MATH 11

CALCULUS I
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

ENGR. RALPH T. CRUCILLO

FIRST SEM, A.Y. 2020 -2021
CALCULUS I
Basic concepts of calculus such as limits, continuity
and differentiability of functions; differentiation of
algebraic and transcendental functions involving
one or more variables; applications of differential
calculus to problems on optimization, rates of
change, related rates, tangents and normal, and
approximations; partial differentiation and
transcendental curve tracing.

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
MATH 11 – LECTURE
FUNCTIONS

Definition and Classification

Variable and Constant

A variable is a quantity which can have an unlimited number of values. A constant is a
quantity which has fixed values. Letters at the end of the alphabet, such as x, y, z, u, v, and w, are
used to represent a variable and letters at the beginning of the alphabet, such as a, b, and c,
represent a constant.

Relation
A relation is a set of ordered pair. The relation may be specified by an equation, a rule, or
a table. Examples of relations from analytic geometry are lines, parabolas, circles, and
hyperbolas.
The set of the first components of the ordered pairs are called the domain of the relation.
The set of the second components is called the range of the relation.

Ex. { (1, 3), (-2, 6), (0,8), (10, 5)}

Functions
A function is a relation that associates, with each value of a variable x in a certain set,
exactly one value of another variable y. The variable y is then called the dependent variable, and
x is called the dependent variable. The set in which the values of x can be chosen is called the
domain of the function. The set of all the corresponding values of y is called the range of the
function.
EXAMPLES:
Which of the following is a function?
a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 – func on
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 – not a func on
c. 𝑥𝑦 = 1 – func on
d. 𝑦 = 8𝑥 – func on
e. 𝑦 = ±√𝑥 − 7 – not a func on
f. 𝑥 = |𝑦| – not a func on

Domain and Range of a Function

The domain is the largest subset of the real numbers for which the equation is defined.
Once the domain has been determined, the range is determined by finding the value of the
equation for each value of the domain.

EXAMPLES:
What is the domain and range of the following function?
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all real numbers ≥ 2}

b. 𝑦 =

domain = {real numbers ≠ 3}

range = {real numbers ≠ 0}

c. 𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all numbers ≤ 3)

d. 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

domain = {all numbers ≥ -2}

range = {all real numbers ≥ 0}

e. 𝑦 = √𝑥

domain = {all real numbers}

range = {all real numbers}
 | |
f. 𝑦 =

domain = {x≠ 0}
range = {-1, 1}

√
g. 𝑦 =

domain = {x≥1/2, x≠4}

range = {all real numbers}

h. 𝑦 =

domain = {x≠2, x≠1}

range = {all real numbers}

Graph of a Function
A rectangular coordinate system is used to give a picture of the relationship between two
variables.

EXAMPLES:
Graph the flowing functions.
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1

b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8
 y

c. 𝑦 = |𝑥|

y = -x y=x

Functional Notation
The notation = 𝑓(𝑥) , read as “ y equals f of x”, is used to designate that y is a function of
x. Often, a function is defined by giving the formula for an arbitrary value 𝑓(𝑥). For example 𝑦 =
𝑥 − 10 is the same function as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 10.
Any letter may be used in the function notation; thus 𝑔(𝑥), ℎ(𝑥), 𝐹(𝑥), etc., may
represent functions of x.

Evaluation of Functions
If a function is denoted by a symbol 𝑓, then the expression 𝑓(𝑏) denotes the value obtained
when 𝑓 is applied to a number 𝑏 in the domain of 𝑓.

EXAMPLES:
1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 2, find 𝑓(−2), 𝑓(−1), 𝑓 − , 𝑓(0), 𝑓(1), and 𝑓(2).
𝑓(−2) = (−2) − 5(−2) − 2 = 0
𝑓(−1) = (−1) − 5(−2) − 2 = 2
3 17
𝑓(−3/2) = (−3/2) − 5 − − 2 =
2 8
𝑓(0) = 0 − 5(0) − 2 = −2
𝑓(1) = 1 − 5(1) − 2 = −6
𝑓(2) = 2 − 5(2) − 2 = −4
 2. Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 7. Find the following.
a. 𝑔(10)
b. 𝑔(𝑎 + 1)
c. 𝑔(𝑟 )
d. 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ)
( ) ( )
e.

