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PAMANTASAN NG COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA AND URBAN PLANNING

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
FUNDAMENTALS OF
ARCHITECTURE:

ALNIE KHAYZER HAYUDINI, RLA, RMP

How Is Architecture Organized? Page 2

T h e va r i o u s s p a c e s a n d f u n c t i o n s o f a b u i l d in g
a re re l ate d to o n e a n o t h e r t h ro u g h p r i n c i p l e s
o f o rga n i zat i o n a n d o rd e r i n g .

• O rga n i zat i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s d ete r m i n e w h i c h

ro o m s a re a d j o i n i n g o n e a n o t h e r a n d w h i c h a re
s e p a rate d . T h ey d ete r m i n e t h e ex te nt to w h i c h
a s p a c e i s p u b l i c o r p r i vate .
• O rd e r i n g p r i n c i p l e s d ete r m i n e t h e s e q u e n c e
i n w h i c h a re a s a re e n co u nte re d . T h ey d ef i n e
t h e l o g i c by w h i c h s p at i a l c h a ra c te r i st i c s o r
f u n c t i o n s a re d i st r i b u te d t h ro u g h o u t a
b u i l d i n g ’s co m p o s i t i o n .
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T h e s e f u n d a m e nta l co n s i d e rat i o n s o f
a rc h i te c t u ra l d e s i g n p ro d u c e b u i l d in g s t h at
m a ke s e n s e — a b u i l d i n g t h at i s u n d e rsto o d
i nt u i t i ve l y a s o n e e nte rs i t . T h e a r ra n ge m e nt
a n d s e q u e n c e o f d i f fe re nt s p a c e s re l at i ve to
o n e a n o t h e r w i l l d ete r m i n e w h i c h o n e s a re
m o re o r l e s s i m p o r ta nt . T h e b a r r i e rs t h at
d i v i d e s p a c e s a n d t h e o p e n i n g s t h at co n n e c t
t h e m te l l a p e rs o n w h i c h s p a c e s s h o u l d b e
e nte re d , a n d w h i c h a re o f f l i m i t s . T h e p o s i t io n
o f s p a c e s n e a r o r fa r f ro m o n e a n o t h e r
d ete r m i n e s t h e re l at i o n s h i p b et we e n f u n c t i o n s
of the building.
 Organization of Form and Space Page 4

Few b u i l d i n g s , h o weve r, co n s i st o f a s o l i ta r y
s p a c e . T h ey a re n o r m a l l y co m p o s e d o f a
n u m b e r o f s p a c e s w h i c h a re re l ate d to o n e
a n o t h e r by f u n c t i o n , p rox i m it y, o r a p at h o f
m o ve m e nt .
Space Within a Space Page 5

A l a rge s p a c e ca n e nve l o p a n d co nta i n a

s m a l l e r s p a c e w i t h i n i t s vo l u m e . V i s u a l a n d
s p at i a l co nt i n u i t y b et we e n t h e t wo s p a c e s
ca n b e e a s i l y a c co m m o d ate d , b u t t h e
s m a l l e r, co nta i n e d s p a c e d e p e n d s o n t h e
l a rge r, e nve l o p i n g s p a c e fo r i t s re l at i o n s h i p
to t h e ex te r i o r e nv i ro n m e nt .

I n t h i s t y p e o f s p at i a l re l at i o n s h i p , t h e
l a rge r, e nve l o p i n g s p a c e s e r ve s a s a t h re e -
d i m e n s i o n a l f i e l d fo r t h e s m a l l e r s p a c e
co nta i n e d w i t h i n i t . Fo r t h i s co n c e pt to b e
p e rc e i ve d , a c l e a r d i f fe re nt i at io n i n s i ze i s
n e c e s s a r y b et we e n t h e t wo s p a c e s .
 Page 6
To e n d o w i t s e l f w i t h a h i g h e r atte nt i o n va l u e , t h e co nta i n e d s p a c e m ay
s h a re t h e fo r m o f t h e e nve l o p i n g s h a p e , b u t b e o r i e nte d i n a d i f fe re nt
m a n n e r.

