User's Manual

AquiferTest Pro 10.0

Pumping & Slug Test Analysis,
Interpretation & Visualization Software

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

AquiferTest Pro 10.0
User's Manual

Wa terl oo Hydrogeol ogi c, Inc.

630 Ri verbend Dri ve, Sui te 100
Ki tchener, ON N2K 3S2
CANADA

www.wa terl oohydrogeol ogi c.com

© 2020 by Wa terl oo Hydrogeol ogi c . Al l ri ghts res erved.

Publ i s hed: Apri l 2020 i n Wa terl oo, Ca na da

Al l ri ghts res erved. No pa rts of thi s work ma y be reproduced i n a ny

form or by a ny mea ns - gra phi c, el ectroni c, or mecha ni ca l , i ncl udi ng
photocopyi ng, recordi ng, ta pi ng, or i nforma ti on s tora ge a nd retri eva l
s ys tems - wi thout the wri tten permi s s i on of the publ i s her. Whi l e the
i nforma ti on pres ented herei n i s bel i eved to be a ccura te, i t i s
provi ded "a s -i s " wi thout expres s or i mpl i ed wa rra nty.

Speci fi ca ti ons a re current a t the ti me of pri nti ng.

Errors a nd omi s s i ons excepted
 Contents 1

Table of Contents
Foreword 0

Part 1 Introduction 1
1 Installation and System Requirements
................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Updating Old Projects ................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Learning AquiferTest ................................................................................................................................... 5
4 About the Interface ................................................................................................................................... 6
5 What's New ................................................................................................................................... 14
6 Quick Start Demo Tutorial ................................................................................................................................... 22
Tutorial 1: Confined
..........................................................................................................................................................
Aquifer Pumping Test Analysis 23
Tutorial 2: Predictive
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis 55
Tutorial 3: Single..........................................................................................................................................................
Well Analysis 61
Tutorial 4: Slug Test
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis 68

Part 2 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 76

1 Exercise 1: Confined Aquifer - Theis
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis 77
2 Exercise 2: Leaky Aquifer - Hantush
...................................................................................................................................
- Jacob Analysis 85
3 Exercise 3: Recovery Data Analysis
...................................................................................................................................
- Agarwal Solution 96
4 Exercise 4: Confined Aquifer, ...................................................................................................................................
Multiple Pumping Wells 109
Determining Aquifer
..........................................................................................................................................................
Parameters 109
Determining the
..........................................................................................................................................................
Effect of a Second Pumping Well 117
Predicting Drawdown
..........................................................................................................................................................
at Any Distance from the Pumping well 121
5 Exercise 5: Adding Data Trend...................................................................................................................................
Correction 125
6 Exercise 6: Adding Barometric...................................................................................................................................
Correction 130
7 Exercise 7: Slug Test Analysis -...................................................................................................................................
Bouwer & Rice 136
8 Exercise 8: High-K Butler Method
................................................................................................................................... 144
9 Exercise 9: Derivative Smoothing
................................................................................................................................... 148
10 Exercise 10: Horizontal Wells ................................................................................................................................... 151
11 Exercise 11: Wellbore Storage...................................................................................................................................
and Skin Effects 159
12 Exercise 12: Lugeon Test ................................................................................................................................... 167
13 Exercise 13: Multi-Layer Aquifer
................................................................................................................................... 173
14 Exercise 14: Slug Test Analysis...................................................................................................................................
- Binkhorst and Robbins 187
15 Additional AquiferTest Examples
................................................................................................................................... 193

Part 3 Program Options 196

1 General Info ................................................................................................................................... 196
Project Navigator
..........................................................................................................................................................
Panel 196
Tests Frame......................................................................................................................................................... 197
Wells Frame......................................................................................................................................................... 198
Discharge.........................................................................................................................................................
Rates Frame 198
Water Level.........................................................................................................................................................
Measurements Frame 198

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

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2 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

