TAIWANESE BOOK 1 Maryknoll Language Service Center P.O. Box 149 120 San Min Road, Section 1 Taichung, Taiwan 400 1984 Reprinted with slight corrections 1989Dear Fellow-Student, Welcome to the happy world of Beginning-Taiwanese. The aim of this book is to help you learn to speak Taiwanese fluently ~ the Primacy of the Spoken, hence the many sentences for practice. Language study is one of the many areas of life where there must be a happy tension. The tension here is between our desire to learn quickly enough for an extended conver- sation on the one hand, and, on the other, our need in Taiwanese study to master the pronunciation, tones, tone changes and grammar. Let's face it: Taiwanese is a very difficult language; it requires persevering study over quite a long period, let's say a lifetime. Our first year means concentration on the fundamentals; vocabulary is built up over the years. At the end of two years, however, we should be reasonably fluent in a fair amount of everyday conversation. We should forever be willing to learn, and therefore we will always need patience and a willingness to make mistakes, to be corrected and to correct ourselves. Since the aim is fluency, important in the first year are pronunciation and grammar. Lots of drill. The teachers know that drill is the only way to fluency. This means we will be slow covering the elementary books. We have tried to give grammar notes in simple language, using a few terns from traditional English grammar. After some years students are tempted to drop concern about the fundamentals, so-as time goes on we should occasionally get a checkup in the language school. We cannot be fluent unless we think in Taiwanese; therefore get away as quickly as possible from using English with the teacher. Before we study a lesson we should listen to the tape of the lesson. Listen to it several times before studying the vocabulary just to get used to the "music" of the language; pick out the words you have already learned. Put all the vocabulary words on flash cards, with an illustrative sentence on each card. After going through a number of cards, put away temporarily those you know well. Keep in your pocket/purse those you don't know well and continue going over them until they become part of you.In class listen carefully to the teacher speak a sentence and then reproduce the sentence, imitating the teacher's pronunciation as accurately as possible with no unnatural pauses. In drilling, the teacher will repeat each sentence at least once. If he repeats more than once, he may be signalling a difficulty. Do not depend on the teacher's telling you explicitly that you have made a mistake. If we depend completely on the teacher's telling us, then later on we may lazily neglect to do our part by listening to what is said and we may fail to do our best to imitate. Rather, listen and imitate carefully- A final note: the sentences in this book reflect what many people say and not necessarily the views of the Language Service Center about moral, ethical or social issues such as women's Lib. Best wishes. Maryknoll Language Service Center Easter 1984Notes on Pronunciation of Taiwanese ~~~. Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson Lesson au -® Lesson Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11 Lesson 12 Lesson 13 Surnames Index of Vocabulary Words -. CONTENTS Page 2, 12 2 4 Che ai 1éa-ché ch?*? --. he, 2,3? Goan si hak~seng. ---~ Lie. oy LY kui sé*? ~~. 1 2 pit nd gda. L L 2 . = 2 deh bé chit nia thdi-thai chhéng 8 sav. ------ 97 24 . a7 . U ho-Kkhda* /b6 hd~khda*, 2 pk a, pe b. € phdi*-khfa/bé phdi*-khfa. -~---~--------~---125 2 ose oi 3p cde 7, y Ti Té* Sian-si* in chhu. 3 véh sidng-khd. -~ 2 p&i-kéi béeh kni? L 3 4 Chiig-khd-sé*-chai kah 16*-chhi-sé*-chai. ----- 277 bn Pai-gt a 2 xnf olt-gdat—thdm chhft-thd. 3 Ché-chhia. -NOTES ON PRONUNCIATION OF TAIWANESE Sounds Pronunciation of Taiwanese is not uniform in Taiwan. In this book we are mostly presenting what may be called the Taichung accent. If, after learning this accent, you will be living in an area with a different pronunciation, it will be quite easy to pick up the new pronunciation, and we recommend this. In fact, however, today in Taiwan different accents are accepted everywhere because of the great mobility of people caused by industrialization. In the following we give a simple but effective way of learning the pronunciation of the sounds in Taiwanese. For a full, technical treatment see Carroll: Some Practical Notes on the Pronunciation of Taiwanese. A. VOWELS Taiwanese has 6 vowels, represented by the symbols a, e, iL, 2, Q*, B- 1. A - - The vowel a is pronounced like a in the English 2. E - - The vowel @ is pronounced as in grey. 3. I - - The vowel i has 2 pronunciations: 1) When used alone or when followed by a glottal stop (h), i is pronounced like the i in machine, i-.e., with the English long e sound. 2) When followed by any consonant but h, i has the English short i sound as in his. 4. 0 - - The vowel o has 2 pronunciations: 1) When used alone or when followed by a glottal stop (h), o is pronounced approximately like the 9 in no. 2) When followed by any consonant but h, o is pronounced like the aw in law. w lo The vowel 9° is pronounced like the aw in law. 6. U - - The vowel u has 2 pronunciations: 1) When used alone or when followed by the glottal stop (h), u is pronounced like the 00 in the English too. 2) When followed by any consonant but h, u is pronounced like the 00 in foot.Sounds . DIPHTHONGS /TRIPHTHONGS 1. ai is pronounced as the ai in aisle. like the ow in cow. 2. i as the initial vowel in a diphthong/triphthong is pronounced very nearly like the English y. is like yo in yoke. is like you in youth. has 2 pronunciations: Ie |e fs 1) Before n and t it is pronounced like the ye in yet. 2) Alone and before all letters except n and t the @ is pronounced like the a in father. 3. 9 as the initial vowel in a diphthong/triphthong is pronounced similar to the English w. 4. u as the initial vowel in a diphthong appears only with i and is pronounced like the w in we. C. CONSONANTS 1. b is pronounced like the b in the English about. (NB. Contrast this b sound with p below.) Examples: ba, be, bi, bo, bo’, bu 2. ch - - before a, 9, 0°, u and ng ~ ~ is pronounced like the tis (ts) in that's all or hats off without any aspiration. | Examples: cha, cho, cho’, chu, chng. ch ~ - before e and i - - is pronounced like the ch of which even, NOT like the slightly aspirated "ch" of "cheer". Examples: che, chi- 3. chh - - before a, 9, o*, u and ng - ~ is pronounced like the t's + h in tha how. It is strongly aspirated. Examples: chha, chho, chho*, chhu, chhng.Sounds ghh ~ - before e and i - ~ is pronounced approximately like the ch_ih of which heap, NOT like the less aspirated "ch" of "Cheap". It is strongly aspirated. Examples: chhe, chhi. 4. The initial g is similar to an English g as pronounced between 2 Vowels, as in regard or ago. It is fully-voiced, that is, the sound is made by vibrating the vocal cords, as happens in the pronunciation of vowels. Some teachers suggest: in order to pronounce the initial g, prepare to pronounce the ng sound (see hg below)- BUT DO NOT PRONOUNCE THE ng - then proceed to pronounce the g@ of regard or ago. Examples: ga, ge, gi, go, go*, gu. 5.h The initial h is as the initial h in English, but never silent as in many English words. The final h is a glottal stop; it is not a special sound in English, but is heard as a "period of silence" between vowels in some cases, such as between the "o's" in "Oh! Oh! ". Example of initial h: ho. Example of final oh. 6. j - - before e and i ~ ~ is pronounced like the z in azure. Examples! je ji- i ~- -_before o and u ~ - is pronounced like the az in adze Examples: joa, ju. 7. has approximately the sound of the ck in black ace. Note that the Taiwanese k is entirely unaspirated. The k as a final is NOT like the in the single word "black", but is much softer. Initial k must be carefully distinguished from the g sound. Examples: ka, ke, ki, ko, ko*, ku. NB. k, p and £ as finals will be treated on p. 6. 8. kh is about equivalent to the ck+ h of back home. Examples: kha, khe, khi, kho, khu. 9. 2 is generally pronounced as in leaf, but with the tip of the tongue in contact with the gums back of the upper teeth and not, as in English, with the alveolar ridge. Examples: la, le, li, lo, lu, lai, lui.Sounds 10. m is pronounced like the m in amount; it is fully- voiced, i.e., the vocal cords vibrate throughout the entire duration of the pronunciation of the m. (In English an initial m is only partly voiced, while the m in amount is fully-voiced.) Syllabic m. The m may be a syllable in itself; to pronounce it hold your lips in the position for pronouncing consonantic m and hum. It is exactly like the m in chasm. Note: In the Taichung pronunciation any vowel or diphthong following a nasal initial (m/n/ng) must be nasalized. , Examples of m: ma, me, mi, mo*, mia, moa. 11. mn is pronounced like the n in anew; it is fully- voiced. Examples: na, ni, no‘, nia, noa. 12. ng is pronounced as the ng in sing. It is found as a syllable in itself (syllabic ng); it may also precede a, e, i, ando*. Examples: nga, nge, ngi, ngo*. (Note these will be easier to pronounce if you first practice pronouncing the ng + 0 of sing on.) 13. p is about equivalent to the p in keep out; it is entirely unaspirated. It will take considerable effort in the beginning to capture the difference between the initial p and Be Examples: pa, pe, pi, po, po*, pu. 14. ph is about equivalent to the p+ h of up here. It is more strongly aspirated than the p in pout. Examples: pha, phe, phi, pho, pho*, phu. 15. s - - before a, 0, o*, u and ng - - is pronounced about like the s in so, but is somewhat more forcibly enunciated. Examples: sa, so, so*, su, sng- 5 - - before ¢ and i - - is pronounced about like the S+ y of this year, and NOT like the fully palatal “sh" of "sheer" or the entirely unpalatalized "s" of "seer". Examples: se, si, sia, sio, siu. 16. t is about equivalent to the second t in that eye. It is entirely unaspirated. Examples: ta, te, ti, to, to‘, tu. 17. th is about equivalent to the t+ h in that hoe. It is much more strongly aspirated than the t in toe. Examples: tha, the, thi, tho, tho’, thu.Sounds 3 NASAL SOUND (phi*~im - lit., nose sound). often in Taiwanese final vowels /diphthongs are nasalized. This is indicated in this book by an asterisk. In some books the nasal sound is indicated by a small raised n after the vowel /diphthong. But see the Note in No. 10 above: a vowel/ diphthong following a nasal initial (m/n/ng) is nasalized. but in this book we have not written a nasal symbol for such. THE SEVEN TAIWANESE TONES A correct pronunciation of Taiwanese can be attained only at the expense of much effort. Much listening to native speakers and imitation of their pronunciation is essential. However, even if all the vowels and consonants are properly pronounced, if the tone is incorrect then the word we pronounce is either.meaningless or means something different from what we intended. So let us turn our attention now to the 7 tones. 