ZULFAZLI BIN MOHD SOFIUDDIN

2019452196 | EMD4M3B

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
___________________________________________________________________________

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Mechanical (EM220/EM221)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab
Code : MEC 424
Lecturer : En. Wan Sulaiman bin Wan Mohamad
Group : EMD4M3B
___________________________________________________________________________

MEC 424 - LABORATORY REPORT

TITLE : Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 Wan Mohamad Alif B Mohd Roslan 2019688994
2 Wan Haziq Idham Bin Wan Mohd DIn 2019818916
3 Zul Adam bin Yahya 2019630878
4 Zulfazli bin Mohd Sofiuddin 2019452196
5 Tengku Fakhruddin Firdaus Bin Tengku 2019495778
Mohd Faris

LABORATORY SESSION : 7/7/2020

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 12/7/2020

(DATE)
*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic
misconduct and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Teamwork Assessment Form

Name : Zulfazli bin Mohd Sofiuddin

Member’s Name 1. Tengku Fakhruddin Firdaus Bin Tengku Mohd Faris

2. Wan Haziq Idham bin Wan Mohd Din

3. Wan Muhammad Alif bin Mohd Roslan

4. Zul Adam bin Yahya

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team 5 5 5 5 5
I did my assigned work well and always on time 5 5 5 5 5
I was fair to my teammates and myself 5 5 5 5 5
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive 5 5 5 5 5
I was very committed and focused in my team 5 5 5 5 5
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task 5 5 5 5 5
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful 5 5 5 5 5
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively 4 5 5 5 5
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions 4 5 5 5 5
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work 5 5 5 5 5
Total 48 50 50 50 50

Comment

Self: I enjoyed doing my task with responsible and hardworking members, so do I.

Member 1: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 2: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 3: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

Member 4: Really committed towards the task given effectively and responsibly.

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Abstract

‘Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum’ Experiment was conducted in order to

determine the mass moment of inertia (at the centre of gravity, IG and at the suspension points,
I0 by 10 complete oscillations. In this experiment, a wooden pendulum was displaced to a 10°
angle from its initial position and released to let it oscillate. Then, we recorded the periodic
time of 10 complete oscillations for the wooden pendulum by using stopwatch. From this
experiment, we managed to obtain the theoretical and experimental values for mass moment of
inertia by applying some formulas. Based on the results obtained at the end of this experiment,
there are slightly differences between experimental and theoretical values due to some parallax
error. In order to obtain more accurate data for the next experiment, we should consider
avoiding any kind of errors in the next experiment.

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Table of Content

Number Contents Pages

Teamwork assessment form 2

Abstract 3

Table of content 4

1.0 Introduction 5

3.0 Theory 6-7

4.0 Experimental procedures 8

5.0 Result and discussion 9-15

6.0 Conclusion 16

7.0 References 16

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In 1602, Galileo Galilei discovered the regular motion of pendulums that was used for
timekeeping. It was the world’s most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930’s.
Pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks and are used in scientific instruments such as
seismometers and accelerometers. In that time, they were used as gravimeters to measure the
acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys and also as a standard of length. The word
‘pendulum’ is new Latin, form the Latin word pendulus that means hanging.

A weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely forward and backward that
regulates the mechanism of a clock is basically called as a pendulum. When a pendulum is
moves sideways from its resting equilibrium position, it is subjected to a restoring force caused
by gravity that will cause it to accelerate back towards its original position. When pendulum is
released, the restoring force combined with the mass of the pendulum will cause it to oscillate
about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth.

The ‘Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum’ experiment was conducted to determine

the mass moment of inertia at the centre of gravity, IG and at the suspension points, IO by
oscillation. The time taken for 10 oscillations is taken using two different position which is left
and right side. Each initial position is set at 10° from the centre. Every side, the time taken for
10 oscillation is recorded three times to find the average value.

The time taken for one complete cycle which consist of left swing and right swing is
called the period. The period depends on the length of the pendulum apart from the amplitude
of oscillation. A pendulum rotating freely about the fixed axis is known as compound
pendulum or physical pendulum. The appropriate equivalent length is the distance from the
pivot point to a point in the pendulum called the centre of oscillation which is located at the
centre of mass (centroid) at a distance from the pivot called the radius of gyration, which is
dependent on the mass distribution along the pendulum.

