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Problem 2.1
Starting from Eq. (2.22), show that for a parallelflow heat exchanger, Eq. (2.26a) becomes
Th2 − Tc2 1 1
= exp − + UA
Th1 − Tc1 Ch Cc
SOLUTION:
The heat transferred across the area dA is:
δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA (1)
The heat transfer rate can also be written as the change in enthalpy of each fluid (with the
correct sign) between the area A and A+dA:
* for the hot fluid (dT h <0)
δQ = -m
hc p,hdTh (2)
* for the cold fluid (dT c >0)
δQ = m
cc p,cdTc (3)
The notion of heat capacity can be introduced as:
p
C = mc (4)
This parameter represents the rate of heat transferred by a fluid when its temperature varies
with one degree.
The equation (2) and (3) give:
δQ = -C hdTh = CcdTc (5)
Equations (1) and (5) give:
dTh U
=− dA (6)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (7)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (7) from (6):
d(Th − Tc ) 1 1
= - UdA (8)
Th − Tc Cc C h
Considering the overall heat transfer coefficient U=constant, equation (8) can be integrated:
1 1
ln( Th − Tc ) = - UA + lnB (9)
Cc Ch
1 1
Th − Tc = Bexp - UA
C c C h (10)
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The constant of integration, K is obtained from the boundary condition at the inlet:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2 (11)
K= Th1 − Tc2 (12)
Introducing equation (12) in (10) we have:
Th − Tc 1 1
= exp - UA (13)
Th1 − Tc2 C c C h
At the outlet the heat transfer area is A t =A and T h -T c =T h2 -T c2 and:
1 1
Th2 − Tc 2 − + UA
C C (14)
=e h c
Th1 − Tc1
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Problem 2.2
Show that for a parallel flow heat exchanger the variation of the hot fluid temperature along the heat
exchanger is given by
1
− +
1
UA
Th − Th1 -C c Ch C c
= 1- e
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c
Obtain a similar expression for the variation of the cold fluid temperature along the heat exchanger.
Also show that for A → ∞ , the temperature will be equal to mixing-cup temperature of the fluids
which is given by
C h Th1 + C c Tc1
T∞ =
Ch + Cc
SOLUTION:
The heat transferred across the area dA is:
δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA (1)
The heat transfer rate can also be written as the change in enthalpy of each fluid (with the
correct sign) between the area A and A+dA:
* for the hot fluid (dT h <0)
δQ = -m
hc p,hdTh (2)
* for the cold fluid (dT c >0)
δQ = m
cc p,cdTc (3)
The notion of heat capacity can be introduced as:
p
C = mc (4)
Equation (2) and (3) give:
δQ = -C hdTh = CcdTc (5)
Equations (1) and (5) give:
dTh U
=− dA (6)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (7)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (7) from (6):
d(Th − Tc ) 1 1
= - UdA (8)
Th − Tc Cc C h
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Considering the overall heat transfer coefficient U=constant, equation (8) can be integrated:
1 1
ln( Th − Tc ) = - UA + lnB (9)
Cc Ch
1 1
Th − Tc = Bexp - UA (10)
C c C h
The constant of integration, K is obtained from the boundary condition at the inlet:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2 (11)
K= Th1 − Tc2 (12)
Introducing equation (12) in (10) we have:
Th − Tc 1 1
= exp - UA (13)
Th1 − Tc2 C c C h
From equation (10) it can be observed that the temperature difference T h -T c is an exponential
function of surface area A, and T h -T c →0 when A→0. The variation of the hot fluid temperature
and that of the cold fluid temperature can be obtained separately. By multiplying equations (6)
and (13):
dTh U 1 1
=− exp - UA dA (14)
Th1 − Tc2 Ch C c C h
Integrating:
1 1
exp − + UA
Th
=−
U Ch Cc +B (15)
Th1 − Tc1 Ch Ch + Cc
− U
Ch Cc
Th Cc 1 1
= exp - UA + B (16)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h C c C h
The constant of integration, B is obtained from the boundary condition:
at A=0, T h =T h1 , and
Th1 Cc
B= − (17)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
From (16) and (17) we have:
Th − Th1 −C c 1 1
= 1 − exp − + UA (18)
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c C h C c
From equations (7) and (13) following the same procedure we obtain:
Tc − Tc1 1
− + UA
1
Ch
= 1 − e
C h Cc
(19)
Th1 − Tc1 C h + C c
Equation (10) shows that for A→∞, T h =T c =T ∞.