1. The FIRST TONE is intoned evenly on the pitch-level of da (the highest note normally employed in the speaking voice). It has a duration of 3 or 4 morae. (A mora is approximately an eighth note.) 2. The SECOND TONE, as all the tones, is best learned by listening to the teacher, but we may say that it begins at the level of the Ist tone and falls abruptly; duration: about 2 morae. 3. The THIRD TONE begins at re and descends to sol. If the teacher tells you your 3rd tone is not low enough, he usually does not mean the pitch is too high; he means you are not Gescending. Duration of the sound: 2 or 3 morae. 4. The FOURTH TONE is a very brief (1 mora) falling tone; it begins just above the pitch level of re and drops abruptly to just below re. It starts off with crescendo but is cut off in a staccato manner by the closure of the final consonant (nf /p/t). 5. The FIFTH TONE begins at re, descends to sol and rises again to re. Duration: 3 or 4 morae. After rising again to re, take care not to go any higher. (NOTE: The traditional sixth tone is not used.)Sounds 7. The SEVENTH TONE is intoned evenly on the level of re. Duration: 3 or 4 morae. It is like the lst tone in everything but pitch. 8. The EIGHTH TONE in the Taichung pronunciation is intoned evenly on the level of re. It is almost as short as the 4th tone, which is 1 mora, and has the same staccato effect as the 4th tone because it is abruptly cut off by the closure of the final consonant (h/k/p/t). It is like a very short 7th tone- (In some areas of Taiwan there is another pronunciation of the 8th tone. It is a short rising tone which begins just below the level of la and rises to just above la. In all other respects it is the same as the Taichung 8th tone.) A Note on FINAL CONSONANTS. The 4th and 8th TONES EINAL CONSONANTS. The 4th and 8th TONES Final consonants in Taiwanese are pronounced differently from English final consonants. Remember one simple rule: whereas in English there is usually a slight emission of vocal breath at the end of a final consonant, there is none at all in Taiwanese, the organs of speech remaining at the end of the word in the position for pronouncing the final consonant. The contrast with English is nowhere greater than in the pronunciation of the 4th and 8th tones, which always end in h,k,p or t. The final h (glottal stop) we have studied above. On the next page we will practice all the tones. But because of the difficulty of pronouncing the final k, p and t, let us first practice here the 4th tone. THE 4th TONE: FINAL ht ah peh bih poh puh k: ak sek bok pi ap hip fe: oat iat it utSounds A VISUAL AID We cannot learn the tones from the musical scale: they can be learned only by working on them with the teacher. We present the following (with sol. re and la) only to give a visual idea of the approximate interval between the tones. Note, for example, how far the 7th tone is below the lst, and how the 3rd tone descends. The interval between the ist, 7th and 3rd tones is difficult for the beginner but is fundamental; therefore the teacher will zero in on these 3 tones especially. After these 3 tones are located, the others follow easily. la re sol SYMBOLS 1. lst tone a (unmarked ) 2. 2d tone 4 3. 3d tone a 4. 4th tone ah, ak, ap, at (unmarked but always ends in "h/k/p/t") 5. 5th tone & 7. 7th tone a 8. 8th tone ah, ak, ap, at (always ends in "nfK/p/t") THE VOWELS IN BACH TONE 1. a e i ° ot u 2. a é 4 6 é a 3. a é i 3 st a 4. ah eh ih oh ok uh 5. & é t é é a 7. a é i 3 a a 8. ah én ih oh ok th Note that with the vowel 9° in the 4th and 8th tones we use k, not h, because the o in oh is not pronounced aw. 7‘THOSE TERRIBLE TONES , (2) oe -» Scram, Wi yo a 7 4 oe (4) PHBH --— CY To hit wy, ® OR CS G ¥}(Paiwan ) 10) afig~ -sa* AH (zea clothes) 11) wfa*— 15-80 walk) 12) thdu-ke fil%-(owner ) 13) péng~id fy} (friend) 34) sdn-pit BOP péng-an 5% (peace) théng- chf f¥L (stop) si-cheng a (clock) OAR (time) mia-sia* ap (reputation ) mfig-pai Pane (address plate) (pencil) si-hau 7th changes to 3rd gba-nox # @ foreign country) 9) géa-binY}Bloutside) Syong-hés ‘berasanes) 10) Siv-Knd& A(pecome angry) Bi anaik pe opably ) 11) né-st Z@ (if) ché-chhiat {take a bus) 12) fe thang 2)f(don't ) 18i-bin Pilinside) 13) fjK&* RRL (not dare) che. chfoiish(many or few) 14) tin-rdaNRa little) chi-it 4 (liberty) 1s) tin ~chi yymatter) fi-tidh RS (wrong) 8th changes to 3rd keno’ (six dollars) 8) chian pig@if(eat rice) 9) 1an-cher #0! ®\candle) 10) thdk-chhen "seuay) 11) tdk—1dng fie (everyone) 12) 32t-thdu 8 Hl (sun) 13) nadk-nau J7% (school) 17 ndk-sengl} (student) sit-tfg AE (restaurant) chip-ch? Hir(magazine) bak-chiu (ti\eye) pak-chéi Bak (ink) pok-koe fyi\, (papaya)Sounds TEMPTATIONS PTO AVOID A. When a lst tone is followed by a 2nd tone, foreigners have a tendency to lower the lst tone. Practice the following: l---2 ended & R& (morning) hd-ph4it 829 (good and bad) Klin -chds YRoK Wooiled water) 1éng-chdi~K(coid water) vhs BAZ (just right) Vv 1ng-sidahl receive Baptism) chéng- ~théng@ president) sé-chhfu #3 (wash the hands) chadu-d $43 (bira) nidu-chhf{ifurat) kbe~chi RF (fruit) kni-sidu Wfcrazy) h&i-chéi ek (sea water) sidu-Kéu fh 6 (mad dog) B. When a 2nd tone is followed by a ist tone, foreigners tend to lower the lst tone. 2-21 rnd ctnsa cae) thdu-hongt the wind blows) néat-im 3% (pronunciation) s{-kno‘W4%, (four dollars) sing-keng ¥ (Bible) si-chhengW/4 (gour thousand) 2 chd-sa* {}}} (make clothes) peh-soa* +4 (climb a mountain) 2 chéng-hoe 7 (plant flowers) chhi-pi* (neighbors ) pai-sa* jj (Wednesday) chifn-chend “fwar ) 2 chau-kha i (kitchen) kia-phoef ji (mail a letter) MORE COMBINATIONS FOR PRACTICE A. To practice descent from a ist tone to a 7th tone. Try the following (ist tone followed by a 7th tone): 1---7 cnti-pin(Owater surface) ab -chaiffyi (a place) téng-bin RD above) kéng-Be 4% (talk) sé-bin YU (wash the face) cntin-pt 2q (prepare) thn-nau$ f(wait for) chhdu-t3 Wetu(grassy place) pin-chni4 Pour city) phdi*-16+3¥i(a poor road) 8 sio-piam) Kkcurinate) idu-boe HAE (not yet) ska 389 (weite characters) bé-bé Be (business) chhd-ni 4h fm(Eried noodles) 18B. Sounds In order to make certain that you have clinched the difference between the eighth tone when it changes to a third and an unchanged eighth tone, practice with the following: sidk-mintet Neheap article) cniln-ni ntReooas) tek-pidt wh (special) pit-gidpt 4 (graduation) tdk-jit fH (every day) chit jit —® (one day) pen chic aia lie) téx-idh %%5 (poison) c. to a third (3rd) followed be gone over many times with a teacher. phak-3it PB A (to sun) nék-sip 4 sit-1ék RA téx-ap M2. ndk-28k 2 fe nék-chap #3} bOk-1idk (review lessons) (actual strength) (independent) (education level) (complicated) (table of contents) A difficult tone combination is an 8th which changes by a 4th. The following should It would be fruitful to turn back to these lists for. practice every month or’ so. peh-chhat® “(white paint) 3 a ie bok-tek Fl #4 (purpose) adnachex pat-sat OR (ped-pug) &K enit kak ~ 4 (ten cents) idk pah 47 (six hundred) chap-it+ — (eleven) cngp-cnnit (seventeen) thdk-chheh BP ecuay) néat-phoate (active) gidk-sek #3) ksoseph) tek-Kok | \ (every country) goeh- kip f\#% (monthly salary) phak-chhek , (dry rice in the i.@ sun) igs23 ap ve fe xnd $-*4 — besson 2 a: Be DIALOGUE 2 3 et i RED che &i 13a-ché ente? 4% 4% SY AY 3 L = Lau-su % ff H = Hak-seng BY 3 Zz -, Be Hi: Lau-su, gdu-chd. 467 3 7 z Li: Gau-cné. YF & H2: ti, ne i 1da-chd cates 2 Oh, BE RAY LEDTRE u2: che 43 gé-.chap-idk knot.” (See Note after LS.) 3 whet-% H3: Gda & sdtchdp-ft knoe. WHET ~ % 3 303 het -# ve vie Lat “ a oit-ondy fe xho-, 2a ea~che? veh et 7 Be A 313 Ha: ji-chdp * knot. che sf g8--chdp-idk yor 1,8 “¢ ge Re Eee L4: 6, td-sia. 43, 4 HS: bau-su, td-sia. K $Y .H hy us: chdi-kidn. & SL (Note? Translation will be found at end of Vocabulary. This 1st Ls contains all the numbers from 1 to 99.) sin.ct #17 VOCABULARY 1.31 B/ BK /B/B to like/love: to want /desire: to need /require /cost; must. onde TE ut &i 18a-cné? or: ut 44 ida-ch cate? wh 1 cba Ai I wane need money. sv @ 4 HF How much do you want /need? 18s gd Géa 44 gd+ Ki I want $5. &®, rye 2. chdi-kian # see you again/so long/goodbye. (Mandarin: dzai-jyan) Lau-su, chdi-kian. Goodbye, teacher. Re AR 203. che 32 = this /these. (Demonstrative pronoun, not a modifier; used to refer to things. not persons.) Ae a 3 Che & 1éa-ché? How mach does this cost? 339 act che si ji-chap Kho’ AB nis is $20. 4. chi* @ money. 3 Goa o ents. FAA, have money. aoa, 5. Gdu-ché # You're around early!/Good morning. (See % Vocab. Note, page 22.) 3 che si chi. is is money. 6. g6a & I/me- . +H IT want $30- @ 7. nék-seng A student(s). 4 2. 7, 2 Goa &i sd*-chap kho*- 4, 3 iY, ets Goa si hak-seng. i am a student. a. he 98 that/those. (Demonstrative pronoup, not a modifier; used to refer to things not persons.) 2.3 ae He ai lda-ché? 2ee How much does that cost? 2 ae. ERA, He si chi¥. *" "that is money. 9.hé fF to be good; o-k/all right/fine. ("H6" has other meanings, to be studied later, such as "well/ easy /finished" .) 10. a fh / #3 he/she; him/her. (Subjective, ebjective cases.) 303 82 hip 2 of udu-su. PL * Ike she is a teacher. ll. khot 3G dollar(s). a ae akot Che si si-chap kho*. This is $40. 3 12. Lau-su fii teacher(s). > 3 z by FEE udu-su, gdu-cnd 2 Bhooa morning, teacher. 13. 1f @& you (singular). (Subjective, objective cases) 13 3 3 * Lid lda-chée chf*? How much money do you have? xe WAX nLs 1 3 14. loa~che & * how much /how many. 4a6™ Che ai ba ché? How much does this cost? 15. si f to be. a 1 39 i si Lau-su, gda si hak-seng. He is a teacher: PRE FP a yg I am a student.’ 16. To-sia 4 Many thanks. =: a o-ge- Thank you, teacher. 17.0 #@ to have; there is/are. 33 3 Ba gi t-chap kho*. He has $50. Phat B 2 Z 1 TOI-DE E HOAN-EK TRANSLATION OF . DIALOGUE 7 Tet How much does this cost? L = Teacher H = Student Hl: Good morning, teacher. Ll: Good morning. H2: How much does that cost, teacher? L2: This is $56. : I have $31. You have $31; how much does he have? He has $25. This is $56. OK, thank you. HS: Thank you, teacher. LS: See you again. - = sivcct 4 cubaxts 417 Bay VOCABULARY NOTE 2 Gausch& (Voc. No. 5). This literally means "clever early", meaning "You're clever /good/skilful at being around early". The people in their suine courtesy are looking for a way of praising the person thky meet. "Gau-ch4" is not exactly the equivalent of "Good! morning", and unlike "Good morning" is not used throughout] the morning. It is used only when the speaker feels that it|is "early". In farming areas its use might be limited to a ghort period after dawn. To a farmer 9 a.m. if not "early". Hea aoe a2 RibLs Note that "Gdu-ch4" can be spoken at night or any other time to one who is early for a meeting, etc. A. Bach word (sound) in Taiwanese has an original tone. But in a sentence we change the tone of each word except in several cases. Some of these exceptions are as follows: 1. The last word in a sentence generally does not change tone. 3 2. Lau-su, td-sia. Thank yoy, teacher. (We may % tp % W also say: neged Lpdesu awe 2. Single-syllable nouns generally do not change tone. cnt AY 3. In nouns of 2 or more svllables the last syllable does not change tone. 3 Lau-su. % pip Hk-seng Mbt 4. "Che" and "he" do not change tone. B. Most other words in a sentence, such as verbs and pronouns, generally change tone. che bi, gach’ onte? AE BHM ba si Rit Goa si nak-seng. ? Cc. "Che" and “he" are pronouns, not modifiers, DO NOT use “che chf*" to mean "this money”. DRILL IN TONE CHANGES NUMERALS FROM 1 To 99 This first lesson is almost entirely concerned with tone changes. The following drill introduces numerals and serves as excellent practice in changing tones. In drilling with the teacher, it is very important to keep the word "kho'" up in the lst tone. In English the final word usually drops. In speaking Taiwanese note each tone carefully. 