CAVTnRIDGE

f,
I Describingtechnical
functionsand
applications
Wordsstemmingfrom use
allow, enable,permit, ensure,
prevent
Listening
GPS applications
Spaceelevators
Advantages of a newpump
Explaininghowtechnology Verbsto describemovement
works A guidedtour
Verbsand adjectives to describe
Emphasising technical advantages Reading
advantages Adverbsfor addingemphasis Spaceelevators
Simplifyingand illustrating Otis lifttechnology
Phrasesfor simplifying and Pile foundations
technicalexplanations rephrasing

f,
Describingspecific Commonmaterials Listening
materials Categoriesof materials An environmentalaudit
Categorisingmaterials tools
consistof, comprise,made of, made Specialised
SpeciÍyingand describing from,mode out of High-performancewatches
properties Propertiesof materials Reading
Discussingqualityissues Materialsrecycling
Phrasesfor describingrequirements
Regenerativebrakes
CompoundsoÍresistant Kevlar
Adverbsof degree

I Describingcomponent
shapesand features
Explainingand assessing
Shapesand 3D features
Wordsto describemachining
Phrasesfor describingsuitability
Listening
A projectbriefing
Electricalplugsand sockets
manufacturing Metalfabrication
Verbsand nounsto describejoints
techniques UHP waterjetcutting
and fixings
Optionsfor fixing

n
Explainingjointingand Prepositionsof position
fixingtechniques Clusterballooning
Describingpositionsof Reading
assembledcomponents Cuttingoperations
Flowwaterjettechnology
Jointsand fixings
Theflyinggardenchair

f,
I Workingwithdrawings
Discussingdimensionsand
precision
Viewson technicaldrawings
Phrasesrelatedto scole
Phrasesrelatedto tolerance
Listening
A drawingquery
Scale
Describingdesignphases length, width, thickness, etc. A floordesign
and procedures Designprocedures
Drawingtypesand versions
Revisinga detail
Resolvingdesignproblems Verbsfor describingstagesof a
Reading
designprocess
Superflatfloors
Verbsand nounsfor describing Oueriesand instructions
designproblems

T Describingtypesof
technicalproblem
Assessingand interpreting
Verbsand adjectives
technicalproblems
for describing Listening

Wordsfor describingfaultsand
A racingcar test session
Testsessionproblems
faults theirseverity Technicalhelp{ine

n
Describingthe causesof Phrasesfor describingcertainty/ Tyrepressureproblems
faults uncertainty A maintenance check
Discussingrepairsand Adjectiveswith prefixesfor Reading
maintenance describingtechnicalproblems Air TransatFlight236
Verbsfor describingrepairsand
maintenance

Contents
 t

ry
n Discussing

Suggesting
technical
requirements

solutions
ideasand
Phrasesfor referringto issues
Phrasesfor referringto quantity
and extent
Phrasesfor suggesting solutions
Listening
Simulatorrequirements
Liftingoptions
Hole requirements
and effects

and forming
Assessingfeasibility and alternatives A projectbriefing
Describingimprovements ldiomsto describefeasibility Reading
and redesigns Verbswithre...to describe Mammothproblem
modifications

n
ldiomsto describeredesigning

ffi
Describinghealthand Typesof industrialhazards Listening
safetyprecautions Typesof protectiveequipment A safetymeeting
Emphasising the Phrasesfor emphasising importance Hazardanalysis
importanceof Termsto describeregulations Liveline precautions
precautions Safetytraining
Commonlanguageon safetynotices Oral instructions
Discussingregulations
and Languagestylein written
standards Reading
instructions Livelinemaintenance
Workingwithwritten
instructionsand notices Helicoptersafetyon oil platforms

f,
T Describingautomated
systems
Referringto measurable
Wordsto describeautomated
systems
Wordsto describemeasurable
Listening
Intelligentbuildingsand automation
Monitoringand controlsystems
parameters parameters Electricitydemandand supply
Discussingreadingsand Wordsto describefluctuations problems
trends Wordsand phrasesfor Pumpedstoragehydroelectricpower
Givingapproximatefigures approximating numbers Internalreviews
Reading
Industrialprocessmonitoring
Dynamicdemandcontrols

f,
ITE Explainingtestsand
experiments
Exchanging viewson
Wordsto describetest types
Wordsand phrasesfor stating
assumptions
Listening
Vehicledesignand testing
Water rockets
predictionsand Wordsand phrasesfor agreeingand Air drop problems
theories disagreeing Moon landings
Comparingresultswith Phrasesfor comparingexpectations Reading
expectations and results A rocketcompetition
Discussingcausesand Wordsfor linkingcausesand effects Chickencannon
effects

ET Discussingperformance
and suitability
Describingphysicalforces
Adjectives for describingsuitability
and performance
Wordsto describetypes of forces
Listening
Windturbinetowers
Tallstructures
Discussingrelative foctof criteria, criterion, TCV world speed record
The storyof John Paul Stapp

n
performance consideration
Describingcapabilitiesand Wordsand phrasesto describe Reading
limitations degreesof difference Windturbinesfactfile
Wordsto describecapabilitiesand Solar towers
limits Transportalternatives
The Sonrc Wind tests
The rocketsled proposal

Contents
 ,*ly ?"'

I Describingtechnicalfunctions I
andapplicatíons I

1 a ln pairs, think about two or three productsyou use

regularlyand discuss the followingquestions.
\r
o What are the main functionsof the products? (Whatdo they do?)
o What are their different applications? (What are they used for?)

What do you know about Global Positioning System (GPS) devices? ln

pairs, describe their main function, and give some examples of different
applications of GPS devices.

2a )1.1 Paula, a design engineer for a CPS manufacturer, is discussing product

development with José, a senior manager new to the company. Listen to
the conversation and complete the following notes.
o the primaryapplication
of GPS (l )
associatedapplications Trackingsystemsfor (2)
Trackingsystemsfor (3)
more creative features (4) alarms
(s) buttons
o not technicalinnovations (6) the technology

Complete the following extracts from the discussion with words that come from use.
1 Then Aou've got associated applications, - thot are reloted to
navigating...
2 ... traclsing sAstems Aou can for monitoring deliverg vehicles ...
3 . .. from the end-- point of view, accuracg is no longer the main selling
point. Most devices are accurate enough. The keg is to make them more

in use
Unit 1 Technotogy
 I

3a Match the GPS applications (1-6) to the descriptions (a-fl.

1 topographicalsurveying- a naügation and safet1rat sea

2 geotogical.
exploration \ b setting out positionsand levetsof new structures
3 ciüt engineering \ c mappingsurhce features
4 avionicsequipment d appticationsin miningand the oil industry
5 maritimeapplications e highwaynavigationand vehictetracking
6 GPs in cars and trucks f air trafficcontrol,naügation and autopilotsystems

ln pairs, practise explaining the applications of GPS in Exercise 3a to a

colleague who has limited knowledge of the devices using the following
phrases.
usedfor -ing usedto usefulfor another/ a similar use

4a Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the

correct words.
1 ... there's a setting on the CPS that allows/prevents it to detect the
movement...
2 ... an alarm sounds to warn gou, and allows/prevents the boat from drifting
unnoticed.
3 ... and enables/ensures that gou don't lose track of where gou were, which
then enables/ensures uou to turn round and come back to the same
point...

Match the words in Exercise 4a to the synonyms.

: makessure 2- I : permits 3 = SIoPS

Complete the following extract from the user's manual of a GPS device
using the verbs in Exercise 4a. Sometimes, more than one answer is
possible.

The core function of your GPS receiver is to (1) you to locate your precise
geographicalposition. To (2) - the device to function, it receives at least three
signals simultaneously from the GPS constellation - 30 dedicated satellites which
(3) - receivers can function anywhere on earth. To (a) - extremely precise
positioning and (5) errors from occurring due to external factors, this device is
designed to receive four separate signals (see enhanced system accuracy on page 18).

In pairs, explain the main functions and applications of a product made

by your company or a product you know about. Student A, you are
an engineering manager; Student B, you are a new employee. Use the
language from this section and the phrases in the box. Swap roles and
practise again.

I see.5o ... 0K. In otherwords... So vou mean...

Unit 1 Technology
in use
I Exptaininghowtechnologyworks
6a ln pairs, look at the picture and discuss the following questions.
o How do you think a space elevatorwould work?
. What could it be used for?
. What technicalchallengeswould it face?
o How seriouslydo you think the conceptof space elevatorsis
being taken at present?

b Read the following article and compare it to your answers in

Exercise 6a.

lN his 1979 novel,Ihe Fountainsof Paradise,ArthurC ÍorexpIosiveand environmentaIly unÍriend|y rockets.

Clarke wroteabout an elevatorconnecting the earth's However,the altitudeof orbitalspace - a colossal35,790
surfaceto space. Threedecades later,this science- km above the earth- is a measureof the challengefacing
fictionconcept is preparingto take otf in the realworld. engineers.How could such a heightbe reached?
NASA has launchedthe Space ElevatorChallenge,a The answeris by using an incrediblystrongand
competitionwitha generousprizefund,and severalteams lightweight cable, strongenoughto support its own
and companiesare workingon seriousresearchprojects weightand a heavy|oad'The design oÍsuch a cab|eis
aimedat winningit. stilllargelytheoretical.
This would be attached to a base
As its name suggests,a space elevatoris designedto stationon earthat one end and a satellitein geostationary
componentsÍorspace
Íaise things intospace' Sate||ites, orbit(lixedabove a pointon the equator)at the other.Lift
ships, supp|iesÍorastronautstn space stations,and vehicleswould then ascend and descend the cable,
even astronautsthemselvesare examplesof payloads powered by e|ectromagnetic Íorceand control|ed
thatcou|d be tÍansportedjntoorbitwithoutthe need remotelv.

C Match the verbs (l -9) from the text in Exercise 6b to the definitions (a-i).
1 connecting a carried (objects, over a distance)
2 raise b hotdsomethingfirmty/ bearits weight
3 transpoÉed c climb down
4 support d providedwith energy/ moved by a force
5 attached e joining
6 ascend f driven / have movementdirected
7 descend g fixed
8 powered h ctimbup
9 controlled i tift / makesomething go up

7a James, an engineer, Space Elevgfors

is giving a talk on
qble is signiícont.
space elevators. o To (2) - its own weighf, ond be securely (3) _________ o.!
Complete his notes
each end, cable would need phenomenal strenqth_to_weight ratio.
using the correct _
. How could vehicles be (4) _
form of the verbs into cable?
(l-7) in Exercise . Self-containe4 sltergv source problemotic, due to
weight (heavy fuel ol
6c. _ batferies required
c u to (5)
tu \)/ _^) L^ l\
vehic
I
Venlcle.).
r r \

c Two possible ways round problem:

_*:yt.l"r:,r,ry -,r"l. ut fechnique only ot research stage.

z , ' o l a rp o w e r . B u tw o u l d otuffio*ty.
""ty Not
as cor could bu ,ortrollJ
Yllg_!. ,t:
y:tt::!!:fblem, ,u,rotnly-tb-kq ft f"
.! _-
( // _
t-1\
payloads unmonned.

Unit 1 Technology
in use
 I

b )t.Z tisten to part of James'talk and check your answers in Exercise 7a.

c What kinds of word are missing from the notes? ln pairs, compare the
audioscript on page 86 with the notes in Exercise 7a.

8a Some space elevator designs propose an offshore base station. In pairs,

discuss how such a system might work using words in Exercise 6c. What
advantages might an offshore base have compared with a land base?

)t.3 James goes on to discuss offshore base stations. Listen to the talk and
answer the following questions.
] How wou|dan oÍfshorebase station be suooorted?
2 What would the functionof its anchors be?
3 How would payloadsreach the base station?
4 W h a t p r o b l e mw o u l da m o b i l eb a s e s t a t i o nh e l p t o p r e v e n t ?
5 What would the procedurebe if there was an alert?

9a You are members of a space elevator research team designing a concept

for offshore base stations. ln pairs, analyse the notes below, which were
made during a briefing given by your manager. lmagine you are giving a
presentation. Begin by reading out the abbreviated notes in full.

*\..\ \ \ L\ \ L\r L r r r r r r I I r r.r=l-L-t

....... Ú f 3 o 3l3 e 0 Ü 0 0 o t t o | |J
- AN'HoR|NGa?w?uL6l0N l56uÚ6
oFF6HoR'ÉAsE6TA.t1oN
Anchoring
ayatom
ulindloadson Lablevrillbe huge.ulhatimplicaiions
for anchoring
slstom?
Éase Willn?,od
lo bgmovodcontinuall1, sometimesurgentl1.
vrlhat
tomp
system couldbe ussdto holdbassin position?
9a* in shallowwatgrnearcoasi,or deepwalerfurtheroffshorg?óhoicewill
haveimpacton dosignoÍanchors1stem.
?ropulsionststem
\^lillWeight
oÍcab\eallowbaseto bs movedb1ownProPollors?Or more
powerful
5.í5t9m
for propulaion
andcontro|
noc.?o.g.ertern'powersource?

!n pairs, discuss the questions raised in the notes and think of some suitable
solutions for the anchoring system and the propulsion system. At this stage,
these should be overall concepts, not detailed designs. Remember to make
notes.

ln small groups, take turns to give a short talk using your notes to explain
how the systems work, in general terms. lmagine you are speaking to a small
group of colleagues, including your manager.

write two or three paragraphs to summarise your talk. These will be included
in your manager's longer report on offshore base stations.

Unit 1 Technologyin use

I technicaladvantages
Emphasising

OTISf,,ioJl
10 ln pairs, discuss the term technical advantage'
Give some examples of technology you are
familiar with.

77a Read the first ParagraPh of some

promotional literature from Otis, a leading
elevator company. What is the Gen2" system?

b tvtatctrthe words (l -6) from the text in At theheartof theGen2ruelevatorsystem

Exercisel l a to the sYnonYms(a-0' is a Í|atbe|t(deveIoped byandunique to
Otis).lt is lust3mmthick.Yetit is stronger
1 conventional
- a decreases
thanconventional steelcables.lt lastsup
2 eliminates b better / the best
\ to threetimeslonger. Andit hasenabled
3 superior \ c improved theelevator' The
Otisto completely re-invent
4 energy-efficient\ d standard,usual eliminates
flat,coated-steel belttotally
5 enhanced e gets rid of effectof conventional
themetal{o-metal
6 reduces f has low energYconsumPtion Coupled a smooth-surface
with
systems.
crowned machine sheave, theresultis
Completethe followingtext usingthe correct exceptionally quietoperationandsuperior
form of the words (1-6) in Exercise I I b' You ridecomfort. Furthermore,theÍ|exib|e Ílat
will need to use some words more than once' beltenables a morecompact, energy-
eÍficient machine,whichcanbecontained
inthehoistwaY. This
enhancedtechnologY
reducesbuilding and
system operatingcosts,
andfreesupvaluable
space.

nar ,,0;;;;;;m
::p;ff:Y berts,
pu,.r'
inth.";ffi;,T#.
ilHlillililiuing
tliiltiügl;;:öm#
H,
Hli.űJ
.d;É,x
.uto*ti,u [J,üi Jff
jnl'iff{ljil'
rrvt.-t.,
tffi ,.?ffil il ;1,.'n
?jJ;:ll'''
ffi ;;:í':fi
matntenance
personnel

;*;-ff ilT
for

sYstem
that1a)- -
ih. *.d fr_
;.
;:T*il i.# ;lnom
lTili,',liT;,:,,':lT ica
r

system. Discuss
d In pairs, summarise the advantages of the flat belt
automation'
durability, wear, noise, space' cleanliness' efficiency'
maintenance and cost.

10 in use
Unit 1 TechnologY
 I

72a Complete the following tips on emphasising technical advantages using the
words in the box.

conventionatetiminated enhanced reduced superior

When describingtechnicaladvantages,it's usefulto emphasise...

a(l)-performance,comparedwiththeo|dermode|ofthesame
product.
bnegativeissuesthathavebeen(2)-,orcomp|ete|y
(3)_.
c special features that differentiatethe technology from (4)
sysrems.
dperformance|eve|sthatmakethetechno|ogy(5)-tothe
comDetition.

)t.l Stefan, an engineer, is briefing some sales colleagues on the advantages

of a new pump design. Listen to the briefing and match the tips (a-d) in
Exercise I 2a to the extracts (l -4).
ExtractI - Extract2 - Extract3 - Extract4

Complete the following sentences from the briefing by underllning the correct
emphasising word.
1 We've come up with a completelg/significantlg unique profile.
2 lt completelg/dramaticallg reduces vibration.
3 Machines lilse these can never be entirelg/highlg free from vibration.
4 The new design runs dramaticallg/extremelA smoothlA.
5 Another advantage of the new profile is thot it's consideroblg/entirelg lighter.
6 So compared with our previous range, it's highlg/totallg efficient.
7 Trials so far suggest the design is completelg/exceptionallg durable.
8 We expect it to be entirelg/significantlg more reliable than rival units.

Match the words in Exercise 12c to the synonyms.

considenbly dnmatically entirely exceptionattyhighty totatty

I -l- :completely
2 -l- : significantly
3 -l-: extremely

13 You are Otis engineers back in the l85Os, when elevators were new.
ln pairs, prepare a short talk to brief your sales colleagues on the
advantages of elevators for lifting people and goods. Emphasise the
points below using the phrases and techniques from this section.
Remember that people at this time are sceptical about the technology.
Elevatorsare ...
o safe - a reliablebraking systemeliminatesthe danger of a car falling
if a cable fails
o simple - they'recontrolledfrom the car and are very easy to operate
o convenient- they'reeasier on the legs than the conventional
alternative (stairs)
o valuable- they enhancethe value of land by allowingtaller buildings
on smaller areas

Unit 1 Technologyin use 11

I andil[ustrating
Simplifyíng technical
explanations
t4 a )r.l Richard,a structural engineer,often takes clients on guided tours
of their new buildingsduring construction.He is talking about explaining
technicalconceptsto non-specialists.Listen and answerthe following
questions.
technicalconcepts?
I WhatdoesRichardsay aboutexplaining
2 Whatdoeshe meanby dul/explanations?
3 What is beingpatronising?

b ln pairs, think of some tips on how to solve the followingprobtems.