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3.0 THEORY
The simple gravity pendulum is an idealized mathematical model of a pendulum. This
is a weight or bob on the end of a weightless cord suspended from a pivot, without friction.
When given an initial push, it will swing back and forth on constant amplitude. Real
pendulums are subject to friction and air drag, so the amplitude of their swings declines.
A physical pendulum is a pendulum where the pendulum mass is not concentrated at
one point. All pendulums are physical since it is not possible to achieve the ideal concentration
of mass at a single point.
An equilibrium moment is formed about the suspension point to establish the equation
of motion. The pendulum is deflected about the angle, θ.

The component 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 of the force due to the weight applied with the lever arm, rG,
at the center of gravity, G, likewise attempt to return the pendulum to its initial position.

Figures 1: Physical pendulum with extensive mass distribution

Given the Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI), Io, about the suspension point, o and this result in:

𝐼𝑜 ∙ 𝜃̈ = ∑𝑀

𝐼𝑜 ∙ 𝜃̈ = −𝑟𝐺 ∙ 𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Substitution, linearization, and normalization then produce Equation of Motion for the physical
pendulum.
𝑟𝐺
𝜃̈ + 𝑚𝑔𝜃 = 0
𝐼𝑜

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Calculation of the natural frequency and period of oscillation is analogous to the mathematical
pendulum

𝑚𝑔 ∙ 𝑟𝐺
𝜔=√
𝐼𝑜

2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔

𝐼𝑜
𝑇 = 2𝜋 ∙ √
𝑚𝑔 ∙ 𝑟𝐺

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4.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

1. The wooden pendulum used were taken dimensions for later calculation purpose. The
wooden was hanged on one end to vee support.
2. The wooden pendulum was then placed at a 10 degrees angle from its initial position.
3. The wooden pendulum was released to let it oscillate and by using a stopwatch, the
time was recorded due to 10 oscillations.
4. Step 2 and 3 was repeated for three times to obtain an average time.
5. The average of the three period was calculated.

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5.0 RESULT

Suspension Reference Angle No of Time taken

Time
Point Point Oscillation Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 avg

14.05 14.23 14.10 14.13

A 1 (Left) 10° 10

14.22 14.17 14.28 14.22

(V support) 2 (Right)

14.10 14.22 14.16 14.16

B 1 (Left) 10° 10
14.23 13.98 14.22 14.14
(Cylindrical) 2 (Right)

SAMPLE CALCULATION

1. Wooden Pendulum

Volume = (base*width*height)

= (0.01×0.08×0.8)

=6.4×10−4 𝑚3

2. Diamond support
r=0.0125m
width= 0.01m

Volume= 𝜋𝑟 2 × (𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘)

= 𝜋(0.01252 ) × 0.01

= 4.91×10−6

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3. Cylindrical support
base= 0.01m

height= 0.45m

Volume= 0.45 × 0.01× 0.01 = 4.5× 10−5 𝑚3

Volume of Wooden Pendulum:

𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 0.64(0.1) − (4.91X10 − 4)(0.1) − 4.95X10 − 3(0.1) = 0.0059m3

= 5.9 × 10−4 𝑚3

Density of Wooden Pendulum:

𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 0.6 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 𝑉 = 5.9×10−4 = 1016.95 kg𝑚3
𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚

Calculate the mass of each component:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉

m 1= (1016.95) (6.4 ×10−4 ) = 0.651 kg

m 2= (1016.95) (4.91 × 10−6 ) = 4.993 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

m 3= (1016.95) (4.5×10−3 ) = 0.0458 kg

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POINT A:

Component Centroid (m) Area (m)

1 0.35 0.64

2 0.0125 4.91× 10−4

3 0.475 4.95× 10−3

POINT B:

Component Centroid (m) Area (m)

1 0.35 0.64

2 0.069 4.91× 10−4

3 0.225 4.95× 10−3

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SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

D=0.25m

0.7m

0.45m

Point A Point B

Example moment of inertia about point B

Mass Center of Gravity:

𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 𝑥3
𝑦̅ =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3

0.064(0.35)−4.91X10−4 (0.69)−4.95X10−3 (0.225)

