CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

19-1. Another rating point from the cooling tower catalog from which the data in Example 19-1 are taken specifies
a reduction in water temperature from 33 to 27 C when the entering-air enthalpy is 61.6 kJ/kg. The water flow
rate is 18.8 kg/s, and the air flow rate is 15.6 kg/s. Using a stepwise integration with 0.5-K increments of
change in water temperature, compute hcA/cpm for the tower.

Solution:
Eq. 19-4.
hc A 1
c pm
= 4.19L∆t ∑ (h −h
i )
a m
L = 18.8 kg/s
G = 15.6 kg/s
t in = 33 C
t out = 27 C

Use 12-section, 0.5 K water drop in each section.

Eq. 19-1
dq = gdha = L (4.19 kJ/kg.K)dt kW

Entering air enthalpy = 61.6 kJ/kg

For section 0-1, 27 to 27.5 C

L
h a,1 − h a,0 = 4.19(0.5 K )
G
ha,0 = 61.6 kJ/kg

 18.8 
h a,1 − 61.6 =  4.19(0.5 K ) = 2.53
 15.6 
ha,1 = 64.13 kJ/kg

Average ha = (1/2)(ha,0 + ha,1)

= (1/2)(61.6 + 64.13)
= 62.86 kJ/kg

Mean water temperature = 27.25 C

From Table A-2,
Average hi = 86.44 kJ/kg

(hi - ha)m = 86.44 kJ/kg - 62.86 kj/kg

= 23.58 kJ/kg

Table

Page 1 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

Section Mean Water Av erage ha, Av erage hi, (hi-ha)m 1/(hi-ha)m

Temp., C kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg
0-1 27.25 62.86 86.44 23.58 0.04241
1-2 27.75 65.39 88.78 23.39 0.04275
2-3 28.25 67.92 91.18 23.26 0.043
3-4 28.75 70.45 93.63 23.18 0.04314
4-5 29.25 72.98 96.13 23.15 0.0432
5-6 29.75 75.51 98.7 23.19 0.04312
6-7 30.25 78.04 101.32 23.28 0.04296
7-8 30.75 80.57 104 23.43 0.04269
8-9 31.25 83.1 106.74 23.64 0.0423
9-10 31.75 85.63 109.54 23.91 0.04182
10-11 32.25 88.16 112.41 24.25 0.04124
11-12 32.75 90.69 115.35 24.66 0.04055

1
∑ (h −h i )
a m
= 0.50917

Eq. 19-4.
hc A
= 4.19(18.8 )(0.5)(0.50917)
c pm
= 20.0 kW/(kJ/kg of enthalpy difference) - - - Ans.

19-2. Solve Prob. 19-1 using a compute program and 0.1-K increments of change of water temperature.

Solution:

Formula: n = 0 to 60
mean water temperature = (1/2)(to + ti)
t
or = (1/2)( n + tn+1) - - Eq. 1