Analyses Frame
......................................................................................................................................................... 198
Additional.........................................................................................................................................................
Tasks Frame 199
Navigation Tabs.......................................................................................................................................................... 200
Pumping Test
.........................................................................................................................................................
Tab 201
Slug Test Tab
......................................................................................................................................................... 205
Lugeon Test.........................................................................................................................................................
Tab 237
Discharge.........................................................................................................................................................
Tab 206
Water Levels
.........................................................................................................................................................
Tab 208
Analysis Tab
......................................................................................................................................................... 217
Drawdown .........................................................................................................................................................
Tab 237
Lugeon Test.........................................................................................................................................................
Data and Analysis Tab 237
Site Plan Tab
......................................................................................................................................................... 237
Report Tab ......................................................................................................................................................... 238
2 Main Menu Bar ................................................................................................................................... 242
File Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 242
Edit Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 260
View Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 263
Test Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 267
Analysis Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 270
Tools Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 278
Help Menu .......................................................................................................................................................... 294

Part 4 Pumping Test: Theory and Analysis Methods 296

1 Analysis Parameters and Curve
...................................................................................................................................
Fitting 296
2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 304
3 Theory of Superposition ................................................................................................................................... 304
Variable Discharge
..........................................................................................................................................................
Rates 306
Multiple Pumping..........................................................................................................................................................
Wells 308
Boundary Effects.......................................................................................................................................................... 309
Effects of Vertical
..........................................................................................................................................................
Anisotropy and Partially Penetrating Wells 314
4 Pumping Test Background ................................................................................................................................... 318
5 Pumping Test Analysis Methods
...................................................................................................................................
- Fixed Assumptions 320
Theis Recovery..........................................................................................................................................................
Test (confined) 320
Cooper-Jacob Method
..........................................................................................................................................................
(confined; small r or large time) 324
6 Pumping Test Analysis Methods
...................................................................................................................................
- Flexible Assumptions 329
Drawdown vs. Time
.......................................................................................................................................................... 330
Drawdown vs. Time
..........................................................................................................................................................
with Discharge 331
Confined - Theis.......................................................................................................................................................... 332
Leaky - Hantush-Jacob
..........................................................................................................................................................
(Walton) 336
Hantush - Storage
..........................................................................................................................................................
in Aquitard 339
Wellbore Storage
..........................................................................................................................................................
and Skin Effects (Agarwal 1970) 343
Unconfined, Isotropic
..........................................................................................................................................................
- Theis with Jacob Correction 344
Unconfined, Anisotropic
.......................................................................................................................................................... 346
Fracture Flow, Double
..........................................................................................................................................................
Porosity 354
Single Well Analysis
..........................................................................................................................................................
with Well Effects 367
Large Diameter..........................................................................................................................................................
Wells with WellBore Storage - Papadopulos-Cooper 368
Recovery Analysis
..........................................................................................................................................................
- Agarwal Solution (1980) 372
Horizontal Wells
..........................................................................................................................................................
(Clonts & Ramey) 376
Neuman & Witherspoon
.......................................................................................................................................................... 380
Multi-Layer-Aquifer-Analysis
.......................................................................................................................................................... 384
7 Diagnostic Plots and Interpretation
................................................................................................................................... 390

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Contents 3

Part 5 Well Performance Methods 400

1 Specific Capacity ................................................................................................................................... 400
2 Hantush-Bierschenk Well Loss...................................................................................................................................
Solution 402
3 Well Efficiency ................................................................................................................................... 410

Part 6 Slug Test Solution Methods 412

1 Hvorslev Slug Test ................................................................................................................................... 412
2 Bouwer-Rice Slug Test ................................................................................................................................... 416
3 Cooper-Bredehoeft-Papadopulos
...................................................................................................................................
Slug Test 421
4 High-K Butler ................................................................................................................................... 425
5 Dagan Slug Test ................................................................................................................................... 427
6 Binkhorst and Robbins Slug Test
................................................................................................................................... 428

Part 7 Lugeon Tests 430

1 Test Description ................................................................................................................................... 431
2 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 434
3 Data Requirements ................................................................................................................................... 436
4 Analysis and Interpretation ................................................................................................................................... 436
5 Lugeon Test Examples ................................................................................................................................... 441

Part 8 Data Pre-Processing 442

1 Baseline Trend Analysis and Correction
................................................................................................................................... 443
2 Customized Water Level Trends
................................................................................................................................... 445
3 Barometric Trend Analysis and
...................................................................................................................................
Correction 448
4 Modifying Corrections ................................................................................................................................... 457
5 Deleting Corrections ................................................................................................................................... 457

