.300 2.0 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–12 4.2 × 10–12 3.3 × 10–12
W-181 121 d 0.600 6.3 × 10–10 0.300 4.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11
W-185 75.1 d 0.600 4.4 × 10–9 0.300 3.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
 217
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

W-187 23.9 h 0.600 5.5 × 10–9 0.300 4.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
W-188 69.4 d 0.600 2.1 × 10–8 0.300 1.5 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Rhenium
Re-177 0.233 h 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 0.800 1.4 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
Re-178 0.220 h 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 0.800 1.6 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Re-181 20.0 h 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 0.800 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
Re-182 2.67 d 1.000 1.4 × 10–8 0.800 8.9 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Re-182 12.7 h 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 0.800 1.7 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–1
Re-184 38.0 d 1.000 8.9 × 10–9 0.800 5.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Re-184m 165 d 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 0.800 9.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Re-186 3.78 d 1.000 1.9 × 10–8 0.800 1.1 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Re-186m 2.00 × 105 a 1.000 3.0 × 10–8 0.800 1.6 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Re-187 5.00 × 1010 a 1.000 6.8 × 10–11 0.800 3.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–12 5.1 × 10–12
Re-188 17.0 h 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 0.800 1.1 × 10–8 5.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Re-188m 0.310 h 1.000 3.8 × 10–10 0.800 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
Re-189 1.01 d 1.000 9.8 × 10–9 0.800 6.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10

Osmium
Os-180 0.366 h 0.020 1.6 × 10–10 0.010 9.8 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Os-181 1.75 h 0.020 7.6 × 10–10 0.010 5.0 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–1
Os-182 22.0 h 0.020 4.6 × 10–9 0.010 3.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
 218
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Os-185 94.0 d 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10
Os-189m 6.00 h 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
Os-191 15.4 d 0.020 6.3 × 10–9 0.010 4.1 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
Os-191m 13.0 h 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.1 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
Os-193 1.25 d 0.020 9.3 × 10–9 0.010 6.0 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10
Os-194 6.00 a 0.020 2.9 × 10–8 0.010 1.7 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9

Iridium
Ir-182 0.250 h 0.020 5.3 × 10–10 0.010 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11
Ir-184 3.02 h 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 9.7 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Ir-185 14.0 h 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Ir-186 15.8 h 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
Ir-186m 1.75 h 0.020 5.8 × 10–10 0.010 3.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
Ir-187 10.5 h 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Ir-188 1.73 d 0.020 4.6 × 10–9 0.010 3.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Ir-189 13.3 d 0.020 2.5 × 10–9 0.010 1.7 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Ir-190 12.1 d 0.020 1.0 × 10–8 0.010 7.1 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Ir-190m 3.10 h 0.020 9.4 × 10–10 0.010 6.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Ir-190mʹ 1.20 h 0.020 7.9 × 10–11 0.010 5.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–12
Ir-192 74.0 d 0.020 1.3 × 10–8 0.010 8.7 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ir-192m 2.41 × 102 a 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
 219
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ir-194 19.1 h 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 9.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ir-194m 171 d 0.020 1.7 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Ir-195 2.50 h 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 7.3 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Ir-195m 3.80 h 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10

Platinum
Pt-186 2.00 h 0.020 7.8 × 10–10 0.010 5.3 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11
Pt-188 10.2 d 0.020 6.7 × 10–9 0.010 4.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
Pt-189 10.9 h 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.4 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Pt-191 2.80 d 0.020 3.1 × 10–9 0.010 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Pt-193 50.0 a 0.020 3.7 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Pt-193m 4.33 d 0.020 5.2 × 10–9 0.010 3.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Pt-195m 4.02 d 0.020 7.1 × 10–9 0.010 4.6 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Pt-197 18.3 h 0.020 4.7 × 10–9 0.010 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
Pt-197m 1.57 h 0.020 1.0 × 10–9 0.010 6.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
Pt-199 0.513 h 0.020 4.7 × 10–10 0.010 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
Pt-200 12.5 h 0.020 1.4 × 10–8 0.010 8.8 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Gold
Au-193 17.6 h 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 0.100 8.8 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Au-194 1.65 d 0.200 2.9 × 10–9 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
Au-195 183 d 0.200 2.4 × 10–9 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
 220
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Au-198 2.69 d 0.200 1.0 × 10–8 0.100 7.2 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Au-198m 2.30 d 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 8.5 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Au-199 3.14 d 0.200 4.5 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Au-200 0.807 h 0.200 8.3 × 10–10 0.100 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Au-200m 18.7 h 0.200 9.2 × 10–9 0.100 6.6 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Au-201 0.440 h 0.200 3.1 × 10–10 0.100 1.7 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11

Mercury
Hg-193 3.50 h 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
(organic) 0.800 4.7 × 10–10 0.400 4.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
Hg-193 3.50 h 0.040 8.5 × 10–10 0.020 5.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11
(inorganic)
Hg-193m 11.1 h 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.000 6.8 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
(organic) 0.800 1.6 × 10–9 0.400 1.8 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10
Hg-193m 11.1 h 0.040 3.6 × 10–9 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
(inorganic)
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 1.000 1.2 × 10–7 8.4 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8
(organic) 0.800 1.1 × 10–7 0.400 4.8 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a 0.040 7.2 × 10–9 0.020 3.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
(inorganic)
Hg-195 9.90 h 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.000 2.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
(organic) 0.800 4.6 × 10–10 0.400 4.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11
 221
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hg-195 9.90 h 0.040 9.5 × 10–10 0.020 6.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11
(inorganic)
Hg-195m 1.73 d 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
(organic) 0.800 2.6 × 10–9 0.400 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
Hg-195m 1.73 d 0.040 5.8 × 10–9 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
(inorganic)
Hg-197 2.67 d 1.000 9.7 × 10–10 1.000 6.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11
(organic) 0.800 1.3 × 10–9 0.400 1.2 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Hg-197 2.67 d 0.040 2.5 × 10–9 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
(inorganic)
Hg-197m 23.8 h 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 9.5 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
(organic) 0.800 2.2 × 10–9 0.400 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Hg-197m 23.8 h 0.040 5.2 × 10–9 0.020 3.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10
(inorganic)
Hg-199m 0.710 h 1.000 3.4 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
(organic) 0.800 3.6 × 10–10 0.400 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Hg-199m 0.710 h 0.040 3.7 × 10–10 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
(inorganic)
Hg-203 46.6 d 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
(organic) 0.800 1.3 × 10–8 0.400 6.4 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Hg-203 46.6 d 0.040 5.5 × 10–9 0.020 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
(inorganic)
 222
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Thallium
Tl-194 0.550 h 1.000 6.1 × 10–11 1.000 3.9 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.1 × 10–12
Tl-194m 0.546 h 1.000 3.8 × 10–10 1.000 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
Tl-195 1.16 h 1.000 2.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Tl-197 2.84 h 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Tl-198 5.30 h 1.000 4.7 × 10–10 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
Tl-198m 1.87 h 1.000 4.8 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Tl-199 7.42 h 1.000 2.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Tl-200 1.09 d 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 9.1 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Tl-201 3.04 d 1.000 8.4 × 10–10 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11
Tl-202 12.2 d 1.000 2.9 × 10–9 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Tl-204 3.78 a 1.000 1.3 × 10–8 1.000 8.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Leadg
Pb-195m 0.263 h 0.600 2.6 × 10–10 0.200 1.6 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Pb-198 2.40 h 0.600 5.9 × 10–10 0.200 4.8 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Pb-199 1.50 h 0.600 3.5 × 10–10 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Pb-200 21.5 h 0.600 2.5 × 10–9 0.200 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
Pb-201 9.40 h 0.600 9.4 × 10–10 0.200 7.8 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Pb-202 3.00 × 105 a 0.600 3.4 × 10–8 0.200 1.6 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9
Pb-202m 3.62 h 0.600 7.6 × 10–10 0.200 6.1 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
 223
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pb-203 2.17 d 0.600 1.6 × 10–9 0.200 1.3 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Pb-205 1.43 × 107 a 0.600 2.1 × 10–9 0.200 9.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Pb-209 3.25 h 0.600 5.7 × 10–10 0.200 3.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
Pb-210 22.3 a 0.600 8.4 × 10–6 0.200 3.6 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 1.9 × 10–6 1.9 × 10–6 6.9 × 10–7
Pb-211 0.601 h 0.600 3.1 × 10–9 0.200 1.4 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Pb-212 10.6 h 0.600 1.5 × 10–7 0.200 6.3 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–9
Pb-214 0.447 h 0.600 2.7 × 10–9 0.200 1.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10

Bismuth
Bi-200 0.606 h 0.100 4.2 × 10–10 0.050 2.7 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
Bi-201 1.80 h 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 0.050 6.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Bi-202 1.67 h 0.100 6.4 × 10–10 0.050 4.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11
Bi-203 11.8 h 0.100 3.5 × 10–9 0.050 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
Bi-205 15.3 d 0.100 6.1 × 10–9 0.050 4.5 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10
Bi-206 6.24 d 0.100 1.4 × 10–8 0.050 1.0 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Bi-207 38.0 a 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 0.050 7.1 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Bi-210 5.01 d 0.100 1.5 × 10–8 0.050 9.7 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Bi-210m 3.00 × 106 a 0.100 2.1 × 10–7 0.050 9.1 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
Bi-212 1.01 h 0.100 3.2 × 10–9 0.050 1.8 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Bi-213 0.761 h 0.100 2.5 × 10–9 0.050 1.4 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Bi-214 0.332 h 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 0.050 7.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
 224
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Polonium
Po-203 0.612 h 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 0.500 2.4 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
Po-205 1.80 h 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 0.500 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
Po-207 5.83 h 1.000 4.4 × 10–10 0.500 5.7 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–1
Po-210 138 d 1.000 2.6 × 10–5 0.500 8.8 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–6 1.2 × 10–6

Astatine
At-207 1.80 h 1.000 2.5 × 10–9 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
At-211 7.21 h 1.000 1.2 × 10–7 1.000 7.8 × 10–8 3.8 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8

Francium
Fr-222 0.240 h 1.000 6.2 × 10–9 1.000 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
Fr-223 0.363 h 1.000 2.6 × 10–8 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9

Radiumh
Ra-223 11.4 d 0.600 5.3 × 10–6 0.200 1.1 × 10–6 5.7 × 10–7 4.5 × 10–7 3.7 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7
Ra-224 3.66 d 0.600 2.7 × 10–6 0.200 6.6 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 6.5 × 10–8
Ra-225 14.8 d 0.600 7.1 × 10–6 0.200 1.2 × 10–6 6.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–7 4.4 × 10–7 9.9 × 10–8
Ra-226 1.60 × 103 a 0.600 4.7 × 10–6 0.200 9.6 × 10–7 6.2 × 10–7 8.0 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–6 2.8 × 10–7
Ra-227 0.703 h 0.600 1.1 × 10–9 0.200 4.3 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
Ra-228 5.75 a 0.600 3.0 × 10–5 0.200 5.7 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–6 3.9 × 10–6 5.3 × 10–6 6.9 × 10–7
 225
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Actinium
Ac-224 2.90 h 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10
Ac-225 10.0 d 0.005 4.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–7 9.1 × 10–8 5.4 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8
Ac-226 1.21 d 0.005 1.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–8 3.8 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8
Ac-227 21.8 a 0.005 3.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.2 × 10–6 1.1 × 10–6
Ac-228 6.13 h 0.005 7.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10

Thorium
Th-226 0.515 h 0.005 4.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Th-227 18.7 d 0.005 3.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9
Th-228 1.91 a 0.005 3.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 9.4 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–8
Th-229 7.34 × 103 a 0.005 1.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–6 7.8 × 10–7 6.2 × 10–7 5.3 × 10–7 4.9 × 10–7
Th-230 7.70 × 104 a 0.005 4.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7
Th-231 1.06 d 0.005 3.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
Th-232 1.40 × 1010 a 0.005 4.6 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7 2.9 × 10–7 2.5 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7
Th-234 24.1 d 0.005 4.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9

Protactinium
Pa-227 0.638 h 0.005 5.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
Pa-228 22.0 h 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–10
Pa-230 17.4 d 0.005 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10
 226
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pa-231 3.27 × 104 a 0.005 1.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–6 1.1 × 10–6 9.2 × 10–7 8.0 × 10–7 7.1 × 10–7
Pa-232 1.31 d 0.005 6.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
Pa-233 27.0 d 0.005 9.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
Pa-234 6.70 h 0.005 5.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10

Uranium
U-230 20.8 d 0.040 7.9 × 10–7 0.020 3.0 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 6.6 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–8
U-231 4.20 d 0.040 3.1 × 10–9 0.020 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
U-232 72.0 a 0.040 2.5 × 10–6 0.020 8.2 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–7 5.7 × 10–7 6.4 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7
U-233 1.58 × 105 a 0.040 3.8 × 10–7 0.020 1.4 × 10–7 9.2 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8
U-234 2.44 × 105 a 0.040 3.7 × 10–7 0.020 1.3 × 10–7 8.8 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8
U-235 7.04 × 108 a 0.040 3.5 × 10–7 0.020 1.3 × 10–7 8.5 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8
U-236 2.34 × 107 a 0.040 3.5 × 10–7 0.020 1.3 × 10–7 8.4 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8
U-237 6.75 d 0.040 8.3 × 10–9 0.020 5.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
U-238 4.47 × 109 a 0.040 3.4 × 10–7 0.020 1.2 × 10–7 8.0 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8
U-239 0.392 h 0.040 3.4 × 10–10 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
U-240 14.1 h 0.040 1.3 × 10–8 0.020 8.1 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9

Neptunium
Np-232 0.245 h 0.005 8.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12
Np-233 0.603 h 0.005 2.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–12 4.0 × 10–12 2.8 × 10–12 2.2 × 10–12
 227
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Np-235 1.08 a 0.005 7.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
Np-236 1.15 × 105 a 0.005 1.9 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
Np-236m 22.5 h 0.005 2.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Np-237 2.14 × 106 a 0.005 2.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
Np-238 2.12 d 0.005 9.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10
Np-239 2.36 d 0.005 8.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10
Np-240 1.08 h 0.005 8.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11

Plutonium
Pu-234 8.80 h 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Pu-235 0.422 h 0.005 2.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–12 3.9 × 10–12 2.7 × 10–12 2.1 × 10–12
Pu-236 2.85 a 0.005 2.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 8.5 × 10–8 8.7 × 10–8
Pu-237 45.3 d 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Pu-238 87.7 a 0.005 4.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7
Pu-239 2.41 × 104 a 0.005 4.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 2.5 × 10–7
Pu-240 6.54 × 103 a 0.005 4.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 2.5 × 10–7
Pu-241 14.4 a 0.005 5.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
Pu-242 3.76 × 105 a 0.005 4.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7
Pu-243 4.95 h 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
Pu-244 8.26 × 107 a 0.005 4.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7
Pu-245 10.5 h 0.005 8.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
Pu-246 10.9 d 0.005 3.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
 228
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Americium
Am-237 1.22 h 0.005 1.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
Am-238 1.63 h 0.005 2.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
Am-239 11.9 h 0.005 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Am-240 2.12 d 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
Am-241 4.32 × 102 a 0.005 3.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7
Am-242 16.0 h 0.005 5.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10
Am-242m 1.52 × 102 a 0.005 3.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7
Am-243 7.38 × 103 a 0.005 3.6 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7
Am-244 10.1 h 0.005 4.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
Am-244m 0.433 h 0.005 3.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Am-245 2.05 h 0.005 6.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
Am-246 0.650 h 0.005 6.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
Am-246m 0.417 h 0.005 3.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11

Curium
Cm-238 2.40 h 0.005 7.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11
Cm-240 27.0 d 0.005 2.2 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9
Cm-241 32.8 d 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10
Cm-242 163 d 0.005 5.9 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
Cm-243 28.5 a 0.005 3.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7
 229
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cm-244 18.1 a 0.005 2.9 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7
Cm-245 8.50 × 103 a 0.005 3.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 2.8 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7
Cm-246 4.73 × 103 a 0.005 3.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–7 2.8 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7
Cm-247 1.56 × 107 a 0.005 3.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7
Cm-248 3.39 × 105 a 0.005 1.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 8.4 × 10–7 7.7 × 10–7 7.7 × 10–7
Cm-249 1.07 h 0.005 3.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11
Cm-250 6.90 × 103 a 0.005 7.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–6 6.0 × 10–6 4.9 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6

Berkelium
Bk-245 4.94 d 0.005 6.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
Bk-246 1.83 d 0.005 3.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
Bk-247 1.38 × 103 a 0.005 8.9 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–7 6.3 × 10–7 4.6 × 10–7 3.8 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7
Bk-249 320 d 0.005 2.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10
Bk-250 3.22 h 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10

Californium
Cf-244 0.323 h 0.005 9.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
Cf-246 1.49 d 0.005 5.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 7.3 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
Cf-248 334 d 0.005 1.5 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7 9.9 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–
 230
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cf-250 13.1 a 0.005 5.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–7 3.7 × 10–7 2.3 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7
Cf-251 8.98 × 102 a 0.005 9.1 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 8.8 × 10–7 6.5 × 10–7 4.7 × 10–7 3.9 × 10–7 3.6 × 10–7
Cf-252 2.64 a 0.005 5.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 9.0 × 10–8
Cf-253 17.8 d 0.005 1.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Cf-254 60.5 d 0.005 1.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–6 1.4 × 10–6 8.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–7 4.0 × 10–7

Einsteinium
Es-250 2.10 h 0.005 2.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
Es-251 1.38 d 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Es-253 20.5 d 0.005 1.7 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
Es-254 276 d 0.005 1.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7 9.8 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8
Es-254m 1.64 d 0.005 5.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9

Fermium
Fm-252 22.7 h 0.005 3.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–8 9.9 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Fm-253 3.00 d 0.005 2.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10
Fm-254 3.24 h 0.005 5.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Fm-255 20.1 h 0.005 3.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
Fm-257 101 d 0.005 9.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–7 6.5 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
 231
Table A9.2D. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via ingestion (Sv/Bq) (cont.)
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Mendelevium
Md-257 5.20 h 0.005 3.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.8 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Md-258 55.0 d 0.005 6.3 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8

a
m and mʹ denote metastable states of the radionuclide. The metastable state mʹ is of higher energy than the metastable state m.
b
The f1 value for calcium for 1–15 year olds is 0.4.
c
The f1 value for iron for 1–15 year olds is 0.2.
d
The f1 value for cobalt for 1–15 year olds is 0.3.
e
The f1 value for strontium for 1–15 year olds is 0.4.
f
The f1 value for barium for 1–15 year olds is 0.3.
g
The f1 value for lead for 1–15 year olds is 0.4.
h
The f1 value for radium for 1–15 year olds is 0.3.
Note: f1: gut transfer factor; e(g): effective dose per unit intake by age group.
 232

Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation
Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a
Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hydrogen
H-3 12.3 a F 1.000 2.6 × 10–11 1.000 2.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 8.2 × 10–12 5.9 × 10–12 6.2 × 10–12
M 0.200 3.4 × 10–10 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10

Beryllium

Be-7 53.3 d M 0.020 2.5 × 10–10 0.005 2.1 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11
Be-10 1.60 × 106 a M 0.020 4.1 × 10–8 0.005 3.4 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.9 × 10–8 0.005 9.1 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8

Carbon

C-11 0.340 h F 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 1.000 7.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–10 0.100 1.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.6 × 10–10 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11

C-14 5.73 × 103 a F 1.000 6.1 × 10–10 1.000 6.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.200 8.3 × 10–9 0.100 6.6 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–8 0.010 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9
 233
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Fluorine

F-18 1.83 h F 1.000 2.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.1 × 10–10 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
S 1.000 4.2 × 10–10 1.000 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11

Sodium

Na-22 2.60 a F 1.000 9.7 × 10–9 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Na-24 15.0 h F 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10

Magnesium

Mg-28 20.9 h F 1.000 5.3 × 10–9 0.500 4.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
M 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 0.500 7.2 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Aluminium
Al-26 7.16 × 105 a F 0.020 8.1 × 10–8 0.010 6.2 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.020 8.8 × 10–8 0.010 7.4 × 10–8 4.4 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8

Silicon
Si-31 2.62 h F 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
M 0.020 6.9 × 10–10 0.010 4.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 7.2 × 10–10 0.010 4.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–11
 234
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Si-32 4.50 × 102 a F 0.020 3.0 × 10–8 0.010 2.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
M 0.020 7.1 × 10–8 0.010 6.0 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–7 0.010 2.7 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7

Phosphorus
P-32 14.3 d F 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 0.800 7.5 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.2 × 10–8 0.800 1.5 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9

P-33 25.4 d F 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 0.800 7.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11
M 1.000 6.1 × 10–9 0.800 4.6 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9

Sulphur
S-35 87.4 d F 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 0.800 3.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.200 5.9 × 10–9 0.100 4.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.7 × 10–9 0.010 6.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

Chlorine
Cl-36 3.01 × 105 a F 1.000 3.9 × 10–9 1.000 2.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 3.1 × 10–8 1.000 2.6 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9
Cl-38 0.620 h F 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.7 × 10–10 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11

Cl-39 0.927 h F 1.000 2.7 × 10–10 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.3 × 10–10 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
 235
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Potassium

K-40 1.28 × 109 a F 1.000 2.4 × 10–8 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
K-42 12.4 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
K-43 22.6 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 9.7 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
K-44 0.369 h F 1.000 2.2 × 10–10 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
K-45 0.333 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

Calciumb
Ca-41 1.40 × 105 a F 0.600 6.7 × 10–10 0.300 3.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.7 × 10–10 0.010 6.0 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Ca-45 163 d F 0.600 5.7 × 10–9 0.300 3.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 8.8 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.2 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9
Ca-47 4.53 d F 0.600 4.9 × 10–9 0.300 3.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.0 × 10–8 0.100 7.7 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–8 0.010 8.5 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Scandium

Sc-43 3.89 h S 0.001 9.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Sc-44 3.93 h S 0.001 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Sc-44m 2.44 d S 0.001 1.1 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
 236
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sc-46 83.8 d S 0.001 2.8 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–9
Sc-47 3.35 d S 0.001 4.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
Sc-48 1.82 d S 0.001 7.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Sc-49 0.956 h S 0.001 3.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11

Titanium

Ti-44 47.3 a F 0.020 3.1 × 10–7 0.010 2.6 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 9.6 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8
M 0.020 1.7 × 10–7 0.010 1.5 × 10–7 9.2 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8
S 0.020 3.2 × 10–7 0.010 3.1 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7

Ti–45 3.08 h F 0.020 4.4 × 10–10 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
M 0.020 7.4 × 10–10 0.010 5.2 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 7.7 × 10–10 0.010 5.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11

Vanadium
V-47 0.543 h F 0.020 1.8 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
V-48 16.2 d F 0.020 8.4 × 10–9 0.010 6.4 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 1.4 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 6.3 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
V-49 330 d F 0.020 2.0 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
 237
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Chromium

Cr-48 23.0 h F 0.200 7.6 × 10–10 0.100 6.0 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 9.1 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
S 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 0.100 9.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Cr-49 0.702 h F 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.0 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
S 0.200 3.1 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11

Cr-51 27.7 d F 0.200 1.7 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
S 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Manganese
Mn-51 0.770 h F 0.200 2.5 × 10–10 0.100 1.7 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
Mn-52 5.59 d F 0.200 7.0 × 10–9 0.100 5.5 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10
M 0.200 8.6 × 10–9 0.100 6.8 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Mn-52m 0.352 h F 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.8 × 10–10 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
Mn-53 3.70 × 106 a F 0.200 3.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.6 × 10–10 0.100 3.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11

Mn-54 312 d F 0.200 5.2 × 10–9 0.100 4.1 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–10
M 0.200 7.5 × 10–9 0.100 6.2 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
 238
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Mn-56 2.58 h F 0.200 6.9 × 10–10 0.100 4.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.8 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Ironc
Fe-52 8.28 h F 0.600 5.2 × 10–9 0.100 3.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 5.8 × 10–9 0.100 4.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 6.0 × 10–9 0.010 4.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10

Fe-55 2.70 a F 0.600 4.2 × 10–9 0.100 3.2 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–9 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.0 × 10–9 0.010 8.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10

Fe-59 44.5 d F 0.600 2.1 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.8 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.7 × 10–8 0.010 1.3 × 10–8 8.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9

Fe-60 1.00 × 105 a F 0.600 4.4 × 10–7 0.100 3.9 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–7 2.9 × 10–7 2.8 × 10–7
M 0.200 2.0 × 10–7 0.100 1.7 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7
S 0.020 9.3 × 10–8 0.010 8.8 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8

Cobaltd
Co-55 17.5 h F 0.600 2.2 × 10–9 0.100 1.8 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.1 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.6 × 10–9 0.010 3.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
 239
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Co-56 78.7 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–8 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.200 2.5 × 10–8 0.100 2.1 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–8 0.010 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–9

Co-57 271 d F 0.600 1.5 × 10–9 0.100 1.1 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.8 × 10–9 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.4 × 10–9 0.010 3.7 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9

Co-58 70.8 d F 0.600 4.0 × 10–9 0.100 3.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
M 0.200 7.3 × 10–9 0.100 6.5 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.0 × 10–9 0.010 7.5 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Co-58m 9.15 h F 0.600 4.8 × 10–11 0.100 3.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–12 5.2 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–10 0.100 7.6 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 0.010 9.0 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Co-60 5.27 a F 0.600 3.0 × 10–8 0.100 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9
M 0.200 4.2 × 10–8 0.100 3.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8
S 0.020 9.2 × 10–8 0.010 8.6 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8

Co-60m 0.174 h F 0.600 4.4 × 10–12 0.100 2.8 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–12 8.3 × 10–13 6.9 × 10–13
M 0.200 7.1 × 10–12 0.100 4.7 × 10–12 2.7 × 10–12 1.8 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–12
S 0.020 7.6 × 10–12 0.010 5.1 × 10–12 2.9 × 10–12 2.0 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–12
Co-61 1.65 h F 0.600 2.1 × 10–10 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.3 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
 240
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Co-62m 0.232 h F 0.600 1.4 × 10–10 0.100 9.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.0 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11

Nickel
Ni-56 6.10 d F 0.100 3.3 × 10–9 0.050 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
M 0.100 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 4.1 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
S 0.020 5.5 × 10–9 0.010 4.6 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Ni-57 1.50 d F 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 0.050 1.8 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
M 0.100 3.6 × 10–9 0.050 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.9 × 10–9 0.010 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
Ni-59 7.50 × 104 a F 0.100 9.6 × 10–10 0.050 8.1 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
M 0.100 7.9 × 10–10 0.050 6.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.7 × 10–9 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Ni-63 96.0 a F 0.100 2.3 × 10–9 0.050 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.5 × 10–9 0.050 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.8 × 10–9 0.010 4.3 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ni-65 2.52 h F 0.100 4.4 × 10–10 0.050 3.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
M 0.100 7.7 × 10–10 0.050 5.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 8.1 × 10–10 0.010 5.5 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11
 241
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ni-66 2.27 d F 0.100 5.7 × 10–9 0.050 3.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 0.050 9.4 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9

Copper
Cu-60 0.387 h F 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 0.500 1.6 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.0 × 10–10 0.500 2.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
S 1.000 3.1 × 10–10 0.500 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
Cu-61 3.41 h F 1.000 3.1 × 10–10 0.500 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.9 × 10–10 0.500 4.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
S 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 0.500 4.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 7.8 × 10–11
Cu-64 12.7 h F 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 0.500 2.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 5.5 × 10–10 0.500 5.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 1.000 5.8 × 10–10 0.500 5.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Cu-67 2.58 d F 1.000 9.5 × 10–10 0.500 8.0 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 0.500 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
S 1.000 2.5 × 10–9 0.500 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10

Zinc

Zn-62 9.26 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 0.500 1.7 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.5 × 10–9 0.100 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 5.1 × 10–9 0.010 3.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
 242
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Zn-63 0.635 h F 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 0.500 1.4 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.4 × 10–10 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Zn-65 244 d F 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 0.500 1.0 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
M 0.200 8.5 × 10–9 0.100 6.5 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.6 × 10–9 0.010 6.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9

Zn-69 0.950 h F 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 0.500 7.4 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–10 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–10 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11