Mean air enthalpy

ha,1 - ha,0 = (L/G)(4.19)(0.1 K)
= (18.0 / 15.6)(4.19)(0.1)
= 7.542 / 15.6

ha,0 = 61.6 kJ/kg

ha,1 = ha,0 + 7.542/15.6

ha = ha,o + 3.771/15.6

ha = ha,n + 3.771/16.5 - - Eq. 2

Mean hi
Equation 19-5

2 3
hi = 4.7926 + 2.568t - 0.029834t + 0.0016657t - - Eq. 3

where t = mean water temperature

Page 2 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

(hi - ha)m = mean hi - mean air enthalpy - - - Eq. 4

Program; Microsoft Spreadsheet

Row 1:
A1 = “Water Temp. C”
C1 = “Mean Water Temp., C”
E1 = “Mean Air Enthalpy, kJ/kg”
F1 = “(hi - ha)m”
G1 = “1/(hi - ha)m”
Row 2:
A2 = “tn”
B2 = “tn+1”
Row 3:
A3 = 27
B3 = A3 + 0.1
C3 = (1/2)(A3 + B3)
D3 = 61.6 + 3.771/15.6
E3 = 4.7926 + 2.568*C3 - 0.029834*C3^2 + 0.0016657*C3^3
F3 = E3 - D3
G3 = 1/F3
Row 4:
A4 = B3
B4 = A4 + 0.1
C4 = (1/2)(A4 + B3)
D4 = D3 + 7.542/15.6
E4 = 4.7926 + 2.568*C4 - 0.029834*C4^2 + 0.0016657*C4^3
F4 = E4 - D4
G4 = 1/F4
Row 5:
A5 = B4
B5 = A5 + 0.1
C5 = (1/2)(A5 + B5)
D5 = D4 + 7.542/15.6
E5 = 4.7926 + 2.568*C5 - 0.029834*C5^2 + 0.0016657*C5^3
F5 = E5 - D5
G5 = 1/F5

up to 62 rows
Row 62:
A62 = B61
B62 = A62 + 0.1
C62 = (1/2)(A62 + B62)
D62 = D61 + 7.542/15.6
E62 = 4.7926 + 2.568*C62 - 0.029834*C62^2 + 0.0016657*C62^3
F62 = E62 - D62
G62 = 1/F62

Page 3 of 10
CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

Water Temp. Mean Mean Air Mean hi, (hi - ha)m 1/(hi - ha)m
C Water Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Temp. kJ/kg
C
tn tn+1
27 27.1 27.05 61.841731 85.395843 23.554112 0.0424554
27.1 27.2 27.15 62.325192 85.857935 23.532742 0.042494
27.2 27.3 27.25 62.808654 86.322144 23.51349 0.0425288
27.3 27.4 27.35 63.292115 86.788479 23.496364 0.0425598
27.4 27.5 27.45 63.775577 87.256952 23.481375 0.0425869
27.5 27.6 27.55 64.259038 87.727571 23.468532 0.0426102
27.6 27.7 27.65 64.7425 88.200347 23.457847 0.0426297
27.7 27.8 27.75 65.225962 88.675289 23.449328 0.0426451
27.8 27.9 27.85 65.709423 89.152408 23.442985 0.0426567
27.9 28 27.95 66.192885 89.631714 23.43883 0.0426642
28 28.1 28.05 66.676346 90.113217 23.436871 0.0426678
28.1 28.2 28.15 67.159808 90.596926 23.437119 0.0426674
28.2 28.3 28.25 67.643269 91.082852 23.439583 0.0426629
28.3 28.4 28.35 68.126731 91.571005 23.444274 0.0426543
28.4 28.5 28.45 68.610192 92.061394 23.451202 0.0426417
28.5 28.6 28.55 69.093654 92.554031 23.460377 0.0426251
28.6 28.7 28.65 69.577115 93.048923 23.471808 0.0426043
28.7 28.8 28.75 70.060577 93.546083 23.485506 0.0425795
28.8 28.9 28.85 70.544038 94.045519 23.50148 0.0425505
28.9 29 28.95 71.0275 94.547241 23.519741 0.0425175
29 29.1 29.05 71.510962 95.051261 23.540299 0.0424803
29.1 29.2 29.15 71.994423 95.557587 23.563164 0.0424391
29.2 29.3 29.25 72.477885 96.066229 23.588345 0.0423938
29.3 29.4 29.35 72.961346 96.577198 23.615852 0.0423444
29.4 29.5 29.45 73.444808 97.090504 23.645697 0.042291
29.5 29.6 29.55 73.928269 97.606157 23.677887 0.0422335
29.6 29.7 29.65 74.411731 98.124166 23.712435 0.042172
29.7 29.8 29.75 74.895192 98.644541 23.749349 0.0421064
29.8 29.9 29.85 75.378654 99.167294 23.78864 0.0420369
29.9 30 29.95 75.862115 99.692432 23.830317 0.0419634
30 30.1 30.05 76.345577 100.21997 23.874391 0.0418859
30.1 30.2 30.15 76.829038 100.74991 23.920871 0.0418045
30.2 30.3 30.25 77.3125 101.28227 23.969768 0.0417192
30.3 30.4 30.35 77.795962 101.81705 24.021092 0.0416301
30.4 30.5 30.45 78.279423 102.35428 24.074852 0.0415371
30.5 30.6 30.55 78.762885 102.89394 24.131059 0.0414404
30.6 30.7 30.65 79.246346 103.43607 24.189722 0.0413399
30.7 30.8 30.75 79.729808 103.98066 24.250852 0.0412357
30.8 30.9 30.85 80.213269 104.52773 24.314458 0.0411278
30.9 31 30.95 80.696731 105.07728 24.380551 0.0410163
31 31.1 31.05 81.180192 105.62933 24.449141 0.0409012
31.1 31.2 31.15 81.663654 106.18389 24.520236 0.0407826
31.2 31.3 31.25 82.147115 106.74096 24.593849 0.0406606
31.3 31.4 31.35 82.630577 107.30056 24.669988 0.0405351
31.4 31.5 31.45 83.114038 107.8627 24.748663 0.0404062
31.5 31.6 31.55 83.5975 108.42739 24.829885 0.040274
31.6 31.7 31.65 84.080962 108.99463 24.913664 0.0401386
31.7 31.8 31.75 84.564423 109.56443 25.000008 0.04
31.8 31.9 31.85 85.047885 110.13681 25.08893 0.0398582
31.9 32 31.95 85.531346 110.71178 25.180438 0.0397134
32 32.1 32.05 86.014808 111.28935 25.274542 0.0395655
32.1 32.2 32.15 86.498269 111.86952 25.371253 0.0394147
32.2 32.3 32.25 86.981731 112.45231 25.47058 0.039261
32.3 32.4 32.35 87.465192 113.03773 25.572534 0.0391045
32.4 32.5 32.45 87.948654 113.62578 25.677124 0.0389452
32.5 32.6 32.55 88.432115 114.21648 25.78436 0.0387832
32.6 32.7 32.65 88.915577 114.80983 25.894253 0.0386186
32.7 32.8 32.75 89.399038 115.40585 26.006813 0.0384515
32.8 32.9 32.85 89.8825 116.00455 26.122049 0.0382818
32.9 33 32.95 90.365962 116.60593 26.239971 0.0381098
SUM = 2.4810051