I not being understood 2 beingpatronising
3 explainingdifficultconcepts 4 sounding
dull

C )r.o Richard is giving some advice about the problemsin Exercise l4b.
Listen and summarisehis ideas. Compare his tips with your suggestions.

15 d Richard has made notes for a

guided tour of a site. The project
is a skyscraperin the early
stagesof construction.During
the tour he explainsthe technical
terms to the non-specialistgroup.
ln pairs, discuss the following
terms and try to interpret them
using everydaylanguageto
rephrasethem.

SUBSTRUCTURE
Pi/e foundations (in generaD
Bored in situ concrete pi/es
Pre-cast driven concrete pi/es
Pi/e driver
7/e auger
Bentonite

)t.l Rictrarais givinga tour of a constructionsite. Listen and make notes

of his explanationsof the followingtechnicalterms. Compareyour ideas
with his.
I the substructure the.e*rt.-of.th.e.5tvract$re.5 pre-castpiles
6 to drivein (a pile)
be!p.w.9!,.q!^14....................
2 a pile foundation 7 a piledriver
3 to bore (a pile) 8 a pileauger
4 in situ concrete 9 bentonite

t2 Unit 1 Technologyin use

 I

Listen again and compare Richard's explanations with the tips in Exercise
l4c. Which techniques did he use? Were they successful?

Complete the following table using the words in the box.

basicatty(x2) ca[[ effectivety essentially imagine other
picture refer sinrpk simply

Function Words/ Phrases

1 Simpti[ring
the language 1n sinple terms/ put / in -words f-
2 Simptifoing the concept / - / -
3 Focusing on technicalterms whatwe / whatwe- to as
4 lltustratingwith images if you- / if you

ln pairs, practise explaining the technical terms in Exercise l5a using the
simplified words and phrases in Exercise l5d.

t6 Read the textbook description of two types of pile foundation. Use the words
and phrases in Exercise l5d and the following notes to rephrase it.

From a structural perspective, pile foundations can be divided into

two categories: end-bearing piles and friction piles.
lmargirnewartev
End-bearing piles are driven or bored through soft ground in order at\á the sea|beL
to attain firm substrata below. The pile then transmits load vertically
Like statrráitg o\ to firm subsoil or bedrock. The soft ground surrounding the sides of
stilts i\ warfev
the pile is structurally redundant.
Friction piles counteract downward loads from the structure
Like ar h4il i\
through frictional resistance between the sides of the pile and the
woo)t
surrounding ground, and do not therefore rely on firm substrata. In
luaargile ar leg some cases, the diameter of the concrete at the pile's base is widened
a,|\), é\ Poo| by compaction, allowing the increased area to give the friction pile a
certain degree of end-bearing resistance.

17 You are showing a non-specialist visitor around your company and explaining
technical concepts using simplified language. In pairs, practise explaining a
product or type of technology that you are familiar with.

Unit 1 Technology
in use 13
I
n
a
a
UNIT 2
Describingspecific materiats
Categorisingmaterials
o Specifoingand describing
properties
Discussingquatityrissues

- Describingspecificmateriats
ln pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of
recycling.Use the following examples and your own ideas.

breaking
up ships demol.ishing
buitdings recycling
electronicsscrapping
cars

2a Read the following web page and complete the missing headings using the
words in the box.

Aluminium Copper Gtass Plastic Rubber 5tecl Timber

1ííE
c YcLABLE Li!ÁÍERl ALs
t Sfeel Scrap can be sortedeasilyusing magnetism.lf the metalis galvanised(coated
withzinc)the zinc is Íu||y
recyc|ab|e'
|Íit is stain|essstee|,othermeta|smixedwiththe iron,
such as chromiumand nickel,can also be recoveredand recycled. rE
2 - Soding is critical,as thereare key differencesbetweenthe clearand coloured
materialused in bottlesand Jars,and the high-gradematerialused in engineering
applications,which containstraces of metals. y
3 - Scarcitymakes recyc|ingespecia|lydesirab|e,and justiÍies
the cost of removinginsulation
Írome|ectricwires,which are a majorsource of scrap. Pure meta|can also be
recoveredfrom alloysderivedfrom it, notablybrass (whichalso containsquantitiesof zinc,
and oftenlead)and bronze(whichcontainstin). t-
4 - The cost of meltingdown existingmetalis significantly cheaperthan the
process of electrolysis,
energy-intensive which is requiredto extractnew metalfrom ore. rE
5 - Hardwoodand softwoodcan be reused,However,the frequentneed to
removeironmongeryand saw or planeoff damagededges,can make the processcostly. y
6 - Tyresare the primarysourceoÍrecyc|ab|e materia|.
These can be reusedwho|e
in certainapplications.They can also be groundintocrumbs which havevarieduses. y
7 - An obstacleto recyclingis the need to son waste carefully.
Whilesome types
can be melteddown for reuse,manycannot,or resultin low-gradematerial. y
a)

74 Unit 2 Materiatstechnology

T
 I

Match the materials from the web page (l-8) in Exercise 2 to the
definitions (a-h).
1 stainlesssteet.,''a a metalusedto makebrass,andin galvanisedcoatingson steel
2 zinc I b the predominant metalin steel
3 iron \c a \rpe of steelnot needinga protectivecoating,as it doesn'trust
4 bronze d a dense,poisonousmetal
5 lead e rocksfromwhichmetalscanbe extracted
6 hardwood f an a[[oymadefromcopperandtin
7 ore g timberfrompinetrees
8 softwood h timberfromdeciduous trees

Compfete the following sentences using from, with or of .

I Bronze containssignificantamounts o{ copper.
2 Calvanisedsteel is steel coated -zinc.
3 Steel is an alloy derived- iron.
4 Pure metals can usuallybe recovered- alloys.
5 To producestainlesssteel, iron is mixed other metals.
6 Stainlesssteel containsquantities chromiumand nickel.
7 Glass tablewarecontainstraces - metals,such as lead.
8 When new metal is extracted ore, the costs can be high.

ln pairs, ask and answer questions about different materials using the
following phrases.

3 a lrina, an ecological adviser, is

talking to a group of engineers
on a training course about
environmentally friendly design.
ln pairs, discuss the ideas
from her slide and give some
examples.

)z.t Listen to an extract from the talk and compare your

ideas with what lrina says. What example does she use to
illustrate her main point?

)z.z lrina asks the engineers to do a simplified

environmental audit. Their task is to compare steel and
aluminium car bodywork from an ecological perspective.
Listen to Sophia and Pete, two of the engineers, discussing
the topic and make notes of their ideas.

ln pairs, do an environmental audit for the following

applications and materials. Use the words and phrases in
the box.
Application Materials
wiresin vehicles
I electrical copperandaluminium
2 externalwallsin houses bricksand softwood
as far as I know ... I think so / I'd say so I'm (not) sure
thats an importantconsideration that needsto be researched
coated derived mixed recovered recycled
- Categorisingmaterials
What do you know about braking systems? In pairs, discuss the following
questions.
I Cenerallyspeaking,what do brakes do and how do they work?
2 What kinds of materialare used in brake pads and brake discs in different
vehicles?

5a Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the
colours green and red refer to?

b In pairs, answer the following questions.

I Why do most braking systemswaste energy?
2 What are regenerativebraking systems,and how do they save energy?
3 What characteristicsare requiredof materialsused for the brakes on racingcars?
4 What is meant by heat soak, and why is it a problem in racingcars?

GREEN BrÜAKEs
- A RED HOT TOPIC IN MOTOR RACING
As motor racing goes green, materials, and discs made of
Formula I is aiming to lead feÜous metal. The resulting
automotive research in finding friction generates heat, which
hi-tech efficiency gains. One is wasted. In performance cars,
of the keys to this ecological this phenomenon is taken
drive is regenerative braking to extremes, and due to the
(also known as kinetic energy high temperatures generated, The potential for recovering
recovery), which recovers brake discs are often made out energy also extends to the
energy generated during of ceramics. heat generated by engines
deceíeration.and stores it as a
The carbon discsand pads used and exhaust systems. This
source of power for subsequent
on Formula I cars generate area has also been discussed
acceleration.
so much heat that they glow as a oossible area for future
Regenerative brakes limit red hot. High temperatures exploitation in motor racing.
the energy loss inherent in are, in fact, necessary for the Heat recovery might offer the
traditional braking systems. In effective operation of carbon added benefit of reducing
most vehicles. conventional brakes. But there3 still plenty heat soak ítherma|absorption
brakes comprise pads of potential for recovering the by the chassisf as delicate
previouslymade from asbestos- kinetic energy, rather than alloy parts and sensitive non-
based composites, but now mere|y dissípating it ín the metallic materials, such as
consisting of compounds* form of heat. polymers, are susceptible to
of exotic. non-hazardous heat damage.

C Match the materiats from the text (l-7) to the descriptions (a-g).

1 compounds1 a materialsthat are not metal

2 exotic \ U iron and steel
\
3 ferrous \ g combinationsof materials
4 ceramics d mixture of metals
5 al.Loy e plastic materials
6 non-metallic f mineralstransformedby heat
7 polymers g rareor complex

16 Unit 2 Materialstechnology

I
 I

ln pairs, take turns to describe an object using the words from Exercise 5c
and the phrases in the box. Ask your partner to guess what it is.

comprise consistof madefrom madeof madeout of

6 a You are going to give a talk on compositestechnologyat a construction

materialstrade fair. In part of the talk, you focus on reinforcedconcrete
as a well-knownexampleof a compositematerial. Prepare your talk using
words and phrasesfrom this section and the followingnotes.

hmpositematerials
(ammonetample:reinforcedconcrete(verywidelyusedcomposite)
Lement(derived
fron lime)
-
ftgregate f:i:r:fgrrg"te(und)+clarseaggregate
(qravelor crushed

Water + chemical additives (e.9.plasticiser to improve w1rk^bility)

kinforcement (steel barq fixed together withsteel tie wirQ

b ln small groups, take turns to give your talk.

c Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a

high-voltage cable. Before you listen, label
the cross-section with the parts (a-e).
a insulation
b wateroroofmembrane
c outerjacket
d armouredprotection 2
e conductor

)z3 tisten to the descriptionand

check your answersin Exercise6c.

Match the parts of the cable (a-e) in

Exercise6c to the followingcategoriesof
materials (l -5). You will need to use some parts more than once.
I non-metallic at 4 non-ferrousmetal
2 metallic 5 polymer-based
3 ferrous metal -

Imagineyou are presentinga product or applianceyou knowwell to a

potential client. Describethe categoriesof material used to make the
different parts.

Unit 2 Materiatstechnology t7
I Specifyingand describingproperties
8a In pairs, discuss what you know about the properties of Kevlar@and how it
is used.

b Read the following extract from DuPont'"'s technical guide to Kevlar@.

Compare the information with your ideas from Exercise 8a.

\^/HATIS KEVLAR,@?
DtrPontÍl'1KEVLAB@is an orgarricfiber
in the arornaiicpolyanridefanri{y.
The
lunique propertiesand distinctchemical
Co|-1pos|Llonot KEVLÁRe distingtrisn
tllan nlade
it Íromothercot-,rtllercia]'
Íibers'

KEVLAR@has a uniqueconrbination
of l'rrgh
nroduius, toughness, abrasion
resrstance stabilty.lt r,vas
ar'crIlrernral
developedfor der-nanciing industrial
arldadvanced-technology applrcations.
Currently. rrany types of KEVLAR@ are
procluced to rrreeTa oroadrirngeof end
usesthatrequirestrong,ltghtwerght.
cltirablerraterials.
CopyrightDuPontde Nemours

DuPont"andKevtar@
areregistered of E.I.duPontde Nemours
or trademarks
trademarks or its affitiates
Company

Find words in the text in Exercise 8b to match the following definitions.

1 foraghness : the opposite of fragility
2 - : resistanceto damage caused by friction
3-:reS|Stancetoproblemscausedbytemperaturechange
4 -: long-lasting
5 - : the opposite of heavy

9a Match the automotive parts (l -5) to the descriptions (a-e).

t drivebelts a sheetsinsertedbetweenpartsto preventgasor fluid leakage
2 brakepads b pneumatic envelopesin contactwiththe roadsurface
3 tyres c flexiblebandsusedin transmissionsystems
4 sealinggaskets d protective gunshots
capableof resisting
barriers
armour
5 butlet-resistant e padspressed againstdiscsto inducedeceteration

Read the information from DuPont'uon the following page explaining some
of the automotive applications of [email protected] the text using the
automotive parts in Exercise 9a.

18 Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
 I

(1)-
Car and trr-rck haverncorporated allolvthernto lastloi'rgand stop the rrelricle
Kevlar@intotheirconstruction
becauseit offers saÍe|y and qrtietly.
J<ur frrnco r l _v r n
p ru lr t lavi r( u r roa . oe h
u rl o
r corlnu' l O rU lHOl 'g)l)iOl !8, Kev|ar@providesan eÍÍectlrle' 1ightweight
T h e h r g h| n o d U I U aS n c ja b Í a S | o lrle s | S t a l l c o
ef (4)- for r.'ehrcies
solutiorr thatrequrre
Kevlar@ help (2) retaintheir or ginal protectionagains{ballisticattack.allowingcars
c,h:np an.l lprrcrnn n\/Ar lhe tTlrllrgpt Ot and lighttrucksto retainmost of theiroriginal
revolrrt,crrts
tlteuno througnoverlhe litespano{ handiingcharacteristics.
a venrcte. C h e r n r c .srtl a i l i i i ta\1 o l l r e !! a ' s l a D , l ' ir)e i o
The frictiona| Íorcesthat(3)- are designed make(5) reinÍorced with Keviar@pulp
t o e n d u r et a k el e s so f a t o l lo r rt l \ o s en ' d d ew r t i r strongancjdurable.The gaivaniccorrosion
Kerrlar@ pulp.The enhancedthernralstability resrstance of Kevlar'@ also contributesto
and inherentabrasionresistanceof KevlariS irnprovediong ternrengrneperfonrance.

ln pairs, discuss why the properties of Kevlar@are especially important for

each application described in the text.

)Z.q Listen to a conversation about the properties of materials used in a

specific type of tool and answer the following questions.
1 Where does the conversationtake place?
2 What tool is being discussed?
3 Which materialscan be used for its differentoarts?

Complete the following extracts from the conversation using the properties
in Exercise 8c. Listen again and check your answers.
1 The handle mustn't be heavy.ldeallg, Aou wont it to be
2 Resistingfrictionis essential.The keg requirementis-
5 The bur has to be built to last. Obviouslg, theg need to be verg
4 Heat builds up in the bur. You need o good degree of -

Match the words and phrases ( | -5) from Exercise | 0b to the synonyms
(a-e).

1 ideal.ty a iís clearthat

2 obviously b for the bestresults
3 the lastthingyouwant c the mostimportant fuctor
4 the keyrequirement d a lot ofl a hightevelof
5 a gooddegreeof e the worstsituation

a You work for a manufacturer of .,-\

Harprme's a! Joi're"s' hatmme's (tov rattls)
hand tools and have ;;;';;n* a
ro)Ltau'rphatwrmets(fov uaatsorrvy chisels)
investigate using alternative materials
- -
in your products. ln pui.., ."uá tr'" Co\siáev the harr"rmerheotA at\A the harmwrevshart|.
notes and discuss the main properties Satws a| Wooá Sarws(€ o v cta|tirrgwooá)
required of the materials used to make b) Harcksarws(fov craffirrg uaetatl)
the too|s. Coqsiáev |he satwb|oA,e aúO,|v\e sarwhatr,táleo" €varrre.
Think of a product you know well.
ln pairs, discuss the materials used in it and what properties make the
materials suitable. Discuss whether alternative materials could be used.

Unit 2 Materiatstechnology 79
 I qualityissues
Discussing
72 In pairs, answerthe followingquestions.
I ln advertising, whathi-tech,high-performance
situationsare oftenusedto promotewatches?
2 Whatmessagesare theyintendedto sendaboutthe
qualityof products?
3 What qualityissuesdifferentiate watches
higher-quality
ones?
from lower-quality
4 What is the differencebetweendescribingsomethingas
and waterproon
water-resistant

13a )ls touisa, a marketingexecutivefor a watch

manufacturer,is discussingmaterial selectionwith
Tom,one of her engineeringcolleagues.Listen to the
discussionand completethe four quality issues that are
mentionedin the meeting.
I - resistance
2 -resistance
3 -resistance
4 -resistance

b In pairs, discuss what is meant by each of the quality

issuesin Exercise13a.

14a )z.s tisten again and answerthe followingquestions.

I What pointdoes Tommakeaboutthe reasonsfor selectingmaterials?
2 What does he say aboutsubmarine-grade steelto exemplifythe above
point?
3 Whatproblemdoeshe describewithregardto the marketability of many
materials?
4 What hard commercialfact does Louisagive?

ln pairs, mark the followingstatementsTrue fI) or False (F)accordingto

the viewsexpressedin the conversation.Read the audioscripton page 87
and check your answers.
I Often,exotic-sounding technically.
materialsare notthat suitable,
2 Peoplethinkthat a submarinesteelwatchmustbe tremendously
water-resistant.
3 The corrosionresistanceof submarinesteelis exceptionally good.
4 Submarine-grade steellooksfairlygood.
5 Tomthinkssubmarinesteelis particularly suitablefor watches.
6 The firm has oftenused materialsthat are not adequatelydurable.
7 Often,the compositionsof good watchmaterialsare relativelycomplex.
8 Materialswith complicatednamesare prettygoodfor marketing.