Part 9 Mapping and Contouring 459

1 About the Interface ................................................................................................................................... 459
2 Data Series ................................................................................................................................... 469
3 Contouring and Color Shading...................................................................................................................................
Properties 471
Contour lines tab
.......................................................................................................................................................... 471
Color Shading tab
.......................................................................................................................................................... 471
4 Regional Flow ................................................................................................................................... 474
5 Streamlines ................................................................................................................................... 478
6 Surfer Scripting ................................................................................................................................... 481
7 Base Maps using a Tile Server................................................................................................................................... 482
8 Example ................................................................................................................................... 484

Part 10 References 505

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

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4 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

Index 511

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 430 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

7 Lugeon Tests

The Lugeon test (or Packer Test) is an in-situ testing method widely used to estimate the
average hydraulic conductivity of rock formations. The test is named after Maurice Lugeon
(1933), a Swiss geologist who first formulated the test. The test is also referred to as a Water
Pressure Test. The Lugeon test is a constant rate injection test carried out in a portion of a
borehole isolated by inflated packers. Water is injected into the isolated portion of the borehole
using a slotted pipe. Water is injected at specific pressure “steps” and the resulting pressure
is recorded when the flow has reached a quasi-steady state condition. A pressure transducer
is also located in that portion of the borehole to measure the pressure with a help of reading
station on the surface. The results provide information about hydraulic conductivity of the rock
mass including the rock matrix and the discontinuities. (Royle, 2010)

Assumptions and Limitations

One of the main drawbacks of the Lugeon test is that only a limited volume of rock around the
hole is actually affected by the test. It has been estimated that the effect of the Lugeon tests –
with a test interval length of 10 feet - is restricted to an approximate radius of 30 feet around
the borehole (Bliss and Rushton, 1984). This suggests that the hydraulic conductivity value
estimated from this test is only representative for a cylinder of rock delimited by the length of
the test interval and the radius given above. The test can be applied for both vertical and
slanted/angled boreholes. AquiferTest assumes that flow meter readings are taken every one
minute.

References and Suggested Readings

Bliss, J. and Rushton, K., 1984. The reliability of packer tests for estimating the hydraulic
conductivity of aquifers. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Vol. 17, pp. 81-91.

Fell, R., MacGregor, P., Stapledon. D., Bell, G., 2005. Geotechnical Engineering of Dams.
Taylor & Francis. London. UK.

Houlsby, A., 1976. Routine Interpretation of the Lugeon Water-Test. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Vol. 9,
pp. 303-313.

Lancaster-Jones, P. F. F. 1975. The interpretation of the Lugeon water-test. Quarterly Journal

of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology; 8(2):151-154.

Quiñones-Rozo, C., 2010. Lugeon test interpretation, revisited. In: Collaborative

Management of Integrated Watersheds, US Society of Dams, 30th Annual Conference,
S. 405–414.

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 431

Royle, M., Undated. Standard Operating Procedures for Borehole Packager Testing, SRK
Consulting.

Wikipedia Contributors. Lugeon. Wikipedia. March 26, 2018.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugeon

http://www.geotechdata.info/geotest/Lugeon_test.html

7.1 Test Description

The following is a general description of the test. There are several variations and
interpretations of the Lugeon test. Readers are encouraged to consult the supporting
materials in the References section. A more thorough description of the field procedure can
be found in ISO 22282-3. (Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Geohydraulic testing --
Part 3: Water Pressure Tests in Rock)

Based on the drill core, an assessment of the expected injection rates and pressure can be
made. The tester will need to have an idea of the pressures to be tested. The expected
pressure range will be based on the estimated permeability of the rock and the expected
intake of injected water. These will have to be assessed based on previous experience in the
borehole(s), and correlated to the pumping equipment available. A maximum test pressure
(Pmax) is defined so that it does not exceed the in-situ minimum stress, thus avoiding
hydraulic fracturing.

The following figure shows a typical field setup:

Scenario 1: Deployment using Borehole Transducer to measure pressure data.