Zn-69m 13.8 h F 1.000 6.6 × 10–10 0.500 6.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 8.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.1 × 10–9 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.7 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
Zn-71m 3.92 h F 1.000 6.2 × 10–10 0.500 5.5 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–9 0.100 9.4 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10

Zn-72 1.94 d F 1.000 4.3 × 10–9 0.500 3.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 8.8 × 10–9 0.100 6.5 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.7 × 10–9 0.010 7.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9

Gallium

Ga-65 0.253 h F 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 0.001 7.3 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
 243
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ga-66 9.40 h F 0.010 2.8 × 10–9 0.001 2.0 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.5 × 10–9 0.001 3.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
Ga-67 3.26 d F 0.010 6.4 × 10–10 0.001 4.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 0.001 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Ga-68 1.13 h F 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 0.001 1.9 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
M 0.010 4.6 × 10–10 0.001 3.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11
Ga-70 0.353 h F 0.010 9.5 × 10–11 0.001 6.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.8 × 10–12
M 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 0.001 9.6 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
Ga-72 14.1 h F 0.010 2.9 × 10–9 0.001 2.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.010 4.5 × 10–9 0.001 3.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10

Ga-73 4.91 h F 0.010 6.7 × 10–10 0.001 4.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
M 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 0.001 8.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10

Germanium
Ge-66 2.27 h F 1.000 4.5 × 10–10 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
M 1.000 6.4 × 10–10 1.000 4.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11
Ge-67 0.312 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.6 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
Ge-68 288 d F 1.000 5.4 × 10–9 1.000 3.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
M 1.000 6.0 × 10–8 1.000 5.0 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8

Ge-69 1.63 d F 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 1.000 9.0 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
 244
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ge-71 11.8 d F 1.000 6.0 × 10–11 1.000 4.3 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–12 4.8 × 10–12
M 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 8.6 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
Ge-75 1.38 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Ge-77 11.3 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 9.5 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10

Ge-78 1.45 h F 1.000 4.3 × 10–10 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
M 1.000 7.3 × 10–10 1.000 5.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11

Arsenic

As-69 0.253 h M 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 0.500 1.4 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
As-70 0.876 h M 1.000 5.7 × 10–10 0.500 4.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11
As-71 2.70 d M 1.000 2.2 × 10–9 0.500 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
As-72 1.08 d M 1.000 5.9 × 10–9 0.500 5.7 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10
As-73 80.3 d M 1.000 5.4 × 10–9 0.500 4.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
As-74 17.8 d M 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 0.500 8.4 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
As-76 1.10 d M 1.000 5.1 × 10–9 0.500 4.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10
As-77 1.62 d M 1.000 2.2 × 10–9 0.500 1.7 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
As-78 1.51 h M 1.000 8.0 × 10–10 0.500 5.8 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11
 245
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Selenium

Se-70 0.683 h F 1.000 3.9 × 10–10 0.800 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 6.5 × 10–10 0.100 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.8 × 10–10 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11
Se-73 7.15 h F 1.000 7.7 × 10–10 0.800 6.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.6 × 10–9 0.100 1.2 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.3 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10

Se-73m 0.650 h F 1.000 9.3 × 10–11 0.800 7.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 9.2 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.8 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11

Se-75 120 d F 1.000 7.8 × 10–9 0.800 6.0 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.200 5.4 × 10–9 0.100 4.5 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 5.6 × 10–9 0.010 4.7 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9

Se-79 6.50 × 104 a F 1.000 1.6 × 10–8 0.800 1.3 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.4 × 10–8 0.100 1.1 × 10–8 6.9 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–8 0.010 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 8.7 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–9
Se-81 0.308 h F 1.000 8.6 × 10–11 0.800 5.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 9.2 × 10–12 8.0 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–10 0.100 8.5 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 0.010 8.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

Se-81m 0.954 h F 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 0.800 1.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.8 × 10–10 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.1 × 10–10 0.010 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
 246
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Se-83 0.375 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 0.800 1.2 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.7 × 10–10 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.0 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11

Bromine
Br-74 0.422 h F 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.6 × 10–10 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11

Br-74m 0.691 h F 1.000 4.0 × 10–10 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
M 1.000 5.9 × 10–10 1.000 4.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11

Br-75 1.63 h F 1.000 2.9 × 10–10 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
M 1.000 4.5 × 10–10 1.000 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
Br-76 16.2 h F 1.000 2.2 × 10–9 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10

Br-77 2.33 d F 1.000 5.3 × 10–10 1.000 4.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
M 1.000 6.3 × 10–10 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11

Br-80 0.290 h F 1.000 7.1 × 10–11 1.000 4.4 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–12 5.9 × 10–12
M 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 1.000 6.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 9.4 × 10–12
Br-80m 4.42 h F 1.000 4.3 × 10–10 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 1.000 6.8 × 10–10 1.000 4.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11

Br-82 1.47 d F 1.000 2.7 × 10–9 1.000 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
M 1.000 3.8 × 10–9 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
 247
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Br-83 2.39 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.5 × 10–10 1.000 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11
Br-84 0.530 h F 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 1.000 1.6 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
M 1.000 3.7 × 10–10 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Rubidium

Rb-79 0.382 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
Rb-81 4.58 h F 1.000 3.2 × 10–10 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
Rb-81m 0.533 h F 1.000 6.2 × 10–11 1.000 4.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–12 7.0 × 10–12
Rb-82m 6.20 h F 1.000 8.6 × 10–10 1.000 7.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Rb-83 86.2 d F 1.000 4.9 × 10–9 1.000 3.8 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–10
Rb-84 32.8 d F 1.000 8.6 × 10–9 1.000 6.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Rb-86 18.7 d F 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 1.000 7.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10
Rb-87 4.70 × 1010 a F 1.000 6.0 × 10–9 1.000 4.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10
Rb-88 0.297 h F 1.000 1.9 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
Rb-89 0.253 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 1.000 9.3 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11

Strontiume
Sr-80 1.67 h F 0.600 7.8 × 10–10 0.300 5.4 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.4 × 10–9 0.100 9.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 9.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
 248
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sr-81 0.425 h F 0.600 2.1 × 10–10 0.300 1.5 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.3 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.4 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Sr-82 25.0 d F 0.600 2.8 × 10–8 0.300 1.5 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
M 0.200 5.5 × 10–8 0.100 4.0 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9
S 0.020 6.1 × 10–8 0.010 4.6 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8

Sr-83 1.35 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.300 1.1 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.5 × 10–9 0.100 1.9 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10

Sr-85 64.8 d F 0.600 4.4 × 10–9 0.300 2.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.3 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.4 × 10–9 0.010 3.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10
Sr-85m 1.16 h F 0.600 2.4 × 10–11 0.300 1.9 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–12 6.0 × 10–12 3.7 × 10–12 2.9 × 10–12
M 0.200 3.1 × 10–11 0.100 2.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–12 5.1 × 10–12 4.1 × 10–12
S 0.020 3.2 × 10–11 0.010 2.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–12 5.4 × 10–12 4.3 × 10–12

Sr–87m 2.80 h F 0.600 9.7 × 10–11 0.300 7.8 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.6 × 10–10 0.100 1.2 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.7 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
Sr-89 50.5 d F 0.600 1.5 × 10–8 0.300 7.3 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.200 3.3 × 10–8 0.100 2.4 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 3.9 × 10–8 0.010 3.0 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–9
 249
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sr-90 29.1 a F 0.600 1.3 × 10–7 0.300 5.2 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–7 0.100 1.1 × 10–7 6.5 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8
S 0.020 4.2 × 10–7 0.010 4.0 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7

Sr-91 9.50 h F 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.300 1.1 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 3.1 × 10–9 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.5 × 10–9 0.010 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10

Sr-92 2.71 h F 0.600 9.0 × 10–10 0.300 7.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–9 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10

Yttrium
Y-86 14.7 h M 0.001 3.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
S 0.001 3.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10

Y-86m 0.800 h M 0.001 2.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
S 0.001 2.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11

Y-87 3.35 d M 0.001 2.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
S 0.001 2.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
Y-88 107 d M 0.001 1.9 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9
S 0.001 2.0 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9

Y-90 2.67 d M 0.001 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
S 0.001 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 8.8 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
 250
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Y-90m 3.19 h M 0.001 7.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11
S 0.001 7.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
Y-91 58.5 d M 0.001 3.9 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.4 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9
S 0.001 4.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9
Y-91m 0.828 h M 0.001 7.0 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
S 0.001 7.4 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11

Y-92 3.54 h M 0.001 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
S 0.001 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Y-93 10.1 h M 0.001 4.4 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
S 0.001 4.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10

Y-94 0.318 h M 0.001 2.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
S 0.001 2.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Y-95 0.178 h M 0.001 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
S 0.001 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11

Zirconium
Zr-86 16.5 h F 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 0.002 1.9 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.4 × 10–9 0.002 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.5 × 10–9 0.002 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10

Zr-88 83.4 d F 0.020 6.9 × 10–9 0.002 8.3 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9
M 0.020 8.5 × 10–9 0.002 7.8 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–8 0.002 1.2 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9
 251
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Zr-89 3.27 d F 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 0.002 2.0 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.7 × 10–9 0.002 2.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.9 × 10–9 0.002 2.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10

Zr-93 1.53 × 106 a F 0.020 3.5 × 10–9 0.002 4.8 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8
M 0.020 3.3 × 10–9 0.002 3.1 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–8
S 0.020 7.0 × 10–9 0.002 6.4 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9

Zr-95 64.0 d F 0.020 1.2 × 10–8 0.002 1.1 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.0 × 10–8 0.002 1.6 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–8 0.002 1.9 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9

Zr-97 16.9 h F 0.020 5.0 × 10–9 0.002 3.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
M 0.020 7.8 × 10–9 0.002 5.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.2 × 10–9 0.002 5.6 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10

Niobium
Nb-88 0.238 h F 0.020 1.8 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.5 × 10–10 0.010 1.8 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.6 × 10–10 0.010 1.8 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Nb-89 2.03 h F 0.020 7.0 × 10–10 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.6 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 7.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
 252
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Nb-89m 1.10 h F 0.020 4.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
M 0.020 6.2 × 10–10 0.010 4.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.4 × 10–10 0.010 4.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11

Nb-90 14.6 h F 0.020 3.5 × 10–9 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
M 0.020 5.1 × 10–9 0.010 3.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 5.3 × 10–9 0.010 4.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10

Nb-93m 13.6 a F 0.020 1.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.1 × 10–9 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 7.4 × 10–9 0.010 6.5 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9

Nb-94 2.03 × 104 a F 0.020 3.1 × 10–8 0.010 2.7 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9
M 0.020 4.3 × 10–8 0.010 3.7 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–7 0.010 1.2 × 10–7 8.3 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8
Nb-95 35.1 d F 0.020 4.1 × 10–9 0.010 3.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
M 0.020 6.8 × 10–9 0.010 5.2 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.7 × 10–9 0.010 5.9 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9

Nb-95m 3.61 d F 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.020 4.3 × 10–9 0.010 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.6 × 10–9 0.010 3.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10
Nb-96 23.3 h F 0.020 3.1 × 10–9 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
M 0.020 4.7 × 10–9 0.010 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.9 × 10–9 0.010 3.7 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10
 253
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Nb-97 1.20 h F 0.020 2.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.7 × 10–10 0.010 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11

Nb-98 0.858 h F 0.020 3.4 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 5.2 × 10–10 0.010 3.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 5.3 × 10–10 0.010 3.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11

Molybdenum
Mo-90 5.67 h F 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 0.800 1.1 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.6 × 10–9 0.100 2.0 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
Mo-93 3.50 × 103 a F 1.000 3.1 × 10–9 0.800 2.6 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–9 0.100 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10
S 0.020 6.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
Mo-93m 6.85 h F 1.000 7.3 × 10–10 0.800 6.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 0.100 9.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Mo-99 2.75 d F 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 0.800 1.7 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
M 0.200 6.0 × 10–9 0.100 4.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10
S 0.020 6.9 × 10–9 0.010 4.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10
 254
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Mo-101 0.244 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 0.800 9.7 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11

Technetium
Tc-93 2.75 h F 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 0.800 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Tc-93m 0.725 h F 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 0.800 9.8 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.4 × 10–10 0.100 1.1 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 0.010 1.1 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Tc-94 4.88 h F 1.000 8.9 × 10–10 0.800 7.5 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.200 9.8 × 10–10 0.100 8.1 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 9.9 × 10–10 0.010 8.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Tc-94m 0.867 h F 1.000 4.8 × 10–10 0.800 3.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.4 × 10–10 0.100 3.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.3 × 10–10 0.010 3.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11
Tc-95 20.0 h F 1.000 7.5 × 10–10 0.800 6.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 8.3 × 10–10 0.100 6.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.5 × 10–10 0.010 7.0 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
 255
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Tc-95m 61.0 d F 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 0.800 1.8 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.9 × 10–9 0.100 4.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 6.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.0 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Tc-96 4.28 d F 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 0.800 3.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.7 × 10–9 0.100 3.9 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.8 × 10–9 0.010 3.9 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–10

Tc-96m 0.858 h F 1.000 5.3 × 10–11 0.800 4.1 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–12 6.2 × 10–12
M 0.200 5.6 × 10–11 0.100 4.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 9.3 × 10–12 7.4 × 10–12
S 0.020 5.7 × 10–11 0.010 4.4 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 9.5 × 10–12 7.5 × 10–12

Tc-97 2.60 × 106 a F 1.000 5.2 × 10–10 0.800 3.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 5.0 × 10–9 0.010 4.8 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
Tc-97m 87.0 d F 1.000 3.4 × 10–9 0.800 2.3 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–8 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.6 × 10–8 0.010 1.3 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9

Tc-98 4.20 × 106 a F 1.000 1.0 × 10–8 0.800 6.8 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 3.5 × 10–8 0.100 2.9 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–7 0.010 1.1 × 10–7 7.6 × 10–8 5.4 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8
Tc-99 2.13 × 105 a F 1.000 4.0 × 10–9 0.800 2.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.7 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 4.1 × 10–8 0.010 3.7 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
 256
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Tc-99m 6.02 h F 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 0.800 8.7 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–10 0.100 9.9 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 0.010 1.0 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11

Tc-101 0.237 h F 1.000 8.5 × 10–11 0.800 5.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12 8.2 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–10 0.100 7.1 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 7.3 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11

Tc-104 0.303 h F 1.000 2.7 × 10–10 0.800 1.8 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11

Ruthenium
Ru-94 0.863 h F 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 0.050 1.9 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.8 × 10–10 0.050 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Ru-97 2.90 d F 0.100 5.5 × 10–10 0.050 4.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
M 0.100 7.7 × 10–10 0.050 6.1 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.1 × 10–10 0.010 6.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Ru-103 39.3 d F 0.100 4.2 × 10–9 0.050 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.1 × 10–8 0.050 8.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–8 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
 257
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ru-105 4.44 h F 0.100 7.1 × 10–10 0.050 5.1 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–9 0.050 9.2 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.010 9.8 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10

Ru-106 1.01 a F 0.100 7.2 × 10–8 0.050 5.4 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–9
M 0.100 1.4 × 10–7 0.050 1.1 × 10–7 6.4 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8
S 0.020 2.6 × 10–7 0.010 2.3 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 9.1 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–8

Rhodium
Rh-99 16.0 d F 0.100 2.6 × 10–9 0.050 2.0 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
M 0.100 4.5 × 10–9 0.050 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
S 0.100 4.9 × 10–9 0.050 3.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
Rh-99m 4.70 h F 0.100 2.4 × 10–10 0.050 2.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.100 3.1 × 10–10 0.050 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
S 0.100 3.2 × 10–10 0.050 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
Rh-100 20.8 h F 0.100 2.1 × 10–9 0.050 1.8 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.7 × 10–9 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
S 0.100 2.8 × 10–9 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Rh-101 3.20 a F 0.100 7.4 × 10–9 0.050 6.1 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.100 9.8 × 10–9 0.050 8.0 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
S 0.100 1.9 × 10–8 0.050 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9
 258
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Rh-101m 4.34 d F 0.100 8.4 × 10–10 0.050 6.6 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–9 0.050 9.8 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
S 0.100 1.3 × 10–9 0.050 1.0 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10

Rh-102 2.90 a F 0.100 3.3 × 10–8 0.050 2.8 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.0 × 10–8 0.050 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–9
S 0.100 5.4 × 10–8 0.050 5.0 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8

Rh-102m 207 d F 0.100 1.2 × 10–8 0.050 8.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.100 2.0 × 10–8 0.050 1.6 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9
S 0.100 3.0 × 10–8 0.050 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9

Rh-103m 0.935 h F 0.100 8.6 × 10–12 0.050 5.9 × 10–12 2.7 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–12 8.6 × 10–13
M 0.100 1.9 × 10–11 0.050 1.2 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–12 4.0 × 10–12 3.0 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12
S 0.100 2.0 × 10–11 0.050 1.3 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–12 4.3 × 10–12 3.2 × 10–12 2.7 × 10–12
Rh-105 1.47 d F 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 0.050 6.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 8.2 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 0.050 1.6 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
S 0.100 2.4 × 10–9 0.050 1.7 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10

Rh-106m 2.20 h F 0.100 5.7 × 10–10 0.050 4.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
M 0.100 8.2 × 10–10 0.050 6.3 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.100 8.5 × 10–10 0.050 6.5 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Rh-107 0.362 h F 0.100 8.9 × 10–11 0.050 5.9 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 9.0 × 10–12
M 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 0.050 9.3 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
S 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 0.050 9.7 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
 259
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Palladium

Pd-100 3.63 d F 0.050 3.9 × 10–9 0.005 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10
M 0.050 5.2 × 10–9 0.005 4.0 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.9 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10
S 0.050 5.3 × 10–9 0.005 4.1 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10
Pd-101 8.27 h F 0.050 3.6 × 10–10 0.005 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
M 0.050 4.8 × 10–10 0.005 3.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11
S 0.050 5.0 × 10–10 0.005 3.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11

Pd-103 17.0 d F 0.050 9.7 × 10–10 0.005 6.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11
M 0.050 2.3 × 10–9 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
S 0.050 2.5 × 10–9 0.005 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10

Pd-107 6.50 × 106 a F 0.050 2.6 × 10–10 0.005 1.8 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
M 0.050 6.5 × 10–10 0.005 5.0 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
S 0.050 2.2 × 10–9 0.005 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10

Pd-109 13.4 h F 0.050 1.5 × 10–9 0.005 9.9 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.050 2.6 × 10–9 0.005 1.8 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10
S 0.050 2.7 × 10–9 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10

Silver
Ag-102 0.215 h F 0.100 1.2 × 10–10 0.050 8.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.6 × 10–10 0.050 1.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.6 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
 260
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ag-103 1.09 h F 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 0.050 1.0 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 0.050 1.6 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11

Ag-104 1.15 h F 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 0.050 1.9 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.9 × 10–10 0.050 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Ag-104m 0.558 h F 0.100 1.6 × 10–10 0.050 1.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 0.050 1.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–10 0.010 1.7 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11

Ag-105 41.0 d F 0.100 3.9 × 10–9 0.050 3.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
M 0.100 4.5 × 10–9 0.050 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.5 × 10–9 0.010 3.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10
Ag-106 0.399 h F 0.100 9.4 × 10–11 0.050 6.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 9.1 × 10–12
M 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 0.050 9.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–10 0.010 9.9 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11

Ag-106m 8.41 d F 0.100 7.7 × 10–9 0.050 6.1 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 7.2 × 10–9 0.050 5.8 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.7 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Ag-108m 1.27 × 102 a F 0.100 3.5 × 10–8 0.050 2.8 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.9 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.3 × 10–8 0.050 2.7 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 8.9 × 10–8 0.010 8.7 × 10–8 6.2 × 10–8 4.4 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8
 261
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ag-110m 250 d F 0.100 3.5 × 10–8 0.050 2.8 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.5 × 10–8 0.050 2.8 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 4.6 × 10–8 0.010 4.1 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8

Ag-111 7.45 d F 0.100 4.8 × 10–9 0.050 3.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
M 0.100 9.2 × 10–9 0.050 6.6 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.9 × 10–9 0.010 7.1 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9

Ag-112 3.12 h F 0.100 9.8 × 10–10 0.050 6.4 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10

Ag-115 0.333 h F 0.100 1.6 × 10–10 0.050 1.0 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.7 × 10–10 0.010 1.7 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11

Cadmium
Cd-104 0.961 h F 0.100 2.0 × 10–10 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.6 × 10–10 0.050 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
S 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 0.050 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
Cd-107 6.49 h F 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 0.050 1.7 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.100 5.2 × 10–10 0.050 3.7 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11
S 0.100 5.5 × 10–10 0.050 3.9 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–11
 262
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cd-109 1.27 a F 0.100 4.5 × 10–8 0.050 3.7 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.0 × 10–8 0.050 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
S 0.100 2.7 × 10–8 0.050 2.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9

Cd-113 9.30 × 1015 a F 0.100 2.6 × 10–7 0.050 2.4 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7
M 0.100 1.2 × 10–7 0.050 1.0 × 10–7 7.6 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–8
S 0.100 7.8 × 10–8 0.050 5.8 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8

Cd-113m 13.6 a F 0.100 3.0 × 10–7 0.050 2.7 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
M 0.100 1.4 × 10–7 0.050 1.2 × 10–7 8.1 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–8
S 0.100 1.1 × 10–7 0.050 8.4 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8

Cd-115 2.23 d F 0.100 4.0 × 10–9 0.050 2.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
M 0.100 6.7 × 10–9 0.050 4.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10
S 0.100 7.2 × 10–9 0.050 5.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Cd-115m 44.6 d F 0.100 4.6 × 10–8 0.050 3.2 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9
M 0.100 4.0 × 10–8 0.050 2.5 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.4 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9
S 0.100 3.9 × 10–8 0.050 3.0 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–9

Cd-117 2.49 h F 0.100 7.4 × 10–10 0.050 5.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.3 × 10–9 0.050 9.3 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 0.050 9.8 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Cd-117m 3.36 h F 0.100 8.9 × 10–10 0.050 6.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
M 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
S 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 0.050 1.1 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
 263
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Indium
In-109 4.20 h F 0.040 2.6 × 10–10 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
M 0.040 3.3 × 10–10 0.020 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
In-110 4.90 h F 0.040 8.2 × 10–10 0.020 7.1 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.040 9.9 × 10–10 0.020 8.3 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10

In-110m 1.15 h F 0.040 3.0 × 10–10 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.040 4.5 × 10–10 0.020 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

In-111 2.83 d F 0.040 1.2 × 10–9 0.020 8.6 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
M 0.040 1.5 × 10–9 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
In-112 0.240 h F 0.040 4.4 × 10–11 0.020 3.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–12 5.4 × 10–12 4.7 × 10–12
M 0.040 6.5 × 10–11 0.020 4.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–12 7.4 × 10–12

In-113m 1.66 h F 0.040 1.0 × 10–10 0.020 7.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12
M 0.040 1.6 × 10–10 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11

In-114m 49.5 d F 0.040 1.2 × 10–7 0.020 7.7 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9
M 0.040 4.8 × 10–8 0.020 3.3 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9
In-115 5.10 × 1015 a F 0.040 8.3 × 10–7 0.020 7.8 × 10–7 5.5 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–7 4.2 × 10–7 3.9 × 10–7
M 0.040 3.0 × 10–7 0.020 2.8 × 10–7 2.1 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7

In-115m 4.49 h F 0.040 2.8 × 10–10 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.040 4.7 × 10–10 0.020 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11

In-116m 0.902 h F 0.040 2.5 × 10–10 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
M 0.040 3.6 × 10–10 0.020 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
 264
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

In-117 0.730 h F 0.040 1.4 × 10–10 0.020 9.7 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
M 0.040 2.3 × 10–10 0.020 1.6 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
In-117m 1.94 h F 0.040 3.4 × 10–10 0.020 2.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11
M 0.040 6.0 × 10–10 0.020 4.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
In-119m 0.300 h F 0.040 1.2 × 10–10 0.020 7.3 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 0.040 1.8 × 10–10 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11

Tin
Sn-110 4.00 h F 0.040 1.0 × 10–9 0.020 7.6 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11
M 0.040 1.5 × 10–9 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10

Sn-111 0.588 h F 0.040 7.7 × 10–11 0.020 5.4 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 9.4 × 10–12 7.8 × 10–12
M 0.040 1.1 × 10–10 0.020 8.0 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
Sn-113 115 d F 0.040 5.1 × 10–9 0.020 3.7 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
M 0.040 1.3 × 10–8 0.020 1.0 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
Sn-117m 13.6 d F 0.040 3.3 × 10–9 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.040 1.0 × 10–8 0.020 7.7 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
Sn-119m 293 d F 0.040 3.0 × 10–9 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
M 0.040 1.0 × 10–8 0.020 7.9 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Sn-121 1.13 d F 0.040 7.7 × 10–10 0.020 5.0 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
M 0.040 1.5 × 10–9 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10

Sn-121m 55.0 a F 0.040 6.9 × 10–9 0.020 5.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10
M 0.040 1.9 × 10–8 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9
 265
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sn-123 129 d F 0.040 1.4 × 10–8 0.020 9.9 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.040 4.0 × 10–8 0.020 3.1 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–9
Sn-123m 0.668 h F 0.040 1.4 × 10–10 0.020 8.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
M 0.040 2.3 × 10–10 0.020 1.5 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Sn-125 9.64 d F 0.040 1.2 × 10–8 0.020 8.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10
M 0.040 2.1 × 10–8 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9

Sn-126 1.00 × 105 a F 0.040 7.3 × 10–8 0.020 5.9 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.040 1.2 × 10–7 0.020 1.0 × 10–7 6.2 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8
Sn-127 2.10 h F 0.040 6.6 × 10–10 0.020 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
M 0.040 1.0 × 10–9 0.020 7.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10

Sn-128 0.985 h F 0.040 5.1 × 10–10 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
M 0.040 8.0 × 10–10 0.020 5.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11

Antimony
Sb-115 0.530 h F 0.200 8.1 × 10–11 0.100 5.9 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–12
M 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 8.3 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 8.6 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
Sb-116 0.263 h F 0.200 8.4 × 10–11 0.100 6.2 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 9.1 × 10–12
M 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 8.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 8.5 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–1
 266
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sb-116m 1.00 h F 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.7 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11

Sb-117 2.80 h F 0.200 7.7 × 10–11 0.100 6.0 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–12
M 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 9.1 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 0.010 9.5 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11

Sb-118m 5.00 h F 0.200 7.3 × 10–10 0.100 6.2 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 9.3 × 10–10 0.010 7.6 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 9.5 × 10–10 0.010 7.8 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Sb-119 1.59 d F 0.200 2.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.0 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.1 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Sb-120 0.265 h F 0.200 4.6 × 10–11 0.100 3.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 8.9 × 10–12 5.4 × 10–12 4.6 × 10–12
M 0.020 6.6 × 10–11 0.010 4.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–12 7.0 × 10–12
S 0.020 6.8 × 10–11 0.010 4.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–12 7.3 × 10–12

Sb-120m 5.76 d F 0.200 4.1 × 10–9 0.100 3.3 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
M 0.020 6.3 × 10–9 0.010 5.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 6.6 × 10–9 0.010 5.3 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Sb-122 2.70 d F 0.200 4.2 × 10–9 0.100 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
M 0.020 8.3 × 10–9 0.010 5.7 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 8.8 × 10–9 0.010 6.1 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
 267
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sb-124 60.2 d F 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 8.8 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.020 3.1 × 10–8 0.010 2.4 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 3.9 × 10–8 0.010 3.1 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9

Sb-124m 0.337 h F 0.200 2.7 × 10–11 0.100 1.9 × 10–11 9.0 × 10–12 5.6 × 10–12 3.4 × 10–12 2.8 × 10–12
M 0.020 4.3 × 10–11 0.010 3.1 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–12 6.5 × 10–12 5.4 × 10–12
S 0.020 4.6 × 10–11 0.010 3.3 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–12 5.9 × 10–12

Sb-125 2.77 a F 0.200 8.7 × 10–9 0.100 6.8 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.0 × 10–8 0.010 1.6 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
S 0.020 4.2 × 10–8 0.010 3.8 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8