T h e co nta i n e d s p a c e m ay a l s o d i f fe r i n fo r m f ro m t h e e nve l o p i n g s p a c e i n
o rd e r to st re n gt h e n i t s i m a ge a s a f re e sta n d i n g vo l u m e .
Interlocking Spaces Page 7

A n i nte r l o c k i n g s p at i a l
re l at i o n s h i p re s u l t s f ro m
t h e o ve r l a p p i n g o f t wo
s p at i a l f i e l d s a n d t h e
e m e rge n c e o f a zo n e o f
s h a re d s p a c e . W h e n t wo
s p a c e s i nte r l o c k t h e i r
vo l u m e s i n t h i s m a n n e r,
e a c h reta i n s i t s i d e nt i t y
a n d d ef i n i t io n a s a
space.
 Page 8

T h e i nte r l o c k i n g p o r t i o n o f t h e
t wo vo l u m e s ca n b e s h a re d
e q u a l l y by e a c h s p a c e .

T h e i nte r l o c k i n g p o r t i o n ca n
m e rge w i t h o n e o f t h e s p a c e s
a n d b e co m e a n i nte g ra l p a r t o f
i t s vo l u m e .

T h e i nte r l o c k i n g p o r t i o n ca n
d eve l o p i t s o w n i nte g r i t y a s a
s p a c e t h at s e r ve s to l i n k t h e
t wo o r i g i n a l s p a c e s .
Adjacent Spaces Page 9

A d j a c e n c y i s t h e m o st co m m o n t y p e o f s p at i a l re l at i o n s h i p . I t a l l o ws e a c h
s p a c e to b e c l e a r l y d ef i n e d a n d to re s p o n d , e a c h i n i t s o w n way, to
s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a l o r sy m b o l i c re q u i re m e nt s . T h e d e g re e o f v i s u a l a n d
s p at i a l co nt i n u i t y t h at o c c u rs b et we e n t wo a d j a c e nt s p a c e s d e p e n d s o n
t h e n at u re o f t h e p l a n e t h at b o t h s e p a rate s a n d b i n d s t h e m to get h e r.
 Page 10
T h e s e p a rat i n g p l a n e m ay :
• L i m i t v i s u a l a n d p hys i ca l a c c e s s b et we e n t wo a d j a c e nt s p a c e s , re i nfo rc e
t h e i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f e a c h s p a c e , a n d a c co m m o d ate t h e i r d i f fe re n c e s ;

• A p p e a r a s a f re e sta n d in g p l a n e i n a s i n g le vo l u m e o f s p a c e ;
• B e d ef i n e d w i t h a ro w o f co l u m n s t h at a l l o ws a h i g h d e g re e o f v i s u a l
Page 11

a n d s p at i a l co nt i n u i t y b et we e n t h e t wo s p a c e s ;

• B e m e re l y i m p l i e d w i t h a c h a n ge i n l eve l o r a co nt ra st i n s u r fa c e
m ate r i a l o r tex t u re b et we e n t h e t wo s p a c e s ; t h i s a n d t h e re c e d i n g
t wo ca s e s ca n a l s o b e re a d a s s i n g le vo l u m e s o f s p a c e w h i c h a re d i v i d e d
i nto t wo re l ate d zo n e s .
Spaces Linked by a Common Space Page 12

Two s p a c e s t h at a re
s e p a rate d by d i sta n c e
ca n b e l i n ke d o r
re l ate d to e a c h o t h e r
by a t h i rd ,
i nte r m e d i ate , s p a c e .
T h e v i s u a l a n d s p at i a l
re l at i o n s h ip b et we e n
t h e t wo s p a c e s
d e p e n d s o n t h e n at u re
o f t h e t h i rd s p a c e w i t h
w h i c h t h ey s h a re a
co m m o n b o n d .
T h e t wo s p a c e s , a s we l l a s t h e i nte r m e d i ate s p a c e , ca n b e e q u i va l e nt i n
Page 13

s i ze a n d s h a p e a n d fo r m a l i n e a r s e q u e n c e o f s p a c e s .

T h e i nte r m e d i ate s p a c e ca n i t s e l f b e co m e l i n e a r i n fo r m to l i n k t wo s p a c e s
t h at a re d i sta nt f ro m e a c h o t h e r, o r j o i n a w h o l e s e r i e s o f s p a c e s t h at
h ave n o d i re c t re l at i o n s h i p to o n e a n o t h e r.
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T h e i nte r m e d i ate s p a c e ca n , i f l a rge

e n o u g h , b e co m e t h e d o m i n a nt s p a c e
i n t h e re l at i o n s h i p , a n d b e ca p a b l e
o f o rga n i z i n g a n u m b e r o f s p a c e s
a b o u t i t s e l f.