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

432 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

Scenario 2: Deployment using pressure data measured in a Pressure Gauge station. For
this scenario, you must provide the "Gauge Position" in the Lugeon Test tab in AquiferTest

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 433

The test is typically conducted in five steps (or stages). At each step, a constant water
pressure is applied for a duration of 10 minutes (or until steady state flows are measured).
Readings of water pressure and flow rate are measured every minute. Flow readings may be
recorded as Flux or Volume, and this will depend on the meter type that is being used. This
setting is defined in the Lugeon Test tab, under "Flow Meter Type".

The first step typically uses a low water pressure. For the second step, the pressure is
increased and flow readings are again recorded for 10 minutes (or until steady-state
conditions are achieved). This is repeated for subsequent steps until reaching Pmax. Once
Pmax is reached, pressures are then decreased for subsequent steps following the same
pressures used on the way up, thus describing a “pressure loop”. (For example, Step 1
Pressure = Step 5 Pressure; Step 2 Pressure = Step 4 Pressure). The table below shows a
description of this concept along with example pressure factors typically used during the five
test steps.

Step Descriptio Pressure Pressure

n Factor (PSI)
1 Low 0.50 * 40
Pmax
2 Med 0.75 * 60
Pmax
3 P max Pmax 80
4 Med 0.75 * 60
Pmax

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 434 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

5 Low 0.50 * 40
Pmax

In some cases, the test may involve only 3 pressure steps, in which case Pmax is at step 2
and the step 1 pressure should equal the step 3 pressure.

The Gauge Pressures and recorded Flow Meter Readings are entered into the Lugeon Test
Data & Analysis tab as shown below.

From the recorded data, AquiferTest calculates the Average Flow Reading, the Hydraulic
Conductivity, and Lugeon value (all values in the yellow cells shown above). These values are
used in the analysis diagrams shown at the bottom of the Lugeon Test Data & Analysis tab.
Once a Lugeon value has been computed for each of the five steps, a representative value of
hydraulic conductivity can selected based on the trend observed throughout the test. For
more details, see the Analysis and Interpretation sections below.

The test is typically conducted along several vertical intervals in a single borehole. After the
test is complete, the packers are deflated, then moved into the new position in the borehole,
re-inflated and the test procedure is repeated as described above. In AquiferTest, a single
borehole can have multiple Lugeon Tests at various intervals. Use the "Duplicate Test" option,
to create a copy of the current Lugeon Test. Then change the test interval geometry, and
enter the new test data. A summary of interpretations from multiple tests is included in the
reports section.

7.2 Theory

The equation to calculate the conductivity is:

where:

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 435

K = hydraulic conductivity
Q = injection rate
Ro = Radius of influence (L is typically used in this scenario)
R = Radius of the borehole
H = net injection head
L = length of test section

where

The Lugeon Value is calculated as follows:

where:

Q = injection rate
L = length of test section
Po = reference pressure of 1 MPa (equivalent to 10 bar or 145 psi)
P = net injection pressure (at the specific step)

The conversion of pressure (P) into injection head (H) is calculated as follows:

where

g = acceleration due to gravity, default value 9.81 m/s²

p = density of water, default value 999.7 kg / m³

These constants may be adjusted in the Tools / Options, Constants tab.

Under ideal conditions (i.e., homogeneous and isotropic) one Lugeon is equivalent to 1.3 x 10-
5
cm/sec (Fell et al., 2005).

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 436 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

7.3 Data Requirements

The following data are required for conducting a Lugeon Test Analysis in AquiferTest

Borehole Geometry (defined in the Lugeon Test tab)

· Pressure Reading Type: Borehole Transducer or Surface Gauge
· Top of Test Interval (measured as a depth from the ground surface)
· Bottom of Test Interval (measured as a depth from the ground surface)
· Depth to GW (groundwater); if this is not known, it is generally recommended to enter the
center of the test interval as a default.
· Radius of Test Section: can be explicitly defined or use the Borehole radius (B) value
defined for the Test bore
· Radius of Influence; generally this assumed to be the same as the length of the test
interval, however it can be overridden with another value (note the assumptions of the
Radius of Influence as explained below).
· Flow Meter type: flow readings can be recorded and entered as flux or volume