Sb-126 12.4 d F 0.200 8.8 × 10–9 0.100 6.6 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.020 1.7 × 10–8 0.010 1.3 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–8 0.010 1.5 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
Sb-126m 0.317 h F 0.200 1.2 × 10–10 0.100 8.2 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.7 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11

Sb-127 3.85 d F 0.200 5.1 × 10–9 0.100 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.0 × 10–8 0.010 7.3 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–8 0.010 7.9 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Sb-128 9.01 h F 0.200 2.1 × 10–9 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.3 × 10–9 0.010 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.4 × 10–9 0.010 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
 268
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Sb-128m 0.173 h F 0.200 9.8 × 10–11 0.100 6.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 0.010 9.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 0.010 9.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

Sb-129 4.32 h F 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 8.2 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.0 × 10–9 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.1 × 10–9 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10

Sb-130 0.667 h F 0.200 3.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.5 × 10–10 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.6 × 10–10 0.010 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11

Sb-131 0.383 h F 0.200 3.5 × 10–10 0.100 2.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.9 × 10–10 0.010 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11

Tellurium
Te-116 2.49 h F 0.600 5.3 × 10–10 0.300 4.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
M 0.200 8.6 × 10–10 0.100 6.4 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 9.1 × 10–10 0.010 6.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Te-121 17.0 d F 0.600 1.7 × 10–9 0.300 1.4 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.3 × 10–9 0.100 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
 269
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Te-121m 154 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–8 0.300 1.0 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–8 0.100 1.5 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–8 0.010 1.9 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.1 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9

Te-123 1.00 × 1013 a F 0.600 1.1 × 10–8 0.300 9.1 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9
M 0.200 5.6 × 10–9 0.100 4.4 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
S 0.020 5.3 × 10–9 0.010 5.0 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9

Te-123m 120 d F 0.600 9.8 × 10–9 0.300 6.8 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.8 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.0 × 10–8 0.010 1.6 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9

Te-125m 58.0 d F 0.600 6.2 × 10–9 0.300 4.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–8 0.100 1.1 × 10–8 6.6 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.7 × 10–8 0.010 1.3 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Te-127 9.35 h F 0.600 4.3 × 10–10 0.300 3.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.0 × 10–9 0.100 7.3 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 7.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10

Te-127m 109 d F 0.600 2.1 × 10–8 0.300 1.4 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.200 3.5 × 10–8 0.100 2.6 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 4.1 × 10–8 0.010 3.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9
Te-129 1.16 h F 0.600 1.8 × 10–10 0.300 1.2 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.3 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.5 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11
 270
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Te-129m 33.6 d F 0.600 2.0 × 10–8 0.300 1.3 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
M 0.200 3.5 × 10–8 0.100 2.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
S 0.020 3.8 × 10–8 0.010 2.9 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–9
Te-131 0.417 h F 0.600 2.3 × 10–10 0.300 2.0 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 0.100 1.7 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11
Te-131m 1.25 d F 0.600 8.7 × 10–9 0.300 7.6 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 7.9 × 10–9 0.100 5.8 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 7.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.1 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10
Te-132 3.26 d F 0.600 2.2 × 10–8 0.300 1.8 × 10–8 8.5 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.6 × 10–8 0.100 1.3 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Te-133 0.207 h F 0.600 2.4 × 10–10 0.300 2.1 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.0 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.7 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
Te-133m 0.923 h F 0.600 1.0 × 10–9 0.300 8.9 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 8.5 × 10–10 0.100 5.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 7.4 × 10–10 0.010 5.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
Te-134 0.696 h F 0.600 4.7 × 10–10 0.300 3.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.5 × 10–10 0.100 3.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 5.6 × 10–10 0.010 4.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
 271
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Iodine

I-120 1.35 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.0 × 10–9 0.010 6.9 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
I-120m 0.883 h F 1.000 8.6 × 10–10 1.000 6.9 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 8.2 × 10–10 0.100 5.9 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 8.2 × 10–10 0.010 5.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11

I-121 2.12 h F 1.000 2.3 × 10–10 1.000 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.1 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11

I-123 13.2 h F 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 1.000 7.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.3 × 10–10 0.100 3.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.3 × 10–10 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11

I-124 4.18 d F 1.000 4.7 × 10–8 1.000 4.5 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.4 × 10–8 0.100 9.3 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
S 0.020 6.2 × 10–9 0.010 4.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
I-125 60.1 d F 1.000 2.0 × 10–8 1.000 2.3 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
M 0.200 6.9 × 10–9 0.100 5.6 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10

I-126 13.0 d F 1.000 8.1 × 10–8 1.000 8.3 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9
M 0.200 2.4 × 10–8 0.100 1.7 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 8.3 × 10–9 0.010 5.9 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
 272
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

I-128 0.416 h F 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.2 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11

I-129 1.57 × 107 a F 1.000 7.2 × 10–8 1.000 8.6 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8
M 0.200 3.6 × 10–8 0.100 3.3 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–8 0.010 2.6 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9

I-130 12.4 h F 1.000 8.2 × 10–9 1.000 7.4 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.3 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.3 × 10–9 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10

I-131 8.04 d F 1.000 7.2 × 10–8 1.000 7.2 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–9
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–8 0.100 1.5 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
S 0.020 8.8 × 10–9 0.010 6.2 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
I-132 2.30 h F 1.000 1.1 × 10–9 1.000 9.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 9.9 × 10–10 0.100 7.3 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 9.3 × 10–10 0.010 6.8 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10

I-132m 1.39 h F 1.000 9.6 × 10–10 1.000 8.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11
M 0.200 7.2 × 10–10 0.100 5.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.6 × 10–10 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
I-133 20.8 h F 1.000 1.9 × 10–8 1.000 1.8 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.200 6.6 × 10–9 0.100 4.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
 273
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

I-134 0.876 h F 1.000 4.6 × 10–10 1.000 3.7 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.8 × 10–10 0.100 3.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.8 × 10–10 0.010 3.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11

I-135 6.61 h F 1.000 4.1 × 10–9 1.000 3.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–9 0.100 1.6 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.3 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10

Caesium
Cs-125 0.750 h F 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 1.000 8.3 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.0 × 10–10 0.100 1.4 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
Cs-127 6.25 h F 1.000 1.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.8 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11
Cs-129 1.34 d F 1.000 3.4 × 10–10 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.7 × 10–10 0.100 4.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.3 × 10–10 0.010 4.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–11
Cs-130 0.498 h F 1.000 8.3 × 10–11 1.000 5.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 9.4 × 10–12 7.8 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–10 0.100 8.7 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 0.010 9.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
 274
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cs-131 9.69 d F 1.000 2.4 × 10–10 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.5 × 10–10 0.100 2.6 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Cs-132 6.48 d F 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.9 × 10–9 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.0 × 10–9 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10

Cs-134 2.06 a F 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
M 0.200 3.2 × 10–8 0.100 2.6 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.0 × 10–8 0.010 6.3 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8

Cs-134m 2.90 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 1.000 8.6 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.3 × 10–10 0.100 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
Cs-135 2.30 × 106 a F 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 1.000 9.9 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 9.3 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.7 × 10–8 0.010 2.4 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–9

Cs-135m 0.883 h F 1.000 9.2 × 10–11 1.000 7.8 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–10 0.100 9.9 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.0 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
Cs-136 13.1 d F 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 1.000 5.2 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–8 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 6.0 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
 275
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cs-137 30.0 a F 1.000 8.8 × 10–9 1.000 5.4 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9
M 0.200 3.6 × 10–8 0.100 2.9 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–7 0.010 1.0 × 10–7 7.0 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8

Cs-138 0.536 h F 1.000 2.6 × 10–10 1.000 1.8 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.2 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11

Bariumf
Ba-126 1.61 h F 0.600 6.7 × 10–10 0.200 5.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.0 × 10–9 0.100 7.0 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.2 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Ba-128 2.43 d F 0.600 5.9 × 10–9 0.200 5.4 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–8 0.100 7.8 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–8 0.010 8.3 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Ba-131 11.8 d F 0.600 2.1 × 10–9 0.200 1.4 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
M 0.200 3.7 × 10–9 0.100 3.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.0 × 10–9 0.010 3.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10
Ba-131m 0.243 h F 0.600 2.7 × 10–11 0.200 2.1 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–12 4.7 × 10–12 4.0 × 10–12
M 0.200 4.8 × 10–11 0.100 3.3 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.0 × 10–12 7.4 × 10–12
S 0.020 5.0 × 10–11 0.010 3.5 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.5 × 10–12 7.8 × 10–12
 276
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ba-133 10.7 a F 0.600 1.1 × 10–8 0.200 4.5 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–8 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 3.2 × 10–8 0.010 2.9 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8

Ba-133m 1.62 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
M 0.200 3.0 × 10–9 0.100 2.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.1 × 10–9 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10

Ba-135m 1.20 d F 0.600 1.1 × 10–9 0.200 1.0 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.4 × 10–9 0.100 1.8 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.7 × 10–9 0.010 1.9 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10

Ba-139 1.38 h F 0.600 3.3 × 10–10 0.200 2.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.4 × 10–10 0.100 3.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 5.7 × 10–10 0.010 3.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11
Ba-140 12.7 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–8 0.200 7.8 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
M 0.200 2.7 × 10–8 0.100 2.0 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–8 0.010 2.2 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9

Ba-141 0.305 h F 0.600 1.9 × 10–10 0.200 1.4 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.0 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.2 × 10–10 0.010 2.1 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11
Ba-142 0.177 h F 0.600 1.3 × 10–10 0.200 9.6 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.8 × 10–10 0.100 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.3 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
 277
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Lanthanum

La-131 0.983 h F 0.005 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11

La-132 4.80 h F 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
La-135 19.5 h F 0.005 1.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11

La-137 6.00 × 104 a F 0.005 2.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–9
M 0.005 8.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9

La-138 1.35 × 1011 a F 0.005 3.7 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7
M 0.005 1.3 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–7 9.1 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–8
La-140 1.68 d F 0.005 5.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
M 0.005 8.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9

La-141 3.93 h F 0.005 8.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10

La-142 1.54 h F 0.005 5.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11
M 0.005 8.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11
La-143 0.237 h F 0.005 1.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
M 0.005 2.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
 278
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cerium

Ce-134 3.00 d F 0.005 7.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10
M 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ce-135 17.6 h F 0.005 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10

Ce-137 9.00 h F 0.005 7.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–12 7.0 × 10–12
M 0.005 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.8 × 10–12
S 0.005 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.8 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11

Ce-137m 1.43 d F 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10

Ce-139 138 d F 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
M 0.005 7.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.005 7.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Ce-141 32.5 d F 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10
M 0.005 1.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 6.3 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9
 279
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ce-143 1.38 d F 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
M 0.005 5.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–10
S 0.005 5.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10

Ce-144 284 d F 0.005 3.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8
M 0.005 1.9 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7 8.8 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8
S 0.005 2.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 7.3 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8

Praseodymium
Pr-136 0.218 h M 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.8 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11

Pr-137 1.28 h M 0.005 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
Pr-138m 2.10 h M 0.005 5.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
S 0.005 6.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
Pr-139 4.51 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Pr-142 19.1 h M 0.005 5.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
S 0.005 5.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
Pr-142m 0.243 h M 0.005 6.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–12 6.6 × 10–12
S 0.005 7.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 8.4 × 10–12 7.0 × 10–12

Pr-143 13.6 d M 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
 280
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pr-144 0.288 h M 0.005 1.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
Pr-145 5.98 h M 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Pr-147 0.227 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11

Neodymium
Nd-136 0.844 h M 0.005 4.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11
S 0.005 4.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11

Nd-138 5.04 h M 0.005 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
Nd-139 0.495 h M 0.005 9.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.9 × 10–12
S 0.005 9.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 6.4 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
Nd-139m 5.50 h M 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.8 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
Nd-141 2.49 h M 0.005 4.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–12 6.0 × 10–12 4.8 × 10–12
S 0.005 4.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–12
Nd-147 11.0 d M 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.6 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9

Nd-149 1.73 h M 0.005 6.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
S 0.005 7.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11
 281
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Nd-151 0.207 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11

Promethium
Pm-141 0.348 h M 0.005 1.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

Pm-143 265 d M 0.005 6.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
S 0.005 5.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Pm-144 363 d M 0.005 3.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–9
S 0.005 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–9

Pm-145 17.7 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9
S 0.005 7.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
Pm-146 5.53 a M 0.005 6.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8
S 0.005 5.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
Pm-147 2.62 a M 0.005 2.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9
Pm-148 5.37 d M 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 5.2 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 5.5 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
Pm-148m 41.3 d M 0.005 2.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
S 0.005 2.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.3 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9

Pm-149 2.21 d M 0.005 5.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10
S 0.005 5.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
 282
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pm-150 2.68 h M 0.005 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Pm-151 1.18 d M 0.005 3.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10

Samarium

Sm-141 0.170 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
Sm-141m 0.377 h M 0.005 3.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
Sm-142 1.21 h M 0.005 7.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
Sm-145 340 d M 0.005 8.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
Sm-146 1.03 × 108 a M 0.005 2.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5
Sm-147 1.06 × 1011 a M 0.005 2.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 9.6 × 10–6 9.6 × 10–6
Sm-151 90.0 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–8 6.7 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9
Sm-153 1.95 d M 0.005 4.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Sm-155 0.368 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
Sm-156 9.40 h M 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10

Europium
Eu-145 5.94 d M 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10
Eu-146 4.61 d M 0.005 5.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10
Eu-147 24.0 d M 0.005 4.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Eu-148 54.5 d M 0.005 1.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 6.8 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9
 283
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Eu-149 93.1 d M 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
Eu-150 34.2 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8
Eu-150m 12.6 h M 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Eu-152 13.3 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–7 7.0 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8
Eu-152m 9.32 h M 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Eu-154 8.80 a M 0.005 1.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–7 9.7 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–8 5.3 × 10–8
Eu-155 4.96 a M 0.005 2.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–9
Eu-156 15.2 d M 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9
Eu-157 15.1 h M 0.005 2.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
Eu-158 0.765 h M 0.005 4.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11

Gadolinium
Gd-145 0.382 h F 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Gd-146 48.3 d F 0.005 2.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 7.8 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9
M 0.005 2.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9
Gd-147 1.59 d F 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.005 2.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
Gd-148 93.0 a F 0.005 8.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.6 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5
M 0.005 3.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5

Gd-149 9.40 d F 0.005 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10
 284
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Gd-151 120 d F 0.005 6.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–10
M 0.005 4.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
Gd-152 1.08 × 1014 a F 0.005 5.9 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–5 3.4 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5
M 0.005 2.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 8.9 × 10–6 7.9 × 10–6 8.0 × 10–6
Gd-153 242 d F 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
M 0.005 9.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Gd-159 18.6 h F 0.005 1.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.005 2.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10

Terbium

Tb-147 1.65 h M 0.005 6.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11
Tb-149 4.15 h M 0.005 2.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 9.6 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9
Tb-150 3.27 h M 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Tb-151 17.6 h M 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
Tb-153 2.34 d M 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Tb-154 21.4 h M 0.005 2.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
Tb-155 5.32 d M 0.005 1.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Tb-156 5.34 d M 0.005 7.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Tb-156m 1.02 d M 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
Tb-156mʹ 5.00 h M 0.005 6.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
Tb-157 1.50 × 102 a M 0.005 3.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Tb-158 1.50 × 102 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–7 7.0 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8
 285
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Tb-160 72.3 d M 0.005 3.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–9
Tb-161 6.91 d M 0.005 6.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9

Dysprosium
Dy-155 10.0 h M 0.005 5.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–11
Dy-157 8.10 h M 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11
Dy-159 144 d M 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10
Dy-165 2.33 h M 0.005 5.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
Dy-166 3.40 d M 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

Holmium
Ho-155 0.800 h M 0.005 1.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
Ho-157 0.210 h M 0.005 3.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 8.0 × 10–12 5.1 × 10–12 4.2 × 10–12
Ho-159 0.550 h M 0.005 4.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–12 6.1 × 10–12
Ho-161 2.50 h M 0.005 5.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–12 6.0 × 10–12
Ho-162 0.250 h M 0.005 2.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–12 4.8 × 10–12 3.4 × 10–12 2.8 × 10–12
Ho-162m 1.13 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
Ho-164 0.483 h M 0.005 6.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 9.9 × 10–12 8.4 × 10–12
Ho-164m 0.625 h M 0.005 9.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
Ho-166 1.12 d M 0.005 6.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10
Ho-166m 1.20 × 103 a M 0.005 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7
Ho-167 3.10 h M 0.005 5.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11
 286
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Erbium

Er-161 3.24 h M 0.005 3.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11
Er-165 10.4 h M 0.005 7.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 9.6 × 10–12 7.9 × 10–12
Er-169 9.30 d M 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
Er-171 7.52 h M 0.005 1.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Er-172 2.05 d M 0.005 6.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.7 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9

Thulium
Tm-162 0.362 h M 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.6 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
Tm-166 7.70 h M 0.005 1.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
Tm-167 9.24 d M 0.005 5.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Tm-170 129 d M 0.005 3.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.5 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–9
Tm-171 1.92 a M 0.005 6.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
Tm-172 2.65 d M 0.005 8.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
Tm-173 8.24 h M 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Tm-175 0.253 h M 0.005 1.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11

Ytterbium
Yb-162 0.315 h M 0.005 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11

Yb-166 2.36 d M 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
S 0.005 4.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
 287
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Yb-167 0.292 h M 0.005 4.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–12 6.5 × 10–12
S 0.005 4.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 8.4 × 10–12 6.9 × 10–12
Yb-169 32.0 d M 0.005 1.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.3 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
Yb-175 4.19 d M 0.005 3.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10

Yb-177 1.90 h M 0.005 5.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11
S 0.005 5.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11
Yb-178 1.23 h M 0.005 5.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
S 0.005 6.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11

Lutetium
Lu-169 1.42 d M 0.005 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
Lu-170 2.00 d M 0.005 4.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 4.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–10
Lu-171 8.22 d M 0.005 5.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.8 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–10
S 0.005 4.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10
Lu-172 6.70 d M 0.005 8.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.7 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
S 0.005 9.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9

Lu-173 1.37 a M 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.5 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
 288
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Lu-174 3.31 a M 0.005 1.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Lu-174m 142 d M 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9
S 0.005 2.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Lu-176 3.60 × 1010 a M 0.005 1.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8 7.1 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–8
S 0.005 1.5 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–7 9.4 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–8

Lu-176m 3.68 h M 0.005 8.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.005 9.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Lu-177 6.71 d M 0.005 5.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.005 5.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Lu-177m 161 d M 0.005 5.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
S 0.005 6.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8
Lu-178 0.473 h M 0.005 2.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Lu-178m 0.378 h M 0.005 2.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
S 0.005 2.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Lu-179 4.59 h M 0.005 9.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.005 1.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Hafnium

Hf-170 16.0 h F 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.002 1.1 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 0.002 1.7 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
 289
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hf-172 1.87 a F 0.020 1.5 × 10–7 0.002 1.3 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8
M 0.020 8.1 × 10–8 0.002 6.9 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.3 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8
Hf-173 24.0 h F 0.020 6.6 × 10–10 0.002 5.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.002 8.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
Hf-175 70.0 d F 0.020 5.4 × 10–9 0.002 4.0 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10
M 0.020 5.8 × 10–9 0.002 4.5 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9

Hf-177m 0.856 h F 0.020 3.9 × 10–10 0.002 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 6.5 × 10–10 0.002 4.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11
Hf-178m 31.0 a F 0.020 6.2 × 10–7 0.002 5.8 × 10–7 4.0 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7
M 0.020 2.6 × 10–7 0.002 2.4 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7

Hf-179m 25.1 d F 0.020 9.7 × 10–9 0.002 6.8 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 1.7 × 10–8 0.002 1.3 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.8 × 10–9
Hf-180m 5.50 h F 0.020 5.4 × 10–10 0.002 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11
M 0.020 9.1 × 10–10 0.002 6.8 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Hf-181 42.4 d F 0.020 1.3 × 10–8 0.002 9.6 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.2 × 10–8 0.002 1.7 × 10–8 9.9 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–9
Hf-182 9.00 × 106 a F 0.020 6.5 × 10–7 0.002 6.2 × 10–7 4.4 × 10–7 3.6 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7 3.1 × 10–7
M 0.020 2.4 × 10–7 0.002 2.3 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7
Hf-182m 1.02 h F 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.002 1.4 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.2 × 10–10 0.002 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11

Hf-183 1.07 h F 0.020 2.5 × 10–10 0.002 1.7 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.4 × 10–10 0.002 3.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11
 290
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hf-184 4.12 h F 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.002 9.6 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 0.002 1.8 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10

Tantalum
Ta-172 0.613 h M 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 0.001 1.9 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
S 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 0.001 2.0 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11

Ta-173 3.65 h M 0.010 8.8 × 10–10 0.001 6.2 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 9.2 × 10–10 0.001 6.5 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Ta-174 1.20 h M 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 0.001 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
S 0.010 3.4 × 10–10 0.001 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11

Ta-175 10.5 h M 0.010 9.1 × 10–10 0.001 7.0 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
S 0.010 9.5 × 10–10 0.001 7.3 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Ta-176 8.08 h M 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 0.001 1.1 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
S 0.010 1.4 × 10–9 0.001 1.1 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Ta-177 2.36 d M 0.010 6.5 × 10–10 0.001 4.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
S 0.010 6.9 × 10–10 0.001 5.0 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Ta-178 2.20 h M 0.010 4.4 × 10–10 0.001 3.3 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.0 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
S 0.010 4.6 × 10–10 0.001 3.4 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
Ta-179 1.82 a M 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 0.001 9.6 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
S 0.010 2.4 × 10–9 0.001 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10

Ta-180 1.00 × 1013 a M 0.010 2.7 × 10–8 0.001 2.2 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9
S 0.010 7.0 × 10–8 0.001 6.5 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8
 291
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ta-180m 8.10 h M 0.010 3.1 × 10–10 0.001 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
S 0.010 3.3 × 10–10 0.001 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
Ta-182 115 d M 0.010 3.2 × 10–8 0.001 2.6 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–9
S 0.010 4.2 × 10–8 0.001 3.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8
Ta-182m 0.264 h M 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11
S 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11

Ta-183 5.10 d M 0.010 1.0 × 10–8 0.001 7.4 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
S 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 0.001 8.0 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9

Ta-184 8.70 h M 0.010 3.2 × 10–9 0.001 2.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10
S 0.010 3.4 × 10–9 0.001 2.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
Ta-185 0.816 h M 0.010 3.8 × 10–10 0.001 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11
S 0.010 4.0 × 10–10 0.001 2.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11
Ta-186 0.175 h M 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
S 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 0.001 1.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11

Tungsten
W-176 2.30 h F 0.600 3.3 × 10–10 0.300 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
W-177 2.25 h F 0.600 2.0 × 10–10 0.300 1.6 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
W-178 21.7 d F 0.600 7.2 × 10–10 0.300 5.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–11
W-179 0.625 h F 0.600 9.3 × 10–12 0.300 6.8 × 10–12 3.3 × 10–12 2.0 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–12 9.2 × 10–13
W-181 121 d F 0.600 2.5 × 10–10 0.300 1.9 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
W-185 75.1 d F 0.600 1.4 × 10–9 0.300 1.0 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
 292
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

W-187 23.9 h F 0.600 2.0 × 10–9 0.300 1.5 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
W-188 69.4 d F 0.600 7.1 × 10–9 0.300 5.0 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10

Rhenium
Re-177 0.233 h F 1.000 9.4 × 10–11 0.800 6.7 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12
M 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 0.800 7.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11

Re-178 0.220 h F 1.000 9.9 × 10–11 0.800 6.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 0.800 8.5 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
Re-181 20.0 h F 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 0.800 1.4 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 0.800 1.5 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10

Re-182 2.67 d F 1.000 6.5 × 10–9 0.800 4.7 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 8.7 × 10–9 0.800 6.3 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Re-182m 12.7 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 0.800 1.0 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 0.800 1.1 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
Re-184 38.0 d F 1.000 4.1 × 10–9 0.800 2.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10
M 1.000 9.1 × 10–9 0.800 6.8 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
Re-184m 165 d F 1.000 6.6 × 10–9 0.800 4.6 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10
M 1.000 2.9 × 10–8 0.800 2.2 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 9.3 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–9
Re-186 3.78 d F 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 0.800 4.7 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
M 1.000 8.7 × 10–9 0.800 5.7 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9

Re-186m 2.00 × 105 a F 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 0.800 7.0 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 5.9 × 10–8 0.800 4.6 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
 293
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Re-187 5.00 × 1010 a F 1.000 2.6 × 10–11 0.800 1.6 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–12 3.8 × 10–12 2.3 × 10–12 1.8 × 10–12
M 1.000 5.7 × 10–11 0.800 4.1 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–12 6.3 × 10–12
Re-188 17.0 h F 1.000 6.5 × 10–9 0.800 4.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
M 1.000 6.0 × 10–9 0.800 4.0 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10
Re-188m 0.310 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–10 0.800 9.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 0.800 8.6 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11

Re-189 1.01 d F 1.000 3.7 × 10–9 0.800 2.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
M 1.000 3.9 × 10–9 0.800 2.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10

Osmium

Os-180 0.366 h F 0.020 7.1 × 10–11 0.010 5.3 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.2 × 10–12
M 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 7.9 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–10 0.010 8.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11

Os-181 1.75 h F 0.020 3.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 4.5 × 10–10 0.010 3.4 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.7 × 10–10 0.010 3.6 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
Os-182 22.0 h F 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.5 × 10–9 0.010 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 0.010 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10

Os-185 94.0 d F 0.020 7.2 × 10–9 0.010 5.8 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.020 6.6 × 10–9 0.010 5.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
S 0.020 7.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.8 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9
 294
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Os-189m 6.00 h F 0.020 3.8 × 10–11 0.010 2.8 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–12 3.5 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12
M 0.020 6.5 × 10–11 0.010 4.1 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–12 5.0 × 10–12
S 0.020 6.8 × 10–11 0.010 4.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–12 5.3 × 10–12

Os-191 15.4 d F 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 1.9 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
M 0.020 8.0 × 10–9 0.010 5.8 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.0 × 10–9 0.010 6.5 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

Os-191m 13.0 h F 0.020 3.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.0 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 7.8 × 10–10 0.010 5.4 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.5 × 10–10 0.010 6.0 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10

Os-193 1.25 d F 0.020 1.9 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.020 3.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.0 × 10–9 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
Os-194 6.00 a F 0.020 8.7 × 10–8 0.010 6.8 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.020 9.9 × 10–8 0.010 8.3 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8
S 0.020 2.6 × 10–7 0.010 2.4 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 8.8 × 10–8 8.5 × 10–8

Iridium
Ir-182 0.250 h F 0.020 1.4 × 10–10 0.010 9.8 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.4 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
 295
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ir-184 3.02 h F 0.020 5.7 × 10–10 0.010 4.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.6 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
M 0.020 8.6 × 10–10 0.010 6.4 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.9 × 10–10 0.010 6.6 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Ir-185 14.0 h F 0.020 8.0 × 10–10 0.010 6.1 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.3 × 10–9 0.010 9.7 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10

Ir-186 15.8 h F 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 1.2 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.7 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.3 × 10–9 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10

Ir-186m 1.75 h F 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.020 3.3 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 3.4 × 10–10 0.010 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Ir-187 10.5 h F 0.020 3.6 × 10–10 0.010 2.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
M 0.020 5.8 × 10–10 0.010 4.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.4 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.0 × 10–10 0.010 4.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.7 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–11

Ir-188 1.73 d F 0.020 2.0 × 10–9 0.010 1.6 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.7 × 10–9 0.010 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–9 0.010 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
Ir-189 13.3 d F 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 8.2 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
M 0.020 2.7 × 10–9 0.010 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 3.0 × 10–9 0.010 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10
 296
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ir-190 12.1 d F 0.020 6.2 × 10–9 0.010 4.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–10
M 0.020 1.1 × 10–8 0.010 8.6 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 1.1 × 10–8 0.010 9.4 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9

Ir-190m 3.10 h F 0.020 4.2 × 10–10 0.010 3.4 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11
M 0.020 6.0 × 10–10 0.010 4.7 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 7.9 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.2 × 10–10 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11