T h e fo r m o f t h e i nte r m e d i ate
s p a c e ca n b e re s i d u a l i n n at u re
a n d b e d ete r m i n e d s o l e l y by t h e
fo r m s a n d o r i e ntat i o n s o f t h e
t wo s p a c e s b e i n g l i n ke d .
Spatial Page 15

Organizations
Centralized Organizations Page 16

A c e nt ra l i ze d o rga n i zat i o n i s a sta b l e , co n c e nt rate d co m p o s i t i o n t h at

co n s i st s o f a n u m b e r o f s e co n d a r y s p a c e s g ro u p e d a ro u n d a l a rge ,
d o m i n a nt , c e nt ra l s p a c e .
 Page 17

T h e c e nt ra l , u n i f y i n g
s p a c e o f t h e o rga n i zat i o n
i s ge n e ra l l y re g u l a r i n
fo r m a n d l a rge e n o u g h i n
s i ze to gat h e r a n u m b e r o f
s e co n d a r y s p a c e s a b o u t
i t s p e r i m ete r.
Linear Organizations Page 18

A l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n co n s i st s e s s e nt i a l ly o f a s e r i e s o f s p a c e s . T h e s e
s p a c e s ca n e i t h e r b e d i re c t l y re l ate d to o n e a n o t h e r o r b e l i n ke d t h ro u g h
a s e p a rate a n d d i st i n c t l i n e a r s p a c e .

A l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n u s u a l l y co n s i st s o f re p et i t ive s p a c e s t h at a re a l i ke i n

s i ze , fo r m , a n d f u n c t i o n . I t m ay a l s o co n s i st o f a s i n g l e l i n e a r s p a c e t h at
o rga n i ze s a l o n g i t s l e n gt h a s e r i e s o f s p a c e s t h at d i f fe r i n s i ze , fo r m , o r
function.
 Page 19

B e ca u s e o f t h e i r c h a ra c te r i st i c l e n gt h ,
l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n s ex p re s s a
d i re c t i o n a n d s i g n if y m o ve m e nt ,
ex te n s i o n , a n d g ro w t h .

T h e fo r m o f a l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n i s i n h e re nt l y f l ex i b l e a n d ca n re s p o n d
re a d i l y to va r i o u s co n d i t io n s o f i t s s i te .
T h e fo r m o f a l i n e a r Page 20

o rga n i zat i o n ca n re l ate to o t h e r

fo r m s i n i t s co ntex t by :
• L i n k i n g a n d o rga n i z i n g t h e m
a l o n g i t s l e n gt h
• S e r v i n g a s a wa l l o r b a r r i e r to
s e p a rate t h e m i nto d i f fe re nt
fields
• S u r ro u n d i n g a n d e n c l o s i n g
them within a field of space
Radial Organizations Page 21

A ra d i a l o rga n i zat i o n o f s p a c e co m b i n e s e l e m e nt s o f b o t h c e nt ra l i ze d a n d
l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n s . I t co n s i st s o f a d o m i n a nt c e nt ra l s p a c e f ro m w h i c h a
n u m b e r o f l i n e a r o rga n i zat i o n s ex te n d i n a ra d i a l m a n n e r.

A s w i t h c e nt ra l i ze d o rga n i zat i o n s , t h e c e nt ra l s p a c e o f a ra d i a l
o rga n i zat i o n i s ge n e ra l l y re g u l a r i n fo r m . T h e l i n e a r a r m s , fo r w h i c h t h e
c e nt ra l s p a c e i s t h e h u b , m ay b e s i m i l a r to o n e a n o t h e r i n fo r m a n d
l e n gt h a n d m a i nta i n t h e re g u l a r i t y o f t h e o rga n i zat i o n ’s o ve ra l l fo r m .
Page 22
Clustered Organizations Page 23

A c l u ste re d o rga n i zat i o n re l i e s o n p hys i ca l p rox i m i t y to re l ate i t s s p a c e s

to o n e a n o t h e r. I t o f te n co n s i st s o f re p et i t i ve , c e l l u l a r s p a c e s t h at h ave
s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n s a n d s h a re a co m m o n v i s u a l t ra i t s u c h a s s h a p e o r
o r i e ntat i o n .

A c l u ste re d o rga n izat i o n ca n a l s o a c c e pt w i t h i n i t s co m p o s i t i o n s p a c e s

t h at a re d i s s i m i l a r i n s i ze , fo r m , a n d f u n c t i o n , b u t re l ate d to o n e a n o t h e r
by p rox i m i t y o r a v i s u a l o rd e r i n g d ev i c e s u c h a s sy m m et r y o r a n ax i s .