23Numerals from 1 to 10 chit L chit kho+ nfig 2 nfig kho- sat 3 sa* kho* si 4 si kho* go: 5 ge- kho* lak 6 idk kno* chhit 7 chnft kho* peh 8 péh kho* kdu 9 ku kho* chap 10 chip kho* Sl. $2. $3. $4. $5. $6. $7. $8. $9. $10. The numeral 1 is sometimes pronounced and spelled and the numeral 2 is sometimes pronounced and spelled as in the combinations 11 and 12. 8th changes to 3rd 3 . dood . chit kho $1. chap-gS* kho chap kho* $10. chap-18k xho- chap-ft kho* sll. chap-chnft kno* chdp-3? kho* $12. chép-pén kho* chap-s3* kho* $13. chap-kku kho- chap-si kno* si4. $15. $1e. $17. $is. $19. 2th changes to 3rd 2 niig kho* $2. 29 ji-chap kho* $20. a2 on dn 2 “(432 ji-chdp-ft kho+” (ji-ft kho*) $21. 24203 3 a ji-chap-ji kho* (33-32 kho") $22. 3 nd ed 2 32 . ji-chap-sd* kho* (ji-sd* kho*) $23. «3 onde? xno: (42a? kho ji-chdp-si kho* (ji-si kho*) $24. 393 23 ji-chap-go* kho* (ji-gd- kho-) $25. a 3 jd-endp-1dk kho* (h-adk kho*) $26. 3 3 jd-cngp-chnft kno’ (j2-chhft kho-) $27. 3 3 2 ya ji-chdp-pén kho* (ji-péh kho*) $28. 3 3 jE-chap-kdu kho* (j2-K4u kho-) $29. ist changes to 7th sa* Kho’ $3. sd*-cndp-gS kno* sd*-chdp kno’ $30. ed-chdp-1dk kho- sdv-chdp-ft hot $31. d¥-chap-chnft kho* d*-chap-32 kno’ $32. sd¥-chdp-pén kho* sd*-chép-sd* kho* $33. sd*-cndp-Kku Kho* sd*-cndp-sf kno* $34. 3rd_changes to 2nd si kho* $4. 23 si-chap kho* $40. sf-chap-2t kho* (sfap-2t kho*) sai. 2 chdp-52 zap a2 si-chap-j? kho* (sfap-3i kno‘) $42. si-chép-sd* kho' (sfap-sd* kho*) $43. 2 si-cndp-cf kno* (sfap-si kno-) $44. 22 8 Zan ad si-chdp-gi- kho* (sfap-gé* kho*) $45. 25 Ls $35. $36. $37. $38. $39.Ls 1 sf-chap-12k kno’ (sfap-12k kho*) $46. sf-chdp-chhft kho- (sfap-chhft kho*) $47. si-chdp-pén kho* (sfap-péh kho*) $48. siscngp-kku kho* (sfap-Kku kho*) $49. i 7th changes to 3rd - 8th changes to 3rd | 2 g6é* kho* $5. kk kho* $6. 3, 3 3, 3 g*-chap kho* $50. 1akechap kho* $60. ' 3 i g8*-chap-2t kho- ssi. 18k-chdp-fe kno* $61. | 2.49 43 a ae) gd*-chap-Jji kho* $52. 1ak-chap-ji kho* $62. i 3 g8*-chap-sd* kho* $53. adk-cndp-sd* kno* $63. | 3 i gé--chép-si kho* $54. adk-cndp-si kho* $64. | 3 2 3 gé*~chdp-go* kho* $55. ibk-chdp.ga+ kno $65. ga--chép-18k kho* $56. akk-cndp-18k Kno* $66. | 3 g8--chap-cnnit kho- $57. 1dk-chap-chnft kno’ $67. 3 gé-=chép-péh kho* $58. adk-chdp-péh kho* $68. gé*-chép-Kku kho* $59. 1ak-chdp-xdu kno $69. | 4th changes to 2na a chnft kho* $7. chhft-chdp-gé* kho* $75. chnft-chap kho* $70. chhft-chdp-1dk kno’ $76. chhft-chdp-ft kho* 71. chhft-chdp-chhft kho* $77. 24 cndn a2 noe Ze-chap-pén chhit-chap-ji kho $72. chhit-chap-péh kho’ $78. cnnft-chdp-sd* kho* $73. chhdt-cndp-Khu kno’ $79. chhft-chdp-si kho- $74. 26Ls 1 péh kho* sa. péh-chap-gé* kho- $85 pén-chép kho* $80. pén-chdp-12k ino- $86. pén-cndp-fe knot al. péh-chap-cnnft kno $87. pén-ch’p-ji kho* $82. péh-chdp-péh kho* ses. péh-chSp-s3¥ kho- $e3. pén-chap-ku kho* $89. pén-chép-sf kho* $e4. 2nd_changes to Ist du kho* $9. kdu-chap-gé* kho* $95. kku-chép kho* $90. xbu-chdp-idk kho* $96. kku-chdp-2t kno* $91. x&u-chdp-cnnft khot $97. k&u-chap-52 kot $92. kdu-chap-pén kho* $98. xku-chdp-s2* kho* $93. k&u-chap-1ku kho* $99. k&u-chap-s! kno- $94. To say "l or 2 dollars", "2 or 3 dollars", etc., we say: nenit-nig kho'", wniig-sd* kho'", ete. chitenfg kho* $1 or $2. gS--1dk kho* $5 or $6. nig-sd* kno* $2 or $3. adk-cnnft kno $6 or $7- sd+-s§ kho* $3 or $4. chhft-péh kho’ $7 or $8. si-gé- Kho- $4 or $5. pén-kdu kho’ $8 or $9. 3 3 endp-fe-52 kho* $11 or $12. chdp-gé*-12k kho* $15 or $16. 3 chép-ji-sd* kho* $32 or $13. chap-1dk-chnZt kno’ $16 or $17. chap-sd+-s¥ kho* $13 or $14. chdp-chnft-péh kho* $17 or $18. 23 chap-si-g3- kho- $14 or $15. chdp-pén-eku kho* $18 or $19. 27Ls 1 3 As fe-jz-chép kho* Lit., $10 or $20, but means $18 to $20. NB. Here say "it...", NOT "chit..-". 3 3 52-sd*-cndp kho* $20 or $30. Here say "ji...", NOT "nfig..." sdt_si-chép kho* $30 or $40. 3 si-gé+.chdp kho* $40 or $50. 3 g@*-12k-chap kho* $50 ox $60. adx-cnnft-cndp knoe $60 or $70. chhft-péh-chap kho* $70 or $80. pén-kku-chdp kho* $80 or $90. SSE 22, 42 i-ft-3i kno* $21 or $22. 3.3 49 i-ji-sd* kho- $22 or $23. sd*_chdp-sd*-si kho* $33 or $34. 2 sfap-si-g5‘ kho* $44 or $45. 3 3 g&--chdp-ga *-18k kho* $55 or $56. adc-endp-1dk-chn ft xho* $66 or $67. chhft-chap-chhft-pén kho* $77 or $78. y péh-chdp-pén-kéu kho* $88 or $89. 1 xhu-chap-ft-j3 kho- $91 or $92. 28KO By) SENTENCES r. che i 13acnd chf¥? How much does this cost? (OR: Che i 1éa-ché?) az 3 gé*-chap-ft kno’. *! sd*-chép-idk kno-. 26 pén-chdp-p& khor. 22 ne &i sdtuchdp-ft knoe. 3) 2 That costs | sf-cngp-chnft kno’. 47 3 slap-gé* kho-. ae \ L xdu-chdp-xku khow. 77 pén-chap-ft kno:. ?! 3 _ nfig-sa* kho*. an 33 tr. He &i 1éa-cné cnte? 28H mat does that cost? 3 (oR: He &i 1da-ché?) 2 r chép-nku khot. [9 rdk-chdp-gé+ kho* 2 3 sd+chdp-fe knot. 3/ chap-jf khot. /> 3 3 j2-chdp-Ze kho*. >! péh-chap-péh khot PP pén-chap-sd* Kho .23 adk-chdp-fe kno-. 6 | 3 29 z gé*~chap-cnnft kho £7 si-chdp-ikk kno-. +6 che &) ee che &i 1 . chhft-chap-ft kho*?/ péh-kdu khot. 2°97 This This costs 2 22 costs |péh kho*. ¥ chhit-chap-si kho+. 74 chip-sd* kho* I> chdp-cnngt knot. 17 3 kSu-chép-j? knoe 7? rdk.chdp-cnnge khot 67 sfap-sd* kho". 43 4 xSu-chdp-cnnft kno- 97 ak knot. 6 2 nd sa*-si—cha kho*. Ks Pen Yo 29Ls 1 13.3 03 III. Li G@ léa-ché chf*? How much money do you have? ‘sd Kho. > 33 3 a> 33 ji-chap-ji kho*. (OR: ji-ji kho*). 3 b Ipgn-chap-gS* kno+ # 2 si-chap-si kno*. ¢Y 28k-chdp-18k kno-.6 & Fis y Goa chap-ft kno". 11 3 e&*-chdp-ga* kho*. 3S chap-chnft kno’. 7 ‘ chit kno. | chhft-chép-ft kho*. 71 ut i aba-ché chh*? How muck money do you want? ed*-chép-chnft kho*. 37 gS--chap-ft kno’. © | chhft-chap-kdu Khor. 4 jb-chdp-fe kno’ (or? ji-£t Kho'). 1 nig kho'. > Géa ai 2 chhit kho*. 7 pén-chdp-pén kho*.}} si-chép-sd* Kho’ 43 wku-chap-kéu kho*. 94 2 si khov. & 30303 3 iv. 1 @ ada-ché chf*? How much money does he have? adk-cnnft kno-. 67 péh-kku-chép kno, 977° chnftechap-sd* kno. 73 ak-cndp-ji-sd* knoe. 62743 cndp-ft-jf knot. p[- I> ji-adu kho*. >4 sdx-chép-gé- xhot, BE gé-chdp-52 knoe. £2 pah-chap-sd*-si kno. 93-00 chhft—péh knoe. ‘I-9 203 1 &i ida-ché chf*? How much money does he want /need? wr is Hy kdu-chdp-chnft kno-. 47 3 ji-chhft kho-. chdp-si xno-. abk-chnit-cndp kno-. chiép-péh-kdu kho*. siap-péh kho*. go*-chip-sk« kho*. raxecnbpssh-sh* kho*. 3.03 ji-3i. -sA* Kho’. \ peh-kéu-ch’p khot. po~ 9 eee 31Ls 1 2.3 03 V. Che si lda-ché chi*? How much money is this? 203 a 1. He si nig kho*. 7. He si chap-péh kho*. 3 3 2. He si péh kho-. 8. He si pén-chdp kho*. 3 22 3. He si sd* kho*. 9. He sf sf-chdp-ft kno. 2 343 2,4 3 2 4. He si chap-ji kho-. 10. He si kdu-chap-go' kho*. 3.3.3 42 3.3 2 5. He si ji-chap-ji kho*. 11. He si ji-pén kno’. 303 3 2 6. He si gd* kho*. 12. He si sfap-si kho-. a 1 1 33 VI. 1. Lau-su, gau-ché. 7. Gda si Lau-su. 1 3 2 2. Ga si hak-seng. 8. 7 st ndx-seng A? SE 13.3 2 2 3. Li si Lau-su. 9. Lau-su, chai-kian. % §p, AL 3 ’ 3 4. 28 cate, PRX 10. Lau-su, té-sia. L 2. 3.3 5. Gda &i cht. ai. 2 si Lau-su. 2 6. He si chf*. 12. Td-sia, ch&i-xian. VII. Translate from English into Taiwanese sah HAY 1. How much money do you have? 2. He is a teacher. (Pi % iP 3. I am a student. RRee AR aX 4. This is money. Ae ct 5. I have $44. RHITOK siap-s 6. This costs $96. HY At AH < 5 7. This costs'sa or $9. HENRE 8. Thank you, teacher. 4%), % BP 32Ls The following sentences are the Taiwanese equivalent of the above. It is best to translate the above in class before looking at these. B33 2 ont 1. Li @ léa-ché chf*? 2 i 3 2. 2 si Lau-su. 4 3 3, 3. Goa si hak-seng. 3 4. 4. Che si chi*. 3 5. Gda d si-chép-si (sigp-si) kho*. 2, ky ond 12 6. Che 4i kau-chdp-lak kho*. 2 L 7. Che 4i péh-kdu kho-. 7 2, 3 2 Tow - 8. To-sia Lau~su/Lau~su, to-sia. 33Ls 2 on 2 DIALOGUE 3 os Gan si hikeseng LM? 3 B = Bok-su YS) He Hdk-seng z pl: Gadu-chd. #4 1 Hi: Gau-ché. 2.3 2, RAE ES L z B2: Lin si hak-seng, si bo"? 1 3 H2: Si, géan si ndk-seng. La 2. 4 2 22 ooo ns. cba st Ba a B3: M-si, goa t-si Sin-hu. Goa si Belen Chhia* lin ché. LUG OA & H3: To-sia. * : To-sia ye 4 fe 4 1 Loe tn cnidn Kb na: tin af chidn simemfn? cba chnta dn cnidn xbe-cnt Po 2. 13 eh; 1i a chitth pd? 3 L L . B5: 0, che si chheh, chhia* lin khoa*. si Sin-hi, si bd"? To 9%, Lg. 2 H4: Td-sia. Bok-su, gdéan Ai khoa*= 3 be. nd A HS: Bok-su, 1i 4i khéa*-chheh bO-? L ae A Lo3 Be: at. in 44 only pé-? dan G pig. 2 HG: T3-sia. Bok-su, chdi-kian. 2 x, L 2 s B7: Chai-kidn. Chhta* koh 18i ché. Hh BO oe sin-ct VOCABULARY 1. bO@AS fEnot/no/none/not have/without. (Negative of "i", Ls. 1.) 1 2 Gda b6 ch. I have no money. 3 . bé*? 1R9 or not? (Used at the end of a sentence to make it interrogative. Note the Sth tong changed to 3rd see Grammar Note gn Enclitics. "Bo*" is often pronounced as "b6" ~ without the dot.) L324 uk G cnt pé-2 Have you any money? 34 eg AL 3 .3. 10. li. 12. 13. et Ls 2 Zs . vo ai KEK / FB not like/not want/to dislike. ae Sa v6 &i khSa*-chheh. I don't want (OR: like) to read. pak-su KBP (of protestant clergy) minister /Reverend. (Used also in direct address.) 3 . ini Bok-su-ntu ‘KMIM wie of a Protestant minister. (Used also in direct address.) ché 4 to sit; (with vehicle) to ride/take. chnta* ché. Please have a seat. chheh # book(s). uk i chheh pa: ? Have you any books? chhfa* #§ Please (request)/to invite/treat to. chntas In chidn-piig. Invite them to eat. chnta+ itn chigh-pig. Please eat. chign®E to eat. (See Vocab. Note. P. 37.) cnidn-pfig. to eat rice/to eat/have a meal. z in v6 $i chidn-pig- They don't want to eat. OR: a They don't like to eat rice. géan BAA we/us ("Géan" excludes the person(s) spoken 1 to. Compare with "lan", Voc. No. 15.) in fh ( #8) A they/them. khéa* @ to.look at (with the determined purpose of seeing, distinguished from "happen to see")/to watch/ see; (with "chheh") to read. 2 khoa*-chheh to read a book/to read. 1 2 Ga a xnSa*-chheh. I like to read. L . KOe-chi KR eruit. Le ik ds chigh kbe-chf bé-? Do you like to eat fruit? 35Ls 2 i4. is. 16. iy. 18. 19. 20. 21. crag xgh 144 ché./chidn xdn 14 che. HAA / FG come again. (Lit., Again come to sit./Then again come to sit.) (Spoken by host to visitor who is leaving the house or by businessman to customer who is leaving the shop. Answer: "H6!" OR: "Hé! HOt".) t 1 cuir ik kdh 18i ch. Please come again. pf 14n %& (FA we/us (includes the person(s) spoken to). fit ei you (plural in subjective and objective cases; in possessive case can be singular). 3 fi-si A not be (negates the statement; Negative of Ls 1.) 3 3 He fi-si chi*. That is not money. pig f& (cooked) rice/food. 3 Che si pig, si e+? Is this rice? 3 si b+? #96? ts that right?/Is it so?/Is it or not? (Used at the end of a sentence to make it interrogative.) 