2/3/2014

~ \

~Ck.<aJJ"OW2f ,ti ~ A ~
0;k~~

M~~~~M7e~~
Groundwater Flow Equations
Groundwater Hydraulics

Daene C. McKinney

JP~
~~~
Summary

• Control Volume Analysis

• General Continuity Equation
42ÁCJ--~ili ~ ;0&'~J\ Le ~W
~ E~4'~ Ce~4 l?~~:;'r//'4c1

1.

 2/3/2014

Y;~'~~ c/e é:ruÑ

Control Volume y~~,.(Q ~ro-P ~ ~~s-/O~
• Control volume of dimensions L1x, ~y, ~z

• Completely saturated with a fluid of density p L1,x: -1// 42

r

MaSSfluxout í ~ Úo~/efd~;{ ~~ ~ ~
~'M~k~k~/

~\~K.h

(]QY-f~

po,
",~y~).:. ...
~,~,~ T ».
~ "'x·~T .'.:
"(0'1 ) .......
T¿~ ~o~

Mass Flux *- .\. ~ tH

mass flux in -~' .. ~ mass nux out

Mass flux = Mass in - Mass out: ¡c/~ Le /f,.h " ~k.. {7u d /~~ _ ue.o~ t:2u­
\ ~~.~
- iI(pq,) II v ~ [pqx- a(pq,) !lx]Il.Y/lz -
ux
[P'i' + a( pqx)
ux 2
~]IlYllZ
,&P ~r4 ~ ¡¿:f ~.~x..
,)x 2

-La UUJ..fo.­
y>f
• Fluid mass in the volume: llm ~ if¡pllV

• Continuity: Mass flux =change of mass ~ %( =:: ¿J V r¡ ~ r/7/R/4

am a (q,pllV ) a(pq.)
- =- - - = ~-- IlV
at at ax
a(q,p) a(pqx)
4 eox.i'nt-a'cb/ ~¿; ~~ ~ Oa~/O ~¿
at=~ax-
~.J?o-..

z­
 2/3/2014

/J¿~ae}UL~~ ~ ~~
Aquifer Storage

acq,p) aq, ap dq, ap dp ap

------at = p fu + q, at = P dp at + q, dp at
1 dp dp dq,
P = Pdp -+ dp = pp and dp = a

acq,p)
------at ap ( ah)
= pCa + pq,) at = pCa + pq,) pg at

ah
ac",,,) = p2gCa + pq,) at
at

.Eeu-o--Cz~ A ~~'~'a$c/
Continuity Equation
ah
ax = p2gCa + pq,)at
- a(pqJ
\
_ aqx ah
¡¡x = pgCa + pq,) ­
at s = pgCa + pq,)
aqx ah ah
-¡¡x = Sat qx = -K ax

~l' ~)
ax K Bx
-- S ahBt

2/

 2/3/2014

~..R-t'uuz~
Summary
_ p~~~~~ ~ 1s ~~s
_ Ooef·e-ce~..té ~'U-Uit.eeX-cL~~ ( S 1
• 5torage in Aquifers
- 5torage Coefficient
• Darcy's Law
• Control Volume Analysis ~thd;)1
• General Continuity Equation
__ 4~~s
~~'~x.. -4 ~M
E~~~ GQ~,(.e ~1i'~\~

T~ C2.A Ú>'- 4~'¡é/O ax?~

J{~'''<>- ¿, 4~ U~~
\

Confined Aquifer Flow

Groundwater Hydraulics

Daene C. McKinney

Ij

 2/3/2014

~
¿&r4-7 .' ~ E~~ ..&~;1ncff~
E~c<~ -te ~n(//'oIbd : vM~
Recall: Continuity Equation
@
• Continuityequation _aqx ~ s~
ax at ~~~
qx~ - K~
• Oarcy's Law
ax R~ ~.J( vek'~o/
• 1-0 Continuity .E. (K~)~ s~
ax ~ ax at
-47 h ,17 : f;: ¡--¿' J'~-fj
• 3-0 Conti nuity .E.(K ~)+.E.(K ahJ+ a(Kz~)~ sah
~f/J1(/I;;d,( ~ dt'~:K~~
ax x ax ay Yay az az at
,1

T/c.rj¡y fX ÚK ;(/cdjh ~~l'c~

, del / 'V«-yo~
,LA
/- ,.¿;, pP_
Ú)S ~r"S
'.h-.
~ A~.í re/¿
Horizontal Aquifer Flow
Most aquifers are thin
,
r ~~ ~(>' M &~ .fU- C!'/exp;" ~ri.f C<- /
e{ ¿r<',rM) !x! 7 ry
Ground surface

T' ¡W'0f"'~,.P - 6e
compared to horizontal _
'//~-"H~..,d'-'''l.Scon=fined''''-''_""",,,,---_ _ _ _ __

e~t~I~~ is horizontal, q, and qy '~:;~:~ Lo,

f7
',' ''', . C,,","io,

1 ¡J/ _ ;V'~ I¡ Y~/e'eo-f Jz~ f&2AJ

- No vertical flow, q, = O
~ h
- Average properties over z ---+- Confinea aqum b