The value of T ∞ can be calculated, for example, from equation (19):
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Cc
T∞ = Tc1 + (Th1 − Tc1 ) (20)
Ch + Cc
C h Th1 + C c Tc1
T∞ = (21)
Ch + Cc
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Problem 2.3
Show that the variation of the hot and cold fluid temperature along a counterflow heat exchanger is
given by
Th − Th1 Cc 1 1
= exp − UA − 1
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h Cc C h
and
Tc − Tc2 Ch 1 1
= exp − UA − 1
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h Cc C h
SOLUTION:
dTh U
=− dA (1)
Th − Tc Ch
dTc U
=− dA (2)
Th − Tc Cc
Subtracting equation (2) from (1):
d(Th − Tc ) 1 1
= - UdA (3)
Th − Tc Cc C h
Integrating for constant values of U, C c and C h we have
1 1
ln( Th − Tc ) = - UA + lnB
Cc Ch
1 1
Th − Tc = Bexp - UA (4)
C c C h
where B the constant of integration results from the boundary condition:
at A=0, Th − Tc = Th1 − Tc2
B= Th1 − Tc2 (5)
Introducing equation (5) in (4):
Th − Tc 1 1
= exp - UA (6)
Th1 − Tc2 C c C h
Examining the evolution of T h and T c separately by multiplying equations (1) and (6), (2)
and (6) respectively, we have:
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dTh U 1 1
=− exp - UA dA (7.1)
Th1 − Tc2 Ch C c C h
dTc U 1 1
=− exp - UA dA (7.2)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc C c C h
Integrating:
1 1
exp - UA
Th U C c C h
=− +B
Th1 − Tc2 Ch 1 1
- U
Cc Ch
Th Cc 1 1
= exp - UA + B (8.1)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h C c C h
1 1
exp - UA
Tc U C c C h
=− + B'
Th1 − Tc2 Cc 1 1
- U
Cc Ch
Tc Ch 1 1
= exp - UA + B' (8.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h C c C h
For A=0, T h =T h1 , T c = T c2 and:
Th1 Cc
= +B
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
Th1 Cc
B= − (9.1)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − C h
Tc2 Ch
= + B'
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h
Tc2 Ch
B= − (9.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h
Substituting (9.1) in (8.1), (9.2) in (8.2), respectively:
Th − Th1 Cc 1 1
= exp - UA − 1 (10.1)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h C c C h
Tc − Tc2 Ch 1 1
= exp - UA − 1 (10.2)
Th1 − Tc2 C c − C h C c C h
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Problem 2.4
d 2 Th d 2 Tc
From problem 2.3, show that for the case Ch<Cc, > 0 and > 0 , and therefore temperature
dA 2 dA 2
d 2 Th d 2 Tc
curves are convex and for the case Ch>Cc, 2
< 0 , and < 0 , therefore, the temperature curves
dA dA 2
are concave (see Figure 2.6).
SOLUTION:
The hot fluid has a smaller heat capacity than the cold fluid, that is why it is the one who “commands
the transfer”
Differentiating equation (10.1) in problem 2.3:
dTh = d( Th − Tc )
dTh 1 1 1
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) - Uexp - UA
dA Ch C c C h
d 2 Th 1 1 1 2 1 1
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) - - U exp - UA
dA 2
Ch Cc Ch C c C h
d 2 Th (Th1 − Tc2 )( C c - C h ) 1 1
= U 2 exp - UA > 0 (1)
C c C h
2 2
dA CcCh
Similarly, from equation (10.2):
dTc 1 1 1
= (Th1 − Tc2 ) - Uexp - UA
dA Cc C c C h
d 2 Tc (Th1 − Tc2 )( C c - C h ) 1 1
= U 2 exp - UA > 0 (2)
C c C h
2 2
dA Cc Ch
Since, the second derivatives with respect to area of both T h and T c are positive as seen in
equations (1) and (2), both the temperature curves are convex.
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Problem 2.5
Show that when the heat capacities of hot and cold fluids are equal (Cc=Ch=C), the variation of the hot
and cold fluid temperature along a counter flow heat exchanger are linear with the surface area as:
Tc − Tc2 Th − Th1 UA
= =−
Th1 − Tc2 Th1 − Tc2 C
SOLUTION:
When the two fluids have the same heat capacity, from equation (6) in problem 2.3:
δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
In equation (10.2) in problem 2.3 when Cc→Ch we have:
Tc − Tc2 Ch CCh −CCc UA UA UA
= lim e c h − 1 = lim − C h = − (2)
Th1 − Tc2 Cc − Ch CcCh Cc
Similarly, from equation (10.1) in problem 2.3:
d( Th − Tc ) U
=− dA , When C c →C h (3)
Th − Tc Cc
But C c =C h =C and from (2) and (3):
ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD (4)
Ch
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Problem 2.6
Assume that in a condenser, there will be no-subcooling and condensate leaves the condenser at
saturation temperature, Th. Show that variation of the coolant temperature along the condenser is
given by
Tc − Tc1 UA
= 1 − exp −
Th − Tc1 Cc
SOLUTION:
The heat transferred along a surface element dA is:
δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
Because Th = constant in a condenser, we can write:
dTh = d( Th − Tc ) (2)
Using equations (1) and (2):
d( Th − Tc ) U
=− dA , (3)
Th − Tc Cc
Integrating:
ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD
Ch
U
Th − Tc = Bexp − A (4)
Cc
The constant of integration, B can be calculated with the boundary condition:
T c =T c1 , for A=0.