20 Unit 2 Materialstechnotogy
I
E"
E-.- r

C )z.O Listen to the followingphrasesfrom the conversationand undertinethe

stressed syllable. Practise saying the phrases.
I not patjeularlysuitable 4 tremendously marketable
2 exceptionally resistant 5 relativelycomplex
3 notat all suitable 6 notall thatgood

d Completethe followingtable usingthe words in the box.

cxrcÉia*y fairty insufficientty notadequatety not(alt)that
notpartí.culartypÍetty ntativety tetendousty

extremely quite not very not enough definitelynot

excepfiohrrlly

15 In pairs, discussthe key propertiesand differenttypes and grades of

the followingmaterials.Give examplesof the propertiesthat make each
material good or bad for watch-making,from a quality perspective.
Materials
steel glass atuminiumtitanium gotd ptastic copper rubber

Properties
water-resistant abrasion-resistant corrosion-resistant shock-resistant touqh
brittLe etastic durable heavy Lightweight thermaltystable

16 ln small groups,choose a well-knownconsumerproduct or applianceand

discuss it from a quality perspective.How suitable are the materials used?
How good is the product,comparedwith others sold by competitors?

Unit 2 Materialstechnology 27
I Describing
component
shapes
andfeatures
t What do you know about the electrical plugs and sockets used in different
countries?ln pairs, describe some specificdesigns.

2a )lt Jan, a project managerfor a firm that manufactureselectricalplugs

and sockets, is briefing some of his engineeringcolleagues. Listen to the
briefingand summarisethe aim of the project.

fn pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of the pins and standard

tu
configuration.

)U Erin, an engineerwith the same company,is describingdifferent

electricalplug and socket formats during the briefing.Listen and matchthe
descriptions(l -6) to the pictures (a-fl.

e_
22 Unit 3 Componentsand assembties
 I

d Complete the following phrases from the descriptions using adjectives

based on the words in brackets.
1 ... there are c\vcviav pins for live and neutral. (circle)
2 .. . the earth slot's got a flat base with one side over to form a
semi-circle.(round)
3 This one has blades for live, neutral and earth... (rectangle)
4 ... it has a - slot to receive the earth pin. (cylinderl
5 ... the pins are arranged in - configuration. (line)
6 ... theg're laid out in -configuration (triangle)

g )t.l Listen and underline the stressed syllable in each of the following
words.
redangle rectangular triangle triangular
cylinder cylindrical line linear

3 a )S.l Listen to a longer description from the meeting. Which picture (a-0 in
Exercise 2c does Erin describe?

b Complete the following extracts from the description using the correct form
of the words in the box.

flushwith groove ffie pin recess ridge set back

1 ... there's a circular slot at the top. It'sobviouslg a btind V,ole , i7

doesn't go right through.
2 . .. there ore two plastic , one on either side of the plug
casing, and theg slot into corresponding - at each side of the
socket.lnaddition.thecentreofthesocketls-.Soratherthan
being
the front of the socket, on the same face, the circular area
that receives the plug /s - from the surrounding casing ...
3 These covers onlg open when pressure is applied to both bg the two
- of the plug simultaneouslg.

C !n pairs, describe the different plug and socket formats in the pictures in
Exercise 2c.

4 a )l.s Andy and Karin, two electrical engineers, are evaluating a plug and
socket format in Exercise 2c. Listen to the conversation and make notes of
the advantages and disadvantages of the following features.
1 Plug slots into a recessin the socket:
Advantages
Disadvantages
2 Covers protect live and neutral slots:
Advantages
Disadvantages

b ln pairs, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the plug and socket
formats in Exercise 2c. Use the following phrases from the conversation.

an advantage/disadvantageof this formatis ... anotheradvantage/disadvantage is ...

the problemwiththis systemis ... this (shapeformatfeature) stops... from... -ing
this (shape/format/feature)
attows it to ,/ hel.ps
it to / makesit easyto / makesit difficuttto ...

Unit 3 Components
and assemblies 23
n Explaining manufacturing
andassessing
techniques
5 ln pairs, think of some examples of machining operations that are often
used in manufacturing involving metalworking.

6a )l.S Suan, a sales engineer with a metal fabrication company, is showing Mr

Barrett, a new customer, around their plant. Listen to the conversation
and mark the statements Ti'ue (T) or False (F).
I The company specialisesin sheet metal working.
2 The company does a lot of metal casting.
3 Metal bashing is a precisetechnicalterm for hammering.
4 Drills and milling machinesare alwaysnoisy.
5 Crinding is a processthat uses abrasives.
6 The press is used for shearingmetal.

Complete the following training material for graduate engineers using the
words in the box.

Dritting Flame-cuttingMitting Sawing Shearing

|l|GItGl|l|l0ut HnlÜ[I|0l|: cl|ITll|s0ptllll 0l|s

l'|fiilÜilGT||R
Key Íactorsin determiningthe most appropriatecuttingtechniqueare:materia|
characteristics(notablyhardness,and thermaland electricalproperties),
componentthickness,componentshape and complexity,requirededge quality,and \
productionvolume.Select cuttingoptionsbelow for a detailedanalysisof techniques.

Gunil8oPiloilS
(1)-:abrasivecutting,removingakeíoÍmateria|.|nc|udescuttingwithtoothedb|ades
and abrasivewheels. @
(2)-:useofpressureonsmooth-edgedb|adesforguillotiningandpunching@
(3)-:remova|ofmateria|acrosstheÍu||diameteroÍaho|e,orusinghole-sawsfor
kens. j!!il!*
cuttingcircumÍerentiar
(4)-:remova|ofsurfacelayerswithmu|tip|ecuttingwhee|passes@
(5)-:usingoxyfue|(oxygen+combustib|egas'oftenacety|ene).@

C Complete the following definitions using the words in the box.

abrasivewheel guitLotine hole-saw kerf punch toothedblade

I A pq\ch makes holes by applyingpressureto shear the material.

2A-makesstraightcutsbyapp|yingpressuretoshearthe
material.
3 A- is the width of the saw cut.
4 A- has sharp edges for cuttingor milling.
5 A- has a hard, rough surfacefor cuttingor grinding.
6A-cutsacircularoiecetoremoVeanintactcoreofmateria|.

24 Unit 3 Components
and assemblies

I
 I

7 a Read the following extract of promotional literature from a leading producer

of ultra-high-pressure(UHP) waterjet cutting machines. ln pairs, explain the
phrases in bold.

\ A /hat makeswaterjets
V V Water jets
sucha popularcuttingoption?
requirefew secondaryoperations,
producenet-shapedparts with no heat-affectedzone,heatdistortion,
= Ffow
or mechanicalstressescausedby othercuttingmethods, can cut with
a narrow kerí and can providebetterusageof raw materia|sinceparts
can be tightly nested.As a resultof the FlowMasterruPC controlsystem
and intuitiveoperation,waterjetsareextremelyeasyto use.Typically,
operatorscan be trainedin hoursand areproducinghigh-quality partsin
hours.Additionally,waterjets cancut virtually
any material,leaving
a satin-
smoothedge.

)l.l fvan is talking to Mr Barrett about UHP waterjet cutting. Listen to the
conversation and match the phrases in the box to the extracts (1-4).

heat-affected
zone mechanical
stresses narrowkerf parts
net-shaped

Extract I Extract3
Extract 2 Extract4

Complete the following extracts from the conversation by underlining the

correct phrases.
1 So theg are especiallg good when / not so good when gou have intricate
shapes.
2 Saw blades are obviouslg pertect when / useless when you're cutting curved
shdpes.
3 ... sawing is the ideal solution / not the best solution if gou want to avoid
altering the material.
4 ... it's ideal for / totallg unsuitable for metals.

8 In pairs, assess the different cutting techniques in terms of

o shape/size of cut o material types/characteristics . cut width/quality.
Use the phrases in the box.

ideaL/perfect/especiaU.ygood for + -ing the ideal./perfect solutionfor

not particutarlysuitable/ not so good if you need ...
not the best sotutionif you don't want ... totalty unsuitabte/ useless

Cuttingtechniques Shape/sizeof cut

dril.l.ing
with a bit angular bLindhol.es curved large sma[[ straight
dritLingwith a hole-saw thick thin throuqh hotes
flame-cutting
grinding Material types/characteristics
gui[[otining ceramics metals plastics timber hard tough
mil.Ling brittte
punching
sawing Cut width/quality
waterjetcutting heat-affected
zone narrowkerfs no kerf roughedges
smoothedges widekerfs

Unit 3 Components
and assemblies 25
I Explainingjointing and fixingtechniques
9 In pairs, think of some examples of ways of joining materials together.

10a )g.A pearo, a purchasing manager with a kitchen appliance manufacturer, is

talking to Alicia, a sales manager from one of their main suppliers. Listen to
the conversation and answer the following questions.
1 What objectivedoes Pedro describe regardinghis company'srelationship
with suppliers?
2 What is Alicia concernedabout?
3 How does he respond to her concerns?

Complete the following table using the words in the box.

adhesive ü'ott ctip rivet screw weld

Mechanicalfixings Non-mechanicalfixings
bolf

C Label the photos (l-5) with the words in Exercise lOb.

l welá 3_

Match the types of connection in the box to the following groups.

botting bonding connccting fixing gtuing joining riveting welding

1 corr\ectiqg : describes any kind of connection.

2 - : describesmechanicalconnectionsonlv.
: describesnon-mechanicalconnections
only.

26 Unit3 Components
andassemblies
 T

l1 d Complete the following questions using the words in the box.

eachother on onto to together

I How can we fix these two components- ?

2 How can we fix these two componentsto - ?
3 H o w c a n w e f i x t h i s c o m p o n e n t- ?
4 How can we fix this component I- this component?

b Complete the following training web page using the words in Exercise | | a.
a

il[ilUrA8IUB
ll|Bllcl|l|l|lÜtEURIÜII!
0l|:J0ll|Isll|l| rilIilBs
The most suitable method ot joÍning components depends on many tactots, whích
extend beyond the obvious íssue oÍ requírcd strength.
. Wil|the .jointneed to be disconnectedin the Íuture?|Ía part is bo|ted(1)- , it can obvious|y
be removedat a |aterdate. |Ítwo componentsare bonded to (2)- with strongadhesive,or
welded (3)- then subsequentremovalwill clearlybe more difficult.@
. What externalfactors might affectthe joint? Water or heat can weaken adhesivejoints.And no
matterhow tightlynuts are screwed (4)- bolts, vibrationcan cause them to work loose
^.,^- +i-^ 4tllF
vvvr Lil rv. tllllliblr

. How quality-sensitive is the jointingtechnique?Componentsare rarelyjoined(5)- each

other in idealconditions.lnadequatelytightenedfixings,improperlypreparedsurfaces,or flawed
welds are inevitable.How could such imperfectionsaffectthe jointnegatively?@

-
<'t

C In pairs, answer the following questions using the information on the web
page in Exercise 1I b.
I What are the main advantageand disadvantageof mechanicalfixings?
e f n o n - m e c h a n i c jaol i n t i n g ?
2 W h a t i s t h e m a i nd i s a d v a n t a go
3 What issues can negativelyaffectmechanicalfixings and non-mechanical
joints?

72 a ln pairs, discuss the followingjointing techniques used in aircraft and say

how the parts are fixed together.
1 Early aircraft:timber frame / adhesiveor screws
2 Modern jet aircraft:alloy body panels / rivets
3 Aircraft cabins:seats/floor/bolts
4 Aircraftcockpit:windshield/fuselage/adhesive

b Your company has launched a competition for its engineers to build a

homemade model glider that is as cheap as possible to assemble. ln pairs,
discuss what types of materials and joints you could use.

Unit 3 Components
and assembties 27
nDescribingpositionsofassemb1edcomponents
13a ln pairs, read the title of the article and suggest ways of making a garden
chair fly. Discuss any potential problems.

b Read the article and match the questions (a-d) to the paragraphs (l -4).
a How did the actual flight differfrom the one that was planned?
b What incidentsoccurredjust beforeand just after the landing?
c What is said about the modern equivalentof this type of activity?
d What componentswere used to assemblethe flying machine?

CRAZYBUTTRUE:LARRYWALTERSANDTHEFLYINGGARDENCHAIR
I On July 2, L982, a Californian gradually to earü. But as the curious spectacle outside, as
truck driver named I-arry helium gas contained within wide-eyed as the garden chair
\ü?'alterssat outside his house the balloons warmed up in the pilot hovering beside them.
on a garden chair.To say that summer sun, it progressively
Evenrually, after managing
he was out to get some air generated more lift. \ü7hen the
to shoot some balloons, Mr
is an understatement, for anchor ropes were released,
Walters descended safely to
projecting above him a cluster the self-assembly airship shot
earth despite an anchor rope,
of ropes was tiedto 42 helium- up like a rocket. Too shocked
which was still suspended
fi lled weather balloons. Anchor to reach for üe pistol inserted
beneaú üe chair, getting
ropes, situated underneath úe in his pocket, the first-time
tangled with a power line
chair, were fastened around pilot held on for life. In iust
located alongside the landing
the bumper of his car, which a few minutes, l-arry rWalters
site (in someone's garden).
was positioned just below the was 16'000 feet above üe
He was immediately arrested
makeshift flying machine. ground, floating over the
by waiting police of6cers, and
city of l-ong Beach. A short
2 MrWalters intended to climb was later fined for breaking
time later, there were furüer
gently to an altitude of a few Federal aviation laws.
complications; he suddenly
hundred feet, before drifting
found himselfinside controlled Today, cluster ballooning,
slowly out of town and across
airspace, adjacent to Long while still a fairly marginal
country. He then planned
Beach Airport. The occupants sport, is steadily starting to
to use an airgun to shoot
of passing Delta Airlines and gain in popularity.
some balloons and descend
T$íA aircraft looked on at the

C Answerthe questionsin ExerciseI 3b.

74 a Label the diagramsusingthe prepositionsin the box.

abor/e adjacent to alongside around below beneath beside

"8.
inside outside over underneath within

a atbove
'!.
!
,ffi
u a

28 U n i t 3 C o m p o n e n tasn da s s e m b l Í e s
 I

complete the following sentences about the flying garden chair using the
prepositions in the box. Check your answers against the text in Exercise t 3b.

in above around beneath within

1 Projecting the chair was a clusterof ropes' tied to 42

helium-filledweather balloons.
2 Anchor ropes were fastened the bumper of the car.
3 Larry Walters had an airgun inserted - his pocket.
4 T h e h e l i u mc o n t a i n e d t h e b a l l o o n sw a r m e du p i n t h e s u n '
5 After takeoff,the anchor ropes remainedsuspended- the chair.

complete the following descriptions of how the garden chair airship was
assembled by underlining the correct words.
I A quantityof helium gas was contained/suspendedinside each balloon.
2 A tube was inserted/projectedinside the openingsof the balloons,to inflate
them.
3 The balloonswere situated/suspendedover the chair,in a large cluster.
4 The chair was containedisuspended under the balloons by ropes.
5 Arm rests,contained/locatedbeside the pilot, at each side, helped to hold him
in place.
The landinggear,inserting/projectingbelow the seat, consisted,simply,of the
chair legs.
7 The pilot was positioned/projectedunderneaththe balloons,so his weight
was low down.

d Wtrictr two other words have the same meaning as positioned?

contained fastened inserted Located projected situated suspended

t5 a In pairs,look at the photo and describehowyou think the cluster

balloonis assembledfrom the followingcomponents.

bags balloons helium nytonropes nylonstraps paragtiding

harness
batlast ties tape
pLasticcabte sand/water

b )il Eva and Lenny, two engineers working for an extreme sports
equipment manufacturer,are discussing cluster ballooning.
Listen to the conversation and summarise what they say about
the following issues.
I a s s e m b l yt i m e the advantageof tying
2 how olastic cable ties are used e a c h i n d i v i d u abl a l l o o n
3 a tree structure the problem of using a net
4 how water bags are used to containthe balloons

In pairs, discuss ways of overcoming the problems mentioned in the

conversation. How could cluster ballooning be made more accessible to
a mass market? What other equipment/assembliescould be used?

and assembties
Unit 3 Components
This glossarycontains usefultechnicalwords from the texB and audioscriptswhich are not coveredspecificallyin the exercises.