B e ca u s e i t s p atte r n d o e s n o t o r i g i n ate f ro m a r i g i d ge o m et r i ca l
co n c e pt , t h e fo r m o f a c l u ste re d o rga n i zat i o n i s f l ex i b le a n d ca n a c c e pt
g ro w t h a n d c h a n ge re a d i l y w i t h o u t af fe c t i n g i t s c h a ra c te r.
Page 24
Page 25
Page 26
Grid Organizations Page 27

A g r i d o rga n i zat i o n co n s i st s o f fo r m s a n d s p a c e s w h o s e p o s i t i o n s i n s p a c e
a n d re l at i o n s h i ps w i t h o n e a n o t h e r a re re g u l ate d by a t h re e - d i m e n s i o n a l
g r i d p atte r n o r f i e l d .
Page 28
Circulation Governed by Organization Page 29

1. Linear
A l l p at h s a re l i n e a r. A st ra i g ht p at h ,
h o weve r, ca n b e t h e p r i m a r y o rga n i z i n g
e l e m e nt fo r a s e r i e s o f s p a c e s . I n
a d d i t i o n , i t ca n b e c u r v i l i n e a r o r
s e g m e nte d , i nte rs e c t o t h e r p at h s , h ave
b ra n c h e s , o r fo r m a l o o p .

2. Radial
A ra d i a l co nf i g u rat i o n h a s l i n e a r p at h s
ex te n d i n g f ro m o r te r m i n at i n g at a
c e nt ra l , co m m o n p o i nt .
 Page 30

3. Spiral
A s p i ra l co nf i g u rat i o n i s a s i n g l e , co nt i n u o u s p at h
t h at o r i g i n ate s f ro m a c e nt ra l p o i nt , revo l ve s
a ro u n d i t , a n d b e co m e s i n c re a s i n g l y d i sta nt f ro m
it.

4. Grid
A g r i d co nf i g u rat i o n co n s i st s o f t wo s et s o f p a ra l l e l
p at h s t h at i nte rs e c t at re g u l a r i nte r va l s a n d c re ate
s q u a re o r re c ta n g u l a r f i e l d s o f s p a c e .

5. Network
A n et wo r k co nf i g u rat i o n co n s i st s o f p at h s t h at
co n n e c t e sta b l i s h e d p o i nt s i n s p a c e .
 Page 31

6 . C o m p o s ite
I n re a l i t y, a b u i l d i n g n o r m a l l y e m p l oys a
co m b i n at i o n o f t h e p re c e d i n g p atte r n s .
I m p o r ta nt p o i nt s i n a ny p atte r n a re c e nte rs o f
a c t i v i t y, e nt ra n c e s to ro o m s a n d h a l l s , a n d
p l a c e s fo r ve r t i ca l c i rc u l at i o n p ro v i d e d by
sta i r ways , ra m ps , a n d e l evato rs . T h e s e n o d e s
p u n c t u ate t h e p at h s o f m o ve m e nt t h ro u g h a
b u i l d i n g a n d p ro v i d e o p p o r t u n it i e s fo r p a u s e ,
re st , a n d re o r i e ntat i o n . To avo i d t h e c re at i o n
o f a d i s o r i e nt in g m a ze , a h i e ra rc h i ca l o rd e r
a m o n g t h e p at h s a n d n o d e s o f a b u i l d i n g
s h o u ld b e e sta b l i s h e d by d i f fe re nt i at in g t h e i r
s ca l e , fo r m , l e n gt h , a n d p l a c e m e nt .
Ordering Principles Page 32

O rd e r w i t h o u t d i ve rs i t y
ca n re s u l t i n m o n o to ny
o r b o re d o m ; d i ve rs i t y
w i t h o u t o rd e r ca n
p ro d u c e c h a o s . A s e n s e
o f u n i t y w i t h va r i et y i s
the ideal.
Axis Page 33

T h e ax i s i s p e r h a ps t h e m o st e l e m e nta r y m e a n s o f o rga n i z i n g fo r m s a n d
s p a c e s i n a rc h i te c t u re . I t i s a l i n e e sta b l i s h e d by t wo p o i nt s i n s p a c e ,
a b o u t w h i c h fo r m s a n d s p a c e s ca n b e a r ra n ge d i n a re g u l a r o r i r re g u l a r
m a n n e r. A l t h o u g h i m a g in a r y a n d n o t v i s i b l e exc e pt to t h e m i n d ’s eye , a n
ax i s ca n b e a p o we r f u l , d o m i n at i n g , re g u l at i n g d ev i c e . A l t h o u g h i t i m p l i e s
sy m m et r y, i t d e m a n d s b a l a n c e