Ir-190m 1.20 h F 0.020 3.2 × 10–11 0.010 2.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 7.2 × 10–12 4.3 × 10–12 3.6 × 10–12
M 0.020 5.7 × 10–11 0.010 4.2 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 9.3 × 10–12
S 0.020 5.5 × 10–11 0.010 4.5 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11

Ir-192 74.0 d F 0.020 1.5 × 10–8 0.010 1.1 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.3 × 10–8 0.010 1.8 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 5.2 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–8 0.010 2.2 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
Ir-192m 2.41 × 102 a F 0.020 2.7 × 10–8 0.010 2.3 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9
M 0.020 2.3 × 10–8 0.010 2.1 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 8.4 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9
S 0.020 9.2 × 10–8 0.010 9.1 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8

Ir-193m 11.9 d F 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 8.4 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
M 0.020 4.8 × 10–9 0.010 3.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.020 5.4 × 10–9 0.010 4.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9
Ir-194 19.1 h F 0.020 2.9 × 10–9 0.010 1.9 × 10–9 8.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
M 0.020 5.3 × 10–9 0.010 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10
S 0.020 5.5 × 10–9 0.010 3.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
 297
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ir-194m 171 d F 0.020 3.4 × 10–8 0.010 2.7 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.5 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–9
M 0.020 3.9 × 10–8 0.010 3.2 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.0 × 10–9
S 0.020 5.0 × 10–8 0.010 4.2 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8

Ir-195 2.50 h F 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 0.010 1.9 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
M 0.020 5.4 × 10–10 0.010 3.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.7 × 10–11
S 0.020 5.7 × 10–10 0.010 3.8 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.1 × 10–11

Ir-195m 3.80 h F 0.020 6.9 × 10–10 0.010 4.8 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
M 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 0.010 8.6 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.3 × 10–9 0.010 9.0 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10

Platinum
Pt-186 2.00 h F 0.020 3.0 × 10–10 0.010 2.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Pt-188 10.2 d F 0.020 3.6 × 10–9 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
Pt-189 10.9 h F 0.020 3.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11
Pt-191 2.80 d F 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
Pt-193 50.0 a F 0.020 2.2 × 10–10 0.010 1.6 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
Pt-193m 4.33 d F 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 0.010 1.0 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Pt-195m 4.02 d F 0.020 2.2 × 10–9 0.010 1.5 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
Pt-197 18.3 h F 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 0.010 7.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
Pt-197m 1.57 h F 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 1.8 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
Pt-199 0.513 h F 0.020 1.3 × 10–10 0.010 8.3 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11
Pt-200 12.5 h F 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 0.010 1.7 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
 298
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Gold

Au-193 17.6 h F 0.200 3.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 7.5 × 10–10 0.100 5.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.200 7.9 × 10–10 0.100 5.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
Au-194 1.65 d F 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 0.100 9.6 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.7 × 10–9 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
S 0.200 1.7 × 10–9 0.100 1.4 × 10–9 7.3 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10

Au-195 183 d F 0.200 7.2 × 10–10 0.100 5.3 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.2 × 10–9 0.100 4.1 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
S 0.200 8.1 × 10–9 0.100 6.6 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9

Au-198 2.69 d F 0.200 2.4 × 10–9 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
M 0.200 5.0 × 10–9 0.100 4.1 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–10
S 0.200 5.4 × 10–9 0.100 4.4 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10
Au-198m 2.30 d F 0.200 3.3 × 10–9 0.100 2.4 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.9 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10
M 0.200 8.7 × 10–9 0.100 6.5 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9
S 0.200 9.5 × 10–9 0.100 7.1 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
Au-199 3.14 d F 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.9 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.4 × 10–9 0.100 2.5 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–10
S 0.200 3.8 × 10–9 0.100 2.8 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10

Au-200 0.807 h F 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.2 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 3.2 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
S 0.200 3.4 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 9.8 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
 299
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Au-200m 18.7 h F 0.200 2.7 × 10–9 0.100 2.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10
M 0.200 4.8 × 10–9 0.100 3.7 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.4 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–10
S 0.200 5.1 × 10–9 0.100 3.9 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 7.2 × 10–10

Au-201 0.440 h F 0.200 9.0 × 10–11 0.100 5.7 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11 8.7 × 10–12
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–10 0.100 9.6 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.0 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
S 0.200 1.5 × 10–10 0.100 1.0 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11

Mercury
Hg-193 3.50 h F 0.800 2.2 × 10–10 0.400 1.8 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
(organic)
Hg-193 3.50 h F 0.040 2.7 × 10–10 0.020 2.0 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.040 5.3 × 10–10 0.020 3.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11
Hg-193m 11.1 h F 0.800 8.4 × 10–10 0.400 7.6 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
(organic)
Hg-193m 11.1 h F 0.040 1.1 × 10–9 0.020 8.5 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.040 1.9 × 10–9 0.020 1.4 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a F 0.800 4.9 × 10–8 0.400 3.7 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
(organic)
Hg-194 2.60 × 102 a F 0.040 3.2 × 10–8 0.020 2.9 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8
(inorganic) M 0.040 2.1 × 10–8 0.020 1.9 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–9

Hg-195 9.90 h F 0.800 2.0 × 10–10 0.400 1.8 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
(organic)
 300
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Hg-195 9.90 h F 0.040 2.7 × 10–10 0.020 2.0 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.040 5.3 × 10–10 0.020 3.9 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 7.3 × 10–11
Hg-195m 1.73 d F 0.800 1.1 × 10–9 0.400 9.7 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
(organic)
Hg-195m 1.73 d F 0.040 1.6 × 10–9 0.020 1.1 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.040 3.7 × 10–9 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10

Hg-197 2.67 d F 0.800 4.7 × 10–10 0.400 4.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11
(organic)
Hg-197 2.67 d F 0.040 6.8 × 10–10 0.020 4.7 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 6.8 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.040 1.7 × 10–9 0.020 1.2 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10

Hg-197m 23.8 h F 0.800 9.3 × 10–10 0.400 7.8 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11
(organic)
Hg-197m 23.8 h F 0.040 1.4 × 10–9 0.020 9.3 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.040 3.5 × 10–9 0.020 2.5 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
Hg-199m 0.710 h F 0.800 1.4 × 10–10 0.400 9.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
(organic)
Hg-199m 0.710 h F 0.040 1.4 × 10–10 0.020 9.6 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
(inorganic) M 0.040 2.5 × 10–10 0.020 1.7 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
Hg-203 46.6 d F 0.800 5.7 × 10–9 0.400 3.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–10
(organic)
Hg-203 46.6 d F 0.040 4.2 × 10–9 0.020 2.9 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
(inorganic) M 0.040 1.0 × 10–8 0.020 7.9 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
 301
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Thallium

Tl-194 0.550 h F 1.000 3.6 × 10–11 1.000 3.0 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11 9.2 × 10–12 5.5 × 10–12 4.4 × 10–12
Tl-194m 0.546 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
Tl-195 1.16 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 1.000 1.0 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.5 × 10–11
Tl-197 2.84 h F 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 1.000 9.7 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
Tl-198 5.30 h F 1.000 4.7 × 10–10 1.000 4.0 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
Tl-198m 1.87 h F 1.000 3.2 × 10–10 1.000 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
Tl-199 7.42 h F 1.000 1.7 × 10–10 1.000 1.3 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11
Tl-200 1.09 d F 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10
Tl-201 3.04 d F 1.000 4.5 × 10–10 1.000 3.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
Tl-202 12.2 d F 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
Tl-204 3.78 a F 1.000 5.0 × 10–9 1.000 3.3 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10

Leadg
Pb-195m 0.263 h F 0.600 1.3 × 10–10 0.200 1.0 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.0 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.1 × 10–10 0.010 1.5 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.8 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11
Pb-198 2.40 h F 0.600 3.4 × 10–10 0.200 2.9 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 8.9 × 10–11 5.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 5.0 × 10–10 0.100 4.0 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 5.4 × 10–10 0.010 4.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 7.0 × 10–11
 302
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pb-199 1.50 h F 0.600 1.9 × 10–10 0.200 1.6 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 4.9 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.8 × 10–10 0.100 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–10 0.010 2.3 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11

Pb-200 21.5 h F 0.600 1.1 × 10–9 0.200 9.3 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10
M 0.200 2.2 × 10–9 0.100 1.7 × 10–9 8.6 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.4 × 10–9 0.010 1.8 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
Pb-201 9.40 h F 0.600 4.8 × 10–10 0.200 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.1 × 10–11 6.0 × 10–11
M 0.200 8.0 × 10–10 0.100 6.4 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10
S 0.020 8.8 × 10–10 0.010 6.7 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10

Pb-202 3.00 × 105 a F 0.600 1.9 × 10–8 0.200 1.3 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.200 1.2 × 10–8 0.100 8.9 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 6.7 × 10–9 8.7 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–8 0.010 2.8 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
Pb-202m 3.62 h F 0.600 4.7 × 10–10 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11
M 0.200 6.9 × 10–10 0.100 5.6 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 7.3 × 10–10 0.010 5.8 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10

Pb-203 2.17 d F 0.600 7.2 × 10–10 0.200 5.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 8.5 × 10–11
M 0.200 1.3 × 10–9 0.100 1.0 × 10–9 5.4 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 0.010 1.1 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
Pb-205 1.43 × 107 a F 0.600 1.1 × 10–9 0.200 6.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–9 0.100 7.7 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–9 0.010 2.7 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–10
 303
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pb-209 3.25 h F 0.600 1.8 × 10–10 0.200 1.2 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–11 3.4 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.7 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 0.100 2.7 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.4 × 10–10 0.010 2.9 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 7.5 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11

Pb-210 22.3 a F 0.600 4.7 × 10–6 0.200 2.9 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.4 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6 9.0 × 10–7
M 0.200 5.0 × 10–6 0.100 3.7 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6 1.1 × 10–6
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–5 0.010 1.8 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6 5.6 × 10–6

Pb-211 0.601 h F 0.600 2.5 × 10–8 0.200 1.7 × 10–8 8.7 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9
M 0.200 6.2 × 10–8 0.100 4.5 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
S 0.020 6.6 × 10–8 0.010 4.8 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8

Pb-212 10.6 h F 0.600 1.9 × 10–7 0.200 1.2 × 10–7 5.4 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8
M 0.200 6.2 × 10–7 0.100 4.6 × 10–7 3.0 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7
S 0.020 6.7 × 10–7 0.010 5.0 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7 2.5 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7
Pb-214 0.447 h F 0.600 2.2 × 10–8 0.200 1.5 × 10–8 6.9 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9
M 0.200 6.4 × 10–8 0.100 4.6 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
S 0.020 6.9 × 10–8 0.010 5.0 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8

Bismuth
Bi-200 0.606 h F 0.100 1.9 × 10–10 0.050 1.5 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
M 0.100 2.5 × 10–10 0.050 1.9 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 6.3 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11

Bi-201 1.80 h F 0.100 4.0 × 10–10 0.050 3.1 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11 4.4 × 10–11
M 0.100 5.5 × 10–10 0.050 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
 304
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Bi-202 1.67 h F 0.100 3.4 × 10–10 0.050 2.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11
M 0.100 4.2 × 10–10 0.050 3.4 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.9 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11
Bi-203 11.8 h F 0.100 1.5 × 10–9 0.050 1.2 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.0 × 10–9 0.050 1.6 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
Bi-205 15.3 d F 0.100 3.0 × 10–9 0.050 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
M 0.100 5.5 × 10–9 0.050 4.4 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10

Bi-206 6.24 d F 0.100 6.1 × 10–9 0.050 4.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 9.1 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–10
M 0.100 1.0 × 10–8 0.050 8.0 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
Bi-207 38.0 a F 0.100 4.3 × 10–9 0.050 3.3 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.0 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10
M 0.100 2.3 × 10–8 0.050 2.0 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9

Bi-210 5.01 d F 0.100 1.1 × 10–8 0.050 6.9 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 3.9 × 10–7 0.050 3.0 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 9.3 × 10–8
Bi-210m 3.00 × 106 a F 0.100 4.1 × 10–7 0.050 2.6 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 8.3 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–8 4.6 × 10–8
M 0.100 1.5 × 10–5 0.050 1.1 × 10–5 7.0 × 10–6 4.8 × 10–6 4.1 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–6
Bi-212 1.01 h F 0.100 6.5 × 10–8 0.050 4.5 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 1.6 × 10–7 0.050 1.1 × 10–7 6.0 × 10–8 4.4 × 10–8 3.8 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8
Bi-213 0.761 h F 0.100 7.7 × 10–8 0.050 5.3 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8
M 0.100 1.6 × 10–7 0.050 1.2 × 10–7 6.0 × 10–8 4.4 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8
Bi-214 0.332 h F 0.100 5.0 × 10–8 0.050 3.5 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–9
M 0.100 8.7 × 10–8 0.050 6.1 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
 305
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Polonium

Po-203 0.612 h F 0.200 1.9 × 10–10 0.100 1.5 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 2.8 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 2.7 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–10 0.010 2.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 3.6 × 10–11
Po-205 1.80 h F 0.200 2.6 × 10–10 0.100 2.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 6.6 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.200 4.0 × 10–10 0.100 3.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
S 0.020 4.2 × 10–10 0.010 3.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11

Po-207 5.83 h F 0.200 4.8 × 10–10 0.100 4.0 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 7.3 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11
M 0.200 6.2 × 10–10 0.100 5.1 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.9 × 10–11 7.8 × 10–11
S 0.020 6.6 × 10–10 0.010 5.3 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11

Po-210 138 d F 0.200 7.4 × 10–6 0.100 4.8 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6 7.7 × 10–7 6.1 × 10–7
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–5 0.100 1.1 × 10–5 6.7 × 10–6 4.6 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–6 3.3 × 10–6
S 0.020 1.8 × 10–5 0.010 1.4 × 10–5 8.6 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6 5.1 × 10–6 4.3 × 10–6

Astatine

At-207 1.80 h F 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 1.000 1.7 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
M 1.000 9.2 × 10–9 1.000 6.7 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.3 × 10–9
At-211 7.21 h F 1.000 1.4 × 10–7 1.000 9.7 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8
M 1.000 5.2 × 10–7 1.000 3.7 × 10–7 1.9 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
 306
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Francium

Fr-222 0.240 h F 1.000 9.1 × 10–8 1.000 6.3 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
Fr-223 0.363 h F 1.000 1.1 × 10–8 1.000 7.3 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 8.9 × 10–10

Radiumh
Ra-223 11.4 d F 0.600 3.0 × 10–6 0.200 1.0 × 10–6 4.9 × 10–7 4.0 × 10–7 3.3 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7
M 0.200 2.8 × 10–5 0.100 2.1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 9.9 × 10–6 9.4 × 10–6 7.4 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.2 × 10–5 0.010 2.4 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 8.7 × 10–6
Ra-224 3.66 d F 0.600 1.5 × 10–6 0.200 6.0 × 10–7 2.9 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–8
M 0.200 1.1 × 10–5 0.100 8.2 × 10–6 5.3 × 10–6 3.9 × 10–6 3.7 × 10–6 3.0 × 10–6
S 0.020 1.2 × 10–5 0.010 9.2 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–6
Ra-225 14.8 d F 0.600 4.0 × 10–6 0.200 1.2 × 10–6 5.6 × 10–7 4.6 × 10–7 3.8 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7
M 0.200 2.4 × 10–5 0.100 1.8 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 8.4 × 10–6 7.9 × 10–6 6.3 × 10–6
S 0.020 2.8 × 10–5 0.010 2.2 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 9.8 × 10–6 7.7 × 10–6
Ra-226 1.60 × 103 a F 0.600 2.6 × 10–6 0.200 9.4 × 10–7 5.5 × 10–7 7.2 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–6 3.6 × 10–7
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–5 0.100 1.1 × 10–5 7.0 × 10–6 4.9 × 10–6 4.5 × 10–6 3.5 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.4 × 10–5 0.010 2.9 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 9.5 × 10–6
Ra-227 0.703 h F 0.600 1.5 × 10–9 0.200 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10
M 0.200 8.0 × 10–10 0.100 6.7 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 1.0 × 10–9 0.010 8.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
 307
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Ra-228 5.75 a F 0.600 1.7 × 10–5 0.200 5.7 × 10–6 3.1 × 10–6 3.6 × 10–6 4.6 × 10–6 9.0 × 10–7
M 0.200 1.5 × 10–5 0.100 1.0 × 10–5 6.3 × 10–6 4.6 × 10–6 4.4 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6
S 0.020 4.9 × 10–5 0.010 4.8 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5

Actinium
Ac-224 2.90 h F 0.005 1.3 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.005 4.2 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7
S 0.005 4.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–7 2.2 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7
Ac-225 10.0 d F 0.005 1.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6 1.1 × 10–6 8.8 × 10–7
M 0.005 2.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 9.3 × 10–6 7.4 × 10–6
S 0.005 3.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 8.5 × 10–6
Ac-226 1.21 d F 0.005 1.5 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–7 2.6 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 9.6 × 10–8
M 0.005 4.3 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–6 2.1 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.2 × 10–6
S 0.005 4.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–6 2.3 × 10–6 1.7 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6
Ac-227 21.8 a F 0.005 1.7 × 10–3 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–3 1.0 × 10–3 7.2 × 10–4 5.6 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–4
M 0.005 5.7 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 5.5 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–4
S 0.005 2.2 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–5 7.6 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–5
Ac-228 6.13 h F 0.005 1.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–7 9.7 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8
M 0.005 8.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–8 4.7 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
S 0.005 6.4 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–8 3.3 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8
 308
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Thorium

Th-226 0.515 h F 0.005 1.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–7 4.8 × 10–8 3.4 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8
M 0.005 3.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 8.3 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–8 5.8 × 10–8
S 0.005 3.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 8.8 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8
Th-227 18.7 d F 0.005 8.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 5.2 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6 1.6 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 6.7 × 10–7
M 0.005 3.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 8.5 × 10–6
S 0.005 3.9 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5

Th-228 1.91 a F 0.005 1.8 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–5 5.2 × 10–5 3.6 × 10–5 2.9 × 10–5
M 0.005 1.3 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–5 4.6 × 10–5 3.9 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–5 5.5 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5

Th-229 7.34 × 103 a F 0.005 5.4 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 5.1 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–4
M 0.005 2.3 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4
S 0.005 2.1 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–5 7.6 × 10–5 7.1 × 10–5

Th-230 7.70 × 104 a F 0.005 2.1 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–4
M 0.005 7.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–5 5.5 × 10–5 4.3 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5 4.3 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5
Th-231 1.06 d F 0.005 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.8 × 10–11
M 0.005 2.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 7.6 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10 4.1 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10

Th-232 1.40 × 1010 a F 0.005 2.3 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4
M 0.005 8.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–5 6.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5
S 0.005 5.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5 2.5 × 10–5 2.5 × 10–5
 309
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Th-234 24.1 d F 0.005 4.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
M 0.005 3.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9
S 0.005 4.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–9

Protactinium
Pa-227 0.638 h M 0.005 3.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–7 1.4 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 9.0 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8
S 0.005 3.8 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 8.1 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–8

Pa-228 22.0 h M 0.005 2.6 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 8.8 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–8 6.4 × 10–8
S 0.005 2.9 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–7 1.5 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–7 9.1 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–8

Pa-230 17.4 d M 0.005 2.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–6 1.1 × 10–6 8.3 × 10–7 7.6 × 10–7 6.1 × 10–7
S 0.005 2.9 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–6 1.4 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 9.6 × 10–7 7.6 × 10–7
Pa-231 3.27 × 104 a M 0.005 2.2 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4
S 0.005 7.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–5 5.2 × 10–5 3.9 × 10–5 3.6 × 10–5 3.4 × 10–5

Pa-232 1.31 d M 0.005 1.9 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8
S 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9

Pa-233 27.0 d M 0.005 1.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–8 6.5 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.7 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–8 7.5 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9
Pa-234 6.70 h M 0.005 2.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 4.7 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
S 0.005 2.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
 310
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Uranium

U-230 20.8 d F 0.040 3.2 × 10–6 0.020 1.5 × 10–6 7.2 × 10–7 5.4 × 10–7 4.1 × 10–7 3.8 × 10–7
M 0.040 4.9 × 10–5 0.020 3.7 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 1.8 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5
S 0.020 5.8 × 10–5 0.002 4.4 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–5 2.1 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5
U-231 4.20 d F 0.040 8.9 × 10–10 0.020 6.2 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11
M 0.040 2.4 × 10–9 0.020 1.7 × 10–9 9.4 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10
S 0.020 2.6 × 10–9 0.002 1.9 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–10 4.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10

U-232 72.0 a F 0.040 1.6 × 10–5 0.020 1.0 × 10–5 6.9 × 10–6 6.8 × 10–6 7.5 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–6
M 0.040 3.0 × 10–5 0.020 2.4 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 7.8 × 10–6
S 0.020 1.0 × 10–4 0.002 9.7 × 10–5 6.6 × 10–5 4.3 × 10–5 3.8 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5

U-233 1.58 × 105 a F 0.040 2.2 × 10–6 0.020 1.4 × 10–6 9.4 × 10–7 8.4 × 10–7 8.6 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–7
M 0.040 1.5 × 10–5 0.020 1.1 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–6 4.9 × 10–6 4.3 × 10–6 3.6 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.4 × 10–5 0.002 3.0 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 9.6 × 10–6

U-234 2.44 × 105 a F 0.040 2.1 × 10–6 0.020 1.4 × 10–6 9.0 × 10–7 8.0 × 10–7 8.2 × 10–7 5.6 × 10–7
M 0.040 1.5 × 10–5 0.020 1.1 × 10–5 7.0 × 10–6 4.8 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–6 3.5 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.3 × 10–5 0.002 2.9 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 9.4 × 10–6
U-235 7.04 × 108 a F 0.040 2.0 × 10–6 0.020 1.3 × 10–6 8.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–7 7.7 × 10–7 5.2 × 10–7
M 0.040 1.3 × 10–5 0.020 1.0 × 10–5 6.3 × 10–6 4.3 × 10–6 3.7 × 10–6 3.1 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.0 × 10–5 0.002 2.6 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 9.2 × 10–6 8.5 × 10–6

U-236 2.34 × 107 a F 0.040 2.0 × 10–6 0.020 1.3 × 10–6 8.5 × 10–7 7.5 × 10–7 7.8 × 10–7 5.3 × 10–7
M 0.040 1.4 × 10–5 0.020 1.0 × 10–5 6.5 × 10–6 4.5 × 10–6 3.9 × 10–6 3.2 × 10–6
S 0.020 3.1 × 10–5 0.002 2.7 × 10–5 1.8 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 9.5 × 10–6 8.7 × 10–6
 311
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

U-237 6.75 d F 0.040 1.8 × 10–9 0.020 1.5 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
M 0.040 7.8 × 10–9 0.020 5.7 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9
S 0.020 8.7 × 10–9 0.002 6.4 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9

U-238 4.47 × 109 a F 0.040 1.9 × 10–6 0.020 1.3 × 10–6 8.2 × 10–7 7.3 × 10–7 7.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–7
M 0.040 1.2 × 10–5 0.020 9.4 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–6 2.9 × 10–6
S 0.020 2.9 × 10–5 0.002 2.5 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 8.7 × 10–6 8.0 × 10–6

U-239 0.392 h F 0.040 1.0 × 10–10 0.020 6.6 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.2 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–11
M 0.040 1.8 × 10–10 0.020 1.2 × 10–10 5.6 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
S 0.020 1.9 × 10–10 0.002 1.2 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.9 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11

U-240 14.1 h F 0.040 2.4 × 10–9 0.020 1.6 × 10–9 7.1 × 10–10 4.5 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
M 0.040 4.6 × 10–9 0.020 3.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
S 0.020 4.9 × 10–9 0.002 3.3 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10

Neptunium
Np-232 0.245 h F 0.005 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10
M 0.005 8.9 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.5 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.2 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11
Np-233 0.603 h F 0.005 1.1 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–12 4.2 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–12 1.1 × 10–12
M 0.005 1.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–12 3.3 × 10–12 2.1 × 10–12 1.6 × 10–12
S 0.005 1.5 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–12 3.4 × 10–12 2.1 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–12
 312
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Np-234 4.40 d F 0.005 2.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.2 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.5 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.5 × 10–10

Np-235 1.08 a F 0.005 4.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.5 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 7.5 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
M 0.005 2.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10 4.2 × 10–10
S 0.005 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10 5.2 × 10–10

Np-236 1.15 × 105 a F 0.005 8.9 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–6 7.2 × 10–6 7.5 × 10–6 7.9 × 10–6 8.0 × 10–6
M 0.005 3.0 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–6 2.7 × 10–6 2.7 × 10–6 3.1 × 10–6 3.2 × 10–6
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6 1.0 × 10–6

Np-236m 22.5 h F 0.005 2.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 9.0 × 10–9
M 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 8.9 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–9
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–8 8.5 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 4.2 × 10–9
Np-237 2.14 × 106 a F 0.005 9.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 9.3 × 10–5 6.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5
M 0.005 4.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 2.3 × 10–5
S 0.005 3.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–5 2.1 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5

Np-238 2.12 d F 0.005 9.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9
M 0.005 7.3 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
S 0.005 8.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.7 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
Np-239 2.36 d F 0.005 2.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10
M 0.005 5.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 5.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9
 313
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Np-240 1.08 h F 0.005 3.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 7.7 × 10–11 4.7 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
M 0.005 6.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 8.5 × 10–11
S 0.005 6.5 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 9.0 × 10–11

Plutonium
Pu-234 8.80 h F 0.005 3.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 5.7 × 10–9 3.6 × 10–9 3.0 × 10–9
M 0.005 7.8 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8
S 1.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–5 6.6 × 10–8 4.2 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 3.0 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8
Pu-235 0.422 h F 0.005 1.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–12 3.9 × 10–12 2.2 × 10–12 1.3 × 10–12 1.0 × 10–12
M 0.005 1.3 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–12 2.9 × 10–12 1.9 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–12
S 1.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–11 1.0 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–11 5.1 × 10–12 3.0 × 10–12 1.9 × 10–12 1.5 × 10–12
Pu-236 2.85 a F 0.005 1.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–5 6.1 × 10–5 4.4 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5
M 0.005 4.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–5 2.9 × 10–5 2.1 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 3.1 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5
Pu-237 45.3 d F 0.005 2.2 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–9 7.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10
M 0.005 1.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.9 × 10–10 4.8 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10
Pu-238 87.7 a F 0.005 2.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4
M 0.005 7.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.4 × 10–5 5.6 × 10–5 4.4 × 10–5 4.3 × 10–5 4.6 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5
 314
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pu-239 2.41 × 104 a F 0.005 2.1 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4
M 0.005 8.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–5 6.0 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 3.9 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5

Pu-240 6.54 × 103 a F 0.005 2.1 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4
M 0.005 8.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.7 × 10–5 6.0 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.3 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 3.9 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5

Pu-241 14.4 a F 0.005 2.8 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 2.9 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6 2.4 × 10–6 2.2 × 10–6 2.3 × 10–6
M 0.005 9.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 9.7 × 10–7 9.2 × 10–7 8.3 × 10–7 8.6 × 10–7 9.0 × 10–7
S 1.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–7 1.0 × 10–5 2.3 × 10–7 2.0 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7

Pu-242 3.76 × 105 a F 0.005 2.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4
M 0.005 7.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–5 5.7 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 3.6 × 10–5 2.5 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5
Pu-243 4.95 h F 0.005 2.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–10 8.8 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11
M 0.005 5.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11
S 1.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 8.6 × 10–11

Pu-244 8.26 × 107 a F 0.005 2.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4
M 0.005 7.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 7.2 × 10–5 5.6 × 10–5 4.5 × 10–5 4.4 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5
S 1.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 3.5 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5
Pu-245 10.5 h F 0.005 1.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.5 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.5 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 8.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10
S 1.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 8.5 × 10–10 5.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
 315
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Pu-246 10.9 d F 0.005 2.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–8 7.0 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.5 × 10–9
M 0.005 3.5 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 9.1 × 10–9 7.4 × 10–9
S 1.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–5 2.8 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 8.0 × 10–9