bearing mechanismcontainingballs or rollers placed around a componentwhich spins,e.g. a shaft,to reduce

friction
belt (drivebelt) closed band placed around two or more wheels (pulleys),allowingone wheel to drive the other(s)
cable rope made of many wires,usually metal
component individualpart of an assembly/mechanism
electromagnetic generatedmagneticfie|d
haíuses an e|ectrica||y
foundation base supportinga buildingor structure,usuallymade of concrete
gears wheelswith cogs (teeth)which mesh togetherto transferdrive from one wheel to the other wherethe
wheels are side by side
inertia the resistanceof an obtectto accelerationor decelerationdue to its mass
lubricant |iquidor viscous so|id (e.g.oil) used to reducefriction betweenmovingparts whose surÍacesare touching
(electric)motor device which transformselectricalenergyinto rotary motion
pile foundationcomprisinga vertical columnof concretein the ground
propeller device with spinning blades used to push boats or aircraftthroughwater or air
reinforcement networksoffibres or bars placed inside a materialto strengthenit, e.g.steel reinforcementin concrete
remote control siystemused to control a device or vehiclefrom a distance,usuallyvia a wirelessconnection
sheave alternativeterm for pulley (seebert above)
solar power energyfrom sunlightconvertedinto electricalenergy
strength-to-weight toughnessof a materia|(abi|ityto resist breaking)re|ativeto its density (density = masívo|ume)
ratio
structuralengineer engineerspecialisingin the design of structures,e.g. bridges
wind load force exerted on a structureby the wind
wireless signal transmissionwithout a physicalconnectionby wire, e.g. by radio wavesor infraredwaves

aggrega[e solid particles or lumps of material used in a mixture,e.g. sand and gravelin concrete
automotive related to vehicle design and manulacturing
blade cutting device,often metal with a sharp or toothed edge
cement lime-basedpowder mixed with water to make concrete
chassis base of a vehicleto which all main componentsare fixed
composite(material) combined materials;consistsof a bulk material (calleda matrix) reinforcedwith fibres or bars, e.g.glass-
reinforcedplastic [plasticmatrix with glass fibres)
conductor material that conducB (carrieslelectricityor heat - in engineering,usuallyrefiersto an electrical
conductor
electrolysis passing an electricalcurrent througha liquid or solid in order to separatechemicalcompounds
exhaust systemfor evacuatingsmoke or gases,e.g.from an engine
galvanized coated with zinc - us€d to protect steel from corrosion (rustingl
insulation protectivelayer to preventor reduceconductionof heat or electricity
ironmongery collectiveterm for small metal items commonlyused in buildings,e.g.door handles,hinges,screws,nails
kinetic energy energy in the form of movement,e.g.a spinningwheel
melt down changea solid substanceinto a liquid by heating it
membrane thin layer of material,often acting as a barrier,e.g.to preventwater passing
puncture hole causinga leak of air or liquid, e.g. in a tyre
rust common name br iron oxide - producedwhen iron corrodesas a result of exposureto air and water
scrap used/recoveredmaterial intendedfor recycling;often refersto metal

108 Glossaryof technicatterms

acetylene gas commonlymixedwithoxygenin welding(oxy-acetylene)
ballast densematerialusedto add weight,e.g.as a counter-balance
or to resistlift
cable tie plastic strap used to fix severalcables togetherside by side, or to fix cables to a supportingstructure
casting pouringmoltenmaterialinto a mould
eartn electricalconnectionbetweena circuitand the ground
live in a mainselectricalcircuit,the wirethroughwhichcurrentflowsinto an appliance- also meansa circuit
is energised(currentis flowing)
machining collectiveterm for processesinvolvingcutting,drilling,etc.
millingmachine machineWithcuttingwhee|susedto cut awaythe surfaceof metá|in thin |ayers
neutral in a mainselectricalcircuit,the wirethoughwhichcurrentflowsout of an appliance

black bolt in construction,

an ordinarybolt
cabletray long metalplateon whichcablesare laid - designedto supportlargenumbersofcables
column verticalsupport in a structure
constructionjoint ioint beMeen two sectionsof concretethat were poured at differenttimes (whereconcretestructuresare
poured in severalstages)
duct large section pipe,with a circularor square profile,for carryingair; or a protectivecover for cables or
hoses
fabrication making/assembling,
often used to describe metalwork
fixings collectiveterm ficrbolts, screws,rivets and clips
high strengthfriction bolt which holds plates togetherby friction (grippingthem tightly together)rather than by shear force
erip [HSFG)bolt
M&E abbreviationfor mechonicaland electrical - in construction,refersto electricalinstallations,water
pipes,air-conditioning,
etc.
pour lconcrete) Dlace/castconcrete
slab large flat area of concrete,for a floor or roof

'fu$iffiÉÉ
clearance distancebetweencomponentsdesignedto fit togetherclosely
clutch friction mechanismallowingengine motion to be transferredto wheels progressively
coolant liquid in a cooling system
orag resistanceto movementthrougha gas or liquid,e.g.whena planemovesthroughthe air
electricalcontact point where two electricalconductorsare connected
engine often refersto an internal combustionengine- i.e. one which burns petrol or diesel
fan spinningdevicewith bladesusedto generatea flowof air
filter materialwith small holeslocatedin a flowof gas or liquid;usedto blocksolid particles,e.g.to prevent
themfrom damaginga sensitivemechanismsuchas a pump
f|aps moveab|epane|son aircraftWingsWhichincrease|iftto assist |ow.speedf|ight'e.g.during take.ofíand
landing
fly-by-wire aircraftcontrolswhich operate moveabledevices(e.9.flaps)electronically,rather than mechanically
fuel iniection systemfor injectingfuel vapour into the piston cylinderof an engine
temperaturegau€ e deviceWhichshowsa temperaturereading
gearbox casecontáiningshaftswithgears'usual|ywith a gearshiftmechanism,a||owing
gearsto be movedto
changebetweendifferentgear ratios
hydraulics oil circuitsusedto pushpistonscalledhydraulicrams
high-pressure
isolate separatean electricalcomponentor part of a circuitfrom the rest of the circuit- e.g.by openinga
switch- to preventelectricityfrom flowingthroughit
landinggear wheelsof an aircraft
looseconnection electricalconnectionthat is not fullytight,oftencausingthe circuitto be broken,preventingcurrent
from flowing
misfire whenan engineis not runningsmoothlydue to a fuelor ignitionproblem
non-serviceable part that cannotbe repairedby maintenance
technicians,
only by the manufacturer
(part)
prston mechanismwhich transferslinear motion (backwardand forwardmovement)to rotary motion (turning
usuallypushedby expandinggas
movement),

Glossaryof technicalterms 109

radiator devicethat dissipatesheat intothe air,usuallyfrom a hot liquid(e.9.coolant)that is
heat-exchange
pumpedthroughit
spoilers moveablepanelson aircraftwingswhichincreasedrag and reducelifti usedto slowaircraftwhen
descendingand on landing
starter motor e|ectricmotor in an engineusedto turn the en€ i ne in orderto start it running
suspension moveableconnectionbetweena vehicle'schassisand its wheels,consistingofspringsand dampers
tanK containerfor storingllquid
throttle acceleratorcontrolon an engine
turbine transformsa flowof fluid (liquidor gas)into rotarymovement,e.g.a windturbine
VAIVC the flowof gas or liquidalonga pipe
mechanismfor opening/closing/restricting
Unit6
beam long,narrowhorlzontalcomponentin a structure
core drill hole-sawfor drillingthroughthick materials
cra ne machinefor liftingheavyobjects,able to reachsignificantheightsand distances;includesmobilecranes
(whichwheel),towercranes(whichare supportedby a fixed tower)and gantrycranes(whichrun along
beams)
dynamic relatedto movement,e.g.a dynamicload [: a load generatedby a movingobject)
C-force f o r c e o fa c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t iIo C
n i:s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f o r c e oafc c e l e r a t i o n e x e r t e d b y g r a v i t y
jib moveablearm of a crane
lifting eye ringfixed to a heavyobjectallowinga hook (e.9.of a crane)to be attachedto enablelifting
low-loader truckwitha low flat trailer,usedfor transportinglargeheavyvehicles,especiallyconstructionplant
slings flat strapswhichcan be attachedto cranehooksand placedunderobjectsin orderto lift them
thrust pushin€ force,e.g.generatedby expandinggasesexitinga rocket
Unit 7
airinlet pointwhereair entersa deviceor process- the oppositeis air outlet
arc electricalcurrenttravelllnga shortdistancethroughthe air to flowbetweentwo conductors
Dlower pump-likemechanismwhichgeneratesairflow
circuitbreaker electricaldevicewhichinstantlybreaksa circuit(switches
off the powersupply)as a safetymeasureif a
variationin currentis detected
extinguisher deviceusedfor puttingout fires;usuallya metalcontainerwitha hoseor nozzlecontainingwater,CO,,
(fireextinguisher) powderor foam
metalcontainerwhichcontainscompressedgas,oftenin liquefiedform
guardrail safetyrail designedto preventpeoplefallingfrom highplaces
handrail (asguardrail,above)
load-bearing describesa part of a structureor assemblythat is designedto resisUtransmit
force
moisture-sensitlve can be damagedby water
off-cuts wastepiecesleftoveraftercutting
shot-blasting firingsmall metalballs propelledby compressedair as an abrasivecleaningprocess
stlo largecontainerfor storingbuIk€ r anu|ar materialssuchas grain
strain of a component(e'g'stretching)
chan€ e in size/shape due to force
switchboard controlpanelcontainingseveralswitchesfor all the individualcircuitsof an electricalinstallation
switchgear collectiveterm for switchingequipment
transformer electricaldevicefor modifyingcurrentand voltage- a step-uptransformerincreasesvoltageand reduces
current,a step-downtransformerdecreasesvoltageand increasescurrent
Unit 8
AC AlternatingCurrent
automation automaticcontrolof a system,deviceor process
CAD ComputerAided Design- computersoftwarefor producingengineering
drawings
conv€ y or beIt movingbelt whichtransportsobjectshorizontallyi processesand
oftenused in manufacturing
warenouses
downstream furtherdownthe directionofflow (e.g.in a river);used in engineering
to describeindustrlalprocesses
and the flowof liquid/airin pipe/ductnetworks(opposite= upstream)
electricutility companywhichgenerateselectricityat powerstations

110 Glossaryof technicaIterms

 I

electricalcharge stored electricity(potentialelectricalenergy)

exothermicreaction chemicalreactionwhich producesheat (opposite - endothermicreaction,which absorbs heat)
f low movementof a substance,usuallya liquidor gas (e.9.alonga pipe)
gizmo slang term for a technicaldevice,usuallyelectronic- suggeststhe device is complex
hydroelectricpower electricitygeneratedusingwater pressure(hydrostaticpressure)
mainselectricity domesticelectricitysupplysystem
manual controlledby a person - the opposite is automatlc
refrigeration processof coolingto temperaturesbelow atmospherictemperature
reservoir power
man-madelakefor storingwater,usuallyfor drinkingwateror hydroelectric
standby (on standby) when a device is ready to operate immediately,e.g.a TV that is ready to switchon when it receivesa
remotecontrol signal
vessel closed tank which can hold a pressuregreater than the atmosphericpressureoutside it

aerodynamics study of airflow e.g.over movingvehiclesand aircraft

aeronautical relatedto the design and constructionof aircraft
centre of gravity theoreticalpoint on the cross-sectionof an object from which the obiects mass is transmittedvertically
downwardsdue to gravity
compressor device for pressurisinggas (usuallyair) inside a vesselor networkof pipes/hoses
data gatherin€ collectingand recordingthe results of tests for later analysis
deformable can changeshape
deploy e.g.when skydiverspull the cord oftheir parachute,the parachuteis deployed
release/ejecvopen,
destructible can be / is designedto be broken/destroyed
DIY store Do lt Yourselfstore - hardware/ home improvementsstore selling building materials and tools to
consumers
pressuregauge devicewhich showsa pressurereading,e.g. in bar or psi [poundsper square inch)
turbulence disturbed airflow- i.e. air not flowingsmoothlyaround an obiect
vacuum volumecontainingno gas, e.g.space
windshield glass at front of a vehicleor aircraftwhich the driver or pilot looks through,also called a windscreenin
BritishEnglish

;Sffilffi
bodywork the external skin of a vehicle;usuallyconsistsof severalpanels
camber angle that is inclinedfrom horizontal,usuallyat 90 degreesto the directionof travel,e.g. the camber of
a road (theslope of the road across its width)
catenary downwardcurved line of a cable when suspendedbetweentwo supports
coastal defences large walls, blocks,etc.,constructedto protectthe coast from sea/oceanerosion
corrode degradeas a result ofa chemicalreaction,e.g.iron turning to iron oxide (rust)when exposed to water
and air
corrosron result of materialcorroding(seeabove)
derail come off the rails, e.g.trains can be derailed
detonate trigger an explosion
fail-safe cannotfail / go wrong - often used to describesafety systems
horsepower historic unit of power,has been replacedby Wbtts but still used to describe power output from engines
inaxial not in a straight line
opposingforces forcesacting in opposite directions
oscillation wave pattern
reversethrust thrust directed in the oppositedirectionto that which a vehicle/aircraftis travellingin, intended to slow
the vehicle/aircraft
rpm revolutionsper minute,used to measurethe speed of rotary motion
sled vehiclethat slides along (i.e.does not havewheels),e.g.a sled designedto travel over snow
stress the force(s)exertedon an oblect,e.g.tensilestress in a cable that is being pulled in opposite directions
superstructure the part of a structurethat is above ground level- the opposite is the substructure

Gtossaryof technicalterms 111

 The propulsion system
I Unit 1 Will the weightof the cableallowthe baseto
c
Richardsuggestsusingeverydaylanguage
2a be movedby its own propellersor will a more to avoidexplanationsnot beingunderstood;
I navigation powerfulsystemfor propulsionand control be usingsomejargonand then explainingit using
(monitoring)delivery vehicles required?For example,an externalpowersource. everydaylanguageto avoidsoundingpatronising;
3 (findin€ ) sto|encars explainingdifficultconceptsby comparing
4 drift b
Suggested answers technicalpoints with things in everydaylife to
5 man overboard illustratethem;and usingsome humour
Anchor system
6 innovativeuses of to avoidsoundingdull.
It will be oossibleto anchorthe base more
b securelyin shallowwater,nearthe coast.A 15b
I uses 3 user's;useful oermanentanchorstructurecouldbe builton 2 A columngoingdowninto the ground
2 use the oceanbed, in shallowwater.The base station 3 To drill
couldthen be fixed securelyto it with cables.lf 4 ConcreteDouredon the constructionsite in
3a severalanchor structuresare built at different
2d 3b 4f 5a 6e its final oosition
locationsalongthe coast,the base stationcan 5 Made at a factory,away from the site
4a be moved betweenthem. 6 To hammerin
I allows 3 ensures;enables Propulsionsystem 7 Likea giant hammer
prevents Tugs(powerfulboats used for pullingships) I Likea giantdrill
could be used as an external oower source. 9 A kind of claysuspension/ a sort of mud
b However,the base station could be driven by
I allows/ enables its own propellers.The large,powerfulengines d
ensures I put simply;in otherwords;basically
neededto propel it would be heavy,but that isn't
3 prevents necessarilya disadvantage,as extra mass,and 2 effectively;essentially;basically
thereforeextra inertia,would help to make the 3 what we call: what we refer to as
c
'| allow/enable base more stable. 4 if you imagine;if you picture
allow/enable 10 16
3 ensure A technicaladvantageis a type of technology Suggested answers
4 allow/enable that is superiorin someway - for example, Thereare two typesof pile foundation; end-
5 prevent bearingpilesand frictionpiles.Essentially,
more efficient,more powerfulor more reliable
- comparedwith a related type of technology end-bearingpilesare usedwhenyou havesoft
6a groundwhichis on top of hard€ r ound or rock.
6b on page8
Seetextin Exercise - for example,a competingproduct [onesold by
anothercompany)- or comparedwith an earlier Basically,the pilesgo throughthe soft ground
c model of the same product. and sit on the hardgroundbelow.lt's a bit like
2i 3a 4b 5C 6h 7c buildingover water.The soft ground is like water,
8d 9f 11a whichcan'tsupportanything,and the hard
It's a flat belt for liftingelevatoB which is used groundbelowit is like the seabed.Put simply,
7a instead of a cable. Comparedwith cables,the the pilesare like stilts.Frictionpilesare different.
support Cen2 systemhas a numberof advantages. They'reusedwhenthere'sno hardground.In
3 attached
b simpleterms,the sidesof the pile grip the soft
4 raised groundaroundthem.lf you picturea nail in a
power 2e 3b 4t 5c 6a
pieceof wood,it's the same thing.The nail is
6 ascenq c grippedby the woodaroundit. Sometimesthe
7 transport reduces 6 conventional bottomsof frictionpi|esare madeWider.|ma€ i ne
c 3 conventional 7 superior a leg with a foot at the bottom, it's the same
The notesare missingarticles(a/an,the)and 4 reduce I eliminates principle.
some auxiliaryverbs [e.9.be). 5 ennance
8a 72a I Unit 2
See audioscript1.3 on page 86 I enhanced 4 conventional 2a
2 reduced 5 superior 2 Class 5 Timber
b 3 eliminated
I By a floating structure 3 Copper 6 Rubber
2 To attach the base to the seabed b 4 Aluminium 7 Plastic
3 Shipswouldcarrythem lc 2b 3a 4d b
4 Cotlisionsbetweenthe cableand space C 2a 3b 4f 5d 6h
debris 'Ie
2 dramatically 6 highly 8C
5 The anchorswouldbe raisedand the station 3 entirely 7 exceptionally
wouldbe moved. c
4 extremely I significantly 2 with 6of
9a 5 considerably 3 from 7ot
Suggested answer d 4 from 8 from
The anchoring system I entirely;totally 5 with
The wind loadson the cablewill be huge.What 2 considerably; dramatically
are the implicationsfor the anchorinCsystem? 3b
J exceptionally; highly The main pointthat lrina makesis that it's
The base will needto be movedcontinuallyand
sometimesurgently.what temporarysystem 14a imoortantto considerthe total environmental
couldbe usedto hold the base in position? I That you shouldn'tusejargonor it will sound impactof a product,includingproducingit (pre-
Shouldthe base be in shallowwaternearthe like nonsenseand that technicalconceptscan and recyclingit (post-use).
use),usingit (in-use)
coast, or in deep water further ofEhore? The be difficultto explain,evenusingeveryday She givesthe exampleof an energy-saving light
choicewill havean impacton the designof the language. bulb.
anchorsystem. 2 Explanationsthat are boring.
5 Speakingto an adultas if you'retalkingto a
child.

