Maths term papaer

By Devashish sharma
About what is maxima and minima and
importance of maxima and minima in daily
life
Maxima and Minima dx
The diagram below shows part of a function y = =0
f(x). and d2y
dx2 < 0
then the point (a, b) is a

local maximum.

if dy/dx

=0

and d2y/dx2 > 0

then the point (a, b) is a

local minimum.
The point A is a local maximum and the
point B is a local minimum. A local minimum is a point where the y-
value is less than at any other point in the
At each of these points the tangent to the immediate neighbourhood. The plural of
curve is parallel to the “maximum” and “minimum” are
“maxima” and
x-axis so the derivative of the function is “minima”.
zero. Both of these points Local Maximum

are therefore stationary points of the If there’s a derivative at a local maximum

function. The term local is used or minimum it clearly must be zero
because a
since these points are the maximum and positive or negative slope would mean that
the curve is higher on one side or the
minimum in this particular
other. But there’s
region. About the local maximum point A
also the possibility that a function has no
derivative at the local maximum or
the gradient changes from positive, minimum.
The following graph clearly has a local
to zero, to negative. The gradient is
minimum at the vertex but at that point
therefore decreasing. there’s no
uniquely defined slope.
About the local minimum point B the Local Minimum
gradient changes from negative, There’s no tangent at this minimum point
and so it doesn’t make sense to talk of the
to zero, to positive. The gradient is slope there.
therefore increasing But we won’t encounter this sort of
situation very often so to find the local
if dy maxima and minima we
simply put Local extrema can be found by
dy Fermat's theorem, which states that
dx = 0 and solve for x. they must occur at critical points.
Stationary points are where the slope is
One can distinguish whether a
zero or, in other words,
dy critical point is a local maximum or
dx = 0. They include local local minimum by using the first
maxima and minima, but here’s another derivative test or second derivative
possibility. test.
.
For any function that is defined
piecewise, one finds maxima (or
minima) by finding the maximum (or
minimum) of each piece separately;
and then seeing which one is biggest
(or smallest)

Applications of Maxima and Minima

Finding global maxima and minima is .

the goal of optimization. If a function
is continuous on a closed interval,
then by the extreme value theorem
global maxima and minima exist.
Furthermore, a global maximum (or
minimum) either must be a local
maximum (or minimum) in the
interior of the domain, or must lie on
the boundary of the domain. So a
method of finding a global maximum
(or minimum) is to look at all the
local maxima (or minima) in the
interior, and also look at the maxima
(or minima) of the points on the
boundary; and take the biggest (or
smallest) one.
Now days maxima and minima various negative events occuring. The
local minima of these functions
Is used all over the places
correspond to lucrative markets for
maxima and minima pop up all over his/her insurance company – low-risk,
the place in our daily lives. They can high-reward ventures.
be found anywhere we are interested
in the highest and/or lowest value of * A NASA engineer working on the
a given system; if you look hard next generation space shuttle studies
enough, you can probably find them a function that computes the
just about anywhere! Here are just a pressure acting on the shuttle at a
few examples of where you might given altitude. The absolute
encounter maxima and minima: maximum of this function represents
the pressure that the shuttle must be
* A meteorologist creates a model designed to sustain.
that predicts temperature variance
with respect to time. The absolute * A conscientious consumer
maximum and minimum of this meticulously collects data on his/her
function over any 24-hour period are cell phone usage over a certain
the forecasted high and low interval (say, a month) and develops
temperatures, as later reported on a function to represent cell phone
The Weather Channel or the evening usage over time. The local maxima
news. and minima of this function give the
consumer a better idea of his/her
* The director of a theme park works usage patterns, empowering him/her
with a model of total revenue as a to choose the most appropriate cell
function of admission price. The phone plan.
location of the absolute maximum of
this function represents the ideal
admission price (i.e., the one that will
generate the most revenue).

* An actuary works with functions

that represent the probability of
This is the 3d figure of maxima

And minima point