Americium
Am-237 1.22 h F 0.005 9.8 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–11 3.5 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 2.5 × 10–11
S 0.005 1.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.5 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11
Am-238 1.63 h F 0.005 4.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.6 × 10–11 8.8 × 10–11 9.0 × 10–11
S 0.005 2.7 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 5.4 × 10–11
Am-239 11.9 h F 0.005 8.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 5.8 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 9.1 × 10–11 7.6 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.5 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.7 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
S 0.005 1.6 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10
Am-240 2.12 d F 0.005 2.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 8.8 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10
M 0.005 2.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
S 0.005 3.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 5.3 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10
Am-241 4.32 × 102 a F 0.005 1.8 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–5 9.6 × 10–5
M 0.005 7.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–5 5.1 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5
 316
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Am-242 16.0 h F 0.005 9.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 7.1 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
M 0.005 7.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.9 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8
S 0.005 8.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 6.2 × 10–8 3.9 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8

Am-242m 1.52 × 102 a F 0.005 1.6 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–5 8.8 × 10–5 9.2 × 10–5
M 0.005 5.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 5.3 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5 3.4 × 10–5 3.5 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5
S 0.005 2.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5

Am-243 7.38 × 103 a F 0.005 1.8 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–5 9.6 × 10–5
M 0.005 7.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5 4.0 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.9 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5 1.8 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5

Am-244 10.1 h F 0.005 1.0 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 9.2 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 4.1 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9
M 0.005 6.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9
S 0.005 6.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 4.8 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9
Am-244m 0.433 h F 0.005 4.6 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
M 0.005 3.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 8.3 × 10–11 8.4 × 10–11
S 0.005 3.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 5.7 × 10–11

Am-245 2.05 h F 0.005 2.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–10 6.2 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.4 × 10–11 2.1 × 10–11
M 0.005 3.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11 6.4 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11
S 0.005 4.1 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.8 × 10–10 1.3 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
Am-246 0.650 h F 0.005 3.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 2.0 × 10–10 9.3 × 10–11 6.1 × 10–11 3.8 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
M 0.005 5.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–11 6.6 × 10–11
S 0.005 5.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 6.9 × 10–11
 317
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Am-246m 0.417 h F 0.005 1.3 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–11 4.2 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 1.6 × 10–11 1.4 × 10–11
M 0.005 1.9 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–10 6.1 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 2.6 × 10–11 2.2 × 10–11
S 0.005 2.0 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 2.7 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11

Curium
Cm-238 2.40 h F 0.005 7.7 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 1.8 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–10
M 0.005 2.1 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–8 7.9 × 10–9 5.9 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9
S 0.005 2.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–8 8.6 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9
Cm-240 27.0 d F 0.005 8.3 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–6 3.2 × 10–6 2.0 × 10–6 1.5 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6
M 0.005 1.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 9.1 × 10–6 5.8 × 10–6 4.2 × 10–6 3.8 × 10–6 3.2 × 10–6
S 0.005 1.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 9.9 × 10–6 6.4 × 10–6 4.6 × 10–6 4.3 × 10–6 3.5 × 10–6
Cm-241 32.8 d F 0.005 1.1 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 8.9 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8 3.5 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.7 × 10–8
M 0.005 1.3 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–7 6.6 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 4.4 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8
S 0.005 1.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–7 6.9 × 10–8 4.9 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8
Cm-242 163 d F 0.005 2.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.1 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 6.1 × 10–6 4.0 × 10–6 3.3 × 10–6
M 0.005 2.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 7.3 × 10–6 6.4 × 10–6 5.2 × 10–6
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 8.2 × 10–6 7.3 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6
Cm-243 28.5 a F 0.005 1.6 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 9.5 × 10–5 7.3 × 10–5 6.5 × 10–5 6.9 × 10–5
M 0.005 6.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.1 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5 3.1 × 10–5 3.0 × 10–5 3.1 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5 1.8 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5
 318
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Cm-244 18.1 a F 0.005 1.5 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–4 8.3 × 10–5 6.1 × 10–5 5.3 × 10–5 5.7 × 10–5
M 0.005 6.2 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 5.7 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 2.6 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.8 × 10–5 2.5 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5

Cm-245 8.50 × 103 a F 0.005 1.9 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–5 9.9 × 10–5
M 0.005 7.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–5 5.1 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.5 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5

Cm-246 4.73 × 103 a F 0.005 1.9 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 1.0 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–5 9.8 × 10–5
M 0.005 7.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.9 × 10–5 5.1 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.0 × 10–5 2.7 × 10–5 1.9 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5

Cm-247 1.56 × 107 a F 0.005 1.7 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 9.4 × 10–5 8.6 × 10–5 9.0 × 10–5
M 0.005 6.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 6.3 × 10–5 4.7 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5 3.7 × 10–5 3.9 × 10–5
S 0.005 4.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–5 2.4 × 10–5 1.7 × 10–5 1.5 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5
Cm-248 3.39 × 105 a F 0.005 6.8 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–4 4.5 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–4 3.4 × 10–4 3.6 × 10–4
M 0.005 2.5 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 2.4 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.4 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4
S 0.005 1.4 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–5 5.6 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5

Cm-249 1.07 h F 0.005 1.8 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–11 5.9 × 10–11 4.6 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11 4.0 × 10–11
M 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10 8.2 × 10–11 5.8 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
S 0.005 2.4 × 10–10 5.0 × 10–4 1.6 × 10–10 7.8 × 10–11 5.3 × 10–11 3.9 × 10–11 3.3 × 10–11
Cm-250 6.90 × 103 a F 0.005 3.9 × 10–3 5.0 × 10–4 3.7 × 10–3 2.6 × 10–3 2.1 × 10–3 2.0 × 10–3 2.1 × 10–3
M 0.005 1.4 × 10–3 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–3 9.9 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–4 8.4 × 10–4
S 0.005 7.2 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 6.5 × 10–4 4.4 × 10–4 3.0 × 10–4 2.7 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–4
 319
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Berkelium

Bk-245 4.94 d M 0.005 8.8 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.6 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Bk-246 1.83 d M 0.005 2.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.7 × 10–9 9.3 × 10–10 6.0 × 10–10 4.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10
Bk-247 1.38 × 103 a M 0.005 1.5 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 7.9 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–5 6.9 × 10–5
Bk-249 320 d M 0.005 3.3 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 3.3 × 10–7 2.4 × 10–7 1.8 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7
Bk-250 3.22 h M 0.005 3.4 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–9 2.0 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9

Californium
Cf-244 0.323 h M 0.005 7.6 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–4 5.4 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
Cf-246 1.49 d M 0.005 1.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–6 8.3 × 10–7 6.1 × 10–7 5.7 × 10–7 4.5 × 10–7
Cf-248 334 d M 0.005 3.8 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.2 × 10–5 2.1 × 10–5 1.4 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 8.8 × 10–6
Cf-249 3.50 × 102 a M 0.005 1.6 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–5 7.2 × 10–5 7.0 × 10–5
Cf-250 13.1 a M 0.005 1.1 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 9.8 × 10–5 6.6 × 10–5 4.2 × 10–5 3.5 × 10–5 3.4 × 10–5
Cf-251 8.98 × 102 a M 0.005 1.6 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.5 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 8.1 × 10–5 7.3 × 10–5 7.1 × 10–5
Cf-252 2.64 a M 0.005 9.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 8.7 × 10–5 5.6 × 10–5 3.2 × 10–5 2.2 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5
Cf-253 17.8 d M 0.005 5.4 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 4.2 × 10–6 2.6 × 10–6 1.9 × 10–6 1.7 × 10–6 1.3 × 10–6
Cf-254 60.5 d M 0.005 2.5 × 10–4 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–4 1.1 × 10–4 7.0 × 10–5 4.8 × 10–5 4.1 × 10–5

Einsteinium

Es-250 2.10 h M 0.005 2.0 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 1.8 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 7.8 × 10–10 6.4 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–10
Es-251 1.38 d M 0.005 7.9 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–4 6.0 × 10–9 3.9 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.6 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9
Es-253 20.5 d M 0.005 1.1 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 8.0 × 10–6 5.1 × 10–6 3.7 × 10–6 3.4 × 10–6 2.7 × 10–6
 320
Table A9.2E. members of the public: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) via inhalation (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical f1 for
Radionuclidea
half-life g>1a
Type f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)

Es-254 276 d M 0.005 3.7 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 3.1 × 10–5 2.0 × 10–5 1.3 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–5 8.6 × 10–6
Es-254m 1.64 d M 0.005 1.7 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.3 × 10–6 8.4 × 10–7 6.3 × 10–7 5.9 × 10–7 4.7 × 10–7

Fermium
Fm-252 22.7 h M 0.005 1.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 9.0 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–7 4.3 × 10–7 4.0 × 10–7 3.2 × 10–7
Fm-253 3.00 d M 0.005 1.5 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 1.2 × 10–6 7.3 × 10–7 5.4 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–7 4.0 × 10–7
Fm-254 3.24 h M 0.005 3.2 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 2.3 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 9.8 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–8
Fm-255 20.1 h M 0.005 1.2 × 10–6 5.0 × 10–4 7.3 × 10–7 4.7 × 10–7 3.5 × 10–7 3.4 × 10–7 2.7 × 10–7
Fm-257 101 d M 0.005 3.3 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 2.6 × 10–5 1.6 × 10–5 1.1 × 10–5 8.8 × 10–6 7.1 × 10–6

Mendelevium
Md-257 5.20 h M 0.005 1.0 × 10–7 5.0 × 10–4 8.2 × 10–8 5.1 × 10–8 3.6 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.5 × 10–8
Md-258 55.0 d M 0.005 2.4 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 1.9 × 10–5 1.2 × 10–5 8.6 × 10–6 7.3 × 10–6 5.9 × 10–6
a
m and mʹ denote metastable states of the radionuclide. The metastable state mʹ is of higher energy than the metastable state m.
b
The f1 value for calcium for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.4.
c
The f1 value for iron for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.2.
d
The f1 value for cobalt for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.3.
e
The f1 value for strontium for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.4.
f
The f1 value for barium for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.3.
g
The f1 value for lead for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.4.
h
The f1 value for radium for 1–15 year olds for Type F is 0.3.
Note: Types F, M and S denote fast, moderate and slow absorption from the lung, respectively. f1: gut transfer factor; e(g): effective dose per unit intake by age group.
 321

Table A9.2F. lung absorption types used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for exposure due to particulate aerosols or due to gases and vapours for members of the
public
Absorption ICRP Publication No. for details of biokinetic model
Element
type(s)a and absorption type(s)

Hydrogen F, M b, S, G Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Beryllium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Carbon F, M b, S, G Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Fluorine F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Sodium F Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Magnesium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Aluminium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Silicon F, M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Phosphorus F, M Publication 30, Part 1 [34]

Sulphur F, M b, S, G Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Chlorine F, M Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Potassium F Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Calcium F, M, S Publication 71 [33]

Scandium S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Titanium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Vanadium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Chromium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Manganese F, M Publication 30, Part 1 [34]

Iron F, M b, S Publications 69 [35] and 71 [33]

Cobalt F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Nickel F, M b, S, G Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Copper F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Zinc F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Gallium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

 322
Table A9.2F. lung absorption types used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for exposure due to particulate aerosols or due to gases and vapours for members of the
public (cont.)

Absorption ICRP Publication No. for details of biokinetic model

Element
type(s)a and absorption type(s)

Germanium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Arsenic M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Selenium Fb, M, S Publications 69 [35] and 71 [33]

Bromine F, M Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Rubidium F Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Strontium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Yttrium M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Zirconium F, M b, S Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Niobium F, M b, S Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Molybdenum F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Technetium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Ruthenium F, M b, S, G Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Rhodium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Palladium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Silver F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Cadmium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Indium F, M Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Tin F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Antimony F, M b, S Publications 69 [35] and 71 [33]

Tellurium F, M b, S, G Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Iodine Fb, M, S, G Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Caesium Fb, M, S Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Barium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Lanthanum F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

 323
Table A9.2F. lung absorption types used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for exposure due to particulate aerosols or due to gases and vapours for members of the
public (cont.)

Absorption ICRP Publication No. for details of biokinetic model

Element
type(s)a and absorption type(s)

Cerium F, M b, S Publications 56 [31], 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Praseodymium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Neodymium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Promethium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Samarium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Europium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Gadolinium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Terbium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Dysprosium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Holmium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Erbium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Thulium M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Ytterbium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Lutetium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Hafnium F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Tantalum M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Tungsten F Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Rhenium F, M Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Osmium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Iridium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Platinum F Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Gold F, M, S Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Mercury F, M, G Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Thallium F Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

 324
Table A9.2F. lung absorption types used to calculate committed effective dose per unit intake via
inhalation for exposure due to particulate aerosols or due to gases and vapours for members of the
public (cont.)

Absorption ICRP Publication No. for details of biokinetic model

Element
type(s)a and absorption type(s)

Lead F, M b, S, G Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Bismuth F, M Publication 30, Part 2 [34]

Polonium F, M b, S, G Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Astatine F, M Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Francium F Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Radium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Actinium F, M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Thorium F, M, Sb Publications 69 [35] and 71 [33]

Protactinium M, S Publication 30, Part 3 [34]

Uranium F, M b, S Publications 69 [35] and 71 [33]

Neptunium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Plutonium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Americium F, M b, S Publications 67 [32] and 71 [33]

Curium F, M b, S Publication 71 [33]

Berkelium M Publication 30, Part 4 [34]

Californium M Publication 30, Part 4 [34]

Einsteinium M Publication 30, Part 4 [34]

Fermium M Publication 30, Part 4 [34]

Mendelevium M Publication 30, Part 4 [34]

a
For particulates: F: fast; M: moderate; S: slow; G: gases and vapours.
b
Recommended default absorption type for particulate aerosol when no specific information is available (see ICRP
Publication No. 71 [ICRP, Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides — Part 4 Inhalation
Dose Coefficients, Publication 71, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1995). ]).
 325

Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Radionuclide Physical Absorptiona % f1 for
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Tritiated 12.3 a V 100 1.000 6.4 × 10–11 1.000 4.8 × 10–11 3.1 × 10–11 2.3 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11 1.8 × 10–11
water
Elemental 12.3 a V 0.01 1.000 6.4 × 10–15 1.000 4.8 × 10–15 3.1 × 10–15 2.3 × 10–15 1.8 × 10–15 1.8 × 10–15
hydrogen
Tritiated 12.3 a V 1 1.000 6.4 × 10–13 1.000 4.8 × 10–13 3.1 × 10–13 2.3 × 10–13 1.8 × 10–13 1.8 × 10–13
methane
Organically 12.3 a V 100 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 1.000 1.1 × 10–10 7.0 × 10–11 5.5 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11 4.1 × 10–11
bound tritium
Carbon-11 0.340 h V 100 1.000 2.8 × 10–11 1.000 1.8 × 10–11 9.7 × 10–12 6.1 × 10–12 3.8 × 10–12 3.2 × 10–12
vapour
Carbon-11 0.340 h V 100 1.000 1.8 × 10–11 1.000 1.2 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–12 4.1 × 10–12 2.5 × 10–12 2.2 × 10–12
dioxide
Carbon-11 0.340 h V 40 1.000 1.0 × 10–11 1.000 6.7 × 10–12 3.5 × 10–12 2.2 × 10–12 1.4 × 10–12 1.2 × 10–12
monoxide
Carbon-14 5.73 × 103 a V 100 1.000 1.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 9.7 × 10–10 7.9 × 10–10 5.7 × 10–10 5.8 × 10–10
vapour
Carbon-14 5.73 × 103 a V 100 1.000 1.9 × 10–11 1.000 1.9 × 10–11 1.1 × 10–11 8.9 × 10–12 6.3 × 10–12 6.2 × 10–12
dioxide
Carbon-14 5.73 × 103 a V 40 1.000 9.1 × 10–12 1.000 5.7 × 10–12 2.8 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–12 9.9 × 10–13 8.0 × 10–13
monoxide
 326
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Sulphur-35 87.4 d F 85 1.000 9.4 × 10 –10 0.800 6.6 × 10 –10 3.4 × 10 –10 2.1 × 10 –10 1.3 × 10 –10 1.1 × 10 –10
dioxide
c
Nickel-56 6.10 d 100 1.000 6.8 × 10 –9 1.000 5.2 × 10 –9 3.2 × 10 –9 2.1 × 10 –9 1.4 × 10 –9 1.2 × 10 –9
carbonyl
Nickel-57 1.50 d c 100 1.000 3.1 × 10 –9 1.000 2.3 × 10 –9 1.4 × 10 –9 9.2 × 10 –10 6.5 × 10 –10 5.6 × 10 –10
carbonyl
Nickel-59 7.50 × 10 4 a c
100 1.000 4.0 × 10 –9 1.000 3.3 × 10 –9 2.0 × 10 –9 1.3 × 10 –9 9.1 × 10 –10 8.3 × 10 –10
carbonyl
Nickel-63 96.0 a c 100 1.000 9.5 × 10 –9 1.000 8.0 × 10 –9 4.8 × 10 –9 3.0 × 10 –9 2.2 × 10 –9 2.0 × 10 –9
carbonyl
Nickel-65 2.52 h c 100 1.000 2.0 × 10 –9 1.000 1.4 × 10 –9 8.1 × 10 –10 5.6 × 10 –10 4.0 × 10 –10 3.6 × 10 –10
carbonyl
Nickel-66 2.27 d c 100 1.000 1.0 × 10 –8 1.000 7.1 × 10 –9 4.0 × 10 –9 2.7 × 10 –9 1.8 × 10 –9 1.6 × 10 –9
carbonyl
Ruthenium-94 0.863 h F 100 0.100 5.5 × 10 –10 0.050 3.5 × 10 –10 1.8 × 10 –10 1.1 × 10 –10 7.0 × 10 –11 5.6 × 10 –11
tetroxide
Ruthenium-97 2.90 d F 100 0.100 8.7 × 10 –10 0.050 6.2 × 10 –10 3.4 × 10 –10 2.2 × 10 –10 1.4 × 10 –10 1.2 × 10 –10
tetroxide
Ruthenium-103 39.3 d F 100 0.100 9.0 × 10 –9 0.050 6.2 × 10 –9 3.3 × 10 –9 2.1 × 10 –9 1.3 × 10 –9 1.1 × 10 –9
tetroxide
 327
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Ruthenium-105 4.44 h F 100 0.100 1.6 × 10–9 0.050 1.0 × 10–9 5.3 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
tetroxide
Ruthenium-106 1.01 a F 100 0.100 1.6 × 10–7 0.050 1.1 × 10–7 6.1 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8
tetroxide
Tellurium-116 2.49 h F 100 0.600 5.9 × 10–10 0.300 4.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.7 × 10–11
vapour
Tellurium-121 17.0 d F 100 0.600 3.0 × 10–9 0.300 2.4 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.6 × 10–10 6.7 × 10–10 5.1 × 10–10
vapour
Tellurium-121m 154 d F 100 0.600 3.5 × 10–8 0.300 2.7 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 9.8 × 10–9 6.6 × 10–9 5.5 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-123 1.00 × 1013 a F 100 0.600 2.8 × 10–8 0.300 2.5 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
vapour
Tellurium-123m 120 d F 100 0.600 2.5 × 10–8 0.300 1.8 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 5.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 2.9 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-125m 58.0 d F 100 0.600 1.5 × 10–8 0.300 1.1 × 10–8 5.9 × 10–9 3.2 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9 1.5 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-127 9.35 h F 100 0.600 6.1 × 10–10 0.300 4.4 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.2 × 10–11 7.7 × 10–11
vapour
Tellurium-127m 109 d F 100 0.600 5.3 × 10–8 0.300 3.7 × 10–8 1.9 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 6.1 × 10–9 4.6 × 10–9
vapour
 328
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Tellurium-129 1.16 h F 100 0.600 2.5 × 10–10 0.300 1.7 × 10–10 9.4 × 10–11 6.2 × 10–11 4.3 × 10–11 3.7 × 10–11
vapour
Tellurium-129m 33.6 d F 100 0.600 4.8 × 10–8 0.300 3.2 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 8.5 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-131 0.417 h F 100 0.600 5.1 × 10–10 0.300 4.5 × 10–10 2.6 × 10–10 1.4 × 10–10 9.5 × 10–11 6.8 × 10–11
vapour
Tellurium-131m 1.25 d F 100 0.600 2.1 × 10–8 0.300 1.9 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 5.6 × 10–9 3.7 × 10–9 2.4 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-132 3.26 d F 100 0.600 5.4 × 10–8 0.300 4.5 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 5.1 × 10–9
vapour
Tellurium-133 0.207 h F 100 0.600 5.5 × 10–10 0.300 4.7 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.1 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
vapour
Tellurium-133m 0.923 h F 100 0.600 2.3 × 10–9 0.300 2.0 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.0 × 10–10 3.3 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10
vapour
Tellurium-134 0.696 h F 100 0.600 6.8 × 10–10 0.300 5.5 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 8.4 × 10–11
vapour
Elemental 1.35 h V 100 1.000 3.0 × 10–9 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–1
iodine-120
Elemental 0.883 h V 100 1.000 1.5 × 10–9 1.000 1.2 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
iodine-120m
 329
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Elemental 2.12 h V 100 1.000 5.7 × 10–10 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 3.0 × 10–10 1.7 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.6 × 10–11
iodine-121
Elemental 13.2 h V 100 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–10 3.2 × 10–10 2.1 × 10–10
iodine-123
Elemental 4.18 d V 100 1.000 1.1 × 10–7 1.000 1.0 × 10–7 5.8 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 1.8 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8
iodine-124
Elemental 60.1 d V 100 1.000 4.7 × 10–8 1.000 5.2 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 2.8 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8
iodine-125
Elemental 13.0 d V 100 1.000 1.9 × 10–7 1.000 1.9 × 10–7 1.1 × 10–7 6.2 × 10–8 4.1 × 10–8 2.6 × 10–8
iodine-126
Elemental 0.416 h V 100 1.000 4.2 × 10–10 1.000 2.8 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10 7.5 × 10–11 6.5 × 10–11
iodine-128
Elemental 1.57 × 107 a V 100 1.000 1.7 × 10–7 1.000 2.0 × 10–7 1.6 × 10–7 1.7 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 9.6 × 10–8
iodine-129
Elemental 12.4 h V 100 1.000 1.9 × 10–8 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9 4.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 1.9 × 10–9
iodine-130
Elemental 8.04 d V 100 1.000 1.7 × 10–7 1.000 1.6 × 10–7 9.4 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 3.1 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8
iodine-131
Elemental 2.30 h V 100 1.000 2.8 × 10–9 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.3 × 10–9 6.4 × 10–10 4.3 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10
iodine-132
 330
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Elemental 1.39 h V 100 1.000 2.4 × 10–9 1.000 2.1 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 5.6 × 10–10 3.8 × 10–10 2.7 × 10–10
iodine-132m
Elemental 20.8 h V 100 1.000 4.5 × 10–8 1.000 4.1 × 10–8 2.1 × 10–8 9.7 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 4.0 × 10–9
iodine-133
Elemental 0.876 h V 100 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 1.000 6.9 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
iodine-134
Elemental 6.61 h V 100 1.000 9.7 × 10–9 1.000 8.5 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9 9.2 × 10–10
iodine-135
Methyl 1.35 h V 70 1.000 2.3 × 10–9 1.000 1.9 × 10–9 1.0 × 10–9 4.8 × 10–10 3.1 × 10–10 2.0 × 10–10
iodide-120
Methyl 0.883 h V 70 1.000 1.0 × 10–9 1.000 8.7 × 10–10 4.6 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10 1.0 × 10–10
iodide-120m
Methyl 2.12 h V 70 1.000 4.2 × 10–10 1.000 3.8 × 10–10 2.2 × 10–10 1.2 × 10–10 8.3 × 10–11 5.6 × 10–11
iodide-121
Methyl 13.2 h V 70 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 1.000 1.4 × 10–9 7.7 × 10–10 3.6 × 10–10 2.4 × 10–10 1.5 × 10–10
iodide-123
Methyl 4.18 d V 70 1.000 8.5 × 10–8 1.000 8.0 × 10–8 4.5 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.4 × 10–8 9.2 × 10–9
iodide-124
Methyl 60.1 d V 70 1.000 3.7 × 10–8 1.000 4.0 × 10–8 2.9 × 10–8 2.2 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8
iodide-125
Methyl 13.0 d V 70 1.000 1.5 × 10–7 1.000 1.5 × 10–7 9.0 × 10–8 4.8 × 10–8 3.2 × 10–8 2.0 × 10–8
iodide-126
Methyl 0.416 h V 70 1.000 1.5 × 10–10 1.000 1.2 × 10–10 6.3 × 10–11 3.0 × 10–11 1.9 × 10–11 1.3 × 10–11
iodide-128
 331
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Methyl 1.57 × 107 a V 70 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 1.000 1.5 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 9.9 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8
iodide-129
Methyl 12.4 h V 70 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 1.000 1.3 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
iodide-130
Methyl 8.04 d V 70 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 7.4 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
iodide-131
Methyl 2.30 h V 70 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
iodide-132
Methyl 1.39 h V 70 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
iodide-132m
Methyl 20.8 h V 70 1.000 3.5 × 10–8 1.000 3.2 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
iodide-133
Methyl 0.876 h V 70 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 1.000 4.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
iodide-134
Methyl 6.61 h V 70 1.000 7.5 × 10–9 1.000 6.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10
iodide-135
Mercury-193 3.50 h d
70 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 1.000 3.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-193m 11.1 h d
70 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 1.000 9.4 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-194 2.60 × 102 a d
70 1.000 9.4 × 10–8 1.000 8.3 × 10–8 6.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8
vapour
Mercury-195 9.90 h d
70 1.000 5.3 × 10–9 1.000 4.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
vapour
 332
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Methyl 1.57 × 107 a V 70 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 1.000 1.5 × 10–7 1.2 × 10–7 1.3 × 10–7 9.9 × 10–8 7.4 × 10–8
iodide-129
Methyl 12.4 h V 70 1.000 1.5 × 10–8 1.000 1.3 × 10–8 7.2 × 10–9 3.3 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
iodide-130
Methyl 8.04 d V 70 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 1.000 1.3 × 10–7 7.4 × 10–8 3.7 × 10–8 2.4 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8
iodide-131
Methyl 2.30 h V 70 1.000 2.0 × 10–9 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 9.5 × 10–10 4.4 × 10–10 2.9 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10
iodide-132
Methyl 1.39 h V 70 1.000 1.8 × 10–9 1.000 1.6 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–10 3.9 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.6 × 10–10
iodide-132m
Methyl 20.8 h V 70 1.000 3.5 × 10–8 1.000 3.2 × 10–8 1.7 × 10–8 7.6 × 10–9 4.9 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
iodide-133
Methyl 0.876 h V 70 1.000 5.1 × 10–10 1.000 4.3 × 10–10 2.3 × 10–10 1.1 × 10–10 7.4 × 10–11 5.0 × 10–11
iodide-134
Methyl 6.61 h V 70 1.000 7.5 × 10–9 1.000 6.7 × 10–9 3.5 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9 6.8 × 10–10
iodide-135
Mercury-193 3.50 h d
70 1.000 4.2 × 10–9 1.000 3.4 × 10–9 2.2 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.2 × 10–9 1.1 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-193m 11.1 h d
70 1.000 1.2 × 10–8 1.000 9.4 × 10–9 6.1 × 10–9 4.5 × 10–9 3.4 × 10–9 3.1 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-194 2.60 × 102 a d
70 1.000 9.4 × 10–8 1.000 8.3 × 10–8 6.2 × 10–8 5.0 × 10–8 4.3 × 10–8 4.0 × 10–8
vapour
Mercury-195 9.90 h d
70 1.000 5.3 × 10–9 1.000 4.3 × 10–9 2.8 × 10–9 2.1 × 10–9 1.6 × 10–9 1.4 × 10–9
vapour
 333
Table A9.2G. Inhalation: committed effective dose per unit intake e(g) (sv/bq) for soluble or reactive gases and vapours (cont.)