I
96 Answer key
I I
t
C 4 Heat fromthe enginebeingabsorbedby the 13a
Soohiaand Pete'sideas: chassis,whichcan damagesensitiveparts I corrosion resistance
Pre-use:aluminiumproduction[extraction from suchas electroniccomponentsand plastic 2 water resistance
coatingsteel (galvanising),
ore and recycling), parts 3 scratchresistance
transportingand handlingbulk material,cutting c 4 shock resistance
and welding 29 5b 4f 5d 6a 7e t4a
In-use:weight(impacton fuelconsumption),
6c I Watchmaterialsare sometimeschosenfor
lifespan(frequencyof manufacturing)
I c 2b 3d 4a 5e marketingreasons,not technicalreasons.
d 2 Theyconsideredusingsubmarine-grade steel
Suggested answers e in some modelseventhoughwaterresistance
Electricalwiresin vehicles I b;c 4 e actuallydependson the jointsand seals,not
For pre-use,as far as I know it takes more 2 d;e 5 a;b;c the metalused.
energyto producealuminiumthan to produce d
3 Many good watch-making materialsare
copper,if it's derived from ore. However,it takes 8c eitherordinaryor complex,and so are not
less energyto transportaluminium,becauseit's 2 abrasionresistance very marketable.
lighter. 3 thermalstability 4 Consumersare not technicalexperts,and
For in-use,I'msurealuminiumis betterbecause 4 durable makechoicesbasedon their imoressions.
it's lighter,so the vehiclewouldconsumeless lightweight ratherthan on factualinformation.
fuel.
For post-use,both aluminiumand coppercan be 9a b
lc 2e 5b 4a 5d I T
recycled'|'dsay it takes|essener€ y to hand|e
T
and transportaluminium,becauseit's lighter.
b 3 F - it needsa protectivecoating.
Externalwallsin houses
1 tyres 4 bullet-resistantarmour F - he says it's fairlypoor in terms of looks.
For pre-use,it takes a lot of energyto produce 2 drivebelts 5 sealinggaskets q
F - no - for the reasonsgiven above.
bricksbecausethey haveto be fired in a kiln.
3 brake pads 6 F - inadequatematerialshaveneverbeen
They'realso heavyto transport.Softwoodis
chosenfor marketingreasons.
lighterto transport,and I'dsay it probablytakes c
7 T
lessenergyto saw it and handleit, compared Suggested answers
8 F - complicatednamesare not good for
with makingbricks.Duringconstruction, building In tyres,punctureand tear resistancehelpto
marketing.
with bricks uses more energy,as sand and stop puncturesand blowoutsand abrasion
cementhaveto be transportedand mixedto resistancehelpsthe tyre to last longer.In drive c
make mortar. belts,highelasticityallowsbeltsto fit tightly 2 exceptionallyresistant
For in-use.wood is a betterinsulatorthan brick and abrasionresistancehelosthem resistthe 3 not at all suitable
whichis an advantage,as the houseshouldtake frictioncausedby the belt turning.In brake pads, 4 treoctdously marketable
less energyto heat. In theory,softwoodcould abrasionresistancehelpsthe pads to last longer 5 Ielativelycomplex
last as long as bricks,if it's properlymaintained. and thermalstabilityhelpsthem resistthe heat 6 not all that good
But in oractice.that will oftennot be the case. generatedduringbraking.Kevlar@ helpsmake
So, constructionenergycouldsometimesbe bullet-resistantarmour,whichis generallyheavy, d
higherfor softwood,as housesneedto be rebuilt more lightweight, whichis betterfor the vehicle's I extremely,exceptionally, tremendously
performance.Kevlaromakes sealing gaskets 2 qulte,fairly,pretty,relatively
moreoften.
For post-use,it's possible to recoverboth bricks durableand its thermalstabilityallowsthem 3 not very,not particularly, not (all)that
to reslstheat- for example,in enginecylinder 4 not enough,insufficiently, not adequately
and softwoodfor re-use,but neither is very easy
to recycle. heads- and its chemicalstabilitymeansgaskets 5 definitelynot, not at all
are not affectedby enginefluidssuch as fuel, 15
4
lubricatingoil and coolantliquids. Suggested answers
Suggested answers
I Brakesare designedto slowdownvehicles 10a Steelis relativelyheavyand very tough.lt is
pretty scratch-resistantand shock-resistant.
or movingparts.Oftentheywork through I At the dentist's
friction,by app|yin€ pressureto padsWhich 2 The tool is a dentaldrill. Mild steel is not very corrosion-resistant but
are pressedagainstthe sidesof a disc,the 3 Titaniumcan be usedfor the handle,and stainlesssteel has good corrosionresistance
insideof a drum,or directlyagainsta wheel tungsten-carbideand diamondfor the bur. and is thereforesuitablefor watches.Class is
quite heavyand is water-resistant and corrosion-
rim.Alternativesincludesystemsthat use
electromagnetic force,systemsthat exploit
b resistant.Ordinaryglass is very brittleand
l Ii€ h tweight 5 durable has fairlypoor shockresistanceand scratch
the brakingeffectsof enginesor flywheels
(viaclutchesand gearboxes), 2 abrasionresistance 4 thermalstability resistance, althoughit is still suitablefor watches,
aerodynamic
Toughened glass is more durable.Aluminiumis
brakingsystems(forexamplespoilerson c
aircraft,parachuteson dragsters),and relativelylightweight and is fairlytough.lt has
lb 2a 3e 4c 5d
good corrosion resistance.lt is thereforesuitable
reversethrusterson jet engines.Brake discs
are oftenmadeof ferrousmetals(iron-based t2 for watches.Titaniumis exceptionally lightweight
- for examplesteel),or sometimesceramic Suggested answers and toughand has excellentabrasionresistance.
materials. I Examplesof situationsusedin advertising It is also extremelycorrosion-resistant and is
includemotorracing,watersportssuchas thereforean excellentwatchmaterial.Gold is
2 Examplesof materialsusedto make pads
include:comooundsof advancedmaterials surfingand diving,and aviation. extremelyheavyand prettytough,although
(cars),ferrousmetals(trains),rubber 2 The intendedmessageis that watchesare softergradesof gold havequite poor shock
(bicycles),ceramics(performance cars). accurateand are resistant. resistanceand scratchresistance. Gold has
3 Higherqualitywatcheskeepgood time; excellentcorrosionresistance. lt is suitablefor
5a are resistantto waterand shocks;and are more exoensive.decorativewatches.
Creen refersto ecologicalissues.Red refersto madefrom moreexpensive,better-looking
heat (redhot means very hot). Also, a hot topic is materlals. I Unit 3
a currentimportanttopic. 4 Describingsomethingas water-resistant
suggestsit can resistwaterup to a certain 2a
b The aim of the projectis to formulatea
limit,for exampleto a certaindepth
I Becausethey use friction,whichwastes policythat will statewhichplugand socket
or pressure.Describlngsomethingas
energyas heat configurationstheir companyrecommends,
waterproofsuggestsit givesunlimited
2 They recoverheat and use it to powerthe and explainthe technicalreasonswhytheyare
orotectionfrom water.
car. recommended.
3 The abilityto generatehighlevelsof friction,
and to resist the effectsof friction and
conseouentheat

Answerkey 97
b c 4 In aircraft cockpits, the windshield is bonded
Ihe profile of the pins means the shape of the I especiallygood when to the fuselage with adhesive / glued to the
individualpins,for examplea rectangularcross- uselesswhen fuselage.
sectionor a clrcularcross-section. 3 not the best solution 13a
A standard configuroúlon means a uniform ideal for See article on page 28
arrangement, for examplein a givencountryall
I
plugshavea standardlayout- they all exactly b
Suggested answers a2 b3 c4 d I
the same.
Drillingwith a bit is good for cuttingblind holes.
c Drillingwith a hole-sawis idealfor cutting c
a6 b4 cl d5 e2 timber. a The balloonsclimbedfasterthan expected,
r3 Flame-cuttingis perfectfor cutting metals.lt's then entered controlledairspaceadjacentto
uselessfor cutting ceramics. an airport.
d Crinding is perfectfor cuttingwide kerts.lt's b A ropetan€ | ed Witha power|ine,then Mr
2 rounded 5 linear totallyunsuitableif you don'twanta heat- Walterswas arrested.
5 rectangular 6 triangular c The modernequivalent,clusterballooning,
affectedzone.
4 cylindrical Cuillotiningis especiallygood for cuttingthin is not a mainstreamsport,but is becoming
e materials.lt's not particularlysuitablefor cutting more popurar.
thick materials. Weather
d A € a rden chair,he|ium-fi||ed
rcctangle;rectiangular; triangle;triangular;
Milling is especiallygood for cutting metals.lt's balloonsand ropes
lylinder; cylildrical; line;!!ear
totallyunsuitablefor cuttingtimber. !4a
3a Punchingis suitablefor cuttingthroughholes.lt's
Pictureb a over
uselessfor cutting blind holes. b below;beneath;underneath
b sawing is idea|for cutting strai€ h t edges.|t'snot c alongsideiadjacentto; beside
2 ridges;grooves;recessed;flush with; set back so good if you need to cut curved edges. d around
5 oins Water jet cutting is ideal if you need curved e outside
edges. lt's not so good for cuttingvery thick f inside;within
4a materials.
'|
Advantages: The plug resistspulloutforces. b
Nothingcan touchthe pins if the plug is 9 I above 4 within
partiallypulledout. See audioscript3.8 on page88 2 around 5 beneath
Disadvantages; lt's difficultto pull out. 10a 5in
2 Advantages: Childrencan'tstickthingsin the I To involvetheirsuppliersmoreactivelyin
socket. c
design 2 inserted 5 located
Disadvantages: lfthe mechanismis too 2 Doinga lot of workfor no returnand 3 situated 6 projecting
sensitive,it can be difficultto insertthe plug. covenngcosts 4 suspended 7 positioned
5 3 They want to work with fewersuppliers,so
See audioscript3.6 on page88 there would be more work. d
located;situated
6a b
I T I Mechanicalfixings:screw,rivet,clip 15a
F - castingis a differentdiscipline 2 Non-mechanical fixings:weld,adhesive See audioscript3.9 on page88
3 F - it's a slangterm c b
F - work involvingabrasivesis noisier '|
I weld 4 screw lt's prettytime-consuming to assemble.
5 T 2 bolt 5 rivet 2 Cable ties are fastenedaround the bottoms
6 T 3 adhesive of the balloons,to fix them to the ropes.
b 3 The balloons are attachedto ropes of
d differentlengths,which are attachedin
I Sawing 4 Milling I .ioining;
fixing
2 Shearing 5 Flame-cutting groups to straps, like the branchesof a tree.
2 bolting;riveting 4 Wateris carriedin bags,as ballast.Tapson
3 Drilling 3 bonding;welding;gluing the bags are used to releasewater.
c 1la 5 The balloonscan be releasedone by one.
2 guillotine 5 abrasivewheel I together 6 The balloonscan'tbe releasedone by one.
3 kerf 6 hole-saw 2 eachother
4 toothed blade c
3on Suggested answers
7a 4 to/onto The heliumcouldbe containedwithina smaller
secondar| operafions:additional machining, b numberof largerballoons.The balloonscould
suchas polishing I on 4 onto/to be made of stronger materialthan weather
net-shapedports: parts with accuratelycut 2 each other 5 to balloons,and couldbe permanentlyfastenedto
edges;often intricate shapes 3 together the ropesor straps.This wouldmakethe balloon
heat-affectedzone: the area modified by high cluster faster to put togetherand inflate.Twoor
temperatures(resultingfrom the heat of cutting) c threeof the balloonscouldhavevalves,allowing
mechonical stresses:physicalforces such as I Main advantage:They can be removedeasily. heliumto be releasedduringthe flight.This
shearforceswhensawingor guillotiningmetal Main disadvantage: Theycan work loose. wouldalso allowthe balloonsto be deflatedafter
narrow kerf: narrow thicknessof material It can't be removedeasily. the flight,so that theycouldbe reused.
removedduring cutting;especiallyeasy to do 3 Fixingscan be inadequately tightened.
with waterjetcuttinc Adhesivescan be usedon improperly
tightlAnested:when severalcomponentsare cut preparedsurfaces.Welds can be flawed. I Unit 4
from the same piece of material the components tza 1
can be placedclosetogether,makingbetteruse Suggested answers
For the designof a largecruiseship,several
of the material. I In early aircraft,timber frameswerejoined hundreddrawingswouldneedto be produced.
Thesewouldincludegeneralarrangement
b togetherwith adhesive/ glued together,or
screws/ screwedtogether. drawings,suchas plansof the overalllayoutof
I net-shapedparts
2 Injet aircraft,alloy body panelsare joined eachdeck,elevationsof the sidesof the ship,
2 heat-affectedzone and cross-sectionsthroughthe ship at different
3 mechanicalstresses togetherwith rivets / rivetedtogether.
points. Notes on these general arrangement
4 narrow kerf 3 In aircraftcabins,the seats are fixed to the
floor with bolts / bolted to the floor. drawingswould then refer to more detailed
drawingsof assemblydetails.As well as being

98 Answerkey
 I

dividedinto small-scale generalarrangement c 8

drawingsand larger-scale details,the drawings Toleranceis the acceptabledifferencebetween The capitalT refersto the thicknessof the flanges.
would also be organisedinto different idealdesignedsizeand actualsize.In machining The small t refersto the thicknessof the web.The
specialisations,suchas structure,electrical and assemblyprocesses,it is impossibleto capitalW refersto the width ofthe flanges.The
powercircuits,lightingcircuits,watersupply,air achieveentirelyprecisesizes.A degreeof smallw refersto halfthe widthof the columnfrom
conditioning,lifts,fire sprinklersystems,engine toleranceis alwaysrequired. the centreof the web to the edges of the flanges.
installations,
etc. The small r refersto the radius ofthe curve at the
d joint betweenthe web and the flanges.The capital
2a I within
I Part of a staircase(Staircase3, Deck C) D refersto the total depth of the column,from the
2 p l u s ;m i n u s
2 The numberof panels,and their size top of one flangeto the bottom of the opposite
3 tight flange.The small d refersto the depth of the web,
b 4 outside measuredbetlveenthe ends of the curvesat the
2 elevation e joints,at the pointwherethe curvesare flushwith
3 explodedview I outsidetolerance the face of the web.
4 cross-section 2 +/- 0.5mm
5 schematic 9
3 withintolerance
6 note A designprocessis the developmentof a design.
4 tighttolerance A typicaldesignstartswith a designbrief,which
7 specification
f statesthe designobiectives.Initialideasare
c Differencein meaning:Plus or minus I mm then put togetheras roughsketches.Theseare
generalarrangement:plan,elevation meansthe sizemayvary by a maximumof I then developedinto preliminarydrawings,which
detail:explodedvieWcross-section mm eitherside of the 'ideal'dimension.As are more detailed and are often drawn to scale.
an examDle.if the diameterof a steel bar is The preliminarydrawingsare then developed,
d
s p e c i f i e ad s 1 0 0 m m + / - | m m ,t h e d i a m e t e r incorporating commentsfrom differentmembers
I elevation 4 schematic
may be a maximumof l0l mm at its widest of the designteam,consultantsand the client.
2 cross-section 5 explodedview
plan pointand 99 mm at its narrowestpoint.Since Once the designhas been sufticiently developed,
3
the totalvariationcan be I mm eitherside of the workingdrawingsare produced.Theseare then
3a '100 usedfor manufacturing/assembly/construction.
m m ' i d e a l ' ( b e t w e e9n9 m m a n d l 0 l m m ) ,
The scaleis the ratio betweenthe sizeof items the maximumtotalvariationbetweenthe widest Frequently,workingdrawingsare revised
shownon a drawing,and theiractualsize(in and narrowestpointsis 2 mm. However,no point (changed) duringthis latterphase,in orderto
reality).A scalerule has severalscales,allowing must be furtherthan I mm eitherside of the resolvetechnicalproblemsencounteredduring
dimensionsto be measuredon a drawing,to 'ideal'size. manufacturing/assembly/construction.
determinethe actualsize. Within I mm describesonly the totalvariationin 10a
b size.This meansthe size mayvary by a maximum I designinformation[atdifferentstagesof the
I The widthof the panelat the top. of I mm abovethe idealdimension(as longas design process)
2 That you shouldn'tscaleoff drawings. no point is belowthe idealdimension)or it may 2 sketches,design brief, revised/amended
vary by a maximumof I mm belowthe ideal
It'smentionedbecausePavelsuggests drawing,supersededdrawing,preliminary
measuringthe dimensionon the drawings dimension(as longas no point is abovethe ideal
drawing,workingdrawing,summary/notes
with a scalerule to find out the actual dimension). Therefore, a minimumdiameterof
dimensions. 1 0 0 a n d a m a x i m u mo f l 0 l w o u l db e w i t h i nI b
m m ,a s w o u l da m i n i m u mo f 9 9 a n d a m a x i m u m I b 2d 3c 4a 5e
c o f 1 0 0 ,a n d a m i n i m u mo f 9 9 . 5 a n d a m a x i m u m
C
I ls this drowing to sco/e? : Do the of 100.5.
I sketch 3 working drawing
dimensionscorrespondwith a scale? Examplesof uses:lt is usualto specify+/ -
2 It's one to five' = Íhe dimensionson the 2 designbrief 4 preliminarydrawing
toleranceswherea specificidealsize is critical,
drawingare I /5 of their real size. for examplethe sizeof a holefor a bolt. ln this d
J ... goushouldn'tscoleoffdrowings...= You case, if the ho|eis too narrow Ítoofar be|owthe 2 revise 6 supersede
shouldn'tmeasuredimensionson a drawing idealsize)the bolt will not fit into it. lf the hole 3 rough 7 specify
usinga scalerule and take them to be exact. is too wide (toofar abovethe ideal size),the bolt 4 issue 8 resolve
... it's octuol size, on a full-scaledrawing ... will not fit tightlyenough.'Within'is oftenused 5 commenton
: The dimensionson the drawingare the when specifyingtolerancesfor concretefloor
same as their real size. e
surfaces.In this case,the importantissueis the
totalamountof variationbetweenthe highest Suggested answers
4 I The drawingneedsto be amended/revised.
and lowestooints on the surfaceof the floor
Typesof drawingrequired:a plan showing (whichdetermineshowsmooththe floor is). 2 The designneedsto be sent to the clientfor
the perimeterof the handrail(possiblescale commentsand approval.
I :I 00);an elevationof a short lengthof the 7a The site engineerneedsto be contactedto
handrail(possiblescale 1:I 0);a sectionof the I A superflatfinishfor the entirefloor checkwhichrevisionof the drawingthey
handrail(possiblescale I :| 0);detailsshowing 2 Free movementfloors are superflat nave.
key connections,such as those betweenhandrail everywhere.On defined movementfloors, 4 The three differentcontractorsneed to be
postsand deck,and top rail and posts(possible only specificlanesare superflat. issuedwith the revision.
scale- actualsize).Specification: type of steel, 3 Long,narrowlanesallowa higher-quality E Roughsketchesneedto be done first and the
types of weldedjoint, types of bolt, type and finishto be achieved. clientto commenton them.
colourof painucoating, other materialssuchas 4 This can be done at a later stage to make
plasticsurroundto top rail other partsof the floorsuperflat. 11b
I b 2a 3c
5 lt can be positioneddeeperin the concrete.
6a
d
The wordsmeanhow exactsomethingis, for b '|
The seniorengineerwill decidewhetheror
examplehowcloselythe sizesof manufactured I long 4 thick
itemsmatchtheir designedsize. 2 wide 5 depth not the team needsfurtherrevisionsof a
3 height drawing.
b lf the drawing is needed, the team will
I A suoerFlatfloor has a much flatter surface. c receive copies of all further revisions. lf not,
It'sfinishedmore preciselythan an ordinary width 5 thickness no further revisions will be issued to the
concretefloor. J length height leam.
2 Ordinaryslabscan be flat to +/- 5mm. depth S/he will liaise beBveen the mechanical and
Suoerflatslabs can be flat to within I mm. electrical teams, and will report to the proiect
3 Slightvariationsin floor levelcan cause d
manager.
forkliftsto tilt, causingthe forksto hit racks diameter:the maximumwidthof a circle
All three design teams will be located in a
or drop items. radius:the distancefrom the centreof a circle to
single open-plan office.
its circumference(halfthe diameter)