aquifer thickness (b) y K

"
_ ~'eo?#t ra-v-eÁ-<-'¿, r~J ~I
Bedrock
I b
h(x.y,t)= Jh(X.Y.z.t)dz /?t.
b O
Qx = bqx
I b
qx(x,y.t)= - J qx(X.y,z.t)dz
b O (J ~Ji7l t:b2 ~fa-;-o (6 )
(!~J~d~~
(2)(~ 6./x; íx 1::. -t/fi/
O

!3

 2/3/2014

7a-,J~'s/'¡/c~/ ~ ~Jk/'r)
Aquifer Transmissivity _ hs~ ·JJ..c\V¿~c/ (T)
-0~h~~ ~ ~~e~ky~
Transmissivity (T)

- Discharge through thickness of

aquifer per unit width per unit

head gradient

¿t~fe-;v ~ ~ ~~'bX,.ee ¿;¿~/l r

- Product of conductivity and

~rM~/é ~~~~
o d' ~~,tb /e t:c. ~e:f'y;~ ~\ ~
thickness

T=Kb
r~civ'(¡~­ ,R;~Cc-. 1d a-~,fb-/7J
I b
K(x,y)= - J K(x,y,z)dz
b O
2
( 1&' 1m

ConductivJty, K, voIume 01 water

1Iow;"",""•• 'm,'mu_
hydrauhc gradlElnt of 1 mlm K 7~k · b
fo/eEi>7,ed

r/V..w;'J1M-~·f¡rfil 7

dCor-~,' ~ E~&~ ~ tZ-x.i"'rw"~~

Recall: Continuity Equation ~ k e~ ..& ~.J'')(¡M.'cf..r>f .' ,f=- 3/-"­
• Continuityequation
_aQx = s?t: Ground surface
V4l~ ';'¡//N'-""'/fi;MiW,,,,,~ ,/,N//X; 47ú//, ~Wq///7///h#/1/7///,h/h
d~C!e1<-AJ<-«~:~
S 1# ,d &e¡{e=,..yf Re
ax al Head In confined aquifer

Darcy's Law

Qx =- Tx?t:
~~:"' l T k /'/-& JI t!x ~ ~ 7:(jj)
• Continuity
ax
I
'<""""'VW~"I" ,~;;;¡:<L
x
1 --. Confinad aqulfl

K b
h

~ J.,...,,",,,,p.
<;W
Bedme'

axa(TX ?t:J=s
ax
ah
al I a(rahJo S ah
rar ar Tal /
Radial Coordinales

6~
~

 2/3/2014

?~ -7 /h7~..j)

Example - Horizontal Flow ~ r;z'.&/ZLI' ÚJA­ ~ ~-f¡')A..uÁ} ~ jr/~

A h/'-€~ ~ Ú'h.. a..~~ ~¡;~
Consider steady flow from left to right in a confined aquifer
Find : Head in the aquifer, h(x) (.t.)

¡;.p

a( T ahJ; s ~ = o
axl x ax al
r 1' 11to T. Ground suñaco
/'
lA
,.,(.;( 'l' ».
r 'eJe..
.¡ere~ ~fo¡-u~.:XtLl'" & ~¡;~ ~ d ~f'ero /
2
T d- h =
ax2
o steady ftow
Q
pea ~_~~~
"" X+­
1----­ T.

h (X)
Confinad aquifer

h I
hB
A ~ b

. ha - hA z ~ K I

!Xx) = hA + L- x " YN
L~ =NM>';V,L ..,<,w""".~$. ,
~rOc'k ..
-"'­
Head in the aq uifer 11"'--.::=='--____, nv

L)~ flv..tt,f
tiwJf~
7~ - T~ ;for/~~-fo1
Example - Horizontal Flow
J. ~ /, O~O ~ ~S ; ,h,¡::: /óo ~ ; lÍa Jo ~ j <;

• L = 1000 m, hA = 100 m, hB = 80 m, K= 20 m/d, ~= 0.35 k ~ 20 <')M.!cI;;; rj' ~ 0 . .3 ~ f/o~P-'/~ eft~~ J

Find: head, specific discharge, and average velocity

!Xx)=hA+ -~-
-~ 00 - 0.02x m
. x=1 ~ -­
q= - K - ~ _ Je¡GrJV.A-'w:b/ : ~ aPfr~ I ~ h~ f2j1fo~'ft~, .
L L

Ground su rface
=-( 20 m/ d)8o..: I00
IODO
} k j/e;0&'Lflf rUA-f2di't/
_.;; Ph'~/.//t7",.//..; = OA m/day

hA I,... UI1III1 OO il4Ull e r

T v -q
- rf;
j¡ f,{J ~ )11 f ~ -h x" /~ - ¿;, t? 2)(' ?<{.
Z¡l x
O.
~ 1
hg L

,:=. ~~ e~~r~k ~ -J: AB-,1/l

i K b = 1.14 m/day

I
'" Ú ~k..·;;v, ... ;;X;,.~:r'N'R ~;V.11.X N X 1 ' 'L }Ié//~
(
)iI
-¡:­
-;:; _ (.20 ?:1) ( ~ - /00 <f UL/~~
v.~ ~(?(

-::
~ !rooo )
) ?, (j -

0-1/ _ ~ /. /C( ~/,*J' (ye;lc. úc~~J

r t) ,3 J
f
 2/3/2014