1 2 33 = pa ind Li si Bok-su, si bd‘? Are you a minister? 1 skm-mgh? , (tHE? what /any/anything. (The "mih" in “stm- mfh" is always in the 2d tone.) 1 $ §i stm-mfn? What does he want? 22, pe Ay , 3 i alm-té. BO ai, 1 7 7 2 ulm xd-pi. goan | 38 stn m neP dn nfn a3 knda*-chheh . 1 iim ktin-chéi. In tdpt ed lim té-bi-té. ra 2 pé sim-mfh §i... = not like to...very much. 55Ls 3 1 1 D. ut kéng-6e. siu-1f thak-chhen Lf sian-si* chigh-pag L 20 glia: 3 Lin lim Ka-pi bo? 2 1.4 tux Bdk-su ulm té-pi-té . \ in alm ktin-chéi 2 ofg siu-sa khéa*—chheh 1 1 - E. goa kong-Se. siu-1f thak-chhen. Lf sian-si* chigh_pag. : 1 7, 2; 7 J al, <¢ gan chin ai alm Kd-pi. 2 204 1a* Bék—su aim té-pi-té. \ in aim kiin-chéi. z ofig Siu-si knga*-chhen. 4 , Pr. goa k6ng-de. siu-14 thak-chheh. Lf sian-si* chidh-piig. (rice) an 1 22. 2 a Bé ai, < gdan chin bo 43 alm té-pt-eé. 2 1d* Bok-su alm ka-pi. \ dn ‘ adm kun-chti. 2 ody ox z Ofig Siu-si khéa*-chheh. 56g. siu-1f 1 sin-hit sidn-si* Le ob 2 3 , chhia* 1X4 kéh 14i ché. Lau-su 3 (a6!) Bék-su siu-si aim ka-pi lm -8 Sa chhta* 1k chigh-piig sik aa pd-e khda*—chheh 1 chidn xbe-cht ifm ye 8 AW x sian-si* L 8 3 ng 34 » 1X chidh-p4 bode? sin-sé* 1 3 3 Tiu* (Gda chiah-p4 a.) uf 2 7, - 2. ofig siu-sii 1 G6: siu-14 2 Lau Bék-su ik A adm wdin-enta pb? 2 1 Chhéa sin-hi 1 3 ra* Lau-su Note that the surname does not change tone in Group I and does change tone in Group J 57 Lsi 3 th chidh-p& bide? Did he (they /Mr. Ng) eat yet? n@ sian-si* i in chigh-pé 3. wn sian-si+ 1 Ga chix, uk chheh. 1 i kée-chf . géan pig. 1 2 Inch’ L Lan @ chin-ché sim-mih? L q Lin ka-pi- 1 in kiin-chai . Bok-su te. Zz Z A sfn-hi ré-pt-te. 3 go*~chap-1aK Kno“ 3 98*~18 Kho* ANSWER WITH: 303 2 < 2 ji-chap-it kho' Si, che si... chhen (= Yes...) 3 1 3 OR Che si koe-chf si bot? 303 _ i-Si, che fi-si.. pag (= No...) ka-pi 1 kun-chéi 8 587 + y pow-noar SL¥ GRAMMAR In answering the questiong in M above, we say "si" to affirm the statement made and i-si" to deny e statement. In such cases, “si” is translated "yes" and "filsiv is translated "no". 3 "Si" always affirms and “M-si" always negates. But we must thoroughly understand what is being affirmed and what is being negated. It is the entire statement that is being affirmed or negated affirms an affirmative statement it is 3 42 spas A Si Siu-1{, si bd"? Are you a Sister? 1 3 Si, ga si siu-1f. yes, 1 am a Sister. Si" affirms a negative statement it is 3 si slu-si, si b+? Youtre not a Brother?/Aren't you a Brother? = ok, 2 22 ol oe Si, gSa m-si Siu-si. No, I'm not. negates an affirmative statement it is 3 3. When translated by "no" Z sit tint, si bd-? His name is Tiut, is it? 2 fest, 7 six yG. No, his name is Yellow. 3 4. When “fi-si" negates a negative statement it is translated by "yes". : 333 = pd ini a) in ficsi Bok-su, si bd"? They're not ministers, are they? 3 2 2.2 oni Hesi, in si Bok-su. Yes, they are ministers. 33 3 b) Che mi-si chf*, si pd-? This isn't money, is it? 33 4 1) Si, che fi-si chf*. No, it isn't money. 3 3 2) H-si, che si chi*. Yes, this is money. 59Ls 3 In the answers to the question in Sentence e, "si" means “that's right/that's true/it's a fact": it isn't money. 3 “fl-si" = what you said "is not true/is not a fact this is money. chheh ANSWER WITH: Pag Si, che/he x 303 té-pi-td fi-si... 2 2 2 3 3 (= No, this/ He fi-si chhft-péh-chap kho’S, si bd+? that isn't..) 3 : si-cndp-42 kho* 3 ORF 2 est, che /he ka-pi si L (= Yes, this/ jain~cheis that is...) Dadng.. fits gj202 g z A. 0 lang 4i khéa*—chheh bd+? Does anyone want to read (now) ?/Does anyone (around here) like reading? 3.7 1) 0, & lang 8a knda*. Yes, there are some who want to read./Yes, there are some who like reading. 1.2 2) BO, b6 lang i xnda*. No, no one wants to read./No, there is no one who likes reading. ke Bi und. 3) 0, gda ai khOa*-chheh. Yes, I do. aim-té knda*—chheh aim Ka-pi 3 L > ‘ adag chiah kde-ch{ pa-? ce thak-chheh kéng-3e alm ktin-chdi chidh-pag 6022 0, @ lang i 4 BS, bé lang & 2 due wh Ss und B. 0 lang b6 Ai khéa*-chheh. Ls im-té. khéa*-chheh. ulm kd-pi. chidh kSe-chi. thak-chhen. kéng-3e. alm ktin-chéi.. chidh-pig. ulm kd-pi. thak-chhen. alm ktin-chéi.. um td-phed. Sine 5. kong-Se. khda*-chhen. chigdn—pag. chigdh kée-chf. There are some people who don't want to read (now)./fhere are some who don't like reading. 3.1 72 D lang bé Ai ulm xpi. thak-chheh. alm ktin-chéi.. juin tépi-té. kéng-de. khda*—chheh. chidh-pig. chigdh Kbe-ché. 61KO * SENTENCES (Sentences marked (S) have a translation /explanation at the end of this section.) 4 2,2 2. 3 oe a. t kéng bé lang 4i chidh-piig. 1 3 2. slu-1f kng che &: chin-ché cht. 2 29 Lo 7.72, 2 3. Tan Siu-14 kong i b6 Ai khéa*-chheh. 1 4. udm sign-s?* king 2 chidnpé 8. 5. sit-16, sit-1é. 6. chin sft-16. 7 3 La? 3 7. Lim Bok-su, 1i chiah-pé bode? 3 a a. 2 cnin-cne choy b+? 202. kb a 9. NG Sfin-hii, 1% chiah-p4 boe? 3 L z lo. Tlu* Lau-su, 11 chin gau-ch4. (s) 2 11. Békesu, in bg $i alm kd-pi, si vd? (8) 3 1 R-st, gSan chin 4i 11m xd-pi- L 2 12. chhta* ifn kdh 14i che. 7 .. 2 13. sinha, gdu-ch4, chnta* ché. . Liz 1 2 aa. uk pd 4 12m té-pk-té, di adm shm-nfn? 2 5 is. Békesu, 1b di sd*? cba sb Ofig. 2 130.7 2. 17 2 8 16. siu-1f, 11 & chin 4i 1im kd-pi bd+? 7 1 2 17. 0, géa chin &i 1im ka-pi. 42 2 ie. Bd, gde bé stm-mfh 4: 13m Kd-pi- 3 3 » 3 19. Ofig sian-s?* & chin-ché cht* bd? 3 20. LY & chf* bd+? Be Fie 6221. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 373 38. 39. 40. 4l. 42. 43. 3.3 au sidn-si*, 1b & gd--chdp-idk kno bd? 203 i fi-si sIn-na, st pd-? 2 37 si, 7 fitsi sin-na. 3 3 2 ui Lau-su, 1k @ chnft-cndp—pén kho- bet? ga stneng. 1b 2 ade iid 2 Ofig Sin-hG, 11 9 g6‘-1dk kho* bd-? uk &s endk-chnen wd+2 13 Lr a 2 7, é. 3, chin ai thak-chheh bd+? 4 2 aéa chnka* if im xd-pi, 1b 4a rim de? 1 2 D riue péx-sdentu, it kdng 4i ifm xlin-chdi, st pd-2 L 2 1 a 6a chin 43 idm xin-chéi; 1k 41 1im pd+? oda chin 4i chidn xbe-cnt; 1t 44 chidn vd 22 2 Zt pé Ai 12m kd-pi, 4i 12m té. a a . 3 2a chin-ché chhen, 1t £1 kndax vd-? 3 ln Si end + ube Hak-seng chin 4i khéa*-chheh, si bd+? o6-_sin-si* chin &i xnda¥-cnnen. 1 uiau! sian-s?*, chhta* it xéh 14i che. 2 dag 2 chincend ent vi U lang @ chin-ché chf* bd+? 1.1 3 9 23, 3 BO lang a chin-ché chf¥, si b6-? Ld be und = phes Li bé ai khéa*-chheh, si bo’? 2k 1 in chin 4: kéng-de, bé 44 thdk-chheh. 2. 8 ut ai khoa*-chheh pee? L & = 3 cha 41 cnidn pag; atn @ pig vd-2 3 géan G pig. 3 : In-ché pig; chhta* 13 chiah. uv, 43 Géan a ch: 1 L L Ly, 2 Gda chhia* 14 1im kd-pi, 1X ai bd+? 63 LsLs 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 4g. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 10. ll. 1 1 . aba chnta* ik adm té-ph-ed, ik aa vi 13.3.3 - 2 Li fi-si Lau-su, si bd-? 122.2 1) Si, géa fi-si Lau-su. 2 1 33 2) Mest, géa st Lau-su. 3 1 3 tk a chna* dn aim ktin-chdi bb-? 3 uk wbng 1k di adm 8; sf Ai 22m wtin-endi, st bd? (s) 3 2 Law Nest, géa 44 iim tépi-té. 2 5 can i xnda*-chnen; itn ai knda* bd? 33 2 He &-st chf*; si stm-mfn? 23 3 Che fi-si pig, si bd+? 2 3.7 ,. 33 i fi-si Sin-hi, si Bok-su. 303 3 Pas? slu-at, of ndu-su, st vd-7 - 2242 3 2g? 1) si, J si Lau-su, m-si siu-if. 2. 9 347 33.3 2) B-si, i si Siu-1f, f-si Lau-su. 2.2 . 2 Bé iang 44 knda*—chhen; if ai bd+? 3 Hék-seng cnidh-pd bode? (S) 2 ndk-seng i im xlin-cnéi bd? (5) 2 7 2.3 3 0 1ang &i thak-chheh bd‘? 2,2 2 2 = pe Bé lang i khda*-chheh, si bd"? (S) x, pé dng di end Si, b6 lang 4i khda*. TRANSLATION /EXPLANATION OF ABOVE SENTENCES MARKED “S" Mr. Tiu*, you are very early (you're around very early this morning) - Don't you like coffee, Reverend? (Plural, e.g., “your family".) Yes, we really like coffee. 64Ls 3 47. You say you want to drink "t&"; do you mean water? (Lit., ...is it that you want to drink boiled water?) 54. Did the students eat yet? 55. Do the students want a drink of water? 57. No one wants to read? That's right, no one wants to read. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO TAIWANESE: 1. Your surname is Lim, isn't it? watt RR! &, wee Ht Bw 2. Let me treat you to some fruit,(Rev. Chhda. 3. Does anyone want a drink of water? ARE MH wel RG No one wants a drink. 38 fhe Swed 4. Do you like to drink tea very much? woh GABE T don't care much for it. 7k Ww RE WR ADR OY, Re? BW REAR, No, I'm not Teacher Id*; I'm Brother Tiut. TAIRA} Yes, my surname is Lim. ® hw £3 S. You're not Teacher Id*, are you? 6. You say you want to drink "té"; do you mean tea? _ , L with S49, ME) ESE a RA a Boe Rok 7. Do you have $39, Mr. G6"? BY Y eh 24 Hee 3) me & I have no money, sorry. KHL Ww YAh ‘ » ° 8. They're not Sisters, are they? AA FRM eR No, I want to drink water. Yes, they are Sisters. RR, AD RAF & 6sThe following sentences are the Taiwanese equivalent of the above sentences. Do not look at these until you have translated the above with your teacher. 3 a. uk sh tm, si pd? si, goa sé Ltn. 2. cnnda Bak-su, géa chntax if cnidn kbe-cht. 3 3 3. 6 14ng 4i 12m Ktin-chéi bd+? 73 BO 1ang £1 1im. 3 3 4. tk d chin §i 12m-té vd? 7 cba bé stmemfn 4 1am. 42 3.703 -2 5. Li dist 14% Lau-su, si bd+? = 4 3 3 2 2 4 2 7. 2 es SI, goa fi-si Td* Lau-su; géa si Tiu* siu-si- L 1 3 7 6. tk xbng it di aim-td: of di 12m té-pted, ox vd? 3 Msi, géa i 1m ktin-chdi. Ae e432 L373 2 od a 7. 6d+ sidn-si*, 1f @ sd*-chdp-kdu kho* bd? 1? sit-16, gda b6 chf*. 3.3 e. in esi sdu-af, si d+? 3 3 R-si, in si siu-14. 66Bl: Il: B2: 12: B3: 13: B4a: T4: BS: Is: Be: Ie: BT: I7: BB: Is: Ls 4 3 we _si kno Lesson 4 bide DIALOGUE Ag aR a eg 74 pit no: ada. 7 vey B = A-séng (ndk-seng) r= Ata (ndk-seng) 3 ara, it cnidn-pé pde2 Zz chidn-pé 8. nai che. 7 3 3 3 eA tk 2 35 8 ofa pder cba skupde sta, PATH 2 3 scan tgp aE NE cba fa iku-bée sfa. ut pen sfa pd-2 IVA iH AE 7 3 H6, 14n 14i sfa. tk péen idng stm-mfh pit séa? 3 3 2 a2 ada béeh iéng ban-ifan-pit sfa. fis? BF L 72. 3 27 | 1 3 1 1 GSa b6 &i iéng ban-lfan-pit; gda béeh iéng gdan-chi-pit ; sfa. + 3 q 7 L che si it 6 g6an-chii-pit, si b6é*? 3 L 3 2 fi-si, géan Lau-su king 7 pd 4 idng; 2 no- gda. L 2 207 2 ~ ad Lin Lau-su si Taéi-pak 6 14ng, si bd"? 3 3 fi-st, Z si rdi-tidng-14ng. In tndi-tndi sf vdi-pdk-24ng. AlSe tin tdu-su in tndi-endi tn chhdng-siatn? ROMO AA 1 Ema tén ond Lau-su. A-wéng, gda 4i xnf rdi-tiong, 1k pden xnd bd+? m8, ak uni, gda m xnd. chicas. 22. u6, chdi-cidn. 67Ls 4 VOCABULARY 1. a T (sign of the Perfect Tense; also used as e exclamation and for other uses. See "The Particle *a'™™, page 79.) 214i 3. He has come. (Note tone on "a"; see the 1-3-7 Rule, page 80.) 3 nk vd x ba 7 si kni vdi-pak, si bd"? He went to Taipei, did he? si-d. 4544 Yes. 3 Z 2. ban-lian-pit ci fountain pen. (Lit., 10,000 years! pen.) : 1 3 3 Z Goa ai i6ng ban-lian-pit ska-ji. I like to use a fountain pen (to write). 3. boeh B/# to wish/want/(sign of future) will. 2 1 bk péen 1im-té bd"? Do you want some tea? 1 22 ti pden kak rdi-par bé+? will you go to Taipei/ \ Are you going to Taipei? an 4. chhéng # /®& to do. (Mostly used in the expressions “What is/are (subject) doing?" and "...not doing anything.") 7 t€ chndng-siath? © What is he doing? L 1) 2 té sta-ji. He is writing characters. 2 2) 7 b6 téh chhSng-siath. He's not doing anything. 5. ché # to do; be (serve as). ("Cho" has many other meanings and uses which will be studied later.) 1 7 én chd stm-min? What is he doing? \ z cba téh ch§ sin-hi. 1 ama priest. 