Answerkey 99
 e I Unit 5 6a
Suggested answers 1 Checkinjection
I First,the preliminarydrawingwill be t 2 Water in the fuel system
circulatedto all the seniorengineers.The See audioscript5. I on page89 3 Becausethe fuelwas put in directlyfrom a
engineerswill decidewhetheror not the 2a deliverytanker
drawingis requiredby their team.lf not,they I To finishfirst,firstyou mustfinish 4 Whenthe engineis startedfrom cold
will say it isn't requiredand afterthat, no 2 Engineering enemies 5 A faultyfuel pre-heaterplug
more revisionsof the drawingwill be issued 3 Wearand tear 6 The plugcan be changedat the next service.
to them.lf the drawingis required,they'll It'snot an urgentproblem.
say it's needed.They mightcommenton the b
drawingand requestamendmentsor approve I heat 4 shocks b
it. Theywill also receiveall furtherrevisions 2 pressure 5 abrasion I defect 5 propeny
of the drawing,includingworkingdrawings. 5 vibratlon 2 defective;faulty 6 intermittently
2 The mechanicaland electricalteamswill 3 major 7 systematically
c 4 minor
be able to work on the preliminarydesign
Suggested answers
togethereasily,thanksto the open-plan '| c
shocks
office.As the drawingsare developedthey'll 2 heat I b 2c 5a
be able to discussamendmentsin the same 3 abrasion
way. d
4 shocks Suggested answers
3 The mechanicaland structuralteamswill be 5 abrasion '|
able to work togetherto solvethe problemin This is an intermittentproblem.lt's probably
6 abrasion causedby wearand tear.
the open-planofficeand reviseddrawingswill 7 shocks
be produced.Thesewill then be approved 2 This was a suddenproblem.lt's probablya
I pressure(causedby heat) faultypart,or an installationproblem.
by both the mechanicaland structural 9 vibration
teams.Reviseddrawingswill be issuedand 3 This is a systematicproblem.lt's probablya
circulatedto all thosewho needthem. 3a faultypart,or an installationproblem.
I T e
12
F - the driverswltchedthe engineoff 2 lt soundslike it's
Often conflicting(different)informationis shown 3 T 3 lt couldbe / lt mightbe
on differentdrawin€ s . on one drawing,the 4 T
dimensionsof a componentmay not correspond 4 | doubt it's
F - the wheelnut wouldn'tturn 5 lt can'tbe
with thoseshownon a relateddrawing.Clashes 6 F - the driverdidn'tbendthe suspension
are anothercommonproblem- different f
drawingsmay showdifferentcomponentsin the b 2 it mightbe 5 | doubt it's
same positionwithinan assembly,meaningthe I blocking 3 bend;snap 5 it mightbe 6 lt soundslike it's
assembIyWi||not fit togetheras desi€ n ed. Key 2 jam cracK 4 it can'tbe
dimensionsand assemblydetailsmay also be
C 7a
missingfrom the set of drawings,leavingthe
I leakingout 4 clog up minor;systematic
productionwith inadequateinformation.
2 r u no u t 5 wearingout
13a 3 cut out 6 blow up b
I Designproblemsand solutions Suggested answers
d It can'tbe waterin the fuel supply.ghis would
2 A queryis a question.An instructionis an
See audioscript5.2 on page89 causemisfiring.)
explanationof what to do / officialpermission
to do somethin€ . e It couldbe a cloggedfuel filter.flhe engineis
3 Writtenfollow-upis importantin order 2 leakingout 6 blocked(up) performingconsistently, but is downon power.)
to keepa recordfor contractual/financial 3 jammed 7 bent I doubt it's a compressionleak.[fhis would
purposes. 4 cloggedup I wornout probablyresultin increasedfuel consumption,
5 worked loose 9 run out and wouldprobablycausemore major
b problems.)
2 869 4 867;868 4 It can'tbe a lubricationproblem.flhis would
5 869;870 5 867;868;869 Monza has longstraightsand severalchicanes. causeoverheating.)
This meanscars are at full-throttle
for longer, I doubt it's a blockagein the exhaustsystem.
c and needto do a lot of heavybraking.Problems:
I clash 4 advise fl'hiswouldcausemore majorproblems.)
Enginescan overheatand blow up; brakes
2 request 5 clarify 8
can overheat;ridingthe kerbscan causethe
3 propose checklists= listsof thingsto be checked
suspensionto crack,bend or snap;the right-
14a hand cornerscausethe tyreson the leftof the standardprocedures= specific,plannedwaysof
See audioscript4.6 on page 89 car to wearout fasterthan thoseon the right dealingwith situationsand problems
side:and leavescan block up the radiators. back-upinstallations= secondary/additional
b equipmentthat will work if main equipmentfails
2 c|ariÚ 6 alternative 5b plannedmaintenance- replacingpartsat
3 contradicts 7 as per User'sobseNations= whatthe personusingthe plannedtimesevenif they are not wornout
4 clash I confirm machinehas noticed
5 propose Natureof fault - type of problem 9a
Circumstances of fault = in whattype of I An incorrect(oversized) hydraulicpipe was
d situationthe faulthappened/happens fittedto the right-handengine.
Suggested answers Externalfactors- thingsfrom outside,for 2 The pipe rubbedagainsta fuel line.
As discussedtoday,I confirmthat the connection 3 The fuel line ruptured,resultingin a major
examplethe weatheror somethinghittingthe
betweenthe plateand T sectionon the ski lift machine leak.
shouldhavesix bolts,not eightas shownon the Processof elimination- thinkingof possible
detail.The two bolts shownon the detailwhich b
problemsand decidingwhichare not possiblein
wouldclashwith the flangeof the T sectionare 04:58b 05:36d 0 6 : 1 3a
orderto reducethe numberof oossibilities 06:27 c
not reouired. ldentifythe fault - find the fault/ decidewhat
the faultis c
Determineactionand urgency= decidewhat to 2 oversized 7 disproportionate
do about the problemand decidehowquicklyit 5 inadequate 8 irregular
needsto be done 4 undetected 9 imbalance
5 abnormal l0 malfunction
6 insufficient I I inoperable

100 Answerkey

I
d 13a In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
'| Concerning/ Regardingthe materials,what is
I incorrecVabnormal The levelis OK.
inadequate/insufficient 2 The coolantis fullof residue/ black. the bodywork made or.,
3 irregular 3 lt looksreasonable. In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
4 oversized 4 OK, thereare no signsofdamage. Concerning/ Regardingthe schedule,when
5 malfunction 5 This will needto be lookedat. will the work start?
6 imbalance In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
b Concerning/ Regardingthe power,what will
7 undetected
They'reworkingon an industrialmachineas the maximumoutputneedto be?
I inoperable
theirdecisionnot to changethe filterwouldbe In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
10a unacceptable in aircraftmaintenance. Concerning/ Regardingthe heat resistance,
IF - the tyre pressuresare well down
c what sort of temperaturewill the paint need
2T to withstand?
Drainthe coolant.Removethe filter,examineit
3 F _ on|yone € r oup of tyresis |ow 6 In terms of / As regards/ With regard to /
and cleanit. Put the filterback in. Replacethe
4r Concerning/ Regardingthe tolerance,what
coolant.Adjustthe bladesand tightenthem.
b levelof precisiondo you want us to work to?
t4a
I abnormal/incorrect 3a
A f o r k l i fttr u c kh i t a m a c h i n eu n i tl P S l 5 a n d
insufticienVinadequate I Can be variedconsiderably
madea hole in the main oanel.The technician
disproportionate 2 Physicalbut not so extremethat peopledon't
proportionate at the factorylookedat the machine[hedid not
4 watchgraphics
open it up or look inside)and reportedthat the
c bladealignmentmechanismwas damagedand 3 Best to try out effectsin practice as it's
ln general,insufficient tyre pressurescouldbe that liquidlubricantwas leakingfrom the unit. difficultto do in theory
causedby: pressureloss overtime (alltyres Therewas also an electricalcracklingsound b
lose air pressureprogressivelyover a period of [presumably causedby earthing/short-circuiting) I how much
severalmonths)due to inadequatemaintenance; whenthe machinewas switchedon. 2 the amount
a slowpuncturelair leakingslowlyfroma small 5 calculate/give a quantity
b
hole in the tyre);air leakingfroma valvedue to 4 judge/decide
lsolate the electrical supply. Dismantle the
a problemwith the valve,for exampledirt in the 5 measure/test
externaloanels.Drainthe lubricant.Checkfor
valvepreventingit from closingproperly;a faulty
internal damage. Remove damaged partsand c
pressuregauge on the compressorused to inflate
replacethem.Add lubricant.Adjustthe blades. 2 the degreeto which
the tyres,givlngan incorrectpressurereading.
Put on the external oanels. Reconnect the 3 Towhat extent
With this specificproblem,perhapstherewas
electricalsupply.Testthe machine. 4 to whatextent/ the degreeto which
a faultwith the compressorusedto inflatethat
block of tyres - a differentcompressorto the 5 To what extent
one usedto inflatethe otherblocks- and this I Unit 6 6 quantiíy/determine
gavethe maintenance technicianan incorrect 7 assess
1
pressurereadingwheninflatingthat blockof 6a
Needsanalysis(alsocalledrequirement
tyres.lt's unlikelythat a technicalproblemwith analysis/ gap analysis)is findingout what the I It'sbeingcarvedfrom a blockof sandstone.
the tyres,such as slowpuncturesor leaking requirements are for a newprojectby looking He's overseeingthe logisticsof the project.
valves,wouldoccuron severaltyresat the same at all the factorsthat are involvedand howthey On a stoneplinth
time and causeexactlythe same loss in pressure will interact. Howto stop the slingsfromgetting
acrossall the tvres. Budget = how muchmoneyis available,for trappedbeneaththe statue,so they can be
11a examp|ethe budgetfor designing,bui|din€ and withdrawn,afterthe statuehas been lowered
Suggested answers testing a prototypefor a new high-speedtrain onto the plinthby crane
Repairsare done to correcttechnicalproblems -
Capacity how muchsomethingneedsto
produceor carry,for example how much power b
after breakdownshave occurred drill= cutahole
Maintenanceis done to preventtechnical an electricalcircuitmust be able to carry
horlzontal = level
problemsfrom occurring. Dimensions= size.for examolethe diameterof
bar = a long pieceof metalwith a circular
the wheelsof a mountainbike
broken = repait for examplea boltthat has = section
Layout the overallshapeof somethingand
broken vertical= at 90 degreesto the ground
the positionsof differentparts relativeto one
clogged= repair,for examplea filterthat is liftingeyes - metalringsthat hookscan be fixed
another,for examplethe layoutof the main
completelycloggedand has causeda technical to for lifting
componentsof a car engine.
problem,or maintenanceit is slightlyclogged resin = a type of strong adhesive
Looks = what somethinglookslike from an
and is ready to be replaced a grab = mechanicaliaws that grip objectsto
aestheticpointof view for examplethe look of a
defective = repair,for example a part that was lift them
car in terms of the shape of its bodywork
incorrectlymanufactured and did not work friction = resistanceto sliding when two surfaces
= Performance= similar to capacity,for example
faulty 1sp3;.for examplea sensorthat is are pressedtogether
how much power a generatorneeds to produce
givingincorrectmeasurements
= Regulations: lawsand standardsthat a design c
worn maintenance, for exampleworntyres
mustcomplywith,for examplesafetyregulations I Drill into the sidesof the statueand insert
needto be reolaced
and qualitystandards horizontalbars,whichcould be usedfor
b Timescale= howmuchtime is available,for lifting.
Suggested answers examplethe schedulefor buildinga newairport Drill into the too of the statueand insert
Similarities: partsand fluidsare replacedon verticalbars with liftingeyes,set into the
2 a
a plannedmaintenanceprogramme,partsare stonewith resin.
I capacity 3 timescale
checkedvisuallyfor wearand damage,and that Use a grab on the end ofthe cranejib,to lift
2 graphics
they are tightlyfixed,correctlyaligned/balanced, the statue by friction.
etc. b I & 2 are rejectedbecause holes can't be
Main difference: standards in aviation are more I regard 4 as regards drilledinto the statue[evenif they werefilled
rigorous 2 terms 5 regarding afterwards,they would be seen).
3 concerned 3 is rejectedbecausethe statue is too heavy
tZa and wide.
2d 3c 4a 5C 6b c
7j 8e th l0i I In terms of / As regards/ With regardto / d
Concerning/ Regardingthe dimensions, what couldn't 5 about
b is the overallsizeof the module? 3 could 6 another
2d 3j 4c 5c 6b alternatively 7 don't
7i 8a th l0e