Since an axis is essentially a linear

condition, it has qualities of length and
direction, and induces movement and
p r o m o te s v i e w s a l o n g i t s p a t h

For its definition, an axis must be

t e r m i n a te d a t b o t h o f i t s e n d s b y a
s i g n i f i c a n t fo r m o r s p a c e .
T h e n o t i o n o f a n a x i s c a n b e r e i n fo rc e Pda g e b34y
defining edges along its length. These edges
can be simply lines on
the ground plane, or vertical planes that
define a linear space coincident with the
axis.

An axis can also be established simply by a

sy m m e t r i c a l a r ra n g e m e n t o f fo r m s a n d
spaces.
T h e t e r m i n a t i n g e l e m e n t s o f a n a x i s s e r v e t o b o t h s e n d a n d r e c e i v e i t s v iPsa gue a35 l
thrust.

• Po i n t s i n s p a c e e s t a b l i s h e d b y v e r t i c a l ,
l i n e a r e l e m e n t s o r c e n t ra l i ze d b u i l d i n g
fo r m s

• Ve r t i c a l p l a n e s , s u c h a s sy m m e t r i c a l
b u i l d i n g fa c a d e s o r f r o n t s , p r e c e d e d b y
a fo r e c o u r t o r s i m i l a r o p e n s p a c e

• We l l - d e f i n e d s p a c e s , g e n e ra l l y
c e n t ra l i ze d o r r e g u l a r i n fo r m

• G a t e w ay s t h a t o p e n o u t w a r d t o w a r d a
view or vista beyond
Symmetry Page 36

A n ax i s i s e sta b l i s h e d by t wo p o i nt s ; a sy m m et r i ca l co n d i t io n re q u i re s t h e
b a l a n c e d a r ra n ge m e nt o f e q u i va l e nt p atte r n s o f fo r m a n d s p a c e o n
o p p o s i te s i d e s o f a d i v i d i n g l i n e o r p l a n e , o r a b o u t a c e nte r o r ax i s .

There are two fundamental types of

sy m m e t r y :

1 . B i l a te ra l sy m m e t r y r e fe rs t o t h e b a l a n c e d
a r ra n g e m e n t o f s i m i l a r o r e q u i v a l e n t
elements on opposite sides of a median axis
so that only one plane can divide the whole
into essentially identical halves .
 Page 37

2 . R a d i a l sy m m e t r y r e fe rs t o t h e b a l a n c e d
a r ra n g e m e n t o f s i m i l a r, ra d i a t i n g e l e m e n t s
such that the composition can be divided
i n t o s i m i l a r h a l v e s b y p a s s i n g a p l a n e a t a ny
a n g l e a r o u n d a c e n te r p o i n t o r a l o n g a
c e n t ra l a x i s .

A sy m m e t r i c a l c o n d i t i o n c a n o c c u r i n o n l y a
p o r t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g a n d o r ga n i ze a n
i r r e g u l a r p a t t e r n o f fo r m s a n d s p a c e s a b o u t
i t s e l f. T h e l a t t e r c a s e o f l o c a l sy m m e t r y
a l l o w s a b u i l d i n g t o r e s p o n d t o exc e p t i o n a l
c o n d i t i o n s o f i t s s i t e o r p r o g ra m . T h e
sy m m e t r i c a l c o n d i t i o n i t s e l f c a n b e r e s e r v e d
fo r s i g n i f i c a n t o r i m p o r t a n t s p a c e s w i t h i n
t h e o r ga n i z a t i o n .
Page 38
Hierarchy Page 39

