Induction Motor

Introduction
One of the most common electric motors used in most applications is known as an
induction motor. This motor is also called an asynchronous motor because it operates at
a speed less than its synchronous speed. Here we have to define what is synchronous
speed. Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotating
machine and depends on the frequency and number of poles of the machine.

An induction motor always operates at a speed lower than the synchronous speed
because the rotating magnetic field that occurs in the stator will generate flux in the rotor
that will cause the rotor to rotate, but due to the delay of the flow current in the rotor with
Current flow in the stator, the rotor will never reach its rotating magnetic field speed, that
is, the synchronous speed.

Basically, there are two types of induction motors that depend on the input power:
single-phase induction motor and three-phase induction motor. The single-phase
induction motor is not an automatic starter motor that we will discuss later and the three-
phase induction motor is an automatic starter motor.

CONSTRUCTION
A typical motor consists of two parts namely stator and rotor like other type of motors.

1. An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce a

rotating magnetic field,
2. An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the
rotating field.

Stator construction

The stator of an induction motor is laminated iron core with slots similar to a stator of a
synchronous machine. Coils are placed in the slots to form a three or single phase
winding
Type of rotors

Rotor is of two different types.

1. Squirrel cage rotor

2. Wound rotor

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

In the squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminium bars
placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings on both sides of the rotor. Most of
single phase induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor. One or 2 fans are attached to
the shaft in the sides of rotor to cool the circuit.

Wound Rotor

In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding wound for
the same number of poles as stator, is placed in the rotor slots. The ends of the star-
connected rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft so that a connection
can be made to it for starting or speed control.

It is usually for large 3 phase induction motors.

Rotor has a winding the same as stator and the end of each phase is connected to a
slip ring.
Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require
maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, so it is not so common in industry
applications.

Types Induction Motor

1.   Single Phase Induction Motor

1.   Split phase induction motor

2.   Capacitor start induction motor

3.   Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

4.   Shaded pole induction motor

2.       Three Phase Induction Motor

1.   Squirrel cage induction motor

2.    Slip ring induction motor

We had mentioned above that single phase induction motor is not a self
starting and three phase induction motor is self starting. So what is self starting? When
the machine starts running automatically without any external force to the machine, then
it is called as self starting. For example we see that when we put on the switch the fan
starts to rotate automatically, so it is self starting. Point to be noted that fan used in
home appliances is single phase induction motor which is inherently not self starting.
How? Question arises How it works? We will discuss it now.

Working Principle of Induction Motor

We need to give double excitement to make a machine turn. For example, if we

consider a DC motor, we will provide a supply to the stator and another to the rotor
through a brush arrangement. But in the induction motor we offer only one supply, so it
is really interesting to know how it works. It is very simple, from the name itself we can
understand that the process of induction is involved.

Actually, when we provide the supply to the stator winding, the flow will be generated in
the coil due to the current flow in the coil. Now the winding of the rotor is arranged in
such a way that it short-circuits in the rotor itself. The stator flux will cut the coil in the
rotor and since the rotor coils are short-circuited, according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, current will start to flow in the rotor coil. When the current will
flow, another flow will be generated in the rotor. Now there will be two flows, one is the
stator flux and another is the rotor flux and the rotor flux will lag back to the stator flux.
Because of this, the rotor will feel a torque that will cause the rotor to rotate in the
direction of the rotating magnetic flux. So the rotor speed will depend on the AC supply
and the speed can be controlled by varying the input supply. This is the principle of
operation of an induction motor of any type: simple and three-phase.
Why is Three Phase Induction Motor Self Starting?

In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120° phase difference. So
the rotating magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make the rotor
to move. If we consider three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor
will move towards the phase a winding a, in the next moment phase b will get
magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c. So the rotor will continue to
rotate.
Equivalent circuit

��
��� = ��+ ��
� �� ��
STEPPER MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
Stepper motors are constant-power devices (power = angular velocity x torque). As motor speed
increases, torque decreases. The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and
increasing the driving voltage. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor types, as the discrete step
tends to snap the rotor from one position to another. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds
and can cause the motor to lose torque. The effect can be mitigated by accelerating quickly through the
problem speed range, physically damping the system, or using a micro-stepping driver. Motors with
greater number of phases also exhibit smoother operation than those with fewer phases.
ADVANTAGES OF STEPPER MOTOR
The motor's position can be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism or Stepper Motor are
allow to control any motion with High Precision by Counting the number of steps applied to motor or we
can say by giving appropriate delays between successive steps we can easily control speed and even
direction of Stepper Motor.

TYPES OF STEPPER MOTOR

1.Unipolar Stepper Motor

2.Bi-Polar Stepper Motor
3.Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
A unipolar stepper motor has logically two windings per phase, one for each direction of current. Since in
this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the
commutation circuit can be made very simple (eg. a single transistor) for each winding. Typically, given a
phase, one end f each winding is made common: giving three leads per phase and six leads for a typical
two phase motor. Often, these two phase commons are internally joined, so the motor has only five leads.
UNIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR
Bipolar Stepper Motor have two winding called a and b.These motors have exact four wire. Bipolar motors
have logically a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be reversed in order to
reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more complicated, typically with an H-bridge
arrangement. There are two leads per phase, none are common
The motor which do not have permanent magnetic PM rotor is called Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor.
The motor also have two winding and having one common terminal for that.
BIPOLAR STEPPER MOTOR
Bipolar Stepper Motor have two winding called a and b.These motors have exact four wire. Bipolar motors
have logically a single winding per phase. The current in a winding needs to be reversed in order to
reverse a magnetic pole, so the driving circuit must be more complicated, typically with an H-bridge
arrangement. There are two leads per phase, none are common
https://www.electronicshub.org/introduction-to-transformers/

http://www.embeddedcraft.org/steppermotor.html

https://automationforum.co/introduction-to-induction-motor/

https://eeguides.blogspot.com/2015/12/construction-and-working-of-induction.html

https://motor-control-circuits.blogspot.com/2015/04/introduction-to-three-phase-and-single.html