Page 4 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

1
∑ (h −h i )
a m
= 2.481

Eq. 19-4.
hc A
= 4.19(18.8)(0.1)(2.481)
c pm
= 19.54 kW/(kJ/kg of enthalpy difference) - - - Ans.

19-3. If air enters the cooling tower in Prob. 19-1 with a dry-bulb temperature of 32 C, compute the dry-bulb
temperatures as the air passes thorough the tower. For the stepwise calculation choose a change in water
temperature of 0.5 K, for which the values of 1/(hi-ha)m starting at the bottom section are, respecitively,
0.04241, 0.04274, 0.04299, 0.04314, 0.04320, 0.04312, 0.04296, 0.04268, 0.04230, 0.04182, 0.04124, and
0.04055.

Solution: ta,0 = 32 C

For section 0-1

1
= 0.04241
(h i −h a )m
Dividing Eq. 19-7 by 2G.

h c ∆A (4.19 )(18.8)(0.5 )(0.04241)

= = 0.05354
2Gc pm (2)(15.6)
From Eq. 19-6.
32.0 − (0.05354 )(35.0 − 27 − 27.5)
t a,1 = = 31.36 C
1 + 0.05354

Tabulation:
1 h c ∆A

n section
(h i −h a )m 2Gc pm
ta.n+1
0 0-1 0.04241 0.05354 31.36
1 1-2 0.04274 0.05395 30.99
2 2-3 0.04299 0.05427 30.71
3 3-4 0.04314 0.05446 30.51
4 4-5 0.04320 0.05453 30.38
5 5-6 0.04312 0.05443 30.31
6 6-7 0.04296 0.05423 30.30
7 7-8 0.04268 0.05388 30.35
8 8-9 0.04230 0.05340 30.44
9 9-10 0.04182 0.05279 30.57
10 10-11 0.04124 0.05206 30.74
11 11-12 0.04055 0.05119 30.94

ta,12 = 30.94 C - - - Ans.