T h e p r i n c i p l e o f h i e ra rc hy i m p l i e s t h at i n m o st i f n o t a l l a rc h i te c t u ra l
co m p o s i t i o n s ’ re a l d i f fe re n c e s ex i st a m o n g t h e i r fo r m s a n d s p a c e s . T h e s e
d i f fe re n c e s ref l e c t t h e d e g re e o f i m p o r ta n c e o f t h e s e fo r m s a n d s p a c e s ,
a s we l l a s t h e f u n c t i o n a l , fo r m a l , a n d sy m b o l ic ro l e s t h ey p l ay i n t h e
o rga n i zat i o n . T h e va l u e syste m by w h i c h re l at i ve i m p o r ta n c e i s m e a s u re d
w i l l o f co u rs e d e p e n d o n t h e s p e c i f i c s i t u at i o n , t h e n e e d s a n d d e s i re s o f
t h e u s e rs , a n d t h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h e d e s i g n e r. T h e va l u e s ex p re s s e d m ay b e
i n d i v i d u a l o r co l l e c t i ve , p e rs o n a l o r c u l t u ra l .
Page 40
Hierarchy by Size Page 41

A fo r m o r s p a c e m ay d o m i n a te a n a rc h i te c t u ra l c o m p o s i t i o n
b y b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f fe r e n t i n s i ze f r o m a l l t h e o t h e r
e l e m e n t s i n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n . N o r m a l l y, t h i s d o m i n a n c e i s
m a d e v i s i b l e b y t h e s h e e r s i ze o f a n e l e m e n t . I n s o m e c a s e s ,
an element can dominate by being significantly smaller than
t h e o t h e r e l e m e n t s i n t h e o r ga n i z a t i o n , b u t p l a c e d i n a w e l l -
defined setting.

Hierarchy by Shape
A fo r m o r s p a c e c a n b e m a d e v i s u a l l y d o m i n a n t a n d , t h u s ,
i m p o r t a n t b y c l e a r l y d i f fe re n t i a t i n g i t s s h a p e f r o m t h a t o f
the other elements in the composition. A discernible
c o n t ra s t i n s h a p e i s c r i t i c a l , w h e t h e r t h e d i f fe re n t i a t i o n i s
b a s e d o n a c h a n g e i n g e o m e t r y o r r e g u l a r i t y. O f c o u r s e , i t i s
a l s o i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s h a p e s e l e c te d fo r t h e h i e ra rc h i c a l l y
significant element be compatible with its functional use.
Hierarchy by Placement Page 42

A fo r m o r s p a c e m ay b e s t ra t e g i c a l l y p l a c e d t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n
to itself as being the most important element in a
c o m p o s i t i o n . H i e ra rc h i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t l o c a t i o n s fo r a fo r m
or space include:
• T h e t e r m i n a t i o n o f a l i n e a r s e q u e n c e o r a x i a l o r ga n i z a t i o n
• T h e c e n t e r p i e c e o f a sy m m e t r i c a l o r ga n i z a t i o n
• T h e fo c u s o f a c e n t ra l i ze d o r ra d i a l o r ga n i z a t i o n
• B e i n g o f f s e t a b o v e , b e l o w, o r i n t h e fo r e g r o u n d o f a
composition
Datum Page 43

A d at u m refe rs to A line can cut through or form a common

edge for the pattern.
a line, plane, or
vo l u m e o f
refe re n c e to
which other
e l e m e nt s i n a
A plane can gather the pattern of elements beneath it or serve as
co m p o s i t i o n ca n
an encompassing background for the elements and frame them in
re l ate . I t its field.
o rga n i ze s a
ra n d o m p atte r n o f
e l e m e nt s t h ro u g h
i t s re g u l a r i t y,
co nt i n u i t y, a n d
co n sta nt A volume can collect the pattern of
p re s e n c e . elements within its boundaries or
o r g a n i z e t h e m a l o n g i t s p e r i m e t e r.
Rhythm Page 44

R hy t h m refe rs to a ny m o ve m e nt
c h a ra c te r i ze d by a p atte r n e d re c u r re n c e
o f e l e m e nt s o r m o t i fs at re g u l a r o r
i r re g u l a r i nte r va l s . T h e m o ve m e nt m ay
b e o f o u r eye s a s we fo l l o w re c u r r i n g
e l e m e nt s i n a co m p o s i t i o n , o r o f o u r
b o d i e s a s we a d va n c e t h ro u g h a
sequence of spaces.

We te n d to g ro u p e l e m e nt s i n a ra n d o m
co m p o s i t i o n a c co rd i n g to :
• T h e i r c l o s e n e s s o r p rox i m i t y to o n e
another
• T h e v i s u a l c h a ra c te r i st i c s t h ey s h a re i n
co m m o n
Page 45
 Page 46

*Images used in this presentation is not the property of the presenter.

Thank you & References:

• Ching, F. (2013). INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-14206-6

keep safe.