Test Data (defined in the Lugeon Test Data & Analysis tab)
· # of Pressure Steps
· # of Flow Readings
· Recorded Gauge Pressure for each step
· Flow meter reading for each step (recorded as either Flux or Volume, as determined by the
specified "Flow Meter Type" in the Lugeon Test tab)

7.4 Analysis and Interpretation

Data Analysis

In order to simplify the interpretation of the results, AquiferTest provides a set of diagnostic
plots representing typical flow behaviours that can be encountered in fractured rock.
AquiferTest includes the typical Lugeon diagrams as proposed by Houlsby (1976), and also
includes the additional typical curves for flow loss vs. pressure space, as described by
Quiñones-Rozo (2010).

Pressure Diagram
The Gauge Pressure data are read from the grid and plotted on a simple Pressure vs. Step
diagram as shown below

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 437

Lugeon Diagram
For each step, the Lugeon value is calculated using the equations described above and
plotted on a simple bar chart as shown below.

The trends from the Lugeon Diagram can be compared to the diagnostic plots as described
below to identify typical behaviour and choose a suitable Lugeon value.

Flow vs. Pressure Diagram

It is also possible to analyze the Lugeon test results using the flow loss vs. pressure space,
with flow loss defined as the flow rate divided by the length of the test interval (Q/L). For each
step, the Average Flow Rate is calculated from the defined readings and displayed in the table
(in the column after the last flow reading). The Gauge Pressure and Average Flow Rate for
each step are then plot on the "Flow vs Pressure" diagram as shown below.

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

438 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

Each orange point corresponds to one step, consisting of an average flow reading at a given
pressure. A line is drawn starting at the origin and connecting each data point in sequence of
the order of the steps (with the directional arrows corresponding to the sequence of the
steps), thus forming the pressure loop. The slope of each line segment is indicative of the
Lugeon value as the test proceeds. A shallow slope corresponds to a low Lugeon value, a
steep slope corresponds to high Lugeon value. This interpretation technique makes it useful
to do real-time monitoring and interpretation of the test data in the field. The shape of these
curves can be compared to the diagnostic plots as explained below.

Lugeon Test Interpretation

The following table summarizes the typical flow behaviours and corresponding diagnostic
Lugeon Pattern and Representative Lugeon Value (based on Houlsby (1976) and Flow vs.
Pressure Patterns based on Quiñones-Rozo, (2010).

Behaviou Flow vs. Pressure Representative

Lugeon Pattern
r Pattern Lugeon Value

Laminar Average of Lugeon

Flow values for all steps

Lugeon value
Turbulent corresponding to the
Flow highest water pressure
(3rd step)
Lowest Lugeon value
recorded,
corresponding either to
Dilation
low or medium water
pressures (1st,2nd, 4th,
5th step)

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 439

Highest Lugeon value

Wash-out recorded
(5th step)

Final Lugeon value

Void Filling
(5th step)

Typical Lugeon Behaviours

Based on Houlsby (1976)

· Laminar Flow: The hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass is independent of the water
pressure employed. This behavior is characteristic of rock masses with low hydraulic
conductivities, where seepage velocities are relatively small (i.e., less than four Lugeons).
· Turbulent Flow: The hydraulic conductivity of the rock mass decreases as the water
pressure increases. This behavior is characteristic of rock masses exhibiting partly open to
moderately wide cracks.
· Dilation: Similar hydraulic conductivities are observed at low and medium pressures;
however, a much greater value is recorded at the maximum pressure. This behavior –
which is sometimes also observed at medium pressures – occurs when the water
pressure applied is greater than the minimum principal stress of the rock mass, thus
causing a temporary dilatancy (hydro-jacking) of the fissures within the rock mass.
Dilatancy causes an increase in the cross sectional area available for water to flow, and
thereby increases the hydraulic conductivity.
· Wash-Out: Hydraulic conductivities increase as the test proceeds, regardless of the
changes observed in water pressure. This behavior indicates that seepage induces
permanent and irrecoverable damage on the rock mass, usually due to infillings wash out
and/or permanent rock movements.
· Void Filling: Hydraulic conductivities decrease as the test proceeds, regardless of the
changes observed in water pressure. This behavior indicates that either: (1) water
progressively fills isolated/non-persistent discontinuities, (2) swelling occurs in the
discontinuities, or (3) fines flow slowly into the discontinuities building up a cake layer that
clogs them.