Age ≤ 1 a Age 1–2 a 2–7 a 7–12 a 12–17 a >17 a

Physical % f1 for
Radionuclide Absorptiona
half-life deposit g>1a
f1 e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g) e(g)b

Mercury-195m 1.73 d d
70 1.000 3.0 × 10–8 1.000 2.5 × 10–8 1.6 × 10–8 1.2 × 10–8 8.8 × 10–9 8.2 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-197 2.67 d d
70 1.000 1.6 × 10–8 1.000 1.3 × 10–8 8.4 × 10–9 6.3 × 10–9 4.7 × 10–9 4.4 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-197m 23.8 h d
70 1.000 2.1 × 10–8 1.000 1.7 × 10–8 1.1 × 10–8 8.2 × 10–9 6.2 × 10–9 5.8 × 10–9
vapour
Mercury-199m 0.710 h d
70 1.000 6.5 × 10–10 1.000 5.3 × 10–10 3.4 × 10–10 2.5 × 10–10 1.9 × 10–10 1.8 × 10–10
vapour
Mercury-203 46.6 d d
70 1.000 3.0 × 10–8 1.000 2.3 × 10–8 1.5 × 10–8 1.0 × 10–8 7.7 × 10–9 7.0 × 10–9
vapour
a
F: fast;V: material is taken to be completely and instantaneously transferred to body fluids.
b
Applicable to both workers and adult members of the public.
c
Deposition: 30%:10%:20%:40%(extrathoracic:bronchial:bronchiolar:alveolar-interstitisl; 0.1 d retention half-time (see Ref. [ICRP, Dose Coefficients for Intakes of
Radionuclides by Workers, Publication 68, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1994).]).
d Deposition: 10%:20%:40%(bronchial:bronchiolar:alveolar-interstitisl); 1.7 d retention half-time (see Ref. [ICRP, Dose Coefficients for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers,

Publication 68, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York (1994).]).

 334

Table A9.2H. Effective dose rate for exposure due to inert gases for adults a

Radionuclide Physical Effective dose rate per unit integrated air concentration
half-life (Sv · d –1/Bq · m–3)a

Argon
Ar-37 35.0 d 4.1 × 10–15
Ar-39 269 a 1.1 × 10–11
Ar-41 1.83 h 5.3 × 10–9

Krypton
Kr-74 0.192 h 4.5 × 10–9
Kr-76 14.8 h 1.6 × 10–9
Kr-77 1.245 h 3.9 × 10–9
Kr-79 1.46 d 9.7 × 10–10
Kr-81 2.10 × 105 a 2.1 × 10–11
Kr-83m 1.83 h 2.1 × 10–13
Kr-85 10.7 a 2.2 × 10–11
Kr-85m 4.48 h 5.9 × 10–10
Kr-87 1.27 h 3.4 × 10–9
Kr-88 2.84 h 8.4 × 10–9

Xenon
Xe-120 0.667 h 1.5 × 10–9
Xe-121 0.668 h 7.5 × 10–9
Xe-122 20.1 h 1.9 × 10–10
Xe-123 2.08 h 2.4 × 10–9
Xe-125 17.0 h 9.3 × 10–10
Xe-127 36.4 d 9.7 × 10–10
Xe-129m 8.0 d 8.1 × 10–11
Xe-131m 11.9 d 3.2 × 10–11
Xe-133 5.24 d 1.2 × 10–10
Xe-133m 2.19 d 1.1 × 10–10
Xe-135 9.10 h 9.6 × 10–10
Xe-135m 0.255 h 1.6 × 10–9
Xe-138 0.237 h 4.7 × 10–9
a
Applicable to both workers and adult members of the public
 335

Appendix 10: Exemption levels for moderate amounts of material

For exemption of radioactive material containing more than one radionuclide, the condition for exemption is
that the sum of the individual radionuclide activities or activity concentrations, as appropriate, is less than the
derived exemption level for the mixture (Xm), determined as follows:

1
𝑋𝑚 =
𝑓(𝑖)
∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑋(𝑖)

where

f(i) is the fraction of activity or activity concentration, as appropriate, of radionuclide i in the mixture;
X(i) is the applicable level for radionuclide i as given in the table below;
n is the number of radionuclides present.

Table A10.1 Levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide
Activity concentra-
a Activity concen-Activity a tion (Bq/g) Activity
Radionuclide Radionuclide
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq)

H-3 1 × 106 1 × 109 S-35 1 × 105 1 × 108

Be-7 1 × 103 1 × 107 Cl-36 1 × 104 1 × 106
Be-10 1 × 104 1 × 106 Cl-38 1 × 101 1 × 105
C-11 1 × 101 1 × 106 Cl-39 1 × 101 1 × 105
C-14 1 × 104 1 × 107 Ar-37 1 × 106 1 × 108
N-13 1 × 102 1 × 109 Ar-39 1 × 107 1 × 104
Ne-19 1 × 102 1 × 109 Ar-41 1 × 102 1 × 109
O-15 1 × 102 1 × 109 K-40 1 × 102 1 × 106
F-18 1 × 101 1 × 106 K-42 1 × 102 1 × 106
Na-22 1 × 101 1 × 106 K-43 1 × 101 1 × 106
Na-24 1 × 101 1 × 105 K-44 1 × 101 1 × 105
Mg-28 1 × 101 1 × 105 K-45 1 × 101 1 × 105
Al-26 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ca-41 1 × 105 1 × 107
Si-31 1 × 103 1 × 106 Ca-45 1 × 104 1 × 107
Si-32 1 × 103 1 × 106 Ca-47 1 × 101 1 × 106
P-32 1 × 103 1 × 105 Sc-43 1 × 101 1 × 106
P-33 1 × 105 1 × 108 Sc-44 1 × 101 1 × 105
 336

Table A10.1 Levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity concentra-
Activity concen-Activity tion (Bq/g) Activity
Radionuclide a Radionuclide a
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq)

Sc-45 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ni-57 1 × 101 1 × 106

Sc-46 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ni-59 1 × 104 1 × 108
Sc-47 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ni-63 1 × 105 1 × 108
Sc-48 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ni-65 1 × 101 1 × 106
Sc-49 1 × 103 1 × 105 Ni-66 1 × 104 1 × 107
Ti-44 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cu-60 1 × 101 1 × 105
Ti-45 1 × 101 1 × 106 Cu-61 1 × 101 1 × 106
V-47 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cu-64 1 × 102 1 × 106
V-48 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cu-67 1 × 102 1 × 106
V-49 1 × 104 1 × 107 Zn-62 1 × 102 1 × 106
Cr-48 1 × 102 1 × 106 Zn-63 1 × 101 1 × 105
Cr-49 1 × 101 1 × 106 Zn-65 1 × 101 1 × 106
Cr-51 1 × 103 1 × 107 Zn-69 1 × 104 1 × 106
Mn-51 1 × 101 1 × 105 Zn-69m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Mn-52 1 × 101 1 × 105 Zn-71m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Mn-52m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Zn-72 1 × 102 1 × 106
Mn-53 1 × 104 1 × 109 Ga-65 1 × 101 1 × 105
Mn-54 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ga-66 1 × 101 1 × 105
Mn-56 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ga-67 1 × 102 1 × 106
Fe-52 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ga-68 1 × 101 1 × 105
Fe-55 1 × 104 1 × 106 Ga-70 1 × 102 1 × 106
Fe-59 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ga-72 1 × 101 1 × 105
Fe-60 1 × 102 1 × 105 Ga-73 1 × 102 1 × 106
Co-55 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ge-66 1 × 101 1 × 106
Co-56 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ge-67 1 × 101 1 × 105
Co-57 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ge-68b 1 × 101 1 × 105
Co-58 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ge-69 1 × 101 1 × 106
Co-58m 1 × 104 1 × 107 Ge-71 1 × 104 1 × 108
Co-60 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ge-75 1 × 103 1 × 106
Co-60m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Ge-77 1 × 101 1 × 105
Co-61 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ge-78 1 × 102 1 × 106
Co-62m 1 × 101 1 × 105 As-69 1 × 101 1 × 105
Ni-56 1 × 101 1 × 106 As-70 1 × 101 1 × 105
 337

Table A10.1 Levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity concentra-
Activity concen-Activity tion (Bq/g) Activity
Radionuclide a Radionuclide a
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq)

As-71 1 × 101 1 × 106 Kr-85m 1 × 103 1 × 1010

As-72 1 × 101 1 × 105 Kr-87 1 × 102 1 × 109
As-73 1 × 103 1 × 107 Kr-88 1 × 102 1 × 109
As-74 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rb-79 1 × 101 1 × 105
As-76 1 × 102 1 × 105 Rb-81 1 × 101 1 × 106
As-77 1 × 103 1 × 106 Rb-81m 1 × 103 1 × 107
As-78 1 × 101 1 × 105 Rb-82m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Se-70 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rb-83b 1 × 102 1 × 106
Se-73 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rb-84 1 × 101 1 × 106
Se-73m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Rb-86 1 × 102 1 × 105
Se-75 1 × 102 1 × 106 Rb-87 1 × 103 1 × 107
Se-79 1 × 104 1 × 107 Rb-88 1 × 102 1 × 105
Se-81 1 × 103 1 × 106 Rb-89 1 × 102 1 × 105
Se-81m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Sr-80 1 × 103 1 × 107
Se-83 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sr-81 1 × 101 1 × 105
Br-74 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sr-82b 1 × 101 1 × 105
Br-74m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sr-83 1 × 101 1 × 106
Br-75 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sr-85 1 × 102 1 × 106
Br-76 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sr-85m 1 × 102 1 × 107
Br-77 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sr-87m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Br-80 1 × 102 1 × 105 Sr-89 1 × 103 1 × 106
Br-80m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Sr-90b 1 × 102 1 × 104
Br-82 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sr-91 1 × 101 1 × 105
Br-83 1 × 103 1 × 106 Sr-92 1 × 101 1 × 106
Br-84 1 × 101 1 × 105 Y-86 1 × 101 1 × 105
Kr-74 1 × 102 1 × 109 Y-86m 1 × 102 1 × 107
Kr-76 1 × 102 1 × 109 Y-87b 1 × 101 1 × 106
Kr-77 1 × 102 1 × 109 Y-88 1 × 101 1 × 106
Kr-79 1 × 103 1 × 105 Y-90 1 × 103 1 × 105
Kr-81 1 × 104 1 × 107 Y-90m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Kr-81m 1 × 103 1 × 1010 Y-91 1 × 103 1 × 106
Kr-83m 1 × 105 1 × 1012 Y-91m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Kr-85 1 × 105 1 × 104 Y-92 1 × 102 1 × 105
 338

Table A10.1 Levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity concentra-
a Activity concen-Activity a tion (Bq/g) Activity
Radionuclide Radionuclide
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq)

Y-93 1 × 102 1 × 105 Tc-97 1 × 103 1 × 108

Y-94 1 × 101 1 × 105 Tc-97m 1 × 103 1 × 107
Y-95 1 × 101 1 × 105 Tc-98 1 × 101 1 × 106
Zr-86 1 × 102 1 × 107 Tc-99 1 × 104 1 × 107
Zr-88 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tc-99m 1 × 102 1 × 107
Zr-89 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tc-101 1 × 102 1 × 106
Zr-93b 1 × 103 1 × 107 Tc-104 1 × 101 1 × 105
Zr-95 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ru-94 1 × 102 1 × 106
Zr-97b 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ru-97 1 × 102 1 × 107
Nb-88 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ru-103 1 × 102 1 × 106
Nb-89 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ru-105 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nb-89m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ru-106b 1 × 102 1 × 105
Nb-90 1 × 101 1 × 105 Rh-99 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nb-93m 1 × 104 1 × 107 Rh-99m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nb-94 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rh-100 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nb-95 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rh-101 1 × 102 1 × 107
Nb-95m 1 × 102 1 × 107 Rh-101m 1 × 102 1 × 107
Nb-96 1 × 101 1 × 105 Rh-102 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nb-97 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rh-102m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Nb-98 1 × 101 1 × 105 Rh-103m 1 × 104 1 × 108
Mo-90 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rh-105 1 × 102 1 × 107
Mo-93 1 × 103 1 × 108 Rh-106m 1 × 101 1 × 105
Mo-93m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rh-107 1 × 102 1 × 106
Mo-99 1 × 102 1 × 106 Pd-100 1 × 102 1 × 107
Mo-101 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pd-101 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tc-93 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pd-103 1 × 103 1 × 108
Tc-93m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pd-107 1 × 105 1 × 108
Tc-94 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pd-109 1 × 103 1 × 106
Tc-94m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ag-102 1 × 101 1 × 105
Tc-95 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ag-103 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tc-95m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ag-104 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tc-96 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ag-104m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tc-96m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Ag-105 1 × 102 1 × 106
 339

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity con-
a Activity concen-Activity a centration Activity
Radionuclide Radionuclide
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)

Ag-106 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sn-113 1 × 103 1 × 107

Ag-106m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sn-117m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ag-108m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sn-119m 1 × 103 1 × 107
Ag-110m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sn-121 1 × 105 1 × 107
Ag-111 1 × 103 1 × 106 Sn-121mb 1 × 103 1 × 107
Ag-112 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sn-123 1 × 103 1 × 106
Ag-115 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sn-123m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Cd-104 1 × 102 1 × 107 Sn-125 1 × 102 1 × 105
Cd-107 1 × 103 1 × 107 Sn-126b 1 × 101 1 × 105
Cd-109 1 × 104 1 × 106 Sn-127 1 × 101 1 × 106
Cd-113 1 × 103 1 × 106 Sn-128 1 × 101 1 × 106
Cd-113m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Sb-115 1 × 101 1 × 106
Cd-115 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-116 1 × 101 1 × 106
Cd-115m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Sb-116m 1 × 101 1 × 105
Cd-117 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sb-117 1 × 102 1 × 107
Cd-117m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sb-118m 1 × 101 1 × 106
In-109 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sb-119 1 × 103 1 × 107
In-110 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sb-120 1 × 102 1 × 106
In-110m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sb-120m 1 × 101 1 × 106
In-111 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-122 1 × 102 1 × 104
In-112 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-124 1 × 101 1 × 106
In-113m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-124m 1 × 102 1 × 106
In-114 1 × 103 1 × 105 Sb-125 1 × 102 1 × 106
In-114m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-126 1 × 101 1 × 105
In-115 1 × 103 1 × 105 Sb-126m 1 × 101 1 × 105
In-115m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-127 1 × 101 1 × 106
In-116m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sb-128 1 × 101 1 × 105
In-117 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sb-128m 1 × 101 1 × 105
In-117m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sb-129 1 × 101 1 × 106
In-119m 1 × 102 1 × 105 Sb-130 1 × 101 1 × 105
Sn-110 1 × 102 1 × 107 Sb-131 1 × 101 1 × 106
Sn-111 1 × 102 1 × 106 Te-116 1 × 102 1 × 107
Sn-113 1 × 103 1 × 107 Te-121 1 × 101 1 × 106
 340

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity con-
a Activity concen-Activity a centration Activity
Radionuclide Radionuclide
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)

Te-121m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Xe-123 1 × 102 1 × 109

Te-123 1 × 103 1 × 106 Xe-125 1 × 103 1 × 109
Te-123m 1 × 102 1 × 107 Xe-127 1 × 103 1 × 105
Te-125m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Xe-129m 1 × 103 1 × 104
Te-127 1 × 103 1 × 106 Xe-131m 1 × 104 1 × 104
Te-127m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Xe-133m 1 × 103 1 × 104
Te-129 1 × 102 1 × 106 Xe-133 1 × 103 1 × 104
Te-129m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Xe-135 1 × 103 1 × 1010
Te-131 1 × 102 1 × 105 Xe-135m 1 × 102 1 × 109
Te-131m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Xe-138 1 × 102 1 × 109
Te-132 1 × 102 1 × 107 Cs-125 1 × 101 1 × 104
Te-133 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cs-127 1 × 102 1 × 105
Te-133m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cs-129 1 × 102 1 × 105
Te-134 1 × 101 1 × 106 Cs-130 1 × 102 1 × 106
I-120 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cs-131 1 × 103 1 × 106
I-120m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Cs-132 1 × 101 1 × 105
I-121 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cs-134m 1 × 103 1 × 105
I-123 1 × 102 1 × 107 Cs-134 1 × 101 1 × 104
I-124 1 × 101 1 × 106 Cs-135 1 × 104 1 × 107
I-125 1 × 103 1 × 106 Cs-135m 1 × 101 1 × 106
I-126 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cs-136 1 × 101 1 × 105
I-128 1 × 102 1 × 105 Cs-137b 1 × 101 1 × 104
I-129 1 × 102 1 × 105 Cs-138 1 × 101 1 × 104
I-130 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ba-126 1 × 102 1 × 107
I-131 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ba-128 1 × 102 1 × 107
I-132 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ba-131 1 × 102 1 × 106
I-132m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ba-131m 1 × 102 1 × 107
I-133 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ba-133 1 × 102 1 × 106
I-134 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ba-133m 1 × 102 1 × 106
I-135 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ba-135m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Xe-120 1 × 102 1 × 109 Ba-137m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Xe-121 1 × 102 1 × 109 Ba-139 1 × 102 1 × 105
Xe-122b 1 × 102 1 × 109 Ba-140b 1 × 101 1 × 105
 341

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity con-
a Activity concen-Activity a centration Activity
Radionuclide Radionuclide
tration (Bq/g) (Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)

Ba-141 1 × 102 1 × 105 Nd-141 1 × 102 1 × 107

Ba-142 1 × 102 1 × 106 Nd-147 1 × 102 1 × 106
La-131 1 × 101 1 × 106 Nd-149 1 × 102 1 × 106
La-132 1 × 101 1 × 106 Nd-151 1 × 101 1 × 105
La-135 1 × 103 1 × 107 Pm-141 1 × 101 1 × 105
La-137 1 × 103 1 × 107 Pm-143 1 × 102 1 × 106
La-138 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pm-144 1 × 101 1 × 106
La-140 1 × 101 1 × 105 Pm-145 1 × 103 1 × 107
La-141 1 × 102 1 × 105 Pm-146 1 × 101 1 × 106
La-142 1 × 101 1 × 105 Pm-147 1 × 104 1 × 107
La-143 1 × 102 1 × 105 Pm-148 1 × 101 1 × 105
Ce-134 1 × 103 1 × 107 Pm-148m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ce-135 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pm-149 1 × 103 1 × 106
Ce-137 1 × 103 1 × 107 Pm-150 1 × 101 1 × 105
Ce-137m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Pm-151 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ce-139 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sm-141 1 × 101 1 × 105
Ce-141 1 × 102 1 × 107 Sm-141m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ce-143 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sm-142 1 × 102 1 × 107
Ce-144b 1 × 102 1 × 105 Sm-145 1 × 102 1 × 107
Pr-136 1 × 101 1 × 105 Sm-146 1 × 101 1 × 105
Pr-137 1 × 102 1 × 106 Sm-147 1 × 101 1 × 104
Pr-138m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Sm-151 1 × 104 1 × 108
Pr-139 1 × 102 1 × 107 Sm-153 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pr-142 1 × 102 1 × 105 Sm-155 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pr-142m 1 × 107 1 × 109 Sm-156 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pr-143 1 × 104 1 × 106 Eu-145 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pr-144 1 × 102 1 × 105 Eu-146 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pr-145 1 × 103 1 × 105 Eu-147 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pr-147 1 × 101 1 × 105 Eu-148 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nd-136 1 × 102 1 × 106 Eu-149 1 × 102 1 × 107
Nd-138 1 × 103 1 × 107 Eu-150 1 × 101 1 × 106
Nd-139 1 × 102 1 × 106 Eu-150m 1 × 103 1 × 106
Nd-139m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Eu-152 1 × 101 1 × 106
 342

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity con- Activity con-

Radionuclide a
centration Activity Radionuclide a centration Activity
(Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)
(Bq/g)
Eu-152m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Dy-166 1 × 103 1 × 106
Eu-154 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ho-155 1 × 102 1 × 106
Eu-155 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ho-157 1 × 102 1 × 106
Eu-156 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ho-159 1 × 102 1 × 106
Eu-157 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ho-161 1 × 102 1 × 107
Eu-158 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ho-162 1 × 102 1 × 107
Gd-145 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ho-162m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Gd-146b 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ho-164 1 × 103 1 × 106
Gd-147 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ho-164m 1 × 103 1 × 107
Gd-148 1 × 101 1 × 104 Ho-166 1 × 103 1 × 105
Gd-149 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ho-166m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Gd-151 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ho-167 1 × 102 1 × 106
Gd-152 1 × 101 1 × 104 Er-161 1 × 101 1 × 106
Gd-153 1 × 102 1 × 107 Er-165 1 × 103 1 × 107
Gd-159 1 × 103 1 × 106 Er-169 1 × 104 1 × 107
Tb-147 1 × 101 1 × 106 Er-171 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-149 1 × 101 1 × 106 Er-172 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-150 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tm-162 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tb-151 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tm-166 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tb-153 1 × 102 1 × 107 Tm-167 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-154 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tm-170 1 × 103 1 × 106
Tb-155 1 × 102 1 × 107 Tm-171 1 × 104 1 × 108
Tb-156 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tm-172 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-156m (24.4 h) 1 × 103 1 × 107 Tm-173 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-156mʹ (5 h) 1 × 104 1 × 107 Tm-175 1 × 101 1 × 106
Tb-157 1 × 104 1 × 107 Yb-162 1 × 102 1 × 107
Tb-158 1 × 101 1 × 106 Yb-166 1 × 102 1 × 107
Tb-160 1 × 101 1 × 106 Yb-167 1 × 102 1 × 106
Tb-161 1 × 103 1 × 106 Yb-169 1 × 102 1 × 107
Dy-155 1 × 101 1 × 106 Yb-175 1 × 103 1 × 107
Dy-157 1 × 102 1 × 106 Yb-177 1 × 102 1 × 106
Dy-159 1 × 103 1 × 107 Yb-178 1 × 103 1 × 106
Dy-165 1 × 103 1 × 106 Lu-169 1 × 101 1 × 106
 343

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)
Activity con- Activity con-
Radionuclide a
centration Activity Radionuclide a centration Activity
(Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)
(Bq/g)
Lu-170 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ta-179 1 × 103 1 × 107
Lu-171 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ta-180 1 × 101 1 × 106
Lu-172 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ta-180m 1 × 103 1 × 107
Lu-173 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ta-182 1 × 101 1 × 104
Lu-174 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ta-182m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Lu-174m 1 × 102 1 × 107 Ta-183 1 × 102 1 × 106
Lu-176 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ta-184 1 × 101 1 × 106
Lu-176m 1 × 103 1 × 106 Ta-185 1 × 102 1 × 105
Lu-177 1 × 103 1 × 107 Ta-186 1 × 101 1 × 105
Lu-177m 1 × 101 1 × 106 W-176 1 × 102 1 × 106
Lu-178 1 × 102 1 × 105 W-177 1 × 101 1 × 106
Lu-178m 1 × 101 1 × 105 W-178b 1 × 101 1 × 106
Lu-179 1 × 103 1 × 106 W-179 1 × 102 1 × 107
Hf-170 1 × 102 1 × 106 W-181 1 × 103 1 × 107
Hf-172b 1 × 101 1 × 106 W-185 1 × 104 1 × 107
Hf-173 1 × 102 1 × 106 W-187 1 × 102 1 × 106
Hf-175 1 × 102 1 × 106 W-188b 1 × 102 1 × 105
Hf-177m 1 × 101 1 × 105 Re-177 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-178m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-178 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-179m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-181 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-180m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-182 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-181 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-182m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-182 1 × 102 1 × 106 Re-184 1 × 101 1 × 106
Hf-182m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-184m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Hf-183 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-186 1 × 103 1 × 106
Hf-184 1 × 102 1 × 106 Re-186m 1 × 103 1 × 107
Ta-172 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-187 1 × 106 1 × 109
Ta-173 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-188 1 × 102 1 × 105
Ta-174 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-188m 1 × 102 1 × 107
Ta-175 1 × 101 1 × 106 Re-189b 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ta-176 1 × 101 1 × 106 Os-180 1 × 102 1 × 107
Ta-177 1 × 102 1 × 107 Os-181 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ta-178 1 × 101 1 × 106 Os-182 1 × 102 1 × 106
 344

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)
Activity con- Activity con-
Radionuclide a
centration Activity Radionuclide a centration Activity
(Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)
(Bq/g)
Os-185 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pt-199 1 × 102 1 × 106
Os-189m 1 × 104 1 × 107 Pt-200 1 × 102 1 × 106
Os-191 1 × 102 1 × 107 Au-193 1 × 102 1 × 107
Os-191m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Au-194 1 × 101 1 × 106
Os-193 1 × 102 1 × 106 Au-195 1 × 102 1 × 107
Os-194b 1 × 102 1 × 105 Au-198 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-182 1 × 101 1 × 105 Au-198m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-184 1 × 101 1 × 106 Au-199 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-185 1 × 101 1 × 106 Au-200 1 × 102 1 × 105
Ir-186 1 × 101 1 × 106 Au-200m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-186m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Au-201 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-187 1 × 102 1 × 106 Hg-193 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-188 1 × 101 1 × 106 Hg-193m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-189b 1 × 102 1 × 107 Hg-194b 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-190 1 × 101 1 × 106 Hg-195 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-190m (3.1 h) 1 × 101 1 × 106 Hg-195mb 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-190mʹ (1.2 h) 1 × 104 1 × 107 Hg-197 1 × 102 1 × 107
Ir-192 1 × 101 1 × 104 Hg-197m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-192m 1 × 102 1 × 107 Hg-199m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Ir-193m 1 × 104 1 × 107 Hg-203 1 × 102 1 × 105
Ir-194 1 × 102 1 × 105 Tl-194 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-194m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tl-194m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-195 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tl-195 1 × 101 1 × 106
Ir-195m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tl-197 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pt-186 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tl-198 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pt-188b 1 × 101 1 × 106 Tl-198m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pt-189 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tl-199 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pt-191 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tl-200 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pt-193 1 × 104 1 × 107 Tl-201 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pt-193m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Tl-202 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pt-195m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Tl-204 1 × 104 1 × 104
Pt-197 1 × 103 1 × 106 Pb-195m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pt-197m 1 × 102 1 × 106 Pb-198 1 × 102 1 × 106
 345

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)
Activity con- Activity con-
Radionuclide a
centration Activity Radionuclide a centration Activity
(Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)
(Bq/g)
Pb-199 1 × 101 1 × 106 Fr-222 1 × 103 1 × 105
Pb-200 1 × 102 1 × 106 Fr-223 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pb-201 1 × 101 1 × 106 Rn-220b 1 × 104 1 × 107
Pb-202 1 × 103 1 × 106 Rn-222b 1 × 101 1 × 108
Pb-202m 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ra-223b 1 × 102 1 × 105
Pb-203 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ra-224b 1 × 101 1 × 105
Pb-205 1 × 104 1 × 107 Ra-225 1 × 102 1 × 105
Pb-209 1 × 105 1 × 106 Ra-226a 1 × 101 1 × 104
Pb-210b 1 × 101 1 × 104 Ra-227 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pb-211 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ra-228b 1 × 101 1 × 105
Pb-212b 1 × 101 1 × 105 Ac-224 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pb-214 1 × 102 1 × 106 Ac-225b 1 × 101 1 × 104
Bi-200 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ac-226 1 × 102 1 × 105
Bi-201 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ac-227b 1 × 10–1 1 × 103
Bi-202 1 × 101 1 × 106 Ac-228 1 × 101 1 × 106
Bi-203 1 × 101 1 × 106 Th-226b 1 × 103 1 × 107
Bi-205 1 × 101 1 × 106 Th-227 1 × 101 1 × 104
Bi-206 1 × 101 1 × 105 Th-228b 1 × 100 1 × 104
Bi-207 1 × 101 1 × 106 Th-229b 1 × 100 1 × 103
Bi-210 1 × 103 1 × 106 Th-230 1 × 100 1 × 104
Bi-210mb 1 × 101 1 × 105 Th-231 1 × 103 1 × 107
Bi-212b 1 × 101 1 × 105 Th-232 1 × 101 1 × 104
Bi-213 1 × 102 1 × 106 Th-234b 1 × 103 1 × 105
Bi-214 1 × 101 1 × 105 Pa-227 1 × 101 1 × 106
Po-203 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pa-228 1 × 101 1 × 106
Po-205 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pa-230 1 × 101 1 × 106
Po-206 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pa-231 1 × 100 1 × 103
Po-207 1 × 101 1 × 106 Pa-232 1 × 101 1 × 106
Po-208 1 × 101 1 × 104 Pa-233 1 × 102 1 × 107
Po-209 1 × 101 1 × 104 Pa-234 1 × 101 1 × 106
Po-210 1 × 101 1 × 104 U-230b 1 × 101 1 × 105
At-207 1 × 101 1 × 106 U-231 1 × 102 1 × 107
At-211 1 × 103 1 × 107 U-232b 1 × 100 1 × 103
 346

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)
Activity con- Activity con-
Radionuclide a
centration Activity Radionuclide a centration Activity
(Bq) (Bq/g) (Bq)
(Bq/g)
U-233 1 × 101 1 × 104 Am-238 1 × 101 1 × 106
U-234 1 × 101 1 × 104 Am-239 1 × 102 1 × 106
U-235b 1 × 101 1 × 104 Am-240 1 × 101 1 × 106
U-236 1 × 101 1 × 104 Am-241 1 × 100 1 × 104
U-237 1 × 102 1 × 106 Am-242 1 × 103 1 × 106
U-238b 1 × 101 1 × 104 Am-242mb 1 × 100 1 × 104
U-239 1 × 102 1 × 106 Am-243b 1 × 100 1 × 103
U-240 1 × 103 1 × 107 Am-244 1 × 101 1 × 106
U-240b 1 × 101 1 × 106 Am-244m 1 × 104 1 × 107
Np-232 1 × 101 1 × 106 Am-245 1 × 103 1 × 106
Np-233 1 × 102 1 × 107 Am-246 1 × 101 1 × 105
Np-234 1 × 101 1 × 106 Am-246m 1 × 101 1 × 106
Np-235 1 × 103 1 × 107 Cm-238 1 × 102 1 × 107
Np-236 1 × 102 1 × 105 Cm-240 1 × 102 1 × 105
Np-236m 1 × 103 1 × 107 Cm-241 1 × 102 1 × 106
Np-237b 1 × 100 1 × 103 Cm-242 1 × 102 1 × 105
Np-238 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cm-243 1 × 100 1 × 104
Np-239 1 × 102 1 × 107 Cm-244 1 × 101 1 × 104
Np-240 1 × 101 1 × 106 Cm-245 1 × 100 1 × 103
Pu-234 1 × 102 1 × 107 Cm-246 1 × 100 1 × 103
Pu-235 1 × 102 1 × 107 Cm-247 1 × 100 1 × 104
Pu-236 1 × 101 1 × 104 Cm-248 1 × 100 1 × 103
Pu-237 1 × 103 1 × 107 Cm-249 1 × 103 1 × 106
Pu-238 1 × 100 1 × 104 Cm-250 1 × 10–1 1 × 103
Pu-239 1 × 100 1 × 104 Bk-245 1 × 102 1 × 106
Pu-240 1 × 100 1 × 103 Bk-246 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pu-241 1 × 102 1 × 105 Bk-247 1 × 100 1 × 104
Pu-242 1 × 100 1 × 104 Bk-249 1 × 103 1 × 106
Pu-243 1 × 103 1 × 107 Bk-250 1 × 101 1 × 106
Pu-244 1 × 100 1 × 104 Cf-244 1 × 104 1 × 107
Pu-245 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cf-246 1 × 103 1 × 106
Pu-246 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cf-248 1 × 101 1 × 104
Am-237 1 × 102 1 × 106 Cf-249 1 × 100 1 × 103
 347

Table A10.1 levels for exemption of moderate amounts of material without further consideration:
exempt activity concentrations and exempt activities of radionuclide (cont.)