68Ls 7 6. @ f (sign of possessive case: "8" is placed between the possessor and the thing/person possessed. What is possessed may be expressed or understood; if it is not expressed, "€" does not change tone. See p. 83.) a4 7 3 374 Che si géa € chheh, n-si i 8. This is my book, not his. (Note that "8" changes tone if followed by the thing possessed.) 2 7. géan-chi-pit A F#paiipoint pen. (Lit atomic pen) Xs chin pe 23 aare od \ Géa chin b6 Ai iéng gOan-chii-pit sia- ballpoint pens. I hate > ¥ 8. hd to give. L z 3 L x ~ Géa € chheh h6* 1X khda*. I'm giving you my ‘book to s read. a 9. iamasfa tH also/too; either; even. > 1 3 s Z pden kni; géa id bden kn. He's going and so am I. 203 . m2 b6 béeh khi. 2,2 x Le i bé béeh hi: gda I'm not éither. He's not going: 2 a ob 2 2 2 > . . Ef péen knd, goa id bd béen kni.. Even if he goes, I'm not going. (Note that "ia" meaning “even" is in the 2nd clause.) 1 10. ian-pit 2 pencil. 2 7 L Hak-seng ai i6ng ian-pit sia-ji. Students must use a pencil to write with. (This is true of elementary school.) ui. ikupse BH/ BM not yet. (Lit., 1 3 A i ddu-bde 141. still not yet.) He still hasn't come yet. 1 L 3 ca iku-bée chidn-pig. I haven't eaten yet. 12. iéng/éng FA to use; (of time, money) to spend; with. 3 L . ‘ LE béeh iéng stm-mfn s{a? What will you write with? 69 4Ls 4 13. 35 % character (written)/word/letter (of alphabet). zg ti td ska-jz, si b’-? © You're writing, are you7/ Are you writing? 14. khi # to go. 7 2 nf rdi-pak. He went to Taipei. 15. 141 3K to come. 2 1 218i vdi-tiong thdk-chhen. He came to Taichung to study. /He came to study in Taichung. 2 16. 14i che #4 / HE come in and sit down. (Lit., "Come sit" - a courteous greeting.) »\ 17. 18 9% (a sound, at the end of a sentence, that can have interrogative or other meanings.) \ 5 tin sidn-si* 16? Where is your husband? 2 dni réi-pak 2. He has gone to Taipei. L2 . . : ; Li é chf* 16? Where is your money? (Asking a child where the money is that you gave him.) 18. m A to be unwilling/not want/(as response) No (= I am unwilling). 3 uk péeh khi b+? = Are you going? = 1 3 H-3, géa fi kh?. No, I don't want to go. For "a" see p. 76 “ii".) 19. pit % writing instrument. 24 2 Che si sim-mfn-14ng @ pit? | Whose pen/pencil is this? 20. sfa % to write. L sia-ji to write characters/to write. 1 tt téh sta stm-mfh? What are you writing? 70al. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. HoH Rabe Ls 4 ve eR sia*h/siat-hoe {tM ? wnat/(with negative) anything. (Synonymous with, "sim-mih".) (Note that "sia*h" and the "sfa*" of "sta*-hde" are not the same word or tone.) L Ls LY téh kong sia*h? What are you saying?/what are you : talking about? A FEAR, mn stm-min-18ng/sta*-14ng iM who /whom; (with negative) anyone. 2b Z Che si sim-mfh-14ng @ chheh? Whose book is this? L y 1 tin ndk-seng sta*-1dng péen ni 74a pak? Which one of you students is going to Taipei? OR: Who among you students are going to Taipei? 1 Téi-pak #46 aipei. (Principal city in Taiwan: also D Pe : the name of adjacent county.) 1 Tai-tiong @ Taichung. (Name of city and surrounding county in central part of Taiwan.) teh JE (sign of the progressive form of the following verb; can refer to past, present or future. Can also indicate habitual action.) i téh chhéng-sia*h? What is he doing? L i té& sta-ji. He is writing. thdi-thai HA wite/urs. 3 z . . . si stm-mfn-ing 2 tndi-thdi? whose wife is she? 2 ' rbr.oe 2 udan-dx TRANSLATION OF DIALOGUE He gave me his pen. Did you eat yet, A-14*? Yes. Come in and sit down. Did you write your characters yet? I haven't. T haven't written them yet either. Are you going to write them? 7Ls 4 B3: All right, let's write them. What writing instrument are to going to use? (NB. Taiwanese frequently prefers to say: "...going to use to write/going to use for writing".) 13: I'm going to write with a fountain pen. How about yourself? B4: I don't want to use a fountain pen; I'm going to write with a ballpoint pen. I4: Is this your ballpoint pen? BS: No, my,teacher said he didn't want it: he gave it to me. ("gv : A-Béng means "In a sense it isn't mine". In English we would say “It's mine now". For tone on "géa" see P. 85.) 15: Your teacher is from Taipei, isn't he? (Lit., your teacher is a Taipei man, isn't he?) Bé: No, he's from Taichung. His wife is from Taipei. 16: What does your teacher's wife do? B7: She's a teacher too. . I7: I have to go to Taichung, A-Béng; do you want to_gq? B8: No, you go ahead; I don't want to go. So long. (ia "a" softens the "M". See the Particle "a" below.) I8: OK, so long. st mOr-8 £ CHO-KAT NOTES ON DIALOGUE Bl: £-14*: "A" is a prefix to one of the given names of a person (either to the 2nd or 3rd character of his name or to his nickname). "A" usually indicates some degree of familiarity, but may always be used with young children, even upon meeting for the first time. 1 Il: La@i-ché = Come sit. This expression, very common as a greeting, may be spoken not only to a visitor to a house/shop /office but to anyone passing by; and can be spoken not only by the owner but by a guest already in the house /shop/office. fo answer this invitation we say "Hé", even if we continue on our way. "Hé" here means "OK/Good (idea)". Though it is usually not necessary, a simple excuse can be given for not “entering to sit". Words of excuse we will study later. Contrast these 3 expressions: z 1) L4i_ché. Spoken to one outside a room/building by a person in the position of a host. L 2) Chhia* ché. Spoken to one already in the room by one in the position of the host. 72Ls 4 2 3) Kéh 14i ch. Spoken by the host to one who is taking leave of the host. I5, B6: Note the 2 ways of saying "Taipei man": l. 2 1 z Tai-paék-lang. Tai-pak € 14ng. z The Title of the Dialogue ("i @ pit nd- géa") gives us several points of grammar (about which more will be said in this lesson): 1) "I é" is the Possessive case and means “his". 2) "Pit" is what would be called in English the Direct Object which in Taiwanese often precedes the verb and the Indirect Object. 3) "HO"" is the Past Tense in its simplest form; it means "gave". We know from the context that this is Past Tense. We will learn other ways of forming the Past Tense. 4) "Géa" is 2nd tone cl ed to 7th! A Personal Pronoun immediately following "hO'" at the end of a phrase/ clause/sentence is an exception to the ordinary rule for tone changes. 7 2 sin-ct £ cHO-KAT VOCABULARY NOTES 1 3 4 BON-HOAT LE-KU GRAMMAR SENTENCE PATTERNS SL kA as] LZ 1 1.3 L 1. LY € pit chhia* 1i hd* gda sfa. Please give me your writing instrument. A. Note that in these constructions Taiwanese prefers to express the verb or infinitive ("sfa = to write/for writing") more often than it need be expressed in English. B. Note the placing of the Direct Object ("pit") before the Indirect Object ("géa"). Using the terms of English grammar we have the formula: DIRECT OBJECT | hd' | INDIRECT OBJECT | (VERB or INFINITIVE) 2 \ a) Chheh né- i khda*. Give him the book(s) to read. 34 b) Té nd: 1x lim. Here's some tea for you. Lit., tea give to you to drink. 73Ls 4 3 c) cht* no- ik idng. Here's some money for you. (Lit., I give you money to spend.) (Note that the subject ("G6a") can be omitted.) 2. Past Tense. 2 02 a) 114i rdi-tiong thdk-chheh. He came to Taichung to study. 1 a3 2 ds . b) Lau Bok-su-nfu khi Td4i-pak. Mrs. L&u, the minister's wife, went to Taipei. 1 sim-mfn-14ng/sta*-14nq (No. 22 in Vocab.) 3 a) isi stm-mfh-14ng? Who's he?/who's this? (Do not say: "Che si sim-mzh-1&ng?") 3 os 3 2. . 2 si tiux sin-sé*. This is Mr. Tiut. Ld 3 b) uk & chheh béeh né* sta*-14ng? To whom will you give your books? 3 3 1) aden nd- Li Lau-su. I'll give them to Teacher Lf. 2 2y2. 3. ob 4 2) Géa @ chheh b6 béeh hd- stm-mih-14ng. I won't give books to anyone. ghhéng (No. 4 in Vocab.); chd (No. 5)- A. To ask "What is he doing?" in the sense of “What action is he performing at the moment?/What is he up to?/What is he hanging around for?", people commonly ask: ¢éh chnéng-siath? 1) 2 téh sta- 2) 2 tén chidn-pag. 3) 2 tén idm ceri a) 2 edn enda¥—chnen. z 5) 2 bé tén chndng-siath. 74oe Be Pe He in van sian-si* 2a tndietnada tim th&i-thai 7 43 Ofig Bdk-su Géa (Géan) £ ay tan sian-si+ téh uim thdi—tnai Zz. at Ofig Bék-su Ls 4 z 2 L x * L 2 téh chhéng sia*-hde/sia*h/sim-mih? chidh-piig- thdk chen. 2 khéa*-chheh. im xa-pi. 1 sta-ji. 2 tn I 2 én sian-si* bé téh chhéng-sia*h. Z 2 . Lim Thai-thai 7 3 Ofig Bok-su A-seng bé téh chhSng-siath, si bé-? | d-Seng is not doing anything, is he? 1) Si. No (he's not doing anything). 2 2) fst, 2 tén thdk-chheh. Yes, he's studying. 75Ls 4 B. “Ef t& ché stn-minz at times is used in the same sense as “chhéng".it may also mean: “What does he do for a living?" 2 t& ché stnmin 2 1) 2 té& ch§ tau-su. He is a teacher. 2 2) 2 tén chd péx-su. He is a minister. 3) Exnf ond sfv-1f. She went away to be a nun. 4) Lxnf cnd slu-si. He went to become a Brother. idng/éng (No. 12 in Voc.). This word means “to use". To use a pencil to write with means "to write with a pencil", hence the meaning “with”. To use money or time is "to spend". "Iéng/éng" has other meanings, such as: L L Chhia* 1X idng. Please help yourself. (Spoken to a guest when food/tea/candy is placed before him.) BM, Boeh “—Y (No. 18 in Voc.) signifies unwillingness. See B8 sound less Sometimes an "a" sound is added to the in the Dialogue. This “a’ used to make the harsh. "Boeh" (No. 3 in Voc.) and "ai" are frequently used inter- changeably to express the idea of "wish, want". As a general rule, however, "al" almost always expresses a manifestation of one's heart, feelings, affections, desires. "Boeh" is used to express simple future or a simple intention without the strong desire that "ai" implies. Practice in listening plus a knowledge of the context will gradually enable us to know the meaning of "boeh" and "al". L > ae a) oda di wnt. I like to go/I want to go. (Can also mean: "I need to/must go".) 1 5 U b) Géa béeh khd. I will go/I am going. (I may be very willing to go but not necessarily so.) 76Ls 4 1 1 c) i kéng péen 1m kd-pi, bd 41 adm té. He says he will drink coffee, he does not want to drink tea. In ¢, "bgek" is simple intention or stating a simple fact. Here "b6’ai" can mean he simply does not’ want to drink tea right now, but it can and often will mean he never touches the stuff. y a) aba cndn 41 cnidn-piig- I love rice. "Chin Ai" manifests strong desire = I like very much. \ 12 e) oba chin bé 41 cnidn_pag. I can't take rice at all. (Strong dislike.) 3 3 z £) uau-su 43 2 6 hi eng. The teacher loves his/her students. ("Al" can mean "love". “"Boeh" is never translated as "love".) 2 3B p. a) vk 4a xi Tai-pak bd? Do you feel like going to Taipei (now)? (OR: Do you like to go to Taipei?) 1 2 1 1) ea chin v6 4i xnf tdi-pak. 1 very much dislike going to Taipei. 2 2) Ga be Ai end. I don't want to go- > ok nt 3) ad, gba chin 8i xno. I want to go very much. 1 b) Lan uk 7 3 tin pgeh xn§ Tai-pak d+? t in 1 Ldn y Goa 13 1 b6 béeh V 27 Goan 3 khi T4i-pak. ii J i in 7Ls 4 L 1 3 c) bt péen 14: réi-tiong bd-? are you coming to Taichung? (The speaker is in Taichung, talking on the phone to one in Taipei.) 1 2 1) Boeh, gda béeh khf T4i-tiong. | Yes. I am going to Taichung. ae z 2) BO, gda bé béeh knf Téi-tiong. No, I am not going to Taichung. 