T h -T c1 =B (5)
The temperature distribution for the cold fluid can be obtained by introducing (5) in (4) as:
UA
Th − Tc = ( Th − Tc1 ) exp −
Cc
Tc − Tc1 UA
= 1 − exp −
Th − Tc1 Cc
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Problem 2.7
In a boiler (evaporator), the temperature of hot gases decreases from Th1 to Th2, while boiling occurs at
a constant temperature Tc. Obtain an expression, as in Problem 2.6, for the variation of hot fluid
temperature with the surface area.
SOLUTION:
The rate of heat transfer δQ across the heat transfer area dA can be expressed as:
δQ = U( Th − Tc ) dA = − C h dTh (1)
In an evaporator Tc = constant and
dTh = d( Th − Tc ) (2)
From equations (1) and (2):
d(Th − Tc ) U
=− dA (3)
Th − Tc Ch
ln( Th − Tc ) = −
UA
+ lnD
Ch
UA
Th − Tc = Dexp − (4)
Ch
The boundary condition at A=0 gives the value of the constant D:
at A=0 T h = T h1
T h1 - T c = D (5)
Introducing (5) in (4):
U
Th − Tc = ( Th1 − Tc ) exp − A (6)
Ch
Rearranging:
Th − Tc U
1- = 1 − exp − A
Th1 − Tc Ch
Th − Th1 U
= − 1 − exp − A (7)
Th1 − Tc C h
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Problem 2.8
Show that Eq. (2.46) is also applicable for Ch>Cc, that is C*=Cc/Ch.
SOLUTION:
From Eq. (2.26b)
1 1
Th 2 − Tc1 = (Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp UA − (1)
Cc Ch
For the case Ch > Cc , Cc = Cmin , Ch = Cmax ,
UA Cc
Th 2 − Tc1 = (Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp 1 − (2)
Cmin Ch
=
(Th1 − Tc 2 ) exp[ NTU (1 − C * )]
From heat balance equation
Cc (Tc 2 − Tc1 )= Ch (Th1 − Th 2 ) (3)
or
C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) = (Th1 − Th 2 ) (4)
The heat exchanger efficiency
Q Cmin (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) Tc 2 − Tc1
=ε = =
Qmax Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Th1 − Tc1
(Tc 2 − Tc1 )(1 − C * )
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 − C * )
Tc 2 − Tc1 − C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 )
= (5)
Th1 − Tc1 − C * (Th1 − Tc1 )
Tc 2 − Tc1 − Th1 + Th 2
=
Th 2 − Tc1 − C (Th1 − Tc 2 ) − Th 2 + Th1 − C *Tc 2 + C *Tc1
*
Th 2 − Tc1 − (Th1 − Tc 2 )
=
Th 2 − Tc1 − C * (Th1 − Tc 2 )
or
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Th1 − Tc 2
1−
Th 2 − Tc1
ε= (6)
T −T
1 − C * h1 c 2
Th 2 − Tc1
1 − exp[− NTU (1 − C * )]
=
1 − C * exp[− NTU (1 − C * )]
This proves that for Ch > Cc , Eq. (2.46) can also be derived from Eq. (2.16b).
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Problem 2.9
Obtain the expression for exchanger heat transfer effectiveness, ε, for parallel flow given by Eq.
(2.47).
SOLUTION:
From Eq. (2.26c)
1 1
Th 2 − Tc 2 = (Th1 − Tc1 ) exp −UA + (1)
Cc Ch
Assume Ch > Cc , Cc = Cmin , Ch = Cmax ,
UA Cc
Th 2 − Tc 2 = (Th1 − Tc1 ) exp − 1 + (2)
Cmin Ch
=
(Th1 − Tc1 ) exp[− NTU (1 + C * )]
From heat balance equation
Cc (Tc 2 − Tc1 )= Ch (Th1 − Th 2 ) (3)
or
C * (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) = (Th1 − Th 2 ) (4)
The heat exchanger efficiency
Q Cmin (Tc 2 − Tc1 ) Tc 2 − Tc1
=ε = =
Qmax Cmin (Th1 − Tc1 ) Th1 − Tc1
(Tc 2 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
T −T
(Tc 2 − Tc1 ) 1 + h1 h 2
= Tc 2 − Tc1 (5)
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
Tc 2 − Tc1 + Th1 − Th 2
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
(Th1 − Tc1 ) − (Th 2 − Tc 2 )
=
(Th1 − Tc1 )(1 + C * )
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1 − exp[− NTU (1 + C * )]
=
1 + C*
This proves that for Ch > Cc , Eq. (2.47) can be derived from Eq. (2.16c). For case Ch < Cc ,
similar result can also be obtained.