Activity concen- Activity

Radionuclide a
tration (Bq/g) (Bq)

Cf-250 1 × 101 1 × 104

Cf-251 1 × 100 1 × 103
Cf-252 1 × 101 1 × 104
Cf-253 1 × 102 1 × 105
Cf-254 1 × 100 1 × 103
Es-250 1 × 102 1 × 106
Es-251 1 × 102 1 × 107
Es-253 1 × 102 1 × 105
Es-254 1 × 101 1 × 104
Es-254m 1 × 102 1 × 106
Fm-252 1 × 103 1 × 106
Fm-253 1 × 102 1 × 106
Fm-254 1 × 104 1 × 107
Fm-255 1 × 103 1 × 106
Fm-257 1 × 101 1 × 105
Md-257 1 × 102 1 × 107
Md-258 1 × 102 1 × 105

a
m and mʹ denote metastable states of the radionuclide. The metastable state mʹ is of higher energy than the metastable
state m.
b
Parent radionuclides and their progeny whose dose contributions are taken into account in the dose calculations (thus
requiring only the exemption level of the parent radionuclide to be considered) are listed here:

Ge-68 Ga-68 Y-87 Sr-87m

Rb-83 Kr-83m Zr-93 Nb-93m
Sr-82 Rb-82 Zr-97 Nb-97
Sr-90 Y-90 Ru-106 Rh-106
Ag-108m Ag-108 Ra-226 Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-
214,
Sn-121m Sn-121 (0.776) Bi-214, Po-214, Pb-
210,
Sn-126 Sb-126m Bi-210, Po-210
Xe-122 I-122 Ra-228 Ac-228
Cs-137 Ba-137m Ac-225 Fr-221, At-217, Bi-
213,
Ba-140 La-140 Po-213 (0.978), Tl-
Ce-134 La-134 209 (0.0216),
Ce-144 Pr-144 Pb-209 (0.978)

Gd-146 Eu-146 Ac-227 Fr-223 (0.0138)

 348

Hf-172 Lu-172 Th-226 Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214

W-178 Ta-178 Th-228 Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212,
Bi-212,Tl-208 (0.36),
W-188 Re-188
Po-212 (0.64)

Re-189 Os-189m (0.241) Th-229 Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217,

Ir-189 Os-189m Bi-213, Po-213,
Ir-188 Pb-209
Pt-188
Hg-194 Au-194 Th-234 Pa-234m
Hg-195m Hg-195 (0.542) U-230 Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218,
Po-214
Pb-210 Bi-210, Po-210
U-232 Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216,
Pb-212 Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36), Pb-212, Bi-212,
Po-212 (0.64) Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64)
Bi-210m Tl-206
Bi-212 Tl-208 (0.36), Po-212 (0.64) U-235 Th-231
Rn-220 Po-216 U-238 Th-234, Pa-234m
Rn-222 Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, U-240 Np-240m
Po-214 Np-237 Pa-233
Ra-223 Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Am-242m Am-242
Bi-211, Tl-207
Am-243 Np-239
Ra-224 Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212,
Bi-212, Tl-208 (0.36),
Po-212 (0.64)

Note: The exemption values (activity concentrations) presented in this table have been calculated on the basis of scenarios
involving a moderate amount of material: “The calculated values apply to practices involving small scale usage of activity
where the quantities involved are at the most of the order of a tonne”. NRRC may establish the amounts for which the
concentration values in this table may be applied.
 349

Appendix 11: Exemption and clearance levels for bulk amounts of solid material; exemption without
further consideration

For exemption of radioactive material containing more than one radionuclide, the condition for exemption or
clearance is that the sum of the individual radionuclide activity concentrations is less than the derived exemp-
tion or clearance level for the mixture (Xm), determined as follows:

1
𝑋𝑚 =
𝑓(𝑖)
∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑋(𝑖)

where

f(i) is the fraction of activity concentration of radionuclide i in the mixture;

X(i) is the applicable level for radionuclide i as given in the table below;
n is the number of radionuclides present.

Table A11.1 levels for exemption of bulk amounts of solid material without further consideration
and for clearance of solid material without further consideration: activity concentrations of
radionuclides of artificial origin

Activity concentration Activity concentration

Radionuclide Radionuclide
(Bq/g) (Bq/g)

H-3 100 Mn-52 1

Be-7 10 Mn-52m 10
C-14 1 Mn-53 100
F-18 10 Mn-54 0.1
Na-22 0.1 Mn-56 10
Na-24 1 Fe-52a 10
Si-31 1 000 Fe-55 1 000
P-32 1 000 Fe-59 1
P-33 1 000 Co-55 10
S-35 100 Co-56 0.1
Cl-36 1 Co-57 1
Cl-38 10 Co-58 1
K-42 100 Co-58m 10 000
K-43 10 Co-60 0.1
Ca-45 100 Co-60m 1 000
Ca-47 10 Co-61 100
Sc-46 0.1 Co-62m 10
Sc-47 100 Ni-59 100
Sc-48 1 Ni-63 100
V-48 1 Ni-65 10
Cr-51 100 Cu-64 100
Mn-51 10 Zn-65 0.1
 350

Table A11.1 levels for exemption of bulk amounts of solid material without further consideration
and for clearance of solid material without further consideration: activity concentrations of
radionuclides of artificial origin (cont.)

Activity concentration Activity concentration

Radionuclide Radionuclide
(Bq/g) (Bq/g)

Zn-69 1 000 Mo-99a 10

a a
Zn-69m 10 Mo-101 10
Ga-72 10 Tc-96 1
Ge-71 10 000 Tc-96m 1 000
As-73 1 000 Tc-97 10
As-74 10 Tc-97m 100
As-76 10 Tc-99 1
As-77 1 000 Tc-99m 100
Se-75 1 Ru-97 10
a
Br-82 1 Ru-103 1
a
Rb-86 100 Ru-105 10
Sr-85 1 Ru-106a 0.1
Sr-85m 100 Rh-103m 10 000
Sr-87m 100 Rh-105 100
a
Sr-89 1 000 Pd-103 1 000
Sr-90a 1 Pd-109a 100
Sr-91a 10 Ag-105 1
a
Sr-92 10 Ag-110m 0.1
Y-90 1 000 Ag-111 100
Y-91 100 Cd-109a 1
Y-91m 100 Cd-115a 10
a
Y-92 100 Cd-115m 100
Y-93 100 In-111 10
Zr-93 10 In-113m 100
Zr-95a 1 In-114ma 10
a
Zr-97 10 In-115m 100
a
Nb-93m 10 Sn-113 1
Nb-94 0.1 Sn-125 10
Nb-95 1 Sb-122 10
a
Nb-97 10 Sb-124 1
a
Nb-98 10 Sb-125 0.1
Mo-90 10 Te-123m 1
Mo-93 10 Te-125m 1 000
 351

Table A11.1 levels for exemption of bulk amounts of solid material without further consideration
and for clearance of solid material without further consideration: activity concentrations of
radionuclides of artificial origin (cont.)

Activity concentration Activity concentration

Radionuclide Radionuclide
(Bq/g) (Bq/g)

Te-127 1 000 Ce-141 100

a
Te-127m 10 Ce-143 10
a
Te-129 100 Ce-144 10
Te-129ma 10 Pr-142 100
Te-131 100 Pr-143 1 000
a
Te-131m 10 Nd-147 100
a
Te-132 1 Nd-149 100
Te-133 10 Pm-147 1 000
Te-133m 10 Pm-149 1 000
Te-134 10 Sm-151 1 000
I-123 100 Sm-153 100
I-125 100 Eu-152 0.1
I-126 10 Eu-152m 100
I-129 0.01 Eu-154 0.1
I-130 10 Eu-155 1
I-131 10 Gd-153 10
I-132 10 Gd-159 100
I-133 10 Tb-160 1
I-134 10 Dy-165 1 000
I-135 10 Dy-166 100
Cs-129 10 Ho-166 100
Cs-131 1 000 Er-169 1 000
Cs-132 10 Er-171 100
Cs-134 0.1 Tm-170 100
Cs-134m 1 000 Tm-171 1 000
Cs-135 100 Yb-175 100
Cs-136 1 Lu-177 100
Cs-137a 0.1 Hf-181 1
Cs-138 10 Ta-182 0.1
Ba-131 10 W-181 10
Ba-140 1 W-185 1 000
La-140 1 W-187 10
Ce-139 1 Re-186 1 000
 352

Table A11.1 levels for exemption of bulk amounts of solid material without further consideration
and for clearance of solid material without further consideration: activity concentrations of
radionuclides of artificial origin (cont.)

Activity concentration Activity concentration

Radionuclide Radionuclide
(Bq/g) (Bq/g)

Re-188 100 Pa-233 10

Os-185 1 U-230 10
Os-191 100 U-231 100
Os-191m 1 000 U-232a 0.1
Os-193 100 U-233 1
Ir-190 1 U-236 10
Ir-192 1 U-237 100
Ir-194 100 U-239 100
Pt-191 10 U-240a 100
a
Pt-193m 1 000 Np-237 1
Pt-197 1 000 Np-239 100
Pt-197m 100 Np-240 10
Au-198 10 Pu-234 100
Au-199 100 Pu-235 100
Hg-197 100 Pu-236 1
Hg-197m 100 Pu-237 100
Hg-203 10 Pu-238 0.1
Tl-200 10 Pu-239 0.1
Tl-201 100 Pu-240 0.1
Tl-202 10 Pu-241 10
Tl-204 1 Pu-242 0.1
Pb-203 10 Pu-243 1 000
a
Bi-206 1 Pu-244 0.1
Bi-207 0.1 Am-241 0.1
Po-203 10 Am-242 1 000
a
Po-205 10 Am-242m 0.1
a
Po-207 10 Am-243 0.1
At-211 1 000 Cm-242 10
Ra-225 10 Cm-243 1
Ra-227 100 Cm-244 1
Th-226 1 000 Cm-245 0.1
Th-229 0.1 Cm-246 0.1
Pa-230 10 Cm-247a 0.1
 353

Table A11.1 levels for exemption of bulk amounts of solid material without further consideration and
for clearance of solid material without further consideration: activity concentrations of radionuclides
of artificial origin (cont.)

Activity concentration
Radionuclide a
(Bq/g)

Cm-248 0.1
Bk-249 100
Cf-246 1 000
Cf-248 1
Cf-249 0.1
Cf-250 1
Cf-251 0.1
Cf-252 1
Cf-253 100
Cf-254 1
Es-253 100
Es-254a 0.1
Es-254ma 10
Fm-254 10 000
Fm-255 100

a
Parent radionuclides, and their progeny whose dose contributions are taken into account in the dose calculations (thus
requiring only the exemption level of the parent radionuclide to be considered), are listed here:

Fe-52 Mn-52m Sn-113 In-113m

Zn-69m Zn-69 Sb-125 Te-125m
Sr-90 Y-90 Te-127m Te-127
Sr-91 Y-91m Te-129m Te-129
Zr-95 Nb-95 Te-131m Te-131
Zr-97 Nb-97m, Nb-97 Te-132 I-132
Nb-97 Nb-97m Cs-137 Ba-137m
Mo-99 Tc-99m Ce-144 Pr-144, Pr-144m
Mo-101 Tc-101 U-232 Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220,
Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Ru-103 Rh-103m U-240 Np-240m, Np-240
Ru-105 Rh-105m Np-237 Pa-233
Ru-106 Rh-106 Pu-244 U-240, Np-240m, Np-240
Pd-103 Rh-103m Am-242m Np-238

Pd-109 Ag-109m Am-243 Np-239

Ag-110m Ag-110 Cm-247 Pu-243
Cd-109 Ag-109m Es-254 Bk-250
Cd-115 In-115m Es-254m Fm-254
 354

Cd-115m In-115m
In-114m In-114

Note: The exemption levels set out in Table 1 of Appendix 10 and the exemption and clearance levels set out in this table
are subject to the following considerations: (a) they were derived using a conservative model based on (i) the criteria of
exemption in this guide, and (ii) a series of limiting (bounding) scenarios for use and disposal; (b) if there is more than
one radionuclide, the derived exemption level or derived clearance level for the mixture is determined as specified in
Appendix 11.

Table A11.2 levels for clearance of material: activity concentrations of radionuclides of natural
origin
Radionuclide Activity concentration (Bq/g)

K-40 10

Each radionuclide in the uranium decay chain or the

1
thorium decay chain
 355

Appendix 12: Information to be submitted in support of an application for authorization

Registration License

General information on the practice

Details of the applicant (name, address and X X

business number of the Company; name of
the person representing the applicant).

The purpose of the practice and detailed in- X X

formation on the places where the practice is
to be carried out.

Demonstration of justification of the practice X X

(if new type of practice)

Description of the management system for X X

the practice.

Radiation safety officer, name and certificate X X

Qualified Expert(s), name(s) and certifi- - X

cate(s)

Medical physicist (only in medical use of ra- - X

diation)

Information on the radiation sources

For each sealed radioactive source: manu- X X

facturer number, radionuclide, activity, date
of activity determination, relevant certifi-
cates. Information on the appliance or con-
tainer in which the source is placed.

In addition, for sealed radioactive source

with half-life exceeding 150 days: document
on supplier’s commitment to receive disused
source at the end of its lifetime.

For unsealed radioactive sources, for each X X

radionuclide: radionuclide, type of work,
maximum activity to be at one time, maxi-
mum activity to be stored

For each radiation emitting device: type and X X

maximum energy of emitted radiation, main
parameters affecting the radiation yield

Description of quality assurance programmes X X

for radiation sources
 356

Information on the facility

Address of the facility X X

Pictures or drawings of the facility or areas - X

indicating the use of premises, passages, con-
trolled and supervised areas, locations of ra-
diation sources, structural shielding, loca-
tions of access control points, safety systems
and fixed monitoring devices.

Radiation safety arrangements

Safety assessment, generic X -

(based on the characteristics of the sources)

Safety assessment, facility specific - X

(based on all aspects of the practice)

Adopted dose constraints X X

Arrangements for assessing occupational ex- X X

posure

Plan for radiation safety deviations X X

Arrangements for workers’ health surveil- X X

lance

Security plan - X

Plan for managing disused sealed sources X X

(where applicable)

Plan for managing other radioactive waste - X

than disused sealed sources (where applica-
ble)

Plan for releases (where applicable) - X

Other information

Any other information relevant for radiation X X

safety
 357

Appendix 13: Advice of the qualified expert

The advice of the qualified expert shall cover, where relevant, but not be limited to:

1) justification of the practice;

2) safety assessment including prior assessment of expected levels of occupational and public exposure;
3) optimization of protection including the establishment of dose constraints;
4) plans for new installations and the acceptance into service of radiation sources in relation to any engi-
neering controls, design features, safety features and warning devices relevant to radiation protection;
5) identification of controlled and supervised areas;
6) identification of radiation workers;
7) workplace and individual monitoring programmes and related personal dosimetry;
8) appropriate radiation monitoring instrumentation;
9) training and retraining programmes for workers;
10) preparation of written procedures;
11) employment conditions for pregnant and breastfeeding workers;
12) prevention of, preparedness for and response to radiation safety deviations;
13) investigation and analysis of radiation safety deviations and appropriate remedial actions;
14) preparation of security plans;
15) quality assurance programmes;
16) public exposure monitoring programmes including monitoring of releases;
17) environmental monitoring programmes including environmental base line studies;
18) arrangements for radioactive waste management and decommissioning.
 358

Appendix 14: Duties of a radiation safety officer

Depending on the nature of the practice, the tasks of the radiation safety officer may include the following:

1) ensuring that work with radiation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of any specified pro-
cedures or local rules;
2) supervise implementation of the programme for workplace monitoring;
3) maintaining adequate records of all radiation sources;
4) carrying out periodic assessments of the condition of the relevant safety and warning systems;
5) supervise implementation of the personal monitoring programme;
6) supervise implementation of the health surveillance programme;
7) providing new workers with an appropriate introduction to local rules and procedures;
8) giving advice and comments on work plans;
9) establishing work plans;
10) providing reports to the local management;
11) participating in the arrangements for prevention, preparedness and response for emergency exposure sit-
uations;
12) information and training of radiation workers;
13) liaising with the radiation protection expert.
 359

Appendix 15: Human resources in medical use of radiation

In order to ensure safety of persons subject to medical exposure:

1) an oncologist shall be available for every radiotherapy treatment and a specialist of clinical physiology
and nuclear medicine shall be available for radionuclide therapy;
2) two radiographers shall be available for every radiotherapy treatment; one of the radiographers may be
replaced by a medical physicist who is competent to ensure and stop the treatment;
3) a medical physicist shall be available for ensuring each dose calculation of radiotherapy and the imple-
mentation of the therapy, excluding the case of established radionuclide therapy;
4) a specialist of clinical physiology and nuclear medicine shall be available for ensuring the justification
assessment prior to every nuclear medicine examination and for the interpretation of images, and a phy-
sician trained in interpreting the images of combined examinations shall be available for such interpreta-
tion;
5) the personnel required for compliance with the good production methods of medicines shall be available
for the production of radiopharmaceuticals;
6) a health care professional, assigned to the task by the physician responsible for the medical exposure,
shall be available for the administration of radiopharmaceuticals to the person to be examined or treated ;
7) a radiographer, bioanalyst or a nurse trained for nuclear medicine imaging shall be present during a radi-
onuclide examination to ensure the progress of the examination.
 360

Appendix 16: Radiation protection retraining of a worker engaged in a practice

The extent of radiation protection retraining of a worker in three year periods is presented in Table A16.1 and
the learning outcome of workers engaged in the medical use of radiation or veterinary medicine is presented
in Tables A16.2 and of workers in the use of radiation sources in industry or research in A16.3.

A qualified expert shall receive at least 20 hours and a radiation safety officer at least 10 hours retraining in a
three year period in addition to what is presented in Tables A16.1.

Table A16.1 The extent of radiation protection retraining of a worker engaged in the medical use of radiation
and in veterinary medicine in three year periods.

Field of expertise Professional group Extent of retraining

Medical use of radiation and veterinary medicine
X-ray practices Specialist in radiology and other physician At least 40 hours
making extensive use of radiation
Other physician or dentist using radiation At least 20 hours
Referring physician or other referrer At least 8 hours
Veterian using radiation At least 5 hours
Nuclear medicine, radia- Specialist in clinical physiology and nu- At least 40 hours
tion therapy clear medicine
Radiation oncologist At least 40 hours
Installation, maintenance Person executing installation, maintenance At least 20 hours
or remediation in health or remediation of health care appliance
care
General use of radiation Medical physicist At least 40 hours
in health care and veteri-
nary medicine
Occupational exposure Physician performing workers health sur- At least 20 hours
veillance
Others Radiology radiographer At least 40 hours
Bioanalyst or nurse working in nuclear At least 40 hours
medicine unit
Health care professional assisting in the At least 20 hours
use of radiation
Other health care professionals engaged in At least 20 hours
work involving exposure to radiation
Veterinary assistant At least 5 hours
Industry and research
Use of radiation sources Radiation worker and a person whose At least 10 hours
work has considerable impact on the re-
sults of radiation protection
Other worker having duties related to radi- At least 5 hours
ation protection and safety
Nuclear energy Radiation worker and a person whose At least 10 hours
work has considerable impact on the re-
sults of radiation protection
 361

Table A16.2 Retraining learning outcome of workers engaged in the medical use of radiation and in veterinary
medicine.

AREA OF KNOWLEDGE LEARNING OUTCOME

A. Radiation physics and  Is familiar with the principles of applications and examination meth-
radiation biology ods relevant in the field
 Is able to communicate in their tasks different exposures based on the
most latest knowledge
 Is able to interpret radiation risks related to their tasks
 Occupational physician familiar with radiation: Is also able to apply
the latest knowledge on the health effects of radiation in their tasks
 Medical physicist: Is also able to assess radiation risks based on the
most latest knowledge and advice other health-care and veterinary
medicine professionals on the type and amount of radiation exposure
B. Radiation protection in  Is able to apply radiation protection principles in their tasks
medical exposures  Is able to use procedures intended for optimizing medical exposures in
their tasks
 Medical physicist: Is also able to evaluate and develop appropriate ra-
diation protection procedures
C. Radiation protection of  Is able to apply radiation protection principles in their tasks
workers and members  Is able to use procedures intended for optimizing protection of work-
of the public ers and members of the public
 Occupational physician familiar with radiation: Is able to ensure the
optimization of radiation protection of workers in collaboratorion with
the qualified expert and radiation safety officer
 Specialist in clinical physiology and nuclear medicine and radiation
oncologist: Is able to protect members of the public by providing
guidelines for a patient having received isotope therapy or implanted
radiation sources in their body

Table 16A.3. Retraining in radiation protection of workers engaged in practices in industry and research and
in the use of nuclear energy.

AREA OF LEARNING OUTCOME

KNOWLEDGE
A. Radiation physics  In the use of radiation, is familiar with the principles of the applications
and radiation biol- relevant in their field
ogy  Is able to communicate different types of exposures in their tasks, accord-
ing to the latest knowledge
 Is able to interpret radiation risks related to their tasks
B. Radiation protection  Is able to apply radiation protection principles in their tasks
of workers and  Is able to use procedures intended for optimizing protection of workers
members of the pub- and members of the public
lic
 362

Appendix 17: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray imaging and
fluoroscopic equipment, computer tomography equipment and bone mineral density measurement
equipment based on the attenuation of X-rays used in health care

Suitability and operation of an X-ray imaging equipment

The equipment, and the accessories and safety systems related to it or its use shall be undamaged and function
as intended.

The equipment shall enable the use of the instruments necessary for the radiation protection of the persons
assisting the patient and for keeping the patient motionless. If the equipment is also used for the paediatric
examinations, its operation and performance characteristics shall be suitable for the paediatric examinations
as well.

Distance between the focal point and skin

In intraoral dental X-ray equipment, the distance between the focal point of the X-ray tube and the skin of the
person under examination shall be at least 20 cm when the voltage of the X-ray tube is higher than 60 kV, and
at least 10 cm when the voltage is 60 kV or less.

Dose display

X-ray equipment taken into use after 1 April 2006 shall contain a display indicating the radiation exposure of
the patient (hereinafter referred to as the dose display), based on the measured or calculated value of the dose.
The dose can be measured as air kerma. The dose display shall indicate the value of the quantity given in
Table 17.1. In X-ray imaging equipment, with the exception of fluoroscopy equipment, the value indicated on
the dose display shall not deviate from the actual value of the quantity by more than 25 %. For fluoroscopy
equipment, the value indicated on the dose display shall not deviate from the actual value by more than 35 %.
The requirement of the deviation of the dose display applies to the entire normal range of operation of the
device.

The dose display of an equipment used for interventional radiology shall be able to indicate the cumulative
radiation exposure caused to the patient during the procedure. Equipment used for interventional radiology
and computed tomography shall include a function for transferring the dose display data to the examination
file. X-ray equipment other than those used for interventional radiology and computed tomography shall, if
necessary, include a function for transferring the dose display data to the examination file.
 363

Table 17.1. Quantity indicated on the dose display.

Commissioning date of equipment
Equipment type
Before 1 June 2014 After 1 June 2014
Equipment mainly The air kerma-area product (KAP) or other appropri-
used for paediatric x- ate dose quantity1)
Conventional ray examinations
x-ray imaging equip- Other equipment Imaging values that The air kerma-area product
ment allow the estimation (KAP) or other appropriate
of the patient’s radia- dose quantity1)
tion exposure.
Bone mineral density measurement equipment Imaging values that allow the estimation of the pa-
tient’s radiation exposure.
Intraoral X-ray Imaging values that allow the estimation of the pa-
equipment tient’s radiation exposure.
Dental X-ray equip-
ment Other dental X-ray The air kerma-area product (KAP) or other appropri-
equipment ate dose quantity1 for the equipment commissioned
after 1 January 2020.
Equipment only Imaging values that The air kerma-area product
used for the fluoros- allow the estimation (KAP) or other appropriate
Fluoroscopy equip- copy of the patient’s radia- dose quantity1)
ment of limbs tion exposure.
Other fluoroscopy The air kerma-area product (KAP) or other appropri-
equipment ate dose quantity1)
Mammography equipment Imaging values that Mean glandular dose
allow the estimation (MGD)
of the patient’s radia-
tion exposure.
CT equipment Weighted air kerma-length product (KLP) 2) and vol-
ume CT air kerma index (CTKI vol )3)
NOTE! The phantom size used in the determination
shall be specified.
1
This quantity is also referred to as the dose-area product (DAP).
2
This quantity is also referred to as the dose-length product (DLP).
3
This quantity is also referred to as the CT dose volume index ((CTDI vol).

Filtration of primary radiation

The licensee and registrant shall have information about the total filtration of radiation for each X-ray equip-
ment. If changing the filtration is possible, it shall be possible to detect the selected additional filtration.