1 3 2 3) R-8, ga a khi Téi-tiong. No, I am unwilling to go to Taichung. 3 As ph . Lk G pden 141 bd+? Are you coming? 1 1) Boeh, géa béeh khi. Yes, I am going. Lo 2) Bé, goa b6 béeh khi. No, I'm not going. can Lod 8s nd 3) Bd ai, gda bé Ai khi. No, I don't want to go. 3 Note "i...bd‘" to form a question. "OJ" need not be translated; it is only the sign of a question. Note that to answer a question with "boeh", the usually,translated by "Boeh", and " by "BO" or ™BO div (not "BO boeh"). L 1 uk 4: stayz vd-2 do you want to write characters (now) ? > 1 Looe 4 1) ab, ada 4: staz. Yes, I want to write. 1 ae 1 2) BG ai, gda b6 i sta-ji. No, I don't want to write. Note that we usually do not use "a" together with "dis to ask a question. But to ask a question using chin di" we should use "i". Note also that,to answer a question containing vai“ we say "Ai" or "Bé’ai". We do not answer "BO" in such a case. 78Ls 4 THE PARTICLE "av The particle "a" is very common, in Taiwanese: it has Many meanings and uses, often exclamatory. One use of "a" we have seen: "H-a = I am unwilling/I don't want to". In this case the " softens the impact of the "fi", making it sound less harsh. ~ The particle " "may be added for emphasis: 2 ti si xf chlong-hda, si ba? Is it to Changhua you a ke went? Yes. (it is to Changhua I went - not anywhere else). Sometimes particles such as "a" are added to a single word sentence, not for any particular meaning but for euphony ~ people often prefer a double sound to a single sound. The particle "a" is commonly used with what is in English the Perfect Tense, an action that was begun in the past but has reference to the present: 3 ut chidh-pa boe? Have you eaten yet? chidn-pé 2. I have eaten (so there's no need to treat me-to a meal). Note 1: In some cases we will translate as Perfect Tense sentences without "a". Note 2: "A" can at times be used with any tense. 79E. Tone of the "a" THE 1. Note that the "a" of "chidh-p& 2 is in the 3ra tone. It is following a rule according to which the tone of the "a" is governed by the tone of the preceding word. This rule is called the 1-3-7 Rule, which means that the tone of certain words, such as this "a", is in the 1st, 3rd or 7th tone, depending on the tone of the word immediately preceding. In the following 7 sentences note the tone of the "a" and of the word immediately preceding "a"; then study the chart following. In Sentence 1 the "a" is in the lst tone, following a ist tone. In Sentences 2, 3 and 4, the "a" is in the 3rd tone, following the 2nd, 3rd and 4th tones. In the sentences numbered 5, 7 and 8, the "a" is in the 7th tone, following the 5th, 2 1) nt idm t@ pde? 1 3 Goa G lim a. 3 2) ur cnidh-pé bode? chidn—pé 8. 2 3) 2 kni boe? Ri a. 2.2 3 4) i xni Tai-pak bode? 2 z. 3 Khi Tai-pak a. a 3 5) 214i bde? Lai a. Lo} 3 7) LY chidh-piig bde? aba chidhupig 2. 7th and 8th tones. Have you drunk the tea yet? I have drunk it. Have you eaten yet? I have eaten. Has he gone yet? He has gone. Has she gone to Taipei yet? She has gone to Taipei. Has he come yet? He has come. Have you eaten yet? I have eaten. 3801 ' 3 8) Li chiah bode? Have you eaten yet? 1 ‘ Géa chiah 2. I have eaten. The 1 Rule: Schema The tone on the determined as follows: " of the Perfect Tense may be Ls J If previous word then "a" Example is in the is in the: ist tone lst tone cba G lima. 2nd_tone |_____3rd_tone chidnops 2. 3rd_tone 3rd_tone __kni a. | __4th_tone 3rd_tone kni rai-pax 2. Sth tone 7th tone uai a. th tone 7th tone ba chidh—pfg 2. 8th _tone 7th tone Géa_chiah a. iku-bde (No. 11 in Voc.). not yet. a) Lk chidn-pé poe? Have you eaten yet? 1) thu-boe. Not yet. 2) chidh-pé 3. I have eaten. 3) @ba chigdh-pé 2. I have eaten. . 2 b) Chhda sign-s?* chigh-pd bode? Has Mr. Chhda eaten yet? . -2, o3% sky pd ot 1) Chhéa Sian-si* idu-bée chiah-pfig. 2) 2 cnidn—pé 2. alLs 4 se MAAR c) Ofig slu-si kh? bse? Has Brother Ofg gone yet? 1) 2 aku-pde xn. He hasn't gone yet. 2) Kal 2. He has gone. a) é iang ai pée? Has anyone come yet? 1) rhubée. Not yet. 2) G adng 143 2. Some one has come. /Some people have come. 3) Bé lang 183. No one has come. (Note that "a" is not used with the negative of the Perfect Tense.) Notice that to say "yet" in asking a question. we say: "pSe" meaning “(or) not yet". It js an enclitic here. To answer in the negative we say: “idu-bde" = not yet". 3 7 0 lang Re Gé+ sian-si* L 2. dy. Li Th&i-thai in 2 7 U lang i z Lai 3 a 3 18i a. bée? Gé* sian-si* aa xn 1 . khi a. uk mdi-tnai in i «ei dn_e? 1 3 14i. e+ sian-si* iku-pée . kh. Lig s. LY Th&i-thai in 82Ls 4 Possessive Case The Possessive case of a noun/pronoun is generally formed by adding “e" (No. 6 in the Voc.) to the noun/pronoun. NOTE the following 5 rules concerning the Possessive case: 1. A one-syllable noun followed by the sign of the Possessive obeys the ordinary rule of not changing tone. z chheh € cht* the book money. 2. The last syllable of a noun of 2 or more syllables preceding the sign of the Possessive, "6", does not change tone. This is also according to the general rule. 2 1) Lau-su € chheh. books belonging to the teacher. O41 OH 1 2) Sin-hii é pig. 7 3) Béx-su @ Kd-pi. 3. A pronoun preceding the sign of the possessive, "&", DOES CHANGE tone. Goa chi*, My money. ur pan-1fan-pit. Your fountain pen. t pig. His /her food (cooked food). Lin p é té-phté. our tea (yours and mine). oSan chheh. Our books (not yours). Lin ka-pi. Your coffee. in géan-ch-pit. Their pens. 83Ls 4 4 When the noun modified by the Possessive is not stated but understood, the "" does not change tone. 22. i . a) 1) Che si goa € pit. This is my writing instrument. 204 2) Che si géa @. This is mine. 3 Tr 30°31 a b) He fi-si 1an @, st 2 @. that's not ours, it's his/ners. \ 2 4 c) ada béen iéng ak 8, né ds? Tm going to use yours, OK? My husband /My wife Your teacher /Your minister, etc. To modify the words “husband /wife" a possessive pronoun does not require "6", but the plural form of the pronoun is used even when the possessing person is singular. 1 2, ow a a) Géan sian-si* sé* Ofig. My husband is surnamed Ofg. \ b) Géan thdi-thai sé* afg. 2, ans c) ukn sin-sex/endi-tndi péeh knit d+? Is your husband/ wife going? Note 1: The same rule (plural form used as singular) holds for a Possessive Pronoun used with the title of an occupation: 4 3 L 3 ans Goan Lau-su My teacher. Lin Bok-su Your minister. z in Sin-hi His (her) priest. Note 2: When the possessing persons are plural, the possessive "6" is frequently used (but not necessarily): Lo ain @ Bék-su Your (plu.) minister. 222 tn @ sfn-nii Their priest. 3 + Note 3: In Notes 1 and 2 the terms "Lau-su/Bék-su/ Sfin-hi" can also be plural. “Lin Bok-su" can also mean “You ministers".Ls 4 Tone on Pronoun or "Lang" Immediately Following a Verb. The 1-3-7 Rule is frequently used in cases where a ‘Pronoun or the word "14nq" immediately follows a verb and is at the end of a phrase/clause/sentence. In such cases the pronoun and "14ng" change tone in the same way as the "a" of the Perfect Tense (P. 80). 1 a) chntax 1k no* ada. Please give it to me. Note that the tone of the verb ("hd* does not change. Géa" changes from 2nd to the 7th tone because "ho*" is in the 7th tone. 12, p= pb) ft cht* b6 8: no_Ang. He doesn't like to give people money « Note: “14ng" is a one-syllable noun; the change of tone here is an exception to the rule that one-syllable nouns do not change tone. 22. ee nse id c) 2 bé &i ch$* hd* lang. ‘ Note: the lst verb ("di") may precede the Direct Object (renter), 7 a) 2 chap khot béeh hd" géa. He is going to give me ten dollars. Contrast (d) with: 3 L e) t chap Kho béeh ho" gba Eng. He will give me ten dollars to spend. In (e), since the pronoun "géa" is not at the end of a phrase /clause/sentence, it follows the requiar rule of tone Ghanges (2nd to 1st), and does not follow the 1-3-7 Rule. Zs . £) 1@* sign-s?* pé ai 2. Mr. If* doesn't like him. 3 g) In béeh chhfa* 14n. They will treat us (to a meal). 85Ls 4 In the foliowing schemas note the position of the Direct Object in relation to the 2 verbs ("boeh" and "hd'"). Va. cht L Lan chheh \ 1 LY kde-chi i phig L x Lin ian-pit in +8 lo: ka-pi A wh, 203 3 B. ji-chap-gd* kho* cnt 1 chheh Goa > 3 i 1ak-chap kho* 1 kd-pi Goan 202 ban-lfan-pit in - pig z 1 géan-chi-pit té Note: Do NOT say “Lan.. "lan" includes the person(s} 3 3 ui bdeh 18a-ché chf* no+ Zn? 23 Li 1éa-ché chf* péen no- in? z, i 2 cnt* 1f béeh léa-ché né- In? \ ba béen sd*-chdp kno- no* in. 86 « (bo) boeh ho* a4 béeh hé- stm-mfh-14ng? 1 2 oR: Lan béeh chf* no* simmfn—14ng? béeh ho* 2 2 = bé boeh ho" + (someone OR others) béeh 7 OR: Gdaq , 4 cht* ho- if. b6 béeh li/lin", since spoken to. OR: oR: How much money are you going to give them? I'm going to give them $30.Ls 4 ) ok 22 a i 2 3 3 Barz boeh léa-ché chf* hd- @ ttn 14ng? in Sar 13 3 Ly a ch$*, si pé+? 3 R A statement followed by "spa such as "LE a chf*, si bé-?" has many shades of meaning according to the context, circumstances or the way it is said. This form is used to make sure of a fact or to show one's doubt or surprise. Observe the difference between the following sets. Lao. ; ; a. a) uk & cnt 8-2 (simple question) Have you any money? (I don't know whether or not you have any.) 13 A. - b) ui d ent*, si pd-7 You have some money, haven't you? (to make sure) OR: You haven't any money, have you? (I don't believe you have any). OR: It is surprising that you should have money. L 7 3 2. a) Lt béen khf rdi-pak b+? Will you go to Taipei? 7 b) tk pden xnf rdi-pak, st bas? are you going to Taipei? (They say that you are going to Taipei-) (Simple question or to make sure.) OR: Are you going to Taipei? (It is a surprise that such a hick as you is going to Taipei alone.) OR: Do you mean to say that you are going to Taipei? (I won't allow you to go.) 87Ls 4 Re: Invitations to Eat _ L L 3 a) ba chntas it chidh-piig, né bd-? 1/11 treat you to a meal, OK? Z. .3 =, b) L&i chiah-pfig, né pee? Come and eat (OK?). (Note: this is said by a person to one who comes upon him eating.) 1) #6. Fine. (One usually says "H6", even if not going to eat, and then goes about his business.) 1 2) ub; td-sia. Gba chidnpd a. Fine, thanks; (but) Itve eaten. (This is said even if one has not eaten.) x “I SENTENCES hie a a Bp * x 8 L 1. Lr 1 4 1) 0, goa a chf¥. 12 2) B6, gda b6 ch#*. (Here "BO = Not have" 3 2. uk dente, st pd-7 L 3 4, 1) Sf, gda G cnt. 3 L 2) M-si, go 1 rs a bo cht*. L ] 2 3. ut péen khf Téi-pak bd-? \ 1) Boeh, géa béeh khi. Lo . 2) BO, goa bé béch kh?. (Here "BO" does not mean "Not have"; it is a negative response to a question with "boeh".) b pden anf rd z vb 4. Li béeh khi Tai-pak, si bd-? 1 2,7 1) Si, gda béeh khi Tai-pak. Rect oka bd vd. 2 ods 2) A-si, géa bé béeh khi T8i-pak. 885. lo. ll. 12. 13. 14. Z L2 3 # vd Aa wnt; ak 4a nd vd-2 12 4.3.22, dg di wend; gba ik bé Ai end. 12 1 3 . 86 lang 4i thak-chheh; 14 i thdk bd+? 3 7Z ' = & 1) oda ma bd Ai thdk. ay MS ) at, goa Ai thak. 2 L2 v7, 33 ida odaed z Li a chin 4i 14% Tai-tiong bd+? > L 7, 3. i. z. ; 1) ad, gda chin i 144 Tai-tiong. 1. 1 7.22. ,2. ol. ys 2) B6 ai, gda chin b6 Ai lai Tai-tiong. L 3 . Lin cnidn-p& boe? 1) aan chidn-pé 2. 3 ' 2) in chidh-pé 3; gSa iku-boe chidh. 