In AquiferTest, when you click on the icon that corresponds to the observed behaviour, the
program will determine which is the appropriate Representative Lugeon value from the
calculated values, and place this in the "Interpretations" box.

The following table describes the conditions typically associated with different Lugeon Values,
as well as the typical precision for reporting these values (Quiñones-Rozo, 2010).

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

440 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

Example Interpretation
The following is an example of a Lugeon Test interpretation with 5 pressure steps. The image
below is from the "Lugeon Test Data & Analysis" tab in AquiferTest.

Once the data have been entered, AquiferTest will automatically calculate the Average Flow
Rate, Hydraulic Conductivity, Lugeon value, and plot all of this data in the diagrams at the

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Lugeon Tests 441

bottom of the window. The interpretation involves assessing the trend of the bar charts in the
Lugeon Diagram, and both the shape and direction of the pressure loop in the Flow vs.
Pressure diagram.

In this example, the trend of data in the Lugeon Diagram indicates conditions of Wash-Out.
The shape of the Flow vs. Pressure diagram also indicates Wash-Out behaviour. The shape
of the flow vs. pressure diagram for Wash Out is similar to Void Filling, however the
directional arrows of the pressure loop are in opposite directions. If you click on the "Wash-
Out" icon below the main diagrams (for either the Lugeon Diagram or the Flow vs. Pressure
Diagram), AquiferTest will retrieve the Representative Lugeon value recommended in the
summary table above, and place this into the "Test Result Interpretation" section. In the case
for Wash-Out behaviour, it is recommended to use the highest Lugeon value (5th step),
which corresponds to a Lugeon value of 7.5, and you will see this value defined in the
Interpretations text box. Often the test may exhibit multiple behaviours. For this reason, the
"Test Results Interpretation" text box is fully-editable, where you can type in any other
comments or Lugeon value that you wish to see appear in the final report.

7.5 Lugeon Test Examples

Examples
There are two example projects demonstrating a Lugeon Test included in the "Examples"
folder:
C:\Users\Public\Documents\AquiferTest Pro\Examples

· LugeonTest1.HYT: multiple Lugeon tests at various depths for a single borehole

· LugeonTest2.HYT : simple Lugeon Test with just three pressure steps

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 167

Agarwal, R.G. (1970) An investigation of wellbore storage and skin effects in unsteady
liquid flow: I. analytical treatment. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 10:
279-289.

2.12 Exercise 12: Lugeon Test

NOTE: The Lugeon test solution is available in the AquiferTest

Pro edition.

This exercise is written with the assumption that you are familiar with Lugeon Test
methodology and data requirements, and are familiar with the AquiferTest interface.

[1] Launch AquiferTest and choose the "Create a new project" button. If you already

have AquiferTest open, create a new project by clicking the (New) button from
the toolbar, or select File/New from the main menu.
[2] Create a new "Lugeon Test" by selecting Test > Create a Lugeon Test from the
main menu.
[3] Complete the fields for the Lugeon Test as follows:

For the Project Information Frame

· Project Name: Lugeon Example
· Project No.: 1
· Client: ABC
· Location: Your Town

For the Lugeon Test Frame

· Name: Lugeon Test Analysis
· Performed by: Your Name
· Date: filled in automatically

For the Flow Meter Type Frame, choose the "Volume" radio button.

For the Units frame:

· Site Plan: m
· Dimensions: m
· Volume: m 3
· Pressure: psi
· Conductivity: m/s
· Conductivity 2nd column: m/d

For the Geometry frame:

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168 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

· Pressure Reading: Borehole Transducer

· Top: 0
· Bottom: 8.5
· Depth to GW: 4.25

Finally, fill in the details for the Test bore in the table at the bottom:

· Name: BH-01
· X: 0
· Y: 0
· Elevation: 0
· Benchmark: 0
· B: 0.096

This completes the section for the project/test information. Once you are finished, the
Lugeon Test tab should look like the image below:

[4] Click on the Lugeon Test Data & Analysis tab from the top of the main window.

