Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Week 3 – 8051 Microcontroller

Assembly Language Programming

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Course Outline
Week Topic
1 Introduction
8051Microcontroller
2
 Architecture
3  Assembly Language
4  Assembly Language Contd.
 Timers and Counters
5, 6  Serial Port
 Interrupt
7  Design and Interface Examples
8086 / 8088 Microprocessor
8
 Introduction and Architecture
9
10  Hardware and Design
10 Midterm Exam
11  Programming in Assembly
PIC 18 F Microcontroller
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 Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins
13  Programming
14  Timers
15, 16  Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers
17 Revision

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Week 3 – Assembly Language

 Introduction
 Instruction Set
 Software - Keil
 Assembler Directives

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Programming Languages
Assembly is a Low Level Language
FORTRAN
 High Level Pascal
COBOL
BASIC

C++
 Middle Level C

 Low Level Assembly

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Assembly Language
Low Level Language
 English-like abbreviations
 Represent basic operations of computer

 Translated to machine language

 Assemblers convert to machine language
 High speed conversion

 Easier for human interpretation as compared to Machine

language
 Still tedious and difficult
 Many instructions for simple tasks
 These problems led to High Level languages

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General Format of Assembly Program

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Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

Brackets shows that the component is optional

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Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

 Labels: are used to represent address of a line with a

name
 Labels must end with a colon

 Operand: on which the operation is performed

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Assembly Language
 General Format of Assembly Program

[label]: mnemonics operand , [operands]

destination, Source

 Mnemonics: Instruction or command

Example:
mov A,#67h
 mov is mnemonic
 A and #67h are operands

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Assembly Language
Comments

 Comment begins with a semicolon (;)

 Assembler ignores the comments

Example:
; This is a comment

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Instruction Set
 8051 Instructions have 8 bit Opcode
 Combinations = 28 = 256
 255 are implemented
 139 1 Byte instructions
 92 2 Byte instructions
 24 3 Byte instructions

 1 Machine cycle = 12 clock cycles

 Could take 1, 2 or 4 Machine Cycles to execute an
instruction

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Instruction Set Summary

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Instruction Set

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Instruction Definition
 mov a, #data

 Bytes 2
 Cycles 1
 Encoding 0111 0100 dddd dddd
 Operation (A) #data

 Example
 mov a, #3
 7403
 0111 0100 0000 0011

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 Keil µVision

Keil for Assembly Programming of 8051

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Using Keil for Assembly Programming

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New Project

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Select Device

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New File (for code)

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Save File as filename.a51

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Add Code to Project

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Debug Mode

 Write Code
 Save (Ctrl + S)
 Build Target File (F7)
 Debug Mode
 Ctrl + F5

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Debug Mode

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Debug Mode

Registers

Accumulator

PSW

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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 Assembly Programming for 8051

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A51 Assembler
Assembler: Converts Assembly code to machine language
code

A51 – Two Pass Assembler

 First Pass
 Symbols and Labels are collected
 Length of each instruction is determined
 Symbol Table is made

 Second Pass
 Forward references are resolved by using symbol table

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Assembler Directives
 Change state of assembler

 Define Symbols, add information to the object file etc

 Must not be confused with Instructions. They do not

produce executable code

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Assembler Directives

1. Address Control
2. Symbol Definition
3. Memory Initialization
4. Others

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Assembler Directives
1. Address Control
 ORG, USING
2. Symbol Definition
 Generic Symbols: EQU, SET
 Address Symbols: BIT, DATA, XDATA
 SFR Symbols: sfr, sbit
3. Memory Initialization
 DBIT, DB, DW
4. Others
 END

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Address Control

 Allows the control of Address Location counter

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Address Control
ORG
 Changes location counter of currently active segment
 Sets new origin for subsequent statements
 Format
ORG expression
where
 expression must be an absolute address without any forward references
 Only absolute addresses and symbols in current segment can be used
 When ORG statement is encountered, the assembles calculates
value of the expression and changes location counter of current
segment
 Examples
 ORG 100H
 ORG RESTART
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Address Control
USING
 4 Register Banks
 USING specifies which Register Bank is active
 Format
USING expression

where
 expression is the register bank number and it must be a
value from 0 and 3

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Symbol Definition
 Symbols and labels can be composed of 31 characters
from the following list:

A -Z, a - z, 0 - 9, _ and ?

 A symbol can start with any of these except the digits 0 -

9

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Used to create symbols that represent registers, numbers
and addresses
 Similar to Define in C
 Assign a numeric value / register symbol to the specific
symbol name
Difference between EQU and SET
 Symbols defined with EQU may not haven been
previously defined by EQU and can not be redefined
 The SET directive allows later redefinition of symbols

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Formats of SET / EQU statements are:

symbol EQU expression

symbol EQU register

symbol SET expression

symbol SET register

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 symbol is the name of symbol to define

 expression specified will be substituted for each

occurrence of the symbol used in program. expression is
numeric expression which has no forward references

 register is one of the 8 registers (in the active bank)

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Symbol Definition
Examples

 LIMIT EQU 1200

 VALUE EQU LIMIT-200
 SERIAL EQU SBUF

 VALUE SET 100

 COUNTER SET R1
 TEMP SET COUNTER
 TEMP SET COUNTER*VALUE

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET
 Symbols defined with EQU and SET directive may used
anywhere in operands, expressions, or addresses etc.

 Symbols that are defined as register name can be used

anywhere a register is allowed

 Assembler replaces each occurrence of defined symbol in

assembly program with the specified numerical value or
register name

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols

 The BIT, DATA, and XDATA directives assign an address

value to the specified symbol

 Symbols defined with the BIT, DATA and XDATA directives

can not be changed or redefined

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols
Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA

symbol BIT bit_address ; defines a BIT symbol

symbol DATA data_address ; defines a DATA symbol

symbol XDATA xdata_address ; defines XDATA symbol

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols
Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA

 Symbol: name of symbol to be defined

 Bit_address: is the address of a bit in internal data

memory in the area 20h to 2Fh

 Data_address: data memory address

 xdata_address is an xdata memory address in range 0 to

65535

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Symbol Definition – SFR Symbols
sfr, sbit
sfr
 sfr symbol = address
sbit
 sbit symbol = bit-address

 Sfr_symbol is the name of symbol to be defined

 address is an SFR address with which the symbol is to be
associated
 bit-address is address of an SFR Bit

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Symbol Definition – SFR Symbols
sfr, sbit
Examples

 sfr mine = P0 ; SFR symbol

 sbit motor = P3^0 ; SFR Bit symbol

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Memory Initialization

 Memory initialization directives are used to initialize code

or constant space in byte units

 DBIT
 Used to define a bit
 DB
 Used to define byte – 8 bit
 DW
 Used to define Word – 16 bits

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Memory Initialization - DB
DB
 The DB directive initializes code memory with byte (8-bit)
values
 Format
label: DB expression, expression
where
 label is the symbol that is given the address of the initialized
memory
 expression is a byte value. Each expression may be a value or a
symbol etc
 Example
ORG 100h
REQ: DB 1,2,3,4,’A’
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Assembler Directives - Others
END

 Signals the end of assembly module

 Any text that appears after END is ignored

 END directive is required in every assembly module

 If missing, a warning message is generated by assembler

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Number Representation
 D (or nothing) Decimal
 H for Hex
 Q for Octal
 B for Binary

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Acknowledgement

Material used with permission of

 Dr. Javaid Iqbal

 Head of Department, Mechatronics Engineering
 College of EME, NUST

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Javaid who has been a great

teacher and still helps and supports me

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