2p o:2 dy 2 + ue . He si Afg Sidn-si* 6 chheh, si bo"? 3 203 2 Asi, he f-st Afg sidn-si¥ 8, si od 3 32 4 Hak-seng & téh kGng-de bo"? a ud 3 , 8 1) B, hak-seng i téh kdng-de. * i L 2) BS, nak-seng bd téh kdng-e. L 4 3. yk stm-mfn-14ng béeh chiah kde-ch{? 1.1 2 : Bé lang &i chiah. 7 ne] tk wong pd &: chidh-pag: 1f $1 cnidn stm-mfn? \ 4 22 hos 2, 7) ed oi Géa b6 Ai chidh-piig; gda &i Lim kd-pi. Lo? 1 23 i xéng bé ch2*; it béeh lda-ché cht* no+ 1? , 7 1 3 1) 3 xéng bé cht*; géa béeh ji-sd*-chép kho- no+ 1. 3 Loa al _ 2) 2 & cht*; géa cht¥ bd béeh nde 1. L 4 Lge 14. sim-mih-lang idu-bée 144? AD og? es i tau sian-si* iau-bée 14i. 89 Ls 4Ls 4 as. uk kdng ben iim-t8, st ba+? 1) Si, gda kéng béeh 12m-té. Bes oka eh. 2 In xd-vi 2) H-si, géa king béeh 1im kd-pi- a 2 16. tan sian-si+ iku-bde 14i, si b3+? (s) = 7 ak 2. A si, 2 idu-bde 14. 3 17. chy if pden no: 2, si pd-? 1) si, géa ent béen no- 2. Be Ok 2 pee 72 phan pee ah 2) M-si, géa b6 boeh hd* i, boeh hd‘ 14. 1 z Loess. ut 2 sdn-wit bd 18. i kéng béeh sia-ji; Li & ian—pit bd+? 307 1) 0, géa @ ian-pit. Loto? ge 1. 2) BO, gdéa bé ian-pit; gda G géan-chu-pit. 2 a 19. nf réi-pak bee? 2 i) nf rdi-par a. 1 3 z 2) 2 iku-pée xnf Tdi-pak. 2. 2 3 20. £ 144 Tai-tiong bde? 702 1 a) £18: Tai-tiong a. Looe 72 ek 38 2. mds as 2) Idu-bée; 1 idu-bde 141 Tai-tiong. 2 a Z R 21. uk &i 12m ofg sian-s* & xd-pi pd+? at, 1 4 géa chin 4i iim. a 2 2 22. Lau-su 14i dng bé béeh thik-chheh. 23. 2 béen chhSng-sia*h? 1.2 2 1) 2 bé béeh chhdng-sia*h. 2) 2 péen thak-chhen. 2 24. uf den ch§ Bék-su bd-? \ 2 1) Boeh, géa péen ond Bok-su. ot 2 . 2) Bd, gSa b6 béeh chd Bok-su. (Here "BO" = "No" ~ is merely stating a fact; it does not mean unwillingness.) 9026. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4l. 42. 43. 44. tk péen xn? b8+? na. ("H2" signifies unwillingness.) ofig sidn-s?* chin 41 i8ng gdan-cnt-pit sta-jz. ran thi-thai 141 bée? Ofig Sidn-si* & tén sta-jz d+? 1) 0, 2 tén sta-sz. 2) Bd, 1 bd tén sfa. nin rau-su 187 1) 2 idu-pde 183. 2) dati 2. 7 2 . cé+ méi-thai péen sta- 1 1 van tndi-thdi téh xéng skm-mfn7 1 2 3 2 L Sa chin 4i iéng ban-1idn-pit sta-Jji. 2 ine 83 alma od Lat eta at 0 lang Si iéng géan-chti-pit s¥a-ji- 2 omnes ends ikucple bé, 2 nds én Thai-thai idu-bde béeh khi T4i-pak. 3 7 12. 3 ll : L - - 2 U ang bé &i idng idn-pit sfa-ji, si bd"? 1 3 3 utn iku-pée pden thdk-chnen, si po-? - L ak 3 2 5 SI, géan idu-bde béeh thak. 2 oh pe chy ple ids onde oe ChhSa Sin-hi idu-bde 14i chidh-piig. 2 1 7 ran-pit gda b6 4i isng. 3 In vd di chant Hak-seng chin pé 4i sta-ji. Lig Ly ke pede on ce ph LY boeh chhia* géa chiah-pfig, si bé*? 2 stm-mfh-14ng 44 thak-chheh? La? 2 = mi 13 2 ae LE sin-ni tén sta-ji. Tan Lau-su téh khda*-chheh. 1 3 7 2 2 bd téh iéng it é pit, si vd-7 2 4.1 7 3 L 3 x i si, 7 6 téh idng géa 8; 1 tén idng chhda siadn-si* 91 4Ls 4 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 6l. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67- 2 3 tim sian-si* i 12m xd-pi; 2 péen 1im-té bd-? 207 22. 2 3 2 U Tai-pak € Sfn-hi 14i thak-chheh bé+? we 34 uf sian-si* péeh chheh hd‘ géa khda*. Li 2 & ds eG a 2 yd, S Li b6 boeh khi T&i-tiong, gda ma boeh khi. ("even") a o3y g zon nde it xnda* bee 1@* sian-si* @ chneh béeh hd- 1i khda* bo"? 33.3 2 37 1 He fi-si ban-lidn-pit, si géan-chi-pit. 1 203 oba téh sta-ji, asi téh knda*-chheh. L242, dees 3 3 uk si 14i P4i-tiong thdk-chheh, si bd+? 3 . 2 vin* siln-si« mnt, ik deh knit vé-7 3 L oO: sian-si* béeh t@ nd- géa lim. L 3 if sian-si* kéng i i 12m ka-pi- y cba chidn-pé 3. 2.3 3 tfu sian-si* tén ché Lau-su, si bd-? 2 sducif xni thdk-chnen 2. ék-su téh chidh-piig- 33. 2 2 4. = 7 2 én sian-si* boeh chf* hd" 1f bd+? tn péeh chhéng-sia*h? 3 nfu sign-six tén chd Lau-su. 3 7 72, ,3 3 Z . t _ G 14ng bé 4: déng b&n-lidn-pit sia-ji- 2 3 27 2 tt sfn-hi @ chin-ché ian-pit bd-? 7 22 3 Tan-pit ik bé Ai idng, si bo? +. gba vd di dng idn-pi si, gda bé &i i6ng ian-pit. 3 ut péen éng sim-mfh? 2 1, 3 2. 3 = pd sék-su idu-bde 141 thdk-chheh, si pb+? , 3 si, 1 idu-bde 14i- 92Ls 4 1 1 3 68. Gdan idu~bde béeh thék-chheh. 2972 1 2 69. Che si 7 & géan-chi-pit, si bd"? 1 Goa 72. Bék-su a téh chidh-piig pe? LL 3 1 3 73. ba iku-pée chidn-pig; 1f chidn poe? 2 Log 7 74. Ldu Bék-su iku-pée 141 thdk-chhen. 2 75. uik-seng péeh kni thdk-chhen. 202 76. én si&n-si* kai rai-par 2. luna, it vg 2 ads zg 77. Sin-hi, 1X péen kni Téi-pak chnéng-sia*h? 2 chdn di unk wha 4 2 7 2 78. ¢ chin §i xnf réi-pak, goa mi chin Ai knd. (also) 2.3 2.2 3 zn xbne& 79. NG Bok-su b6 téh thak-chheh, téh kéng-de. . 22 3 80. Ofg sian-s* kni T4i-pak bée? 1 a fs ye? ade 81. sim-mfn-14ng 4i xni rdi~pak? 82. che si stn-mfn-14ng chheh . Che si sim-mih-14ng € chheh? . BY ba ew? 83. cS+ si’n-si* péeh t Zt b 84. 1a* sian-siv téh chi 3 3 2 85. t & chin-ché idn-pit. Juest té «fanz. et par 86. Slu-si téh sfa-ji, si bd-? 7 3 22 2 87. Ofig Bék-su 14i TAi-tiong thak-chheh. \ 33 88. Siu-14 kéng 7 & thak-chheh. I 3 2, 2 89. Tai-pak & chin-ché 14ng bd*? \ 1 90. LY béeh 14i Tdi-tiong thdk-chheh, si bé-? a2 i . 2 é, . 91. f iéng ian-pit téh chhéng-siath? > > 92. Ng Lau-su chin &i iim kd-pi, si bar? 93Ls 4 7 ay sy. 4h 3 2 as 93. Tiu* vhdi-thdi idu-bée khi Tai-pak. 3 L 94. uk i idng skm-min pit sta-jz? 2 gs. chatax it xnf cnidn-pag. 342 in pé da stansz 96. 0 lang chin b6 Ai sia-Jji. 3 s pe 97. Hak-seng 184i bée? 3 3 2 3 a 98. Hak-seng @ téh thak-chheh b6*? 99. 10* sidn-s?* bdeh chf* hd? ada. L 38 a. 2 es oe 100. LX ch#* idu-bde hd" 1, si bd"? 1 L 3 si, ga ch$* idu-boe no- i. A, z Ms 3 101. Ofig Thai-thai 141 boe? L.3 122 22 _ 3 102. Lt iéng NG Sfn-hi é chf*, si bd+? 2 3 2 cas 5 + ph 103. Chhéa Lau-su boeh khi Tai-tiong, si bo*? 3.2.3.3 3 104. 0 lang ii thak-chheh bo‘? © (S) 2.7 3.3 a) 0, @ lang ® thak-chheh. » lad 3 b) BO, b6 lang m thak-chheh. 3 1 105. Che si sim-mih pit? kG cht 3 3 a 2 107. 0 sfin-hi 14i Ta&i-tiong thdk-chheh bot? 12. 4 3 oa. Hak-seng bd fi sta-ji, si bo‘? 7 3 géa, si bd"? Si _bO*? 2 109. udu siu-1f téh chhéng-siath? Loy iio. uf téh sta sia*-nde? aia. sfu-1f téh chigh siatn? LZ 2 =: 2 pa 12. LY & chhen béen no* 7 pd-? L 1 28 2 R, gda @ chheh fi nov i. z 3 113. 2 @ pit béen né- stm-mfn-18ng? \ z 1 7 xéng 7 & bé béeh hd" Lang. 94Ls 4 TRANSLATION /EXPLANATION OF ABOVE SENTENCES MARKED (S) 16. Mr. Tan hasn't come yet, has he? No, he hasn't come yet. 104. Are there people who won't study? a) Yes, there are those who won't study. b) No, there is no one who won't study. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO TAIWANES! pos ae 1 thave eaten. FEMME LL PRAMS 2. What writing instrument are you going to write with? 3. I'm going to drink coffee. How about vousseaae wiper 1a9}| 4. Please come again, Teacher Chhéa. eas gain, Te: Zain dies 5. This is yours, not mine.¥ 2 iut, 3 6. Please give me your book to read. Sly 7 NX 7. I am not going; my wife isn't wien a a, PRR PR 8. Has he come yet? RP RAR He has come. 497° & _ EAR at Ve. He doesn't like to give people money. (Pw? E 4k Hie 10. Mr. Tiu* is not studying, ishe?, © wm ven, 8 ay? . see y aye x No, he's not studying. 8 Apt f ive The Taiwanese equivalent of the above sentences: 1 1. Sa chidh-pé 2. Lvé 2 Lem?) z 2. Li boeh iéng sim-mih pit sfa (-ji)? 1 5 3. Géa béeh lim kd-pi. Lf 18? 2 3 L z 4. chnda Lau-su, chhia¥ 1k xéh 14i che. 3 24 4 5. Che si 1k @, esi goa &. L 1 . uk é chhen chnta* ik née goéa khoa*. 1 i 2 » L 2. ds 22 ze > 7. Gda b6 béeh khi; gdan thdi-thdi ma b6 béeh kh}. 95Ls 4 3 8. 218i bode? ai a. 12 2 2 2 1 9. 2 vd 84 chd* né- 1ang./t cnt vé 4i no- 1éng./cng* J vd 2 1 §i nd- lang. 2p _e3e pd tdi 3 = pa: 10. Tiu* Sian-si* b6 téh thak-chheh, si bo*? s 2b ed » Si, i b6 teh thak. 36Lesson 5 DIALOGUE. . L © udu sidnsfr - at home c = chhéa sian-si* a fA Z| wh . -30 23, 3 3 Ll: Chhoa Sian-si*, 1d ché. oe pa nger ALA ci: chidn pé 8. 0402 CN 2: uk péen kni tén-aiz (Uh c2: Béeh khi p& moh-kiax. % toy 2 1 u3: uk si béen bé stm-min min-Kia*? x L 2 7 L 2 Z c3: Be chit-xda di ing é min-kiax xdn chit nta tndi-tnas é * - % sa*. e 22,2, 4.2, 1s, wo 2 2. 2 42s ads I4: N&-si béeh bé thdi-thdi chhéng € sa*, 1¢ Ai kdh thai-thai xnf pé. 1 3 ca: Pd §i und; Z kéng 7 bdeh sé sat. xk nd gda knit, né bd-? 5: #6, gba 1di-kni xdai* thdng-4-mdg we nbs kn béeh 14i- whi tén-ai bé?,, yA PA Ble 2 ea it 2 ndne i = ba cS: Béen hi chiong-héa bé. TE nia 1k a péng-ié téh bs bd? 3 21 Ach 27-4 3 6: TF bi géa i chit @ péng-it sé* re, 1 é mta né+-cnd 2 . 2 . 2 - sb-udng; In cond th cnd sdt-knd-; In v6 tén va. 4, 2 pkepd rkn rdicwn? In enmdn?n enntax 2 end C6: Ldn na bé-bd, lan 14i-khi in chhd-nih chhYa* i cho. sin-ct VOCABULARY 1. bé Be to buy. 1 2 cba péeh ni pé min-nia*. 1 am going shopping (1it., going to buy things). 97Ls 5 4 4 1 2. bé-bd HAI to fail to buy (an item because it cannot be found/is not the right size, etc.). L . 1 sa* géa khi Chdong-héa bé-bd. I went to Changhua to buy some clothes but wasn't able to buy any (OR: buy what I wanted). # @ i to buy what one wants/to buy what one was looking for. LoL. 1 . Goa bé-pd, 7 bé-G. I didn't buy what I wanted; he did (he found what he wanted). 4.b& HE to sell/to sell to. | Lk. ae Be 2 ph 3 i$ Lin thai-thdi téh bé kdetch{, si bd? Your wife is selling fruit, isn't she? 5. chhéng 4 to wear; (with "teh") put on. (Used of clothes/shoes, not of hat/ring; see Voc. Note 1.) 3 chhéng-sa* wear clothes. 3 se Alt chhéng-kho*"4 “wear trousers. 3 t én chhéng-sa*. He is getting dressed. Xe 6. chhd SBF / house /home/family. (See Vocab. Note 2.) 24 wah, Che si géan thhi. This is my house. (Here it does not mean “family".) in chnd téh be kbe-chf. His family sells fruit. 7. chia 2B here. cnnta* 1} 14i chia. Please come here. gba ti chia. 1 am here. 8. Chidng-héa %46 Changhua. (Name of city/county in central Taiwan.) 9. & {@ (Measure used with many nouns for the purpose of enumeration. See Grammar Note 3.) 3037 U nfig é 18ng téh chidh-pfig. There are 2 people eating. (Measures, usually untranslatable, generally must be used between a numeral and a noun modified by the numeral.) 98Ls 5 Gs Pp wR 10. hia HB there (of place). 1 z chhiax it xnf nia. Please go over there. 3 3 3 tan sian-si* G ti hia bd’? Is Mr. Tan there? 3 1) 0, id ti nia. Yes, he's there. 7.3 2) B6, i bé ti hia. No, he's not there. 3 ai. né bo? IG? Is that all right? Is it O.K.? (Lit., Good or not?) LQ Li é chnen né- géa khoa*, hé pa-2 How about letting me read your book? bd 2s alm eles aan xb 4 LI b6 ai lim ka-pi; chiah kée-chf, h6 bd*? You ‘1 don't want coffee; have some fruit, OK? 3. 12. nd-icnd/xfo-chd kB to be called/named. (This verb is used when expressing one's given name or nickname.) 2 che kfo-chS stm-mfn? what is this called? 3. 2 q L weg : Che kio-ché thdng-d-mfig. This is called a window. L rs . Li stm-mfh mfa? © What is your name? (See Voc. H Note 3.) My name is A-séng. 13. kah/kap a? By m/s and/with. (Connects nouns/ pronouns /noun clauses/some verbs and verbal clauses; does not connect adjectives /adverbs . ) ee céan chi’ & chit 6 mfg kéh six thdng-4-még. our house has one door and 3 windows. 2 dn gda 181. He came with me. bd = : in chhta* ga chidh-piig k&p 12m kd-pi- They treated me to a meal and coffee. 14. kno #f trousers. (easure: nfa 2 L cnft nta knd- aga-ché cht*? How much is one pair of pants? ("Nfa" is the measure for any garment.) 15. khui BA to open. y Loa . chhia*-ik xmii thadng-X-mfg. Please open the windows. 