Cold Storage,

Storage Cold Chain

& Warehouse
o
(with Controlled Atmosphere
Storage & Rural Godowns)

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 Information about
the Book
Title: The Complete
p Book on Cold Storage,
g Cold Chain & Warehouse
(with Controlled Atmosphere Storage & Rural Godowns)
Author: NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers
Format: Paperback
ISBN: 978-93-81039-66-3
Code: ENI292
Pages: 320
Published: 2015
Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.

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India is an agricultural-based economy and is
the
h largest
l producer
d off fruits
f i and d vegetables
bl
in the world. Fruits & vegetables, being
perishable
i h bl in
i nature requirei certain i techniques
h i
of preservation for retaining the quality and
extend
t d the th self-life
lf lif off the
th production.
d ti Th
The
estimated annual production of fruits and
vegetables
t bl i the
in th countryt is i about
b t 130 million
illi
tonnes. The cold storage & cold chain facilities
th prime
are the i i f t t
infrastructural l componentt forf
such perishable commodities.

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Cold storage is a temperature – controlled
supply chain network, with storage and
distribution activities carried out in a manner
such that the temperature of a product is
maintained in a specified range, needed to
keep it fresh and edible for a much longer
period than in normal ambient conditions. A
cold chain can be managed by a quality
management system generally called as
warehouse management. India’s warehousing
requirement is expected to grow at an annual
average rate of 9%.

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The Indian Government focus on incentivizing
the manufacturing sector is the key to growth
of warehousing. With the growth of the
domestic manufacturing and retail segments,
the demand for efficient warehouse
management service has improved.
Investment in warehouse can provide an
opportunity of realizing returns in the range of
12%-20%
12% 20% per annum to investors willing to
explore this sector.

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The current scenario reveals that there is a
tremendous scope for the development of
cold chain facilities. The Cold Chain industry is
recognized as a sunrise sector in India and is
expected to offer significant opportunities in
the near future. Developing an integrated
supply chain, including cold chain can save up
to 300 billion annually and at the same time
reduce the wastage of perishable horticulture
produce.

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This handbook is designed to provide a
thorough understanding and analysis of the
cold chain industry and warehouse
management. Also it contains addresses of
plant & machinery suppliers with their
photographs. The major content of the book
are Controlled Atmosphere Storage, Types of
Cold Storage, Thermal insulation &
Refrigeration System, Refrigeration, Food
Storage Guidelines for Consumers, Bananas
Cold Storage, Cold Storage Plant- Automation,

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 Absorption
p Refrigerator,
g , Cold Chain,, Growth of
Cold Storage Industry, Cold Chain and
Refrigeration,
g , Shipping
pp g Containers,, Cold Chain
Monitor, Warehouse, NABARD Warehousing
Scheme,, Rural Godowns.

It will be a standard reference book for

professionals,,
p entrepreneurs,
p , food
technologists, those studying and researching
in this important
p area.

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 Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
O UC O
History of Cold Storage
Efficient Cold Storage Management
Clean and Calibrate
Know Your Hot and Cold Spots
Pre-cool
Pre cool
Use Humidifiers
Avoid Air Pollution
Rotate Your Product
Inspect the Quality of Your Product on Arrival
Keep Score

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Selection of Location for the Cold Storage
Cold Storage Chain
Emergence of Cold Chain Logistics
Providing Temperature Controlled Environments
Refrigerated Containers

2. CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE

Importance of Controlled Atmosphere
Fruits and Vegetables Storage under CA
Indoor Storage
Outdoor Storage
Harvesting Apples at Optimum Maturity

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Guidelines for Placing Apples into CA Storage
Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Interactions on
Quality of Controlled Atmosphere-stored Apples
Pears
The Use of Cooling and Cold Storage to Stabilize and
Preserve Fresh Stone Fruits
Eth l
Ethylene C t ti
Concentrations iin Controlled
C t ll d Atmosphere
At h
Storage
Construction
Sealing Wails and Ceilings
Wall to Floor Joints
CA Doors
Observation Window
P
Penetrations
t ti

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 3. REFRIGERATION
Refrigerated Rail Cars
Planning a Cold Storage
Cold Store Capacity
Refrigeration Plant Requirements
Compressors
Power Requirements
Methods of Refrigeration
Capacity Rating
Factors Limiting Storage Life
Cost of Freezing
Care and Cleanliness
Working in Cold Rooms
Vapour Barriers

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Types of Cold Stores
P f b i
Prefabricatedd Cold
C ld Stores
S
Layout of a Typical Cold Store
The Drying Process of Potatoes
The Curing Process of Potatoes
Increasingg the Temperature
p of the Potatoes After
Storage
Electrical Installation
S b t ti
Substation
General Specifications for Refrigeration System
Refrigeration Processes
Thermal Insulation & Refrigeration System, Control
and Safety y Devices
Refrigeration Cycles

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Types of Compressors
Piston Compressors
Rotary Compressors
Screw Compressors
Vapour Compression Cycle
Compressor
Condenser
Receiver
Evaporator
Rooms for machines, Electricals etc.
Typical Specifications of Refrigeration System
Vapour Absorption System
Ammonia Refrigeration System
Physical Properties