~~~
Summary E~'~ ~ ~~ '~crhe/

• Continuity Equation .,r~ .tOM ~ ~~xJ;t~ ye.;1G,..f

• Integrate over vertical dimension

b.!x
~S".-yv«'.k'vcdSP/ T~ ;:, b tZ~~fro
1 I
f h(x,y, z,t)dz f Q5C-":-
b b
h(x,y,t) = - q,(x,y,t) = - q,(x, y, z,t) dz o, - bq, I
b n b "

• Transmissivity T=Kb S' =bS

-> bo
• Contin uity ~ (T ilh ) =S,ilh

• Examples
il x 'il X at
--- 5 (~ b. S

ry PX ~¡eM d &-f~~
JI¿~~ ~ ~ Ufr-~~
Unconfined Aquifer Flow
Groundwater Hydraulics

Daene C. McKinney

 2/3/2014

~ >'X ux- 4~~ Ab ~f'-'~

Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer ~¡;~~C<> _ ~,,ú.'J-'-UüU~ ele 4~·t" ,
G,~""w"" ~
• Dupult approxlmations
_"""""_""'"'''''' _.. .
.;:

---J:'
¡.¡-e r.;'
.;d, I'ofl>
~J ~
.ví ' -
4- Ap>,-4<2-.Afé M
\
ryuye) foo.fr~
/ c2j

- Velocltles are hOrIZontal

.t I I
~
UnconI\Md.qu<~

r~aP-p
<­

rr~

/ - - ­

1
~kxr~
Ox = qxh= (-KéJ!!.)h
iJx 1<-<

" ~ Yejec~

_iJOx =SyéJ!!.

iJx iJI

~( KhiJl!)= SyéJ!!.
iJA iJx iJI

~p
r1: &-f~ 0<
Ú2A­

Steady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer

~ cer;elk>
,,~rr~c. No ~r'~

Q~(-k:!!)/¡::_
~/. tro.·-_· ;w.
w.rIlfT.b/e~1 ~
• l-Dflow

•
~(KhéJ!!.) = SyiJl!

iJx~
Steady State
iJx iJt

Ix
5!i
2 dx
2

fd~ .J, ha

~(Kh~)=O 1

~ -f (~/-/ 4/)
Bedrock
4 x
~fi'¡tflo
K = constant h2 h2
h2(X)=h1+(~)x
L
d2(h2Lo

K-=- efe
dx 2 O= (-K t!!!)h=J dh 2 =J(
dx 2 dx 2l ~§-h~J

 2/3/2014

f C/)A--¡; ~ ~
T/vfo U-Y(. 4~~ No
d~'~
5teady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer
[erY€').o'-O
1(':= /0 -.t e"u./s f~ --f (&¡A/) ~
~ .. ~tI{6:- '5 ~ 1:0')'­
• K = 10-1 cm/sec
hA= 6.5 m Graund SIIf«;e
t:.c A;J~ bf5~
• hB = 4 m Ib'!(
• x=150m
• Find Q
- /J¡¿:; ~ 4, () ~ 2 /50
B",,",,' ~x )1 __ X;::. /50 '}VL
~ f.SG ~3/oI/M"€6~
Q=-
Ki (h~-h1)
~L~ ­__86.4 2 m l d(6.5 150
2
-4 J= 7.56
2
m31dl m _ left/" na '?<--d/ 6(

I?jU~~
Su mmary
L /( h J:H'?' t{~ 1" j: (-K:~*)1
• Darcy Law Q _q h_<_Kah )h
}( ax

e0Af;.'?'UA~0 : ~ (tA ::!)~ .s:7 ~

~

• Continuity
~(Kh a h )=s aath
ax ax y
6',< é
:7jC ;?

7).;. ~/ (?'e'~4'~e?t;G flf;/ee--t¡C-'C() ~

• Derivative trick (dh)h = ~ dh'

dx 2 dx

j-o/V¡¿.~ e¡ee-li~

/0