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How Languages Are Learned-Table of Contents

This document is the contents page for the book "How Languages Are Learned. 4th Ed." by P.M. Lightbown and Nina Spada. It provides an overview of the chapters which discuss topics like first and second language acquisition, individual differences in second language learning, explanations for second and first language learning, observing learning and teaching in classrooms, and proposals for effective second language teaching. The final chapter revisits and reflects on popular ideas about language learning based on research findings from the book.

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Olga Kardash
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306 views

How Languages Are Learned-Table of Contents

This document is the contents page for the book "How Languages Are Learned. 4th Ed." by P.M. Lightbown and Nina Spada. It provides an overview of the chapters which discuss topics like first and second language acquisition, individual differences in second language learning, explanations for second and first language learning, observing learning and teaching in classrooms, and proposals for effective second language teaching. The final chapter revisits and reflects on popular ideas about language learning based on research findings from the book.

Uploaded by

Olga Kardash
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

How Languages Are Learned. 4th Ed. P.M. Lightbown & Nina Spada. Oxford: 2013.

Contents

1 Language learning in early childhood


Preview
First language acquisition
The first three years: Milestones and developmental sequences
The pre-school years
The school years
Explaining first language acquisition
The behaviourist perspective
The innatist perspective
Interactionist/developmental perspectives
Language disorders and delays
Childhood bilingualism
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

2 Second language learning


Preview
Learner characteristics
Learning conditions
Studying the language of second language learners
Contrastive analysis, error analysis, and interlanguage
Developmental sequences
More about first language influence
Vocabulary
Pragmatics
Phonology
Sampling learner’s language
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

1
3 Individual differences in second language learning
Preview
Research on learner characteristics
Intelligence
Language learning aptitude
Learning styles
Personality
Attitudes and motivation
Motivation in the classroom
Identity and ethnic group affiliation
Learner beliefs
Individual differences and classroom instruction
Age and second language learning
The critical period: More than just pronunciation?
Intuitions of grammaticality
Rate of learning
Age and second language instruction
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

4 Explaining second language learning


Preview
The behaviourist perspective
Second language applications: Krashen’s ‘Monitor Model’
The cognitive perspective
Information processing
Usage-based learning
The competition model
Language and the brain
Second language applications: Interacting, noticing, processing, and practicing
The sociological perspective:
Second language applications: Learning by talking
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

2
5 Observing learning and teaching in the second language classroom
Preview
Natural and instructional settings
In natural acquisition settings
In structure-based instructional settings
In communicative instructional settings
Observation schemes
Classroom comparisons: Teacher—student interactions
Classroom comparisons: Student—student interactions
Corrective feedback in the classroom
Questions in the classroom
Ethnography
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

6 Second language learning in the classroom


Preview
Proposals for teaching
1 Get it right from the beginning
2 Just listen … and read
3 Let’s talk
4 Get two for one
5 Teach what is teachable
6 Get it right in the end
Assessing the proposals
Summary
Suggestions for further reading

7 Popular ideas about language learning revisited


Preview
Reflecting on the popular ideas: Learning from research
Conclusion

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