19-4. A crossflow cooling tower operating with a water flow rate of 45 kg/s and an airflow rate of 40 kg/s has a
value of hcA/cpm = 48 kW/(kJ/kg of enthalpy difference). The enthalpy of the entering air is 80 kJ/kg, and the
temperature of entering water is 36 C. Develop a computer program to predict the outlet water temperature
when the tower is divided into 12 sections, as illustrated in Fig. 19-8.

Solution: Refer to Fig. 19-8.

Page 5 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

Water flow rate = 45 kg/s

Air flow rate = 40 kg/s

hcA/cpm = 48 kW/(kJ/kg of enthalpy difference

tin = 36 C
hin = 80 kJ/kg

Table A-2 at 36 C
hi, in = 136.16 kJ/kg

For section 1.
L = 45 / 4 = 11.25 kg/s
G = 40 / 3 = 13.33 kg/s = 40/3 kg/s

(hcA/cpm)/12 = 48/12 = 4.0 kW/(kJ/kg of enthalpy difference

Eq. 19-8.
q = (11.25)(4.19)(tin - t1)
Eq. 19-9.
q = (40 / 3)(h1 - hin)
Eq. 19-10.
 kW  h i,in − h i,out h in + h1 
q =  4  − 
 kJ/kg  2 2 
Combination of Eq. 19-9 and Eq. 19-10.

h1 =
[( ) ]
Gh in + h c ∆A c pm 2 (136.16 + h i,ou t − h in )
( )
h c ∆A c pm 2 + G
Eq. 19-5
2 3
hi,out = 4.7926 + 2.568t1 - 0.029834t1 + 0.0016657t1

For section 1,
1. Eq. 19-5.
2. hin = 80 kJ/kg, G = 40/3 kg/s
3. Combination of Eq. 19-0 and Eq. 19-10.
4. q = (40 / 3)(h1 - hin)
5. tin = 36 C
6. q = (11.25)(4.19)(tin - t1) solve for t1

Then.

h1 =
[( ) ]
Gh in + h c ∆A c pm 2 (136.16 + h i,ou t − h in )
(h c ∆A c pm ) 2 + G
h1 = 76.8904 + 0.13044hi, out

q = (40 / 3)(76.8904 + 0.13044hi,out - 80)

q = -41.4613 + 1.7392hi,out

Page 6 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

−41.4613 + 1.7392h i,out

t 1 = 36 −
(11.25)(4.19)
t1 = 36.8796 - 0.03690hi, out
2 3
t1 = 36.8796 - 0.03690 (4.7926 + 2.568t1 - 0.029834t1 + 0.0016657t1 )
3 2
0.000061464t1 - 0.001109t1 + 1.09476t1 - 36.7028 = 0

Try t1 = 32 C
3 2
f(t1) = 0.000061464t1 - 0.001109t1 + 1.09476t1 - 36.7028 = -0.7920 < 0.0000

Try t1 = 33 C
f(t1) = 0.4254 > 0.0000

Try t1 = 32.5 C, f(t1) = -0.1845 < 0.0000

Try t1 = 32.6 C, f(t1) = -0.0628 < 0.0000
Try t1 = 32.7 C, f(t1) = 0.0591 > 0.0000
Try t1 = 32.65 C, f(t1) = 0.0000 = 0.0000

Then t1= 32.65 C

For computer program (Spreadsheet)

Table Data:
1. Section No.
2. Entering Water Temperature
3. Entering Air Enthalpy
4. Entering Enthalpy of Saturated Air
5. Leaving Water Temperature (Trial Value)
6. Leaving Air Enthalpy
7. Leaving Enthalpy of Saturated Air
8. Leaving Water Temperature (Actual Value)