ANSWERS:
a. 𝑔(10) = 10 − 3(10) + 7 = 77
b. 𝑔(𝑎 + 1) = (𝑎 + 1) − 3(𝑎 + 1) + 7
= 𝑎 + 2𝑎 + 1 − 3𝑎 − 3 + 7
=𝑎 −𝑎+5
c. 𝑔(𝑟 ) = (𝑟 ) − 3𝑟 + 7
= 𝑟 − 3𝑟 + 7
d. 𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ) − 3(𝑥 + ℎ) + 7
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 3𝑥 − 3ℎ + 7
( ) ( )
e. =
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ − 3ℎ
=
ℎ
= 2𝑥 + ℎ − 3
3. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 9, find
a. f(x+9) = √𝑥 + 18
b. 𝑓(𝑥 − 9) = 𝑥
c. 𝑓(𝑥 − 9) = 𝑥
d. 𝑓(𝑥 + 6𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3
e. 𝑓(𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) = 𝑥 − 3
( ) ( )
f. =
√ √

4. 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) − 𝑓(𝑥 − 1) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Function of Two Variables

The variable z is said to be a function of the variables x and y if there exists a relation such that
to each pair of values of x and y there corresponds one or more values of z. Here, x and y are
independent variables and z is the dependent variable.

The function notation used in this case is 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦): read “z equals f of x and y.” The 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏)
denotes the value of z when 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏, provided the function is defined for these values.

EXAMPLES:
If 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 , find
( , ) ( , )
(a) 𝐹(2,3) (b) 𝐹(−3,0) (c)

SOLUTION:
(a) 𝐹(2,3) = 2 − 3(2)(3) + 3 = −1
 (b) 𝐹(−3,0) = (−3) − 3(−3)(0) + (0) = −27
( , ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
(c) = = −3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑘

Operations Involving Functions

1. Sum of Func on
𝑓+𝑔
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
2. Difference of Func on
𝑓−𝑔 ; 𝑔−𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) ; 𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
3. Product of Func on
𝑓∙𝑔
𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
4. Quo ent of a Func on
𝑓 𝑔
;
𝑔 𝑓
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
;
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
5. Composite Func on
𝑓∘𝑔 ; 𝑔∘𝑓
𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ; 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

EXAMPLES:
1. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
Find:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 + 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
= −𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5
b. 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1 − 6 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 7
c. 𝑓(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 )
= 12𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 6 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
= −2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 13𝑥 − 6

d. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = 2(6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) − 1
= 12 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 1
= −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 11

2. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)
Find:
a. 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1) + (𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1
= 2𝑥 + 2
b. 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 = [(𝑥 − 1) + 1]
= (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 1)
= (𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2)
 = 𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 4

3. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥
Find:
a. 𝑔 ⋅ ℎ ⋅ 𝑓 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 )(4𝑥)
= 4𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥 − 4𝑥
b. 𝑔 ∘ ℎ ∘ 𝑓 = (4𝑥) − 1
= 16𝑥 − 1
= (4𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 + 1)
4. Given: 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥
Find:
a. 1
𝑓(𝑥) ∘ 𝑔(𝑥) ∘ ℎ(𝑥) = = 2𝑥 + 1
1
2(𝑥 ) + 1
5. Given: 𝑥+1
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 1
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥
Find:
a. 1
+1
𝑓∘𝑔∘ℎ = 2𝑥 +1
1
2𝑥 + 1
= 1 + 2𝑥 + 1
= 2(𝑥 + 1)
b. 1
𝑔∘𝑓∘ℎ =
𝑥 +1
2 +1
𝑥
1
=
2𝑥 + 2
+1
𝑥
𝑥
=
2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥
𝑥
=
3𝑥 + 2