Y̅= = 0.36𝑚
0.059

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Moment of inertia,

Io= I+md2

1
IO1= 12 (0.65)(0.82 + 0.082 ) + 0.65(0.35)2 = 0.115𝑘𝑔𝑚2

1
IO2= 2 (5𝑋10−3 )(0.01252 ) + (5𝑋10−3 )(0.692 ) = 2.38𝑋10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

1
IO3= 12 (0.05)(0.452 + 0.0112 ) + (0.05)(0.0225)2 = 3.38𝑋10−3 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

∑Io= 0.10924 kgm2

IGB= ∑Io+md2

= 0.10924- 0.6(0.36)2 = 0.0315 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

Moment of Inertia Theory, kg𝑚2 Experimental, kg𝑚2 Error, %

0.1067
𝐼𝐴 0.01029 3.7

0.032
𝐼𝐺𝐴 0.034 5.9

0.1052
𝐼𝐵 0.10924 3.7

𝐼𝐺𝐵 0.0315 0.0302 4.1

Percentage error of Point B

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙−𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
Percentage Error = | | × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

0.10924 − 0.1052
𝐼𝑏 , 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = 3.7%
0.10924

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0.0315 − 0.0302
𝐼𝐺(𝑏) 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = 4.1%
0.015

SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

Experimental Calculation

Point A:
0.7
𝑟𝐺 = = 0.35m
2

Tavg(1) = 14.22s

Tavg(2) = 14.19s

Tavg(total) = 14.14s

𝑇1 = 1.418s

𝐿
𝑇1 = 2𝜋√ 𝑔1

𝐿1
1.418=2𝜋√
9.81

L1 = 0.50m

𝐼𝐴 = 𝐿1 × 𝑚𝑟𝐺

= 0.50× (0.6) × (0.35)

= 0.105 kg𝑚2

𝐼𝐺𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 − 𝑚(𝑟𝐺 )2

= 0.106 – 0.6(0.35)2

= 0.0325 kg𝑚3

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DISCUSSION

We have conducting this experiment to find the inertia at the centre of gravity and at
point of rotation. We found the distance, L and from there we can find the Radius of Gyration
R, to find inertia at point of rotation using formula. We also find inertia at centre of gravity.
From the theoretical result, we used formulas that we have learn. After finding all needed
inertia, we did percentage of error using the percentage formula. The result shown us
percentage of error shown in the table.

The cause of error can be categorised into a few parts:-

Human Error-This experiment is conducted by normal human, so that, some error

might be occur especially in term of data reading and procedure involving. Parallax error is one
of the most common errors in conducting this experiment. One of that is the used of stopwatch.

Device error- The apparatus used is not reliable because we are using a protractor to
setup the angle rather that used the suitable one that maybe attach with the apparatus.

Environment factor- The experiment been running out in a very conducive lab by it still
having possibilities of present of blowing air that actually can even the swing of the pendulum.

At the end of this experiment, we obtained the experimental value is slightly differ to
the theoretical value. Form discussion we found out the reading is not accurate. Suggestion that
obtain the best result for this experiment such as, conducting this experiment in vacuum to
avoid any surrounding effect, reader must read the stopwatch properly and maybe more than
2/3 times. Since the final result of the (errors) are less than 10%, the objective of this
experiment is achieved.

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6.0 CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, the value of mass moment of inertia and period of oscillation have
been determined. After done finishing the experiment, it has been found that the effect of time
taken is not depend on the angle of wooden pendulum at the initial position but the length of
the wooden pendulum will affect the time when it start to swing and more reading need to be
taken to get the accurate reading and the average is calculated. If the error is reduced, the
experiment might help to achieve its target. The value from the theoretical was different from
the experimental and already discussed in the discussion above. There are some precautions
that need to be followed while conducting this experiment. First and foremost, it is
recommended to put magnifying glass so that the scale can be clearly observed when taking the
data. Moreover, when the timekeeper taking the time using the stopwatch, make sure that the
pendulum was released at the instant as the time taken. Lastly, while taking the reading of the
angle, make sure the eye level of the observer is parallel with the reading scale so that the
result obtained would be accurate and parallax error can be minimised.

7.0 REFERENCES

• Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, 11th Edition in SI Units by R.C Hibbeler

Publisher: Pearson Prentice Hall

• Hibbeler, R.C. (2007). Engineering Mechanics Dynamics 11th Edition in SI Units:

Vibration (pg 620 to 622). Pearson Education, Inc. In Jurong, Singapore.

• http://mechanical-girls-are-sweet.blogspot.com/2012/05/mec424-pendulum.html

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