Formula:

Section 1
Entering water temperature = tin
Entering Air Enthalpy = hin

h1 =
[( ) ]
Gh in + h c ∆A c pm 2 (h i,in + h i,ou t − h in )
(h c ∆A c pm ) 2 + G
q = G(h1 -h in ) )

q = G
[( ) ]
 Gh in + h c ∆A c pm 2 (h i,in + h i,ou t − h in ) 
− h in 
 (
h c ∆A c pm 2 + G ) 
q
t 1 = t in −
4.19L
G [( ) ]
Ghin + hc ∆A c pm 2 (hi,in + hi,out − hin ) −
t 1 = t in −  
((
4.19L h c ∆A c pm 2 + G) ) (( )
 hc ∆A c pm 2 + G hin) 

Page 7 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

((
G h c ∆A c pm 2) )
t 1 = t in − (h i,in + h i,out − 2h in )
4.19L((h c ∆A c pm ) 2 + G )
Eq. 19-5
h i,in = 4.7926 + 2.568t in − 0.029834t in 2 + 0.0016657t in 3
h i,out = 4.7926 + 2.568t out − 0.029834t out 2 + 0.0016657t out 3

Entering Values:
 40  4 
  
 3  2 
t 1 = t in − (h i,in + h i,out − 2h in )
 4 40 
4.19(11.25 ) + 
2 3 
 80 
t 1 = t in −  (h i,in + h i,out − 2h in )
 2168.325 

Subscript “in” is replaced in any section by subscript of its entering conditions.

Subscript “1” is replaced in any section by subscript of its leaving conditions.

Programming by spreadsheet:
Note.
1. Trial value should equal actual leaving water temperature in the Table by trial and error.
2. For sections 1, 2, 3 and 4, tin = 36 C.
3. For section 1,5 and 9, hin = 80 kJ/kg.

PROGRAM:
Row 1
A1 = “Section No.”
B1 = “Entering Water Temp., C”
C1 = “Entering Air Enthalpy, kJ/kg”
D1 = “Entering Enthalpy of Saturated Air, kJ/kg”
E1 = ”Leaving WaterTemp.,C (Trial)”
F1 = “Leaving Air Enthalpy, kJ/kg”
G1 = “Leaving Enthalpy of Saturated Air, kJ/lg”
H1 = “Leaving Water Temp., C (Actual)”
Row 2
A2 = 1
B2 = 36
C2 = 80
D2 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B2 - 0.029834*B2^2 + 0.0016657*B2^3
E2 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G2 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E2 - 0.029834*E2^2 + 0.0016657*E2^3
H2 = B2 - (80/2168.325)(G2 + D2 - 2*C2)
Row 3
A3 = A2 + 1
B3 = B2
C3 = F2
D3 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B3 - 0.029834*B3^2 + 0.0016657*B3^3
E3 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G3 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E3 - 0.029834*E3^2 + 0.0016657*E3^3
H3 = B3 - (80/2168.325)(G3 + D3 - 2*C3)
Row 4
A4 = A3 + 1
B4 = B2
Page 8 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