99Ls 5 16. kéa#8, some/several/a small amount. (Always preceded by nchit = one". Signifies an indefinite, small quantity. The noun modified by "kéa" does not need its proper measure; “"kéa" itself is a measure.) i ‘ 5 chit-kéa cht* a bit of money. Le pd. 2 pk cnde-nds Py. i Géa béeh khi bé chit-kda mih-kia¥. I'm going to buy a few things. 3 3 L 3021 vi chia @ chft-kéa sat; si sim-mfn-14ng 6? ‘There are some clothes here; whose are they? 17. koai* fH to close. 2 ae wah Mig & koai* bd*? Is the door closed? le. ki + Measure # +f how many/now much. 2 bé kai + Measure not many/only a few. L. low KUi € 14ng? - How many people? Zz hs A BO kui 6. = Not many. 1 Kui kho*? How much money? a BO kui kho* Not much. Z > 19. 14i-kh? # to go. (Usually used with the first person; not used with negatives or in past tense.) 12 Lan 1ai-khi. Let's go. ae tin 1di-kni chidh-pfig. Let's go eat. 1 12 2 chan bé di xni chidn-pig. We don't want to go and eat. 20. uk né bé+? HEB? How are you? (Lit., Are you well?) (This greeting is not so common in Taiwanese as in English. See at Lé-Ki No. 20.) Answer! H6!/Chin hét 21. mta 4 name/the given name of a person. (Measure: &) 3 (See Vocab. Note 3.) To téa-mta given name. (Lit., “great name" - an honorific term used in asking a person his/her given name.) Li 3 . uk stm-mfn téa-mfa? What is your (great) given name? 100SAA wy ne 22. mih-kia*/ath HB/W ching /article/object. 3 3 4 2 Che fi-s? gda @ min-kie¥. This thing is not mine. 23. mig FI door. (Measure: &) a A + 1 2 Mfig bO koai*; 1X khi koai*. The door is not closed; go and close it. 3 24. nama-si SE/MRiz. (Usually comes after the subject, expressed or understood; see Gram. Note 2.) 1 3 > ak > Gda nd bden khi, 1% pdenh nd w+? Te T go, will you go? 2 2 aba &. oka béch nee 14 . Che na-si goa @, géa béeh hd* 1f. If this were mine, I'd give it to you. Fly. 25. nfa #F (Measure for clothing) 4 \ 1 24 . Gda béeh bé sd* nia sat, nfig nia khd-. I'm going to buy 3 shirts and 2 pairs of pants. 26. -nih B/£/® to be in/at/on. (Attached to a noun of place; usually with "ti". Tone follows the 1-3-7 Rule - Ls 4. See Voc. Note 4. Since the 8th tone on nih" always changes, we have omitted it from the examples.) 2 i xni tén-ai? where did he go? he 3 12 i ti chhi-nin, bé khi toh. He's at hom didn't go anywhere. z 27. péng-fu JAR friend. (Measure: 6) z hé péng-id good friend. L 4 25b2,h 2. 5 sim-mih-14ng si 1f @ hd péng-id? Who is your good friend? (Asked of children.) 28. pin A (Measure for books) L 1 1 3.4 . : chiar 1k ch’t ptin chen hd gba knda¥. Please give me a book to read. 29. sat KAR clothes /shirt/garment/dress. (Measure: nia) 1 2 3 Géa @ sa* ti tén-di? Where is my shirt /dress? lolLs 5 MU A 30. sQ*-khé*/sd*-&-khno* K4#H clothes. (Measure: nfa) 1 . a Lk & sd*-xnd' béenh sé bd°? Do you want your clothes washed (OR: Are you going to wash your clothes?) 31. sé ¥t to wash. ("Sé" is also used in photography to mean smake a print from a negative".) 1 sé sa* wash clothes. 12 13 Géa € sa* idu-bde sé. I haven't done my laundry yet. 32. sév-mta #4 full name. (See Voc. Note 3B.) Log 4 3 ou ke 2 odaemt. GSa @ chheh géa G@ sia géa 6 sé¥-mfa. I wrote my name in my books. 33. Sin-tek #71 Hsinchu (name of city/county in northern Taiwan.) 1 34. thdng-d-mig #F window. (Measure: &) Lia 2 3 thdng-k-mtg ik 44 khui bd*? Do you want the window opened? 35. tl #€ to be in/at/on (a place). LZ 324 Li @ chheh ti gda chia. I have your book. (Your book is at my place/with me here.) 3 3, 2b, ok, & mo ar i chheh-nih @ sta géa Ema. My name is in the book. 36. ¢éh-di/tdh-ii /toh/tah HSH / #52 where /somewhere; (with negative) anywhere. tk pgen xhi tén-2i? Where are you going? 1 22 1) Géa béeh khi Tai-pak. I'm going to Taipei. 17 2 2) Géa bé béeh khi tah. I'm not going anywhere. q rér-0e £ HOAN-EK TRANSLATION OF DIALOGUE Going to buy a dress for my wife (Lit., Going to buy a my-wife-wears dress) Ll: Come in and have a seat, Mr. Chhda. Did you eat yet? (Both these sentences are greetings.) 102Ls 5 : Yes. : Where are you going? (Another greeting.) : I'm going to buy something. OR: I'm going shopping. : What is it that you are going to buy? (This would be asked only by gne's more intimate friends.) (Note "si used before "béeh bé". We may also ask this without "s: C3: I'm going to buy a few things I need (to use) and,a dress for my wife. L4: If you're going to buy your wife a dress, your wife has to go with you to buy it. (Lit., ...you have to go with your wife to buy it.) C4: She doesn't want to go; she says she'll wash the clothes. You come with me, OK? L5: OK, I'll go and close the windows and door. Where are we going to shop? . C5: We're going to Changhua. Do you have any friends there selling them? 2 L6: I have a friend there surnamed If*; his name is Sé-Héng; they make clothes; they don't sell'them (ready-made). C6: If we can't find what we want, let's go to his house and ask him to make the dress. 7 2 EE CHO-KAT NOTES ON. DIALOGUE L 2 1 3 A 2. x 2 nth ee 2 2 ob, €3: (Gda boeh) bé chit-kda 4i ing € mih-kia* kdh chit nia z 2 thai-thdi @ sa*. I'm going to buy some things (that) I need and a dress for my wife. 1. The first part of the above sentence we translate into English as a Relative Clause. For the moment let us think of "é" as a relative pronoun ("that/who/which") preceded by _a clause ("Bé chit kéa ai idng”) which modifies the word following "6" ("mih-kia*"). Thus we have: "I'm going to buy a few things that I need to use." See Grammar Note 4. 2 5 2 In the title of the Dialogue, "thai-thai chhéng & sa*" is the same construction: "a dress that my wife wears", ive., her type of dress. 2. »chit nta sa*" means “one article of clothing /one dress". "Nfa" is called a MEASURE. Each noun has its proper Measure. "Nfa" is used only with "sa* = clothes". See Grammar Note 3 1035 Ls Vis: «dn chh here means “his family" (or simply “they"), not "his house", as we know from the context. Someone (or several) in the family is makirig clothes. 1 sinact # cub_ndz VOCABULARY NOTES 1. chhéng (No. 5 in Vocab.). a) 2 téh chhéng-sa*. He is putting on his clothes. (Note that "téh chhéng-sa*" always means “to be getting dressed", while "? tén chhéng @ sa*" means “the clothes that he (habitually) wears".) 3 L 2 5 : b) 2 chhéng géa @ sa*. He is wearing my clothes. (Note Do not use "téh chhéng" to mean "is wearing (now)" 7.03 c) 2 bé chhéng sa¥. He is naked (now). OR: He never wears clothes. 3 2 a) t chhéng chin-ché sa*. He is wearing many clothes. 12 3 3 e) 7 bd §i chhéng chin-ché sa*. He doesn't want to wear a lot of clothes. 3 £) in sidn-si* téh chhéng-sa*. Her husband is getting dressed. 2. chhd (No. 6 in Vocab.). A Possessive Pronoun modifying the word "chhi" follows the same rule as when modifying "husband /wife" (Ls. 4, p. 84)! 1) "€", the sign of the Possessive, is not required. 2) The plural form of the pronoun is used even when it is singular in meaning. 1 a) Géan chhi- my/our house/home/family. b) Lan ch) — our. c) Lin chh} your (sing. and plu.)... a) tn chnd his /her/their... 104Ls 5 3 . 5 e) che si 6+ sin-sé* in chi. This is the house of Mr. G&S. (Note the expression "Mr. Gd his house". ) . 3 7 2 £) In chhd a chin-ché 14ng. Their family has a lot of People. = They have a big family. 1 . 7 Low Zz g) Géan chhi & thdng-d-mfig bé koai*. The window of our house is not closed. 3. A. mfa (Voc. No. 21) given name. 2 1. | Tn bs 3 ye learned how to ask one's surname: “Li Kai se*/si*7" "Kui" is an honorific term. In asking an adult his given name we may use the honorific term "téa = big/great". b skmomzn té 5 LI sim-mih téa-mfa? What is your given name? 1.3. 2 1) Géa hd‘-ché Chhéng-Bin. I am called Chhéng- = ‘, 2 Ky Bin. HRM HR Ry OB We ask younger people: y tk stm-min mfa? 1) Gda klo-cnd Ack. jh) 4 3. We do not use the honorific term when asking the name of a third person, unless he/she is present. 4 4 3 2 ‘ £ stm-mih mfaz/t nd--chd stnmfn mba? Note: If neither surname nor personal name is known, this question usually means: What is his/her full name? 2, B. sé*-mfa (No. 32). This is the formal word for "full name". 3 al sta sé* dn mfa bd+? Do we have to write our surname and given name? > 2 2 ai, §: sta sé*mfa. ves, you must write your full name. 105(No. 26) is a place word, indicating that something is in a place in an indefinite way, but is added mostly to make a double sound; single sounds ("chhU") lack euphony. “Nih" £ollows the 143-7 Rule regarding tone changes. An oi3p ede 2 a2 \ 3p pe if* sian-sit @ ti chhd-nih bd? Is Mr. I* home? a9 4 vo, 2 &@ t= chhd-nin. Yes, he's home. (He may be outside the house but at least he's around somewhere. ) ay 7 ve BUN-HOAT GRAMMAR 1. Position of Negatives. The meaning of a sentence can depend on the position of the negative in the sentence. 3 1 3 a) 2 chin 84 kéng-de bé*? Does he like to talk a lot (more than the average person)? 2. bs 1) 0, 2 chin i Kéng-Se. Yes, he likes to talk a lot. 2 2. 4 2) Bé, 1 bé chin &i kéng-de. No, he doesn't like to talk a lot. (Neither extreme of being too talkative or too silent.) 4 7 opln od bs kbnees 3) 86, chin bO i kong-Se. No, he's very quiet. (Extreme) 13 A b) LE a ch2* bd*? Do you have money? Lo? 3 1) Gda b6 chin @ chf*. 1 don't have an awful lot of money. 2 rs 2) Gba chin bé chf*. I'm very poor. 3 2. né/ma-si. (No. 24). 1. "N&" usually follows the subject. Often the subject is understood. 2 s 1 22. x a) End kni, géa bé i end. If he goes, I don't want to go. 4 32 og, 2 2 i Loe b) Gda na G@ chi*, béeh khi Tai-pak bé min. 3 1 c) Gda na-si 14, gda be Ai vé. 106Ls 5 33 1 ond 4 a) Na G kd-pi, gda béeh lim kd-pi, nd bd, gda béeh 1im- +é. I£ we /you/they have coffee I'1l drink coffee. If not (OR: Otherwise) I'11 drink tea. 242 2 ob atin. 23 2 cnte- oka vd e) Na béeh khi bé mih, 4i @ chf*; gda b6 chf*. If we're going shopping, we need’money; I don't have any money - 3.74 + 2 L . £) na 144 1a chhd, 4i chh¥a* 2 che. 33 7 3 4, yg 5 g) Goan n& Gi chin-ché chi*, gdan boeh bé chhu. 23 3 12 h)-Na G chf*, béeh bé; nd bd, bd fi dé. 3 2. Sometimes the subject of the sentence follows "Na-si"! 33 . . 22 a) wa-si tlu* mi-tnai pden xnt, Tiu* sidnsi* 6 4a khi. 3.3 1 Z 2 \ b) N&-si god, géa b6 béeh cho. If it were I, I wouldn't do it. 3. Measures: & (No. 9 in Voc.) This "8" (not the Possessive "é" -Ls 4) is called a MEASURE and is one of many measures used in Taiwanese. The measure must be us. whenever a noun is modified by a number or certa other words which we shall study later, Thus: 37, 2 a) Chit € 14ng.. one person. a "One" in Taiwanese is "chit"; "person" is "18ng". But to gay "one person" we must use “@", which is tl measure for "18n: The English language has measures but a limited number: a lump of sugar, a string of beads, a quart of m: a slice of bread, a piece of meat, etc. In Taiwanese ever) noun has its proper measure;_,"6",is the measure for many nouns including "14ng /mig /thang-: xomg nak-seng" . In this lesson we also have "nfa" as the measure for "clothes" and "pin" as the measure for “books". Constant drilling is required to acquire the habit of using the measure with the noun. It is not always easy to define exactly what type of object requires which measure; learning the proper measures must often be done by listening to how the people use them. 107