Answerkey 101
 7b be very painstakingand time consuming g
The stonemasons' suggestion comparedwith pre-drilling them during 1
This is the oroduct'sAchillesheel.
Use blocksof ice.The blockswouldact as manufacturing. J There'sno pointreinventing the wheel.
temporaryspacers betweenthe statue and the 4 This shouldbe feasiblefrom a structural 4 We started from the ground up with this new
plinth,to allowthe slingsto be withdrawn,and pointof view,but it'llcost an arm and a leg design.
Wou|dthen melt,a||owin€the statueto sit down due to the needfor additionalsteelcolumns. 5 The newdesignis a quantumleap.
on the plinth. For that reason,it is not a feasiblesolution. 6 I thinkthere'sroomfor improvement.
Potentialproblem l: Outdoortemperatures 11 13a
be|owfreezin€ Wouldpreventthe ice from Suggested answers The first mechanicalmousewas improvedby
melting.Solution:In this case,blowtorchesor Betterqualitymaterials,for examplemakinga refiningits shape:by addingan additional
salt couldbe usedto melt it. tool from stainlesssteel instead of mild steel to buttonand a wheelto the top and by revamping
Potentialproblem2: Very hot weatherwould oreventcorroston. the wheelmechanismunderthe mouse.The
causethe ice to melt quickly.Solution:To Lowerunit cost,for exampleusinga single-piece mechanismwas redesignedto use a ball instead
compensatefor this,largerblocksof ice could componentinsteadof one that needsto be of wheels,althougha wheelmechanismwas
simplybe used. assembledfrom severalDarts.to make it faster still used insidethe mouse;as the ball rolled,
8a to oroduce. it causedthe wheelsto turn. For the optical
Feasibilita means the possláilita of doing Make lifeeasierfor user,for exampledesigning mouse,the designerscompletelyrethoughtthe
something. a simplercontrolpanelthat'squickerand easier undersideof the mouse.lnsteadof usinga ball,
to use,or maintenance-free componentssuch as they used optical sensors.They also redesigned
9a bearingsthat don't need lubricatingregularly. the connectionbetweenthe mouse and the
I For the boltsthat will be usedto fix the Examplesof other pointsthat couldbe added: computer,makingit wirelessinsteadof havinga
beamsto the wall make productsfunction more effectively,make wire.For the touchpad,the designerswentback
2 Core drilledholesare formedafterthe them safer,makethem last longer,makethem to the drawingboard and inventeda new system
concretewallshavebeen cast,usinga more robust (stronger). usin€ a sensitivesurface.
diamonddrill. Preformedholesare formedby
puttingplastictubes into the wallswhilethe t2a
concreteis beingpoured. Suggested answers I Unit 7
3 Spacearoundthe bolts,in the holes,to allow cables/connections: lmprovethe user interfaceby
1
their position to be ad.iusted makingcableseasierto connectand disconnect;
Workingwith machinesthat havecuttingwheels
4 Positioningthe holespreciselyor theywon't reduceenvironmental impactby makingcables
and blades;work at a high levelwherethere'sa
matchwith the beams onlyfrom recyclablematerials.
risk of falling;work in excavationsand tunnels
5 Time and cost case: lmproveaestheticsby offeringa range of wherethereis a risk of collapseor dangerous
colours;make manufacturing easierby making gases;lifting heavyobjectswith cranes where
b the casefrom a smallernumberof components.
See audioscript6.5 on page 9l there is a risk of fallingobjects;processesthat
inldtonercartridges:lmprovethe user interface
use high-pressurevesselsand hoses/pipeswhere
d by makingcartridgeseasierto removeand
there is a risk of explosion;workingwith high-
I The plastictubesare cheapto buy and quick replace;consumables- makecartridgesbigger
voltageelectricalcircuitswherethereis a risk
to put in. so they last longerand needto be replacedless processesthat use flammable
of electrocution;
2 lt's slow. often.
pape!:lmprovereliabilityby refiningmechanisms liquidsand gaseswherethereis a risk of fire or
3 Within20mm exolosion.
4 Wthin lomm to help preventpaper blockages;improveoutput
5 Thatthey'renot positionedaccurately speed by making the paper flow faster. 2a
6 The tolerance powe-r:Reduceenvironmentalimpact by having Suggested answers
the printerswitchoff automaticallywhennot in I hazardoussubstances: dangerousmaterials,
e use. for example acid, asbestos;PPE: protective
2 peanutsO software:lmprovethe user interfaceby making clothingand accessories, for example
3 painstakingO the softwareeasier to use. protectivegloves,safetyglasses
4 perfectlyO 2 harmful;dangerousto health,for example
5 stretchingO b
chemicalsthat causeskin rashes;fumes:
6 wayo Items2 and 7
vapour or smoke,for examplefrom
7 borderlineO c liquidchemicalsthat evaporateat room
8 tallO I No. The existingdesign has provedto be temperature; asohyxiationhazards:
9 forever6 effective.The companydoesn't havethe danger of suffocation,for example due to
'10
l e g6 resourcesto make fundamentalchangesto concentrations of carbondioxide/ lack of
e the productionprocess. oxygen
'| 2 Once 3 fire/exolosionhazards:substancesthat could
o 20 30 4@ so 66
3 The softwarehas been a maior weaknessof burn or explodeif exposedto nakedflames
10 the existingmodel. or sparks,for examplepetroleumproducts,
su€ g ested answers 4 - it needsto be simplerto use
Significantly butane/propane gas,alcoho
I A hammer-action drill wouldnot be suitable 4 guards;protectiveshieldsarounddangerous
for reinforcedconcrete,as there's no way it d machineparts,for examplethe guardsover
coulddrill throughthe steel reinforcingbars. 2 inventagain the tops of circularsaw blades
Also, the diameterof the holeswouldbe too 3 improvethe details
5 guardrails:railsat waistlevelto prevent
greatto drill usingan ordinarydrill bit. This 4 improveoverall peoplefrom falling,for examplealongthe
is definitelynot a feasiblesolution. 5 t h i n ka g a i n edges of high-levelwalkwaysand platforms;
2 This couldbe a feasiblesolution.However, 6 stay (thesame) emersencyexits: doors to allow rapid escape/
dependingon the designof the ends of the e evacuation,for example fire exits
beams, it might be difficultto get accessto 2 groundup 6 electricalinstallations:situationsinvolving
the holes after the beams were fitted. lt'll be 3 room;improvement contactwith exoosed electricalconductors
quite a painstakingjob, as the beamsmight 4 Achillesheel suchas electricalmaintenance or work
coverthe holes,makingit impossibleto get 5 back;drawingboard operationsc|oseto hi€ h -voIta€ e cabIes
cementinto them. 6 quantumleap 7 noisehazards:loud noisethat can damage
5 This isn'treallyfeasible,as the positionsof 7 scratch hearing,for exampleloud machines
the ho|esmightbe in unsuitáb|epositions
on the beams,for example very close to the f b
edgesof plates.This wouldnot be acceptable b4 c5 d6 e2:7 f3 b7 cl d3
in termsof structuralstrength.Also, drilling
holesthroughsteel beamson site would

102 Answerkey

I
c two metresabovethe ground,scaffolding should 2 The engineerswear hot suitsthat channel
2e 5b 4C 5f 6a be orovidedwith handrails.as thereis a risk of the electricityand havea fireproofliningto
falling(workersshouldnot standon ladderswhile protectagainstheat.
7h 8c
working).Also, all workersshouldwear hardhats. 3 on|y twin-en€ i nehelicoptersare used
d and theyare fullymaintainedto aviation
ear protection,gloves,eye protection,mask 5a regulations.
I Maintenancework on low-voltage and high-
e voltageelectricalequipment 8
sug€ e sted answers 2 Changingfaultyor worn-outelectricalparts, Regulationsare laws;they are compulsory.For
1 This is a confinedspace.You need to test the suchas motors;repairinglooseconnectsor example,if companiesbreach(break)safety
air using a CO2 detector. damagedwires regulations, they can be fined (givenfinancial
2 This is a corrosivesubstance. You needto penalties)and, in seriouscases,managerswho
wearglovesand eye protection,and a mask b are responsiblefor breachesof regulationscan
for orotectionfrom the fumes. Suggested answers be € i ven prisonsentences.Standards,such as
3 This makessDarksand is a noisehazard.You I A placewherea seriousdangeris present qualityand designstandards,are sometimes
need to wear eye protection,ear protection 2 A writtenform givingpermissionto work in a compulsory, for examplethe designand
and gloves. restrictedarea manufactureof motorcyclehelmetsor car tyres.
4 This is a harmfulsubstance. You needto wear 5 The personresponsiblefor electricalsafety Sometimes,however,theyare optional,for
gloves,and if there'sa risk of splashing,eye for the wholeplant,and the only person exampleISO qualityassurance.
orotection. authorisedto issueoermitsto work
4 The procedureof havinga singlekey to 9a
3a switchboards, ensuringonly one personhas Suggested answers
Suggested answers accessto switchgearat any giventime Risk of fire/explosion- no smoking,the provlsion
I An analysis/prediction of the dangers of fire-fightingequipmentand training.Dangerof
involvedin a workingoperation c peoplefallingfrom tall structuresand Intowater
2 A safeworkingprocedure/method I at all times - handrailsrequiredto giveedge protectionand
3 Some maintenance work,whichincludes shouldanvone
2 Underno circumstances life.iacketsneedto be wornin certainsituations.
welding,is goingto be carriedout in the 3 everysingletime Risk of skin irritationsfrom petroleumproducts
bottomsof some largegrainsilos(silo = 4 just a single - glovesand overallsrequired.Risk of air crashes
storage tank for solid substances/ powders) 5 it'svital as helicoptersland and take off from platforms
4 Cettinginsidethe silos d - specialtrainingrequiredfor pilotsand special
5 See audioscript7.2 on page9l I more 3 less precautionsneededfor safe operation of
2 more 4 more helidecks.
b
I Risk of someonefalling;risk of gas bottles e b
fallingon someone 2 to test the circuitis
lt's crucial/essential/vital I Specificsafety regulations
2 COr; fumesfrom metal;dust (explosion isolated. 2 Compulsorypersonalprotectiveequipment;
hazard) 3 The alarm shouldbe reseteverysingletime prohibitedactivities,suchas smoking
you start the system. 3 That the obligationsare legal requirements
c
I Access hazards:externa|stáircaseand to check that the
4 lt's crucial/essential/vital c
internal ladder for safe accessfor workers, cableis not damagecl. compursory 6 legislation
lowerbottlesinto silo witha rooe and make that you shouldonly
5 lt's crucial/essential/vital 3 prohibited 7 contravene
sure no workersare underneathin silo. storenon-flammable materialsin this zone. requirements 8 complywith
Confined space hazards:use a CO, detector, 6 Underno circumstances shouldanyoneenter 5 stipulated
use an air extractor. the restrictedareawithoutoermission.
An air extractorcouldblowdust into the air 7 Before pressurisingthe system,every single d
connectionmust be tight. 2 permitted
and makethe problemworse.
3 complywith
4 6c 4 stipulated
One of the main dangers is from petrol fumes Suggested answers 5 contravene
insidethe tank,as there'sa risk of explosion I lt's essentialthat the crewobtaininformation 6 requirements;
legislation; obligations
due to sparksand flames.The workerswill have on weatherconditions.lt's crucialthat pilots 7 compursory
to be carefulthat there's no oetrol inside the are highlytrainedand experienced.lt's vital
tank.The petrolwill haveto be drainedand the that a tensionreleasemechanismis in place. 10a
insidewill needto be washedout withwaterand 2 Under no circumstances shouldooeratives 2 stipulated 5 complywith
detergent.The openingcan then be flame-cut work on the linewithoutwearinghot suits 3 compulsory 6 requirements
throughthe steelwall of the tank usingan oxy- and eye protection.lt's vitalthat the creware 4 legislation 7 obligations
acetylenetorch.PPE requiredfor this job is eye highlytrained.
b
protection(a weldingmask),gloves and heavy 5 The cablesand platformmust be checked
I to give the ground crew access to all parts of
overallsto protectthe worker from molten metal. everysingletime theyare used.lt's vitalthat
the helicopter
Alternatively,the cuttingcan be donewith an twin-engine helicoptersare usedand these
2 to avoidrisk of collisionsduringtakeoff/
angle-grinder. To be safe,the workerusingthe mustbe maintainedto the higheststandard
landing
grinderwill needto weareye protection,ear at all times.
3 to avoidrisk of collisionsduringtakeoff/
protection,gloves and overalls.When welding Í landing
the new pipe,the welderwill needto weareye Beforestartingwork, it's vital to isolate the 4 to tie down parked helicopters
protection(a weldingmask),glovesand overalls. circuitat the switchboard.Then,circuitsshould
lf arc weldingis usedand thereare other people be systematicallytested to be I 00o/osure that
t2
workingnearbyor passingby,screensshould I Safetywarnings,operatingprecautionsfor
there'sno current.Duringwork,it's essential
be placed around the welder to protectother machinesand maintenanceinstructionson
to tightenconnectionsfully.And it's crucialto machines
peoples'eyes from flashes.When shot-blasting, ensurethat no insulationis damaged.Tofinish,
the main dangersare to the eyes,and from noise 2 Effectivenotices and instructionsare as
all the wiresshouldbe checked- underno
and dust.Screensshouldbe placedaroundthe shortas possible,use clearlanguage,and
circumstances shouldtherebe any loosewires.
area and workers should wear eye protection, emphasiseimportantpoints,for example
Thenthe circuitshouldbe systematically tested.
ear protection,dust masks,glovesand overalls. dangers.
Before painting,it's importantto read the 7d
13a
safety documentationprovidedwith the paint, I Collisionswiththe lineare a hazard,so
Coulddo both
as PPE may be required- for example,gloves, it's essentialto havedetailedweather h
Coulddamagethe machine
eye protectionand possibly masks to protect information, especiallywinddirectionand
c Could injureworkers
workersfrom hazardousfumes.During all the soeed.lt's essentialthat the cable has a
o Coulddamagethe machine
operations,if any work is carriedout morethan tension releasesystemin case of snagging.
e Coulddo both

Answerkey 103
b d c
I danger 2 control 5 detects;triggers consumption 7 frequency
2 important 3 senses 6 set off 3 cumulative 8 input
4 reading 7 regulate 4 rate 9 output
14a
5 timescale l0 optimum
I Becauseit containselectricaleouiDmentand e
o cycle
couldcauseelectrocution Suggested answers
'|
2 A carbondioxideextinguisher; carbon Presencedetectorsoick uo movementand 7a
dioxidegas does not conductelectricity can activatelightswitches. Suggested answers
3 Theyare for liftingthe machine. 2 Smokedetectorssensesmokeand trigger We needa meter/sensor to measure:the rate
4 The machinecouldbe damagedby the lifting fire alarms. of flowof waterat the inputpoint;the water
force,and if liftedfrom anchorpointsthat are 3 Thermostatscan regulateroomtemperature temperatureat the inputpoint;the rate of flow
not secure,couldobviouslybe droppedfrom by controllingelectricconvectorheaters. of gas at the inputpoint;the temperatureof
a heightas a result. 4 Pressureplatescan detectthe weightof a the gas burner;the watertemperatureinside
5 Becauseit coulddescend,and injurethe personand set off intruderalarms. the vessel;the levelof waterinsidethe vessel;
personcleaningthe machine the steampressureinsidethe vessel;the steam
3a
6 Theremay be sharp metaloff-cutsbelowthe temperatureinsidethe vessel;the steam
I That the greenattitudeis sharedby all the
bladewhichcouldcut the personcleaning temperatureat the outputpoint;the steam
staff,so they would take care to switchoff pressureat the outputpoint;and rate of flowof
the machine.S/heneedsto wear sloves.
lightsetc.and so there is no needto control
steamat the outputpoint.
b everythingautomatically
I sp: active (Youshould do it) 2 lnsteadof automatingeverything, they would b
wr: passive (lt should be done) haveold-fashioned manualcontrols. Suggested answers
2 sp: contractions(shouldn't,it's) 5 The advantageof operatingthe lights,etc. The cumulativeconsumptionof waterand gas;
Wr:Wordpairs Writtenin Íu||(shouldnot, it is) manuallyis that there'sno needto supplyall the cumulativeoutputof steam;the peak rates
5 lf (sp): intheeventof (wr);because(sp)= the automatedcontrolswith electricity. The of consumptionfor waterand gas;peak steam
os (wr);so (sp) : therefore(wr);can/could moneysavedby not havingto buy all the output;the frequencyof gas use / firingof the
[sp) = moU [wr] hi-techgadgetscouldbe spenton planting burner;the differentialbetweenwaterinput
trees,for example. temperatureand watertemperatureinsldethe
15a
betweensteampressure
vessel;the differential
Suggested answers 4
insidethe vesseland in the outputpipe;the
Objects should not be placed in front of the Suggested answers
differential
betweensteamtemperatureinslde
air inlet. The inlet grille should be kept free A thermostatmeasuresand controlsthe
the vesseland in the outputpipe.
from obstructions. and should be cleoned watertemoeraturein a boiler.and thereis
regularlg. ln the event of damage to the inlet also sometimesa pressuresensorfor safety. 8a
grille, the blower must be stopped immediatelA. A thermostatmeasuresand controlsroom See audioscript8.5 on page92
Serious harm mag be caused bA foreign bodies temperaturein a heatingsystem.A refrigerator
b
enteringthe duct, os the unit contoinsprecision- also has a thermostatto monitorand control
1 temperature
engineeredparts revolvingat speed, and is the temperatureand a lightthat is activated
2 lightlevels
therefore highlA susceptible to damoge. by the door opening.Washingmachineshave
3 day of the week
Before starting the blower, it is important to thermostatsto controlthe temperatureof the
4 mealtimes
ensure that the externol vents at the end of waterinsidethe machine.The time of the wash
5 commercialbreakson TV
the air-intake duct ore open. When opening cycleis also controlled.The actionof the drum is
the vents, the adjusting handle should be fullg linkedto a safetydevicethat preventsthe door c
extended. When closing the vents, the handle f r o mb e i n go p e n e dW h i | teh e d r u mi s s p i n n i n € ' I increase
should be turned and allowed to return under 2 increases;decreases
5a
the force of the spring. The handle should 3 rise
1e 2b 3a 4d 5c
not be pushed, as this mag strain the spring 4 rises
mechanism, and therefore result in damage. b 5 falls
I pressuremeasurement, for example 6 rise;fall
I Unit 8 monitoringthe pressureof air insidea
d
comoressedair hose
7 I Becausemaximumcapacityis equivalent
2 temperaturemeasurement, for example
An automatedsystemcan function to peakdemand,thereis significantspare
measuringthe temperatureof waterin a
autonomously, withouthumancontrol.A manual capacityduringoff-peakperiods.
boiler
systemrequireshumancontrol.A Building 2 Beingable to generatepowerduringoff-peak
3 flow for examplemonitoringthe amountof
ManagementSystemis a centralisedcomputer periodsand storeit for peak periods
f u e lf l o w i n ga l o n ga f u e lp i p ei n a n e n g i n e
systemthat monitorsand controlsa Wideran€ e 3 Becauseelectricalchargeis extremely
4 levelmeasurement, for examplemonitoring
of functionsin a largebuilding,suchas the lights, difficultto storein largeamounts.
the levelof fuel in a fueltanf.
heating,air-conditioning,smokedetectors,fire 5 processrecorders,for examplemonitoring e
alarms,liftsand securitysystems. the rejected(broken)itemsin a production z É 3d 4a 5b 6h
2a process I Í 8e
I lt's a very green/environmentally
orientated 6a Í
company. a A blockagein a pipe causinga build-upof Suggested answer
2 Energysavingwill be an important Dressure Thereis a band of fluctuationbetween
consideration in the design. b A safetyvalveand a warningsystem approximately 2,700 and 5,000 Megawatts.
3 Sensorsthat detectthe presenceof people triggeredby a pressuredifferential Peakdemandoccurseachday at about 8.00
4 He wantsto presenttwo differentdesign c A systemfor monitoringgas consumption pm, whenthere is a very brief blip.The graph
optionsto the client.He describesoptionone d Cumulativeconsumption. the rate of showsa trougheach night,whendemandfalls
as a building with maximum automation. consumptionat differentpointsin time,and significantly.
At the weekend,the rangeof
b the frequencyof peaksin consumption fluctuationis smallerthan it is duringthe week.
1,/ 2,/ 3x 4,/ e A timescale Fluctuations in demandare continual- thereare
f An exothermicreaction no oointswheredemandremainsat the same ,
c g The temperatureof gas at the input point, levelcontinuously for a long periodof time.
2 reading 4 detect;pick up and at the outoutooint
3 regulate 5 set off; trigger h The optimuminputtemperaturefor the gas 9a
2 peakdemand 5 fluctuations
b 5 continual 6 range
2C 3a 4t 5c 6d 4 bllps
tf 8j 9b l0 e