C4 = F3
D4 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B4 - 0.029834*B4^2 + 0.0016657*B4^3
E4 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G4 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E4 - 0.029834*E4^2 + 0.0016657*E4^3
H4 = B4 - (80/2168.325)(G4 + D4 - 2*C4)
Row 5
A5 = A4 + 1
B5 = B2
C5 = F4
D5 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B5 - 0.029834*B5^2 + 0.0016657*B5^3
E5 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G5 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E5 - 0.029834*E5^2 + 0.0016657*E5^3
H5 = B5 - (80/2168.325)(G5 + D5 - 2*C5)
Row 6
A6 = A5 + 1
B6 = H2
C6 = 80
D6 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B6 - 0.029834*B6^2 + 0.0016657*B6^3
E6 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G6 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E6 - 0.029834*E6^2 + 0.0016657*E6^3
H6 = B6 - (80/2168.325)(G6 + D6 - 2*C6)
Row 7
A7 = A6 + 1
B7 = H3
C7 = F6
D7 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B7 - 0.029834*B7^2 + 0.0016657*B7^3
E7 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G7 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E7 - 0.029834*E7^2 + 0.0016657*E7^3
H7 = B7 - (80/2168.325)(G7 + D7 - 2*C7)
Row 8
A8 = A7 + 1
B8 = H4
C8 = F7
D8 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B8 - 0.029834*B8^2 + 0.0016657*B8^3
E8 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G8 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E8 - 0.029834*E8^2 + 0.0016657*E8^3
H8 = B8 - (80/2168.325)(G8 + D8 - 2*C8)
Row 9
A9 = A8 + 1
B9 = H5
C9 = F8
D9 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B9 - 0.029834*B9^2 + 0.0016657*B9^3
E9 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G9 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E9 - 0.029834*E9^2 + 0.0016657*E9^3
H9 = B9 - (80/2168.325)(G9 + D9 - 2*C9)
Row 10
A10 = A9 + 1
B10 = H6
C10 = 80
D10 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B10 - 0.029834*B10^2 + 0.0016657*B10^3
E10 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G10 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E10 - 0.029834*E10^2 + 0.0016657*E10^3
H10 = B10 - (80/2168.325)(G10 + D10 - 2*C10)
Row 11
A11 = A10 + 1
B11 = H7

Page 9 of 10
 CHAPTER 19 - COOLING TOWERS AND EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS

C11 = F10
D11 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B11 - 0.029834*B11^2 + 0.0016657*B11^3
E11 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G11 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E11 - 0.029834*E11^2 + 0.0016657*E11^3
H11 = B11 - (80/2168.325)(G11 + D11 - 2*C11)
Row 12
A12 = A11 + 1
B12 = H8
C12 = F11
D12 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B12 - 0.029834*B12^2 + 0.0016657*B12^3
E12 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G12 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E12 - 0.029834*E12^2 + 0.0016657*E12^3
H12 = B12 - (80/2168.325)(G12 + D12 - 2*C12)
Row 13
A13 = A12 + 1
B13 = H9
C13 = F12
D13 = 4.7926 + 2.568*B13 - 0.029834*B13^2 + 0.0016657*B13^3
E13 = INPUT (Trial Value)
G13 = 4.7926 + 2.568*E13 - 0.029834*E13^2 + 0.0016657*E13^3
H13 = B13 - (80/2168.325)(G13 + D13 - 2*C13)

Output:
Section Entering Entering Air Entering Leaving Laeaving Leaving Leaving
No. Water Enthalpy, Enthalpy of Water Air Enthalpy of Water
Temp., C kJ/kg Saturated Temp., C Enthalpy, Saturated Temp., C
Air, kJ/kg (Trial) kJ/kg Air, kJ/kg (Actual)
1 36.0000 80.0000 136.2906 32.6409 91.8755 114.7557 32.6409
2 36.0000 91.8755 136.2906 33.3574 101.2179 119.0839 33.3575
3 36.0000 101.2179 136.2906 33.9182 108.5777 122.5695 33.9182
4 36.0000 108.5777 136.2906 34.3581 114.3823 125.3649 34.3582
5 32.6409 80.0000 114.7555 30.5199 87.4983 102.7312 30.5199
6 33.3575 87.4983 119.0843 31.4423 94.2689 107.8193 31.4424
7 33.9182 94.2689 122.5697 32.2114 100.3031 112.2270 32.2115
8 34.3582 100.3031 125.3654 32.8534 105.6230 116.0250 32.8534
9 30.5199 80.0000 102.7312 29.114 84.9703 95.3750 29.1140
10 31.4424 84.9703 107.8196 30.0389 89.9319 100.1613 30.0389
11 32.2115 89.9319 112.2277 30.8503 94.7443 104.5294 30.8503
12 32.8534 94.7443 116.0252 31.5611 99.3131 108.4902 31.5611

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