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 169

[5] Define the following settings (at the top).

· # of pressure steps: 5
· # of flow readings: 10
· Analysis Performed by: Your Name

[6] Enter the following data in the "Gauge Pressure" column, for the corresponding step.

Step # Gauge Pressure

(PSI)
1 41.5
2 62.5
3 78.0
4 62.0
5 40.0

[7] Next you will enter the flow readings into the main table; this can be done manually
"by-hand" which is recommended if you are copying directly from field notes.
Alternatively, if you have the data already in an Excel worksheet, you can copy from
Excel and paste into the grid in AquiferTest (quicker and easier). Follow one of the
options below:

· Manual data entry: Enter the following data shown in the table below, for the
"Flow Meter Readings".. This can be done manually (following the data shown in
the table below).

Start with the first empty row in the grid. This corresponds to the flow readings for
Step 1. Enter the value for Flow Reading 1, Step 1, then work your way to the right,
and enter the remaining Flow Readings for Step #1. Once finished, proceed to the
second row in the grid, and enter the flow readings for Step 2.

Step Gauge Flow Readings (m3)

# Pressure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(psi)
1 41.5 8.836 8.852 8.867 8.883 8.899 8.915 8.931 8.947 8.962 8.979
2 62.5 9.023 9.043 9.062 9.083 9.103 9.123 9.144 9.164 9.184 9.204
3 78 9.252 9.276 9.3 9.325 9.348 9.372 9.396 9.421 9.445 9.469
4 62 9.5 9.52 9.539 9.559 9.579 9.599 9.618 9.638 9.658 9.678
5 40 9.715 9.73 9.745 9.76 9.775 9.79 9.805 9.82 9.835 9.849

· Importing from Excel: Browse to your installation folder, and locate the
"C:\Users\Public\Documents\AquiferTest Pro\Exercises\Supporting Files\"
directory and open
LugeonTest.xls. This should load into MS Excel. Select the first flow reading in
cell B3 and drag a box to the last flow reading, in cell K7, to select all flow readings
for all the steps. The selection should appear as shown below.

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170 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

· Select Copy (or Ctrl+C on keyboard) to copy the selection to the clipboard.
· Minimize your Excel window, and re-activate AquiferTest.
· Select the cell corresponding to Flow Meter Reading 1, in Step 1, adjacent to the
Gauge Pressure Reading
· Select the Paste button from the toolbar (or Ctrl+V on the keyboard) to paste the
data into the grid.

[8] When you are finished entering the data, the Lugeon Test Data & Analysis tab
should look like the image below:

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 Demonstration Exercises and Benchmark Tests 171

Notice that once the data has been entered, AquiferTest will automatically calculate the
Conductivity and Lugeon values for each step, average values for all steps, and
populated the diagrams at the bottom of the display.

[9] You are now ready to do the interpretation. This involves assessing the Lugeon
Diagram and the Flow vs. Pressure Diagram, and comparing the observed
patterns to a set of "Diagnostic" images. You will see this data set is indicative of
"Turbulent" conditions.
[10] Click on the "Turbulent" icon below the Lugeon Diagram, and this condition will be
added to the "Test Result Interpretation" at the bottom of the window. You will also
see the calculated average values for the average Lugeon value and Hydraulic
Conductivity
· Lugeon: 5.5
· Hydraulic Conductivity: 6.40E-7 m/s
· Hydraulic Conductivity: 0.055 m/d

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic

172 AquiferTest 10.0 Help

[11] Click on the Reports tab, and select the Lugeon Test Analysis report as shown
below (be sure you have the "Lugeon Test - BH-01" item checked on and selected
in the tree). The report should look like the image below:

[12] Click on the (Print) button in the tool bar, or select File/Print from the main
menu. You may want to print to PDF, in which case, this option can be setup in the
Tools/Options.

[13] Save your project by clicking on the (Save) icon or selecting File/Save from the
main menu.

This concludes the Lugeon Test exercise. The next example provides an review of a
Multi-Layer Aquifer analysis based on a dataset from a numerical model generated by
Visual MODFLOW Flex. You have the choice of exiting AquiferTest or continuing on to
the next exercise.

© 2020 by Waterloo Hydrogeologic