104 Answerkey
b sized prototypes.The main disadvantage testscan then be carriedout on the container
I Operating on a start-run-stop-wait basis is that their behaviourduringtestscannot and deformablestructureby simulatingthis
Momentaryblips in demand perfectlysimulatethat of a fulFsize knownlandingspeed.Initiallytherewill be no
3 Frequencyof the AC (alternatingcurrent) prototype. needto use the parachute.as the containercan
supply 3 The mainadvantageof this approachis be allowedto freefallfrom the crane - the droD
A slightdrop in frequencyindicatesthat that testsare totallyrealistic.The main heightbeingset so that the verticallanding
power stations are working at full capacity. disadvantageis that full-scaleprototypescan speedis the same as that reachedwith a
Start-upof appliancesis delayedslightlyby be expensiveto build and test. parachute.lnitially,reduced-scale, for example
holdingthe applianceon standby half-size,mock-upscouldbe tested.Thenfull-
2a
scaletestscan be carriedout. The container
10a Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)is computer
softwareusedto assistin aerodynamicdesign.lt designcan then be testedwiththe parachute
I Demandfor electricityfluctuates, and
modelsthe flowof air oversurfaces,suchas car by droppingit from the crane.This will help to
powerstationsneedto be able to copewith
simulatethe effectsof the wind blowingthe
peak demand(at the top of the rangeof bodyworkor the fuselageand wingsof aircraft.
parachuteand container,thus generatinga
The problemis that the peak
fluctuation). Virtualtestingwith CFD softwareis typically
horizontal[aswell as vertical)landingspeed.
only lastsfor a very briefperiodeachday, done in the earlystagesof the designprocess.
Wnd tunnelsequippedwith rollingroadsallow Finally,for the acid test, real lifetrial runs can be
meaningthat powerstationshavea lot of
carriedout usin€ an aircraftto Va|idatethe tests.
generatingcapacitywhich,mostof the time, reduced-scale modelsof vehiclesor full-size
is not used.Therefore, electriccompaniestry vehiclesto be tested.Air is blownthroughthe 4a
to smoothdemand- usingsparecapacity tunnel by powerfulfans to create airflowsof Suggested answers
duringdemandtroughs[atnight)to storeup differentvelocitieswhichsimulatethe vehicle I Humanitarianaid, for examplefood and
energy,whichis then usedthe nextday when travellingat differentspeeds.The airflowover medicine,and militaryequipmentare often
demandpeaks. the surfacesof the vehicleis highlightedwith airdropped,as theyfrequentlyneedto be
streamsof smoke,so that it can be analysed. deliveredto remotelocationswith limited
11a A ro||in€ road is effective|y
a conveyorbe|t transportlinks.
I A seniormanager whichmovesbeneaththe stationaryvehicle 2 The main advantageis that planesdo not
2 A reviewof the company'sorganisation and at the samespeedas the airflow,makingthe need to land and take off again to drop
facilities wheelsturn.This allowsengineersto analyse off cargo,savingtime and fuel.The main
3 Optimisingefticiency
/ the use of engineers' the effectsof the spinningwheelson the airflow. disadvantageis the difficultyof protecting
skills Fieldtestingrefersto testingin real conditions. cargo from impact damage.
b For aerodynamic testingof a vehicle,this might
involvedrivingthe vehicleat differentspeedson b
I c 2b 3a
a circuitor runway. I decrease- As long as the containerremains
c in the air, its airspeed(itsspeedrelativeto
'| A: 50o/o B: 50o/o b the movingair in the atmosphere)will keep
2 A:7Oo/o B:3Oo/o I Usinga scalemodelor a full-sizemock-up decreasinguntilit has an airspeedof zero
3 A: l0o/o B: 90o/o 2 To simulatethe turbulencecausedby wheels - until it is travellingat the same speedand
whenthey'respinning in the same directionas the wind.Therefore,
d 3 Whetheror not the wheelsare mostly if there is a certainamountof wind,the
2 off the top of my head enclosedby the bodywork containerwill havea degreeof groundspeed
3 pretty much 4 Theyare not a hundredpercentreliable;the (horizontal speedrelativeto the ground),as
nownere near data needsto be validatedby full-scaletests it moveswith the wind.lf the aircraftis flying
5 roughly / somewhere in the region of in real conditions. into the wind (inthe oppositedirectionto the
6 roughly / somewhere in the region of 5 Changeableweathermakesit difficultto do Wind)Whenit drops the contáiner,and if the
12a back-to-backtesting containerremainsin the air long enough,the
IT c containerwill slowdown until it momentarily
2T 2 mocK-up has a groundspeedof zero. However,if it
3 F - they print very few copies 3 validate remainsin the air beyondthis point,its
groundspeedwill then beginto increase
b acid test;tried-and-tested; trial run
5 back-to-back againin the oppositedirectionto the aircraft,
I roughly testing;in the field
as it is blownbackwardsby the wind.
wellover d 2 higher- The container'sverticalspeedwill
5 a good b tried-and-tested keepincreasinguntil,if it remainsin the air
4 the vast maiority c in the field long enough, it reachesterminalvelocit|
5 next to nothing d virtual - the pointat whichaerodynamic drag [air
c e the acid test resistance)preventsit from travellingany
Pretty much f back-to-back testing faster.
3 Nowherenear g validate 3 and 4 This will dependon the shapeof the
4 Roughly/ somewherein the regionof h trial run containerand the distributionof weight
c
Well over w i t h i ni t .
e
6 Next to nothing 2e 4d 6a 8b loc c
7 Rough|y/ somewherein the regionoÍ They agree on the first two points (horizontal
I the vast majority 3 speeddecreasesand verticalspeed increases).
First,testingof the parachutecouldbe done
Theydisagreeon the last two points(which
usinga weiehtto simulatethe massof the
I Unit 9 container. The Wei€ h t shou|dbe so|idand
impactis worse,and whatwill happenon the
groundwitha very low-altitude drop).
1 unbreakable, for examplea blockof steel,to
Suggested answers allow severalparachutesystemsto be tested 5a
I Usingsoftwareto simulatereal-lifesituations. back-to-back withoutdestroyingthe container I theoretically 4 presumably
The mainadvantageof this techniqueis that eachtime.For tests,the weightand parachute 2 assuming 5 arguably
testing is often faster and easier to undertake could be dropped from a raised platform 3 surely
comparedwith real-lifetesting.Variables attachedto a crane.Initially, the aim of these
testswill be to developa parachutesystemthat b
can also be changedeasily.The main
I Presumably 4 Arguably
disadvantage is the lowerdegreeof realism. will slowthe container'sfall as muchas oossible
2 Testingsmallmodelsofdesigns.The main to minimisethe verticallandingspeed.Once 2 Assuming 5 Surely
3 Theoretically
advantageof this approachis that models the parachutesystemhas beendeveloped,and
are quickerand cheaperto build thanfull- the verticallandingspeedhas beendetermined,

Answerkey 105
 c b I Unit 10
Agree: Sure;Absolutely;True;Of course I thoughUpredicted
Other phrases;I totally/completelyagree didn't expect/predict 1a
Disagree:I'm not so sure ...;I'm not convinced; 3 it was muchbetterthan we had hooed Suggested answers
Not necessarily I Theyuse the kineticenergy,movementof the
9a wind, to generateelectricity.
Other phrases:I'mnot sure I agree;I disagree;
See audioscript9.4 on page94 2 Advantage:They use a renewable,non-
I totallydisagree
b pollutingenergysourcethat is readily
d available.
Theyput a plasticbeaker,withwaterinsideit,
Suggested answers Disadvantages:The wind is not constant,so
onto the top of the bottle which made it front-
I An aircraftsgroundspeedis its speedrelative wind turbinescannotfunctionall the time.
heavvand increasedits inertia.
to the ground. lts airspeed is the speed it Theyalso havea maiorvisualimpactdue to
passesthroughthe air. Becauseof the wind, c their height and size,and are relativelynoisy.
the air is usuallymoving.Therefore,if an I accordingto plan 3 Locationsexposedto the wind,such as high
aircraftis flyinginto the wind,its airspeed 2 a treat ground,flat areas and coastal areas
will be higherthan its groundspeed.lf it has
the wind behindit, its airsoeedwill be lower 10b b
than its groundspeed. 9.5on page94
Seeaudioscript Suggested answers
2 Zero C The bladesturn due to the air flowgenerated
3 The aircraftwould need to fly into the practrce 5 inadequate by the wind.To function,they needto have
wind,and the wind soeedwouldneedto be 3 more 6 practical a speciallydesignedaerodynamicprofile.
very high,higherthan the minimumspeed tess They must also be stiff,to avoid flexing and
requiredfor the aircraftto fly. consequently hittingthe tower,and relatively
4 lt shouldfly into the wind so that the wind 72 lightto allowthemto turn easily.
helpsthe containerto slowdown. Suggested answeE The tower must be rigid, to resist the bending
5 Providedthe aircraftflies into the wind, I Possible causes:the tyre is inadequately force generatedby the pressureof the wind. lt
higherwind speedwill resultin the container inflatedor punctured must also have a relativelynarrowprofile,to
havinga lowergroundspeedon landing. Possible effects:the tyre could blow out minimisethe aerodynamiceffectit has on the
(explode)/ the tyre will wear rapidly / become blades.Whena bladeis in the low position,
However,above a certain wind speed,the
containerwill reachzero groundspeed, then damaged. alignedwith the tower,the pressureof the wind
start to travel in the opposite direction. 2 Possiblecauses:a surgein the powersupply, on the blade is reduced,reducingeffectiveness,
Beyondthis point,evenhigherwind speeds too muchpowerbeingdemanded,a short and causingtorsionin the turbinedue to
will resultin a highergroundspeedin the circuit differentialpressureon the higherand lower
oppositedirection. Possibleeffect:a circuitbreakerbeing blades.
triggered,overheatingand damage to The turbinegenerateselectricityfrom the action
6b conductorsand components of spinning.To functioneffectively,it needs to
Suggested answers 3 Posslblecause:thereis inadequatepaint minimisefriction.lt mustalso resistthe severe
I The containercould be flat with a low centre cover to protectthe hull weatherwhichis commonin the areaswhere
of gravityso that it s|idesalon€ the ground, Possible effect:the hull will degrade rapidly / windturbinesare located.
or perhapssphericalwith a deformable couldfail
protectivestructurewhich allows it to roll 2a
alongthe ground. 13a I The tower
2 The containercouldbe tall,for examplea A mistakewith a chickengun has madeclever, 2 Corrosiondue to the presenceof saltwater
cylinder shape,with a deformableprotective technicalpeoplelook like fools. 3 Steel and reinforcedconcrete
structureat its base to absorb the vertical 4 Because in reinforced-concrete coastal
b
impact. defences,the steel reinforcementis often
I To fire dead chickensin order to test aircraft
exposed,due to erosion,and rustsas a result
7a enginesand windshleldsfor their resistance
5 Thatjust becausean installationrequires
Expectationsare what you predict,for example to bird strikes
regularmaintenance, that doesn'tnecessarily
how you think a vehicleprototypewill behave Becauseit was a high-speed trainand bird
meanit's unreliable
whenit's testedin a wind tunnel.Resultsare strlkeswerea potentialdanger
6 A comoarisonof the differencebetweenthe
what actuallyhappens,for examplehowthe 3 The chickenbrokethroughboth the
constructioncost of a reinforcedconcrete
prototypeactuallybehavesin the wind tunnel, windshieldand the backof the driver's
tower and the cost of repaintinga steel tower
based on the completedtest. comoartment.
over the period of a concretetower'slifespan
b c
They used a frozenchicken.
b
Trialand error meanstesting ideas to see what lb 2e 3c 4a 5f
happens.The expressionimpliesthat the testing d 6d
process is not very scientific,and is simply based 2 becauseof; due to; owingto
on guesswork. c
3 result of
Unfamiliar territorUmeans an unknownsubiect, 2 inappropriate6 inefficient
4 becauseof
an area wheresomeonelacksexoerience. inconsistent 7 unreliable
5 caused
On o steep learning curve means learning 4 uneconomical8 insufficient
6 consequently
rapid|y,oftenas a resu|tof bein€ put in an 5 ineffective 9 unsuitable
unfamiliarsituationwithoutthe necessarv e
.| d
knowledgeor experience. becauseof / due to / owin€ to
See audioscript10.I on page 94
2 caused;consequently
c 3 becauseof / due to / owingto: resultedin; 3a
See audioscript9.3 on pages93 and 94 consequently 2 suitable 5 inefficient
8a 3 effective 6 insufficienUinadequate
14a
I Half full. 4 inconsistent 7 unreliable
See audioscript9.6 on page 94
2 The openingin the bottlewas just slightly
bigger than the fitting at the end of the
pump, so there was quite a good seal.
3 Ouite powerful,more powerfulthan expected
4 The bottletumbledover in the air - it
wouldn'tfly straight.

106 Answer key

I
I

b than out-of-townairoorts. Planes also tend to be f

Suggested answers delayed more often than trains, due to air traftic 2 caoable 6 unable
l Wind turbinesare extreme|yeíficient. They congestionat airports. Large aircraftcannot take 3 able 7 incapable
use a free, renewablesource of energy. off and land immediatelyafterone anotherdue 4 withstand 8 exceeded
They'realso extremelyreliable,requiringvery to the need for separationdistancesfor safety, 5 subjectedto
little maintenance. and to allowair turbulencetime to clearalong
the runwayafter each takeoffand landing.Also, 9a
Clearly,wind turbinesneedwindto
checkingin for flightstakeslongerthan boarding Key information and questions
functioneffectively but wind conditionsare
trains. For these reasons,overalliourney times The supersonicrocket sled ride for tourists is to
inconsistent. For this reason,a windturbine
on high-speed trainscan be as shortas, or be locatedthe Australian desert. lt is to carry a
is a supplementary sourceof energy.lt will
shorter than those on olanes over distancesof pilot and two passengers.lt must avoid extremes
still be necessaryto havea permanentsupply
500 kmto I,500 km. of C force under accelerationand deceleration
of electricity.However,in suitable locations, (max2 G). Max track length l6 km. ls it feasible
wind turbines can work effectivelyfor a b to havejust l0 km of track? ls that enough
significantpercentageof time. I Speed,convenience, efficlencyand safety margin? ls the sled to have steel skids or
The most suitablesitesare exposed environmental-friendliness wheels?Propulsionwill be by rocketor jet engine
locations.Sites located on the toos of hills. 2 To find the best way of transportingpeople (bein€ |ookedinto by someonee|se).Braking
on the windwardslopesof hills,near the 3 That high-speed electrictrainsare the most system- not a water brake,as there is too much
coast,or on flat,open land are the most efficientsolution C force;possibly a friction system (againstrails),
suitable.
c an aerodynamicsystem(flapsor parachutes),
To work effectively,wind turbines should
I criterion reverseenginethrustsystemor a combination
be located awayfrom featuresthat can
2 factor of these.
obstructthe wind,suchas buildingsor trees.
Obstructionscan have a negativeeffectif 3 variable
they are locatedin frontof the turbine,and 6a
also if theyare relativelyclosebehindit. Most TCVSreach 300 km/h.Newer models run
4b at 320 km/hon certaintracks.Most trainsare
10.2on page94
Seeaudioscript approximately200 metreslong.
c b
Shedoesn'tmentioncentrifugal
force. See audioscriptlO.3 on page94
d c
bénding 7 shear I lt was modifiedto a certain extent but, with
3 torsion/torque I friction a few exceptions,was essentiallyan ordinary
4 expansion 9 contraction TCV
5 pressure l0 centrifugalforce 2 100 metres
6 tension 3 To makeit slightlymoreaerodynamic
4 To reducethe speedof revolution, to limit
e frictionand centrifugalforce
2 oressure
3 bending d
4 compression: tension 2 - 50o/o
5 shear 3 - 15o/o
6 friction 4 + lgoh
7 torsion (torque) 5 + 680/o
I expansion;contraction e
f certain 5 marginally
Suggested answers 3 significantly 6 substantially
When thereis no wind,the columnsand legs 4 slightlymore 7 considerable
are all sub.iectedto compression.The legs are Í
also subjectedto bendingforces.The beam su€ g ested answers
is subjectedto a vertical bendingforce.The I The supplyvoltagein the catenarycableshad
insulatorsare in tension.The foundationsare to be increasedby a considerableamount.
in comoression.There are also shear forces 2 To limitoscillation, the tensionof the
betweenthe legs and the foundations. catenarycables was substantiallyincreased.
Whenthe wind is blowingfrom directionl, the 3 The camber of the track was increased
beam is subjectedto a horizontalbendingforce marginallyon somecurves.
from the wind. Both columnsare also subiected 4 The previousrecord was beaten by a huge
to bending.Legs I and 2 are in tensionas margin.
a resultof the wind.Legs3 and 4 are in 5 In perfectconditions,the TCV could probably
compressron. havegone slightlyfaster.
When the wind is blowingfrom direction2,
both columnsand legs are subjectedto bending 8a
by the wind.Legs 1 and 3 and columnI are See audioscript10.4on page95
primarilyin tensionas a resultof the wind.Legs
c
2 and 4, and column2 are in compression.
1 1 . 0 r5
5a 23
Suggested answers 320
Planes travel much faster than high-speedtrains. 4 1.2
The fastest high-speedtrains can travel at just 546
over 300 km/h.Commercialaircraftflying at an
e
altitude of around 30,000 feet can travel with
2 cope with;withstand
a groundspeedof around 800 km/h.Therefore,
3 exceed:suroass
on board trips are typically faster on planes. 4 intendedfor
However,rail networksgenerallylink city centres,
5 able to; capableof
which are often more convenientdestinations
5 incapableof; unableto

Answer key to7

CavrnRrDGE
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