In dental X-ray equipment, the total filtration of primary radiation shall correspond to minimum 1.5 mm Al
when the imaging voltage is maximum 70 kV, and minimum 2.5 mm Al when the imaging voltage is higher
than 70 kV.

In X-ray equipment other than those used for mammography or dental imaging, the total filtration of primary
radiation shall correspond to minimum 2.5 mm Al. This requirement is deemed as having been met also if the
half-value thickness (HVT) of the total filtration of primary radiation corresponds to the minimum value shown
in Table 17.2 as a minimum.
 364

Table 17.2. The minimum acceptable half-value thickness for the filtration of primary radiation of equipment
other than mammography equipment or dental X-ray equipment (IEC 60601-1-3:2008).
X-ray tube voltage Minimum half-value thickness
(kV) (mm Al)
50 1.8
60 2.2
70 2.5
80 2.9
90 3.2
100 3.6
110 3.9
120 4.3
130 4.7
140 5.0
150 5.4

The total filtration of primary radiation of mammography equipment shall correspond to the values shown in
Table 17.3 as a minimum. The total filtration of anode/filtration material combinations not shown in Table 17.3
shall be such that the condition for the half-value thickness, HVT ≥ U∙(0.01 mmAl/kV), is fulfilled. In the
formula, U is the X-ray tube voltage.

Table 17.3. The minimum total filtration values for the most commonly used combinations of X-ray tube
anode/filtration combinations in mammography.
Anode material/ Mo/Mo Mo/Rh W/Mo W/Rh Rh/Rh W/Ag
filter material
Minimum total filtration 30 µm Mo 25 µm 60 µm 50 µm 25 µm 50 µm
Rh Mo Rh Rh Ag

X-ray tube voltage

The X-ray tube voltage shall not deviate from the set or indicated value by more than 10 %. Furthermore, when
adjusting the voltage value, the change in actual voltage shall be at the minimum 0.5 times and maximum 1.5
times the difference between the set voltages.

For mammography equipment, the X-ray tube voltage shall not deviate from the set or indicated value by more
than 2%.

The maximum acceptable voltage of a portable intraoral X-ray equipment is 75 kV. An intraoral X-ray equip-
ment with a nominal voltage of less than 50 kV shall not be taken into use.

Electrical charge (Current-time product)

The electrical charge, i.e. the product of the X-ray tube current and the exposure time, shall not deviate from
the set value by more than 20% + 0.2 mAs. [1]
 365

X-ray tube current

The X-ray tube current shall not deviate from the set value by more than 20 %. [1]

Exposure time

The exposure time shall not deviate from the set value by more than 20%+1 ms. [1]

When exposure is repeated five times, the maximum acceptable deviation of the measured exposure time from
average of the measured exposure times is 10%.

When a typical 45 mm thick breast is imaged with a mammography equipment using projection imaging and
automatic exposure control unit, the exposure time shall be shorter than 2 s.

Radiation output from the X-ray tube

When imaging is repeated using the fixed imaging values corresponding to the clinical use of the equipment
(manually set values) five consecutive times, deviating the set values between the examinations, the maximum
acceptable deviation of the radiation output is 20% of the average measurement value.

When using manually set values, the dose measured in the radiation beam of the X-ray equipment shall be
proportional to the set electrical charge in such a way that

K1 K 2

K1 K2 Q1 Q2
  0,2 
Q1 Q2 2

where K1 is the air kerma corresponding to electrical charge Q1 , K2 is the air kerma corresponding to electrical
charge Q2 and

Q1 < Q2 < 2 ∙ Q1 .

Radiation beam indicators and alignment

The guide lights and light fields that are used for aligning the radiation beam shall be clearly visible in normal
work lighting.

The guide lights or other radiation beam indicators and the edges of the radiation field shall not deviate from
each other on the image receptor by more than 1 % of the distance between the focal point of the X-ray tube
and the image receptor on any edge of the radiation field. In mammography equipment, this requirement is
2%.

The radiation beam shall be aligned on the image receptor as appropriate and as intended by the equipment
manufacturer. In radiography equipment and fluoroscopy equipment, the deviation between the radiation beam
edge and the intended location on the image receptor shall not exceed 2% of the distance between the focal
point and the image receptor.

If the X-ray imaging or fluoroscopy equipment is equipped with so-called automatic collimator system which
automatically limits the radiation beam to the size of the image receptor as a maximum, the operator of the
equipment shall be able to change the image field size to a smaller size than that set by the automation.

In fluoroscopy equipment, the ratio between the radiation field size and the active area of the image receptor
shall not exceed 1.25. The radiation field shall not exceed the primary radiation shield of the equipment.
 366

In an intraoral X-ray equipment, the central axes of the cross sections of the radiation beam and the collimation
tube (distance limiter) shallshall not deviate from each other by more than 2 mm. The diameter of the field
size at the end of the collimation tube shall not be greater than 6 cm.

In mammography equipment, the radiation beam shall not reach more than 5 mm beyond the edge of the patient
table at the side of the patient’s chest. In other directions, the beam shall not reach beyond the equipment’s
primary radiation shield.

When the patient table of a CT equipment moves a distance of 30 cm, the actual movement of the table shall
not deviate from the value indicated in the table’s movement display by more than 3 mm. The indicated starting
point of a CT scan shall not deviate from the actual starting point by more than 3 mm.

Compression force of mammography equipment

A mammograpy equipment shall be equipped with a device intended for the compression of the breast. When
the breast is compressed mechanically, the maximum compression force shall be 130–200 N. When the breast
is compressed manually, the maximum compression force shall be 300 N.

Display monitors

The functionality of the display monitor shall not restrict the quality of the image being displayed in such a
way that it significantly decreases the accuracy of diagnosis. It shall be noted that the performance of the
display monitor also depends on ambient lighting. Ambient lighting shall therefore not be bright enough to
prevent the detection of contrast differences. Disturbing glares of light sources shall not be reflected on the
dark screen.

Image quality and digital imaging receptors

The image quality shall meet the clinical requirements set by X-ray examinations.

Clinical images shall not show any traces of previous images.

An image taken from a homogeneous subject shall not display any imaging errors that might interfere with
making a diagnosis based on the patient images.

The reproducibility of the exposure index value in digital imaging shall be such that the dose determined based
on the exposure index value of an individual image shall not deviate from the average value of repeated meas-
urements by more than 20%.

Functionality of an automatic exposure control unit

An automatic exposure control unit shall function as intended by the device manufacturer.

An automatic exposure control unit shall be equipped with a display showing the electrical charge or exposure
time used in imaging after the exposure.

When an automatic exposure control unit is used, the maximum electrical charge of the X-ray imaging equip-
ment shall not be greater than 600 mAs or correspond to an energy value higher than 60 kWs. In mammogra-
phy equipment, this maximum electrical charge is 800 mAs.

When the imaging of the same applicable subject is repeated five consecutive times, the automatic exposure
control unit shall reproduce the exposure in such a way that the deviation of measured values of dose or a
corresponding quantity from the average is less than 10%.
 367

Fluoroscopy equipment
In the normal operational mode of the equipment, the air kerma rate at the reference point [1] shall not be
greater than 88 mGy/min. In portable fluoroscopy equipment, this requirement concerns the 30 cm distance
from the outer surface of the imaging receptor shield instead of the reference point.

If the equipment has an operational mode allowing a dose rate higher than above, it may be approved under
the following conditions:
 The air kerma rate at the reference point shall not be greater than 176 mGy/min. In portable fluoroscopy
equipment, this requirement concerns the 30 cm distance from the outer surface of the imaging receptor
shield instead of the reference point. The equipment shall be equipped with a switch which the operator
has to keep continuously activated in order to use a dose rate higher than in the normal operational mode.
 An uninterrupted audible signal informs the operator of the use of dose rate higher than the one used in
the normal operational mode.

In the normal operational mode of the equipment, the level of dose rate of the automatic exposure control unit 2)
shall not be greater than 0.8 μGy/s.

If the person who performs the examination has to work near the patient, the adequate radiation shielding shall
be provided for the operator in the equipment or as its accessories to attenuate the radiation scattered from the
patient.

Fluoroscopy equipment shall have a display of the latest fluoroscopic image.

Using an X-ray fluoroscopy equipment in health care without an automatic dose rate control unit or an image
intensifier or a corresponding device is not allowed.

Reference:

[1] EN (IEC) 60601-2-43:2010. Medical electrical equipment – Part 2-43: Particular requirements for the
basic safety and essential performance of X-ray equipment for interventional procedures.

-----
1) The automatic dose rate level refers to the air kerma rate measured at the surface of the image receptor entrance plate adjusted by the auto-
matic system. In the measurement, a 2 mm copper plate or a 20 mm aluminium plate attached to the X-ray tube curtains is used as a test
phantom. If the anti-scatter grid cannot be removed, the measurement shall be corrected so that the air kerma rate measured corresponds to
the situation behind the grid.
 368

Appendix 18: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray imaging and
fluoroscopy equipment and the related auxiliary equipment used in veterinary medicine

Performance measurement results depend on the measurement conditions and may also depend on the method
of measurement used.
Table 18.1. Requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation equipment used in veterinary medicine.
Test Requirement
X-ray tube The maximum acceptable deviation of the measured X-ray tube voltage is 10% from
voltage the nominal value.
Total filtration The total filtration of primary radiation shall correspond to minimum 1.5 mm Al
when the imaging voltage is maximum 70 kV, and minimum 2.5 mm Al when the
imaging voltage is higher than 70 kV.

The licensee and registrant shall have information about the total filtration of radia-
tion for each X-ray equipment. If changing the filtration is possible, it shall be pos-
sible to detect the selected additional filtration.
When imaging is repeated five consecutive times, deviating the set values between
the examinations, the maximum acceptable deviation of the radiation output is 20%
of the average measurement value.

If the imaging current or exposure time can be adjusted in the equipment, the air
kerma shall be proportional to the set electrical charge Q in such a way that
Radiation output K1 K 2

from the X-ray tube K1 K2 Q Q2
  0,2  1
Q1 Q2 2
, where

K1 , K2 are the measured air kermas and

Q 1 , Q 2 are the products of imaging current and exposure time.
Q 1 , Q 2 differ from each other by a factor which is as close as possible to factor 2
without exceeding it.
The edges of the radiation and light fields shall not deviate from each other by more
Radiation and than 1 cm at the imaging distance used or by more than 1 % of the distance between
light field the focal point of the X-ray tube and the image receptor. The edge of the light field
shall be clearly visible under normal work lighting.
 369

Appendix 19: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation therapy equipment
and the related auxiliary equipment

The following table summarizes the requirements for acceptance and performance of accelerators, brachy-
therapy equipment (after-loading equipment) and treatment targeting devices used in radiation therapy. Per-
formance measurement results depend on the measurement conditions and may also depend on the method of
measurement used. The requirements specified in the table are for the measurement conditions specified in
reference [1], unless another reference is given for a specific requirement.

Table 19.1. Requirements for acceptance and performance of accelerators, brachytherapy equipment (after-
loading equipment) and treatment targeting devices used in radiation therapy.
Equipment Test Maximum acceptable devia-
tion
Radiotherapy equipment1) Dose accuracy in the reference geometry 3%
[2]
Dose accuracy in the gross tumor volume 5%
of the treatment field in a water equivalent
phantom [3]
Reproducibility in the phantom in the ref- 0.5%
erence geometry
Treatment targeting devices Precision of targeting devices 4 mm
Brachytherapy equipment A source positional accuracy 2) 2 mm
Timer error 3% of treatment time or maxi-
mum 1 s
1) Equipment producing the photon and electron treatment doses.

2) Using a straight applicator in measurements.

A computerized radiation therapy treatment planning system shall be used in the dose planning of radiotherapy
with the exception of radionuclide therapy and treatment given with an X-ray surface radiotherapy equipment.
A dose planning system shall be available for use in the dose planning of radionuclide treatment when it can
be used for obtaining the objective referred to in section X in the Chapter on Medical Exposure.

A treatment verification system shall always be available for use with an external radiation therapy accelerator.
A system or other function indicating the appropriate parameters to be used for the definition of dose incurred
to the patient when using a radiation therapy equipment generating ionizing radiation other than an accelerator
used for external radiation therapy.

An after-loading equipment shall be equipped with an installation allowing the manual returning of radioactive
substances to the exposure container.

References:
[1] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC): Medical electrical equipment. Medical electron acceler-
ators – Functional performance characteristics, International standard IEC 976.

[2] Säteilyturvakeskus: Sädehoidon annosmittaukset. Ulkoisen sädehoidon suurenergisten fotoni- ja

elektronisäteilykeilojen kalibrointi. STUK-STO-TR 1. STUK, Helsinki 2005.

[3] Commissioning and Quality Assurance of Computerized Planning Systems for Radiation Treatment of
Cancer. IAEA-TECDOC-430, IAEA 2004
 370

Appendix 20: Requirements for acceptance and performance of radiation appliances used in nuclear
medicine

Table 20.1. Requirements for acceptance and performance of equipment used in nuclear medicine.
Maximum acceptable devia-
Appliance Characteristic
tion or result
Uniformity
 integral non-uniformity of the useful field of 7%
view (UFOV)
Centre of rotation 1 pixel
Sensitivity
Gamma camera  difference of sensitivity between different detec- 10%
tors
Spatial resolution ≤ 6 mm
 full width at half maximum (FWHM)
Spatial resolution of full body imaging ≤ 12 mm
 full width at half maximum (FWHM)
Linearity ± 5%
Reproducibility, constancy ± 5%
Activity meter (dose
calibrator) Accuracy
 over 100 keV with gamma energies ±5%
 under 100 keV with gamma energies ±10%
Quantitativity of PET images (SUV measurement) 10%
Uniformity
 Variation of background regions of interest in 10%
PET camera the NEMA image quality test; standard devia-
tion/average
Spatial resolution ≤ 8 mm
 full width at half maximum (FWHM)
1
SPECT-CT and PET- Geometrical position of a radionuclide imaging equip-
CT ment and a CT equipment*) with regard to each other Pixel (of PET or SPECT
scan)
Gamma detectors
Constancy of sensitivity 20%
used in surgery
Gamma counter
Constancy 5%
(well crystal)
* In addition to this requirement, the requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray equipment are applicable to
computed tomography equipment.
 371

Appendix 21: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance for nuclear gauges

Definitions

Radiometric gauge

A control and measuring assembly consisting of at least one radioactive source, at least one detector and
the mechanical devices required for non-destructive measurement of a process quantity.

The use of a fixed radiometric gauge requires that the following conditions are met:

1) the device and its sealed source shall withstand the conditions of use and the effect of radiation;

2) the device is designed so that the sealed source remains in its shield even in the event of a fire; the
shielding capability of the shield shall not be substantially impaired in a fire;

3) fixing of the sealed source to the device is secured by a seal or lock or if this is not possible in an-
other reliable manner;

4) the radiation shield of the device shall be such that the size of the beam is limited to the minimum;

5) if necessary, the device shall be equipped with shields that prevent access to the primary beam of the
radiation source;

6) the device shutter shall function reliably under the operating conditions;

7) the top layer of the shutter and its associated parts shall not be lead;

8) the structure of the shutter shall be such that it does not open accidentally and the shutter can be
closed without tools;

9) the radiation shield shall have a lock by which the shutter can be locked in the closed position; the
lock shall not be opened by a key replacement; the shutter shall not be locked in the open position,
but the shutter shall be possible to put in the closed position without the key;

10) the radiation device shall have texts indicating the position of the shutter or other clear markings.

11) electrically or pneumatically controlled shutters shall be automatically closed if the supply of electric
current or compressed air is interrupted.; there is no need for a separate lock in the shutter itself;

12) if the device is equipped with a remote-controlled shutter, there shall be indicating lights indicating
the position of the shutter; control of the lights shall be worked directly on the shutter movements;
the light indicating that the shutter is closed shall illuminate only when the shutter is fully closed; if
the shutter is partially open, the indicator light shall be lit;

13) if it is possible to reach the beam of the device through a service hatch or the like, a marking shall be
placed on the path leading to the beam, calling for the shutter of the radiation source to be closed be-
fore entering the space.

Portable radiometric gauges and other radiation sources containing sealed sources shall comply, as applicable,
with the above requirements.
 372

The dose rate in the vicinity of a radiometric gauge outside the beam shall be as low as possible for the oper-
ating mode of the device and shall not exceed the following values:

1) 500 µSv/h at 5 cm from the touchable surface of the device;

2) 7.5 µSv/h at a distance of 1 m from the touchable surface of the device.

If necessary, fixed shielding shall be installed around the devices in order to lower the dose rates.
 373

Appendix 22: Requirements for acceptance and performance of industrial radiography equipment

Collimators shall be used in industrial radiography equipment to limit the radiation beam to a size as small as
necessary for safety.

Gamma radiography equipment

It shall be possible to lock the exposure device when it is not used.

The collimators shall provide an attenuation corresponding to at least 2 TVT (tenth value thickness).

The exposure device shall comply with ISO 3999 requirements. Compliance shall be demonstrated by a cer-
tificate of conformity.

The sealed source used in the gamma radiography equipment shall comply at least with the classification C
43515 set out in ISO 2910 standard.

X-ray imaging equipment

The protective shield of the X-ray tube shall be such that leakage radiation is minimized and is not higher than
the following values at 1-metre distance from the tube:
Tube voltage Leakage radiation
under 150 kV 1 mSv/h
150–200 kV 2.5 mSv/h
over 200 kV 5 mSv/h

The total filtration of primary radiation shall correspond to the following values as a minimum:
Tube voltage Total filtration
under 50 kV no requirements
50–100 kV 2 mm aluminium
100–200 kV 3 mm aluminium
200–300 kV 4 mm aluminium
over 300 kV 0.5 mm copper

The appliance shall be equipped with an additional filter unless the imaging technology requires a filtration
lower than customary and the tube unit’s fixed filtration is lower than the values above. In such case, the total
filtration shall correspond to the total filtration values stated above.

For the preheating of the X-ray tube, a shutter shall be available for attenuating the primary radiation in such
a way that leakage radiation is not higher than the values stated above.
 374

Appendix 23: Specific requirements for acceptance and performance of X-ray appliances used in
industry and research

Definitions

Closed beam portable XRF analysis system

A X-ray system is in which the beam path cannot be entered by any part of the body during normal oper-
ation.

Open beam portable XRF analysis device

A X-ray analysis system in which the beam path could be entered by any part of the body.

Cabinet X-ray system

A cabinet X-ray system is a system that contains an X-ray tube installed in a cabinet which, independently
of existing architectural structures except the floor on which it may be placed, is intended to contain at
least that portion of a material being irradiated, provide radiation attenuation, and exclude personnel from
the interior during generation of X-radiation.

Requirements

The control unit or user panel of an X-ray appliance shall be located so that the use of the appliance can
be controlled.

Warning light or lights indicating when the radiation appliance generates radiation shall be in an X-ray
appliance or in its immediate vicinity. At least one light shall be visible around the appliance to each door,
panel and hatch or equivalent mean.

The shielding of an X-ray appliance shall be such that the dose rate of radiation from any touchable surface
of the appliance and outside the radiation beam is as low as possible and does not exceed the value of
1) 1 μSv/h at the distance of 10 cm for a closed beam portable XRF analysis system;
2) 25 μSv/h at the distance of 5 cm for an open beam portable XRF analysis system outside the
beam;
3) 5 μSv/h at the distance of 5 cm for a cabinet X-ray system.

An X-ray appliance shall also be equipped appropriately by the following safety and alarm systems:
1) safety switches which prevent the generation of radiation if doors, panels and hatches or equiv-
alent means of fixed structural shielding of the appliance are opened. The appliance shall not
start without operators actions if safety system has stopped radiation;
2) emergency buttons and other switches to stop the radiation output;
3) if the radiation beam is directed outside the appliance or the structure of the appliance is such
that it is possible to reach the beam, a method for enabling the device only with a key, code
or similar switch. The switch shall be such that radiation cannot be generated without it;
4) the electronic safety and warning systems shall be ensured by a circuit that prevents the appli-
ance from operating in fault situations, or the systems shall be duplicated and functioning of
the systems shall be independent of each other.

A portable open beam portable XRF analysis device shall be equipped with a safety switch which prevents
the device from operating without the object being analyzed or studied.

The object to be examined or analyzed shall be placed inside the shield of the cabinet X-ray system prior
to commencement of radiation generation, or the sample transfer mechanism shall be automatic.
 375

Inlet and outlet openings in a cabinet X-ray system used for the inspection of products and goods shall be
provided with additional shields attenuating the radiation in the vicinity of the opening.

If a cabinet X-ray system is used in public spaces and inlet and outlet openings have access to the beam,
there shall be approach barriers around the openings.
 376

Appendix 24: Intervals of quality assurance actions in medical X-ray practices, nuclear medicine and
veterinary medicine

Table 24.1. Quality control intervals (safety tests and display monitors).
Test or characteristic Maximum interval

Safety tests
 Condition of appliance, mechanical 12 months
operation and safety switches
 Functioning of warning lights 12 months
 Condition of radiation shielding 12 months
Display monitor tests (not applicable to veteri- Diagnostic monitors (so called Secondary monitors
nary medicine) primary monitors)
Functioning of display monitor using the test 1 month 6 months
image
Luminance of display monitor 12 months

Table 24.2. Quality control intervals (X-ray appliances used in health care and veterinary medicine).
Test or characteristic Maximum interval
Verification of compliance with acceptability requirements (excluding intraoral 24 months
X-ray appliances)
Exceptions:
 CT appliances, fixed fluoroscopy appliances used in interven- 12 months
tional radiology
 Radiation appliances used in veterinary medicine (excluding 36 months
intraoral X-ray appliances)
Imaging of test phantom/image quality (not applicable to veterinary medicine
appliances)
 Intraoral appliance 12 months
 Panoramic radiography appliance 6 months
 Mammography appliance 6 months
 Fluoroscopy appliance, fixed
6 months
 CT appliance
6 months
 Conventional X-ray appliance
12 months
 Fluoroscopy appliance, portable
12 months
 377

Table 24.3. Quality control intervals in nuclear medicine.

Appliance Test or characteristic Maximum
interval
Activity meter (dose calibrator) Accuracy 1 month
Linearity 6 months
Gamma camera Spatial resolution 12 months
Sensitivity 12 months
Uniformity of image field 1 month
PET camera Image quality 12 months
Quantitativity of PET images 3 months
Combination imaging devices Geometrical position of a radionuclide imaging 6 months
(SPECT-CT, PET-CT and PET-MRI) appliance and a CT appliance or an MRI appli-
ance with regard to each other
Gamma detector (gamma detectors Constancy of sensitivity 12 months
used in surgery)
Gamma counter (well crystal) Constancy 3 months
 378

Appendix 25: Quality assurance actions of radiation appliances used in industry and research

The operating condition of a radiation appliance used in industry or research and its auxiliary appliances,
programmes and accessories effecting safety shall be inspected at least once in a calendar year.

More frequent inspections shall be executed if the type of use of a radiation appliance or conditions at the place
of use are such that they are needed for ensuring the fulfillment of the requirements for acceptance and perfor-
mance.

The operating condition of a Category 1, 2 or 3 radiation source and its auxiliary appliances affecting safety
shall be checked every time before it is used.

The inspection of a gamma radiography equipment according to the quality assurance programme shall include
at least the control of the guide tube, wind-out cable, fixing joint, remote control device and the exposure
device. Inspections entries of a gamma radiography equipment shall be marked on the exposure device.
 379

Appendix 26: Reference values for surface contamination

Radioactive substance Workplaces, tools and equipment Workers

Controlled areas Supervised and other ar- Clothes Skin
(Bq/cm2 ) eas (Bq/cm2 ) (Bq/cm2 )
(Bq/cm2 )
Alpha emitters 4 0,4 0,4 0,2
Beta- and gamma emitters 40 4 4 2
 380

Appendix 27: Generic criteria for protective actions and other response actions in an emergency to
reduce the risk of stochastic effects

Generic criteria Examples of protective actions and

other response actions

Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take urgent protective actions and
other response actions

Hthy roid 50 mSv in the first 7 days Iodine thyroid blocking

E 100 mSv in the first 7 days Sheltering; evacuation; decontamination;

restrictions on food, milk and drinking water; con-
Hfetus 100 mSv in the first 7 days tamination control; reassurance of the public

Projected dose that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take early protective actions and
other response actions

E 100 mSv in the first year Temporary relocation; decontamination; restrictions

on food, milk and drinking water; reassurance of the
Hfetus 100 mSv for the full period public
of in utero development

Dose that has been received and that exceeds the following generic criteria: Take longer term
medical actions to detect and to effectively treat radiation induced health effects

E 100 mSv in a month Health screening based on equivalent doses to spe-

cific radiosensitive organs (as a basis for medical
follow-up); counselling

Hfetus 100 mSv for the full period of in Counselling to allow informed decisions to be made
utero development in individual circumstances
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Appendix 28: Generic criteria for doses received within short period of time for which protective
actions and other response actions are expected to be undertaken under any circumstances to avoid or
to minimize severe deterministic effects

Acute external exposure (<10 h)

If the dose is projected:
ADred marrowa 1 Gy - Take precautionary urgent protective actions imme-
diately (even under difficult conditions) to keep
ADfetus 0.1 Gy
doses below the generic criteria
ADtissue b
25 Gy at 0.5 cm - Provide public information and warnings
- Carry out urgent decontamination
ADskinc 10 Gy to 100 cm2

Acute internal exposure due to an

intake (Δ = 30 d) d
AD(Δ)red marrow 0.2 Gy for radionuclides If the dose has been received:
with atomic number Z ≥ 90e - Perform immediate medical examination, consulta-
2 Gy for radionuclides tion and indicated medical treatment
with an atomic number Z ≤ 89e - Carry out contamination control
AD(Δ)thy roid 2 Gy - Carry out immediate decorporationf (if applicable)
AD(Δ)lungg 30 Gy - Carry out registration for longer term medical fol-
AD(Δ)colon 20 Gy low-up
AD(Δ′)fetush 0.1 Gy - Provide comprehensive psychological counselling

a
ADred marrow represents the average relative biological effectiveness (RBE) weighted absorbed dose to internal tissues or
organs (e.g. red marrow, lung, small intestine, gonads, thyroid) and to the lens of the eye from exposure in a uniform field
of strongly penetrating radiation.
b
Dose delivered to 100 cm2 at a depth of 0.5 cm under the body surface in tissue due to close
contact with a radioactive source (e.g. source carried in the hand or pocket).
c
The dose is to the 100 cm2 dermis (skin structures at a depth of 40 mg/cm2 (or 0.4 mm) below the surface).
d
AD(Δ) is the RBE weighted absorbed dose delivered over a period of time Δ by the intake (I05) that will result in a
severe deterministic effect in 5% of exposed individuals.
e
Different generic criteria are used to take account of the significant difference in RBE weighted absorbed dose from
exposure at the intake threshold values specific for these two groups of radionuclides.
f
Decorporation is the action of the biological processes, facilitated by chemical or biological agents, by means of which
incorporated radionuclides are removed from the human body. The generic criterion for decorporation is based on the
projected dose without decorporation.
g
For the purposes of these generic criteria, ‘lung’ means the alveolar-interstitial region of the respiratory tract.
h
For this particular case, ‘Δ′’ means the period of in utero development of the embryo and fetus.
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Appendix 29: Guidance values for restricting exposure of emergency workers

Tasks Guidance valuea

Hp(10)b < 500 mSv

This value may be exceeded under circum-

stances in which the expected benefits to oth-
Life saving actions ers clearly outweigh the emergency worker’s
own health risks, and the emergency worker
volunteers to take the action and understands
and accepts these health risks

Actions to prevent severe deterministic ef-

fects and actions to prevent the develop-
ment of catastrophic conditions that could Hp (10) < 500 mSv
significantly affect people and the environ-
ment

Actions to avert a large collective dose Hp (10) < 100 mSv

a These values apply only for the dose from external exposure to strongly penetrating radiation.
Doses from external exposure to weakly penetrating radiation and from intake or skin contam-
ination need to be prevented by all possible means. If this is not feasible, the effective dose and
the equivalent dose to a tissue or organ that are received have to be limited to minimize the
health risk to the individual in line with the risk associated with the guidance values given here.
b Hp (10) is the personal dose equivalent Hp (d) where d = 10 mm.