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Chemical Properties
p
Cold Storage for Fruits and Vegetables
Storage Conditions
Temperature
Incompatibility
B I S Specification
Cold Storage B.I.S
Working in Cold Rooms
p
Examples of Food Processing g by
y Refrigeration
g and
Storage
Meat Products
Fi h
Fishery P d
Products
Dairy Products
Freezing System

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Indirect Contact Systems
Plate Freezers
Freezers for Liquid Foods
Direct-Contact
Direct Contact Systems
Immersion

4. FOOD STORAGE GUIDELINES FOR CONSUMERS

Dairy Products
Recommended Food Storage Chart

5. BANANAS COLD STORAGE

Conditions of Harvesting and Putting into Store
Harvesting
Criteria of Ripeness

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Qualify Characteristics for Storage and Transport
M h d off Storage
Method S

6 COLD STORAGE PLANT – AUTOMATION

6.

7. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATOR
a. Transport Handling
b. Installation of Refrigerators and Freezers
c. Maintenance
M i t
d. Choice of Refrigeration Equipment
Failures Related to Absorption Refrigerators
a. Leaks
p
b. Repair of Leaks on Coolingg Units
c. Fuel Consumption

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Comparison between Vapor Compression and
Absorption System
Compressor
Condenser
Receiver
Expansion Valve
Difference Between Refrigeration and Heat Pump
System
Water-Lithium Bromide Vapor Absorption Refrigeration
System
Special Features of Water-Lithium
Water Lithium Bromide Solution

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8. COLD CHAIN
Cold Chain Diagram
Importance of Maintaining the Cold Chain
The Effective
ff Cold Chain
National Centre for Cold-Chain Development
Cold Chain Development in India-Modernization of the
Infrastructure of Cold Storage of Perishables
Growth of Cold Storageg Industry
y
Verification and Validation
Components of Cold Chain

9. COLD CHAIN AND REFRIGERATION

Health Facilities in Developing Countries

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Domestic (Kitchen) and Bar Refrigerators
T
Types off Cold
C ld Chain
Ch i Refrigerators
R f i
Cold-Chain Maintenance, Repair and Replacement
Maintenance of Equipment
Distribution and Transport
Estimation of Transportation
p
Cold Chain and Logistics Management
Costs of Cold Chain and Logistics Management
I
Importance
t off Cold
C ld Chain
Ch i and
d Vaccine
V i Logistics
L i ti
Management
Electrical Cold Chain Equipments
Walk-in-Freezers (WIF)
(
Walk-in-Coolers (WIC) )

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Deep Freezer
Cold Chain Management
Maintenance of the Vaccine Refrigerator
Cold Box
Cold Boxes: Types and Usage
Uses
Ice Manufacture
Applications of Refrigeration in Different Food Products
Frozen Food Properties
Refrigerator Thermometers
Monitoring of the Refrigerator Temperature
Fridge Failure or Disruption of the Cold Chain

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10. SHIPPING CONTAINERS
Refrigerated Container
Shipping Container Features
p
Comparison y
of Passive and Active System
Transport Operations
The Role of the Transport Operator
Di t ib ti
Distribution V hi l
Vehicles
Air Circulation
Dispatching Product
Air Flow
The Essential Data Logger

11. THE COLD-CHAIN MONITOR

H
How to
t Use
U the
th Cold-Chain
C ld Ch i MMonitor
it iin R
Routine
ti

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The Vaccine Vial Monitor
Proportion of Regional Vaccines Carrying VVMs
Recommendations on Improving Availability and Use
of VVMs
Availability
Use
Cold Storage Temperature Legislation
Why Set -18°C for Thermal Stabilisation?
Vaccine Damage
Heat Damage
Solar Refrigerators
Components of Solar Refrigerator

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12. WAREHOUSE
Cold Storage Warehouse Construction
Warehouse Cum Cold Storage
Central Location
Value-Adding Operation
Need for Warehousing
Types of Warehouses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Functions
Advantages of Public Warehousing
Disadvantages of Public Warehousing
Advantages of Private Warehousing
Disadvantages of Private Warehousing

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Sequence of Warehousing Decisions
Determination of Storage Capacity
Fixation of Storage Charges
Storage Systems
Basic Warehouse Equipment

13. NABARD WAREHOUSING SCHEME

13
GOI Approved Nabard Warehousing Scheme
1. Mode of Financial Support
pp
2. Eligible Institutions/Entities
3. Purpose/Activities
4. Priority Segments
5. Rate of Interest, Quantum of Support and
Repayment Period

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6. Accreditation by WDRA
7 Implementation Period
7.
Department of Storage and Marketing - Initiatives
g to State Owned Entities
A. Direct Lending
B. Accreditation/Registration of Warehouses
C. Capacity Building by Stakeholders

14. RURAL GODOWNS

Subsidy
Size
Institutional Lending
A. Eligible Financing Institutions
B. Term Loan

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Pattern of Assistance
Monitoring

15. PLANT & MACHINERY PHOTOGRAPHS

16 ADDRESSES OF PLANT AND MACHINERY

16.
SUPPLIERS

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