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Book CH5 Sequences

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162 views22 pages

Book CH5 Sequences

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Mohamed
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES: CUE ee Identify a geometric sequence Se eee RecA ee a We ee ee Fee UE Wu Ue ar Deere Find the sum to infinity of a convergent geometric series Sy es ‘The two key concepts in this chapter are sequences and series. In the English language these terms are interchangeable. In mathematics, however, the definition of a sequence and a series differ greatly, therefore itis important to know the difference. Asequencs is a list of numbers: ay, a2, As, A series is the expression you get when you insert ‘addition’ symbols: a, + ap + a + Ina sequence the order in which the numbers are listed is important, for instance: 1,2,3,4,5, is one sequence, and 2, 1,4,3,6,5,.. is an entirely differant sequence. A series is a sum of numbers. For example, 1+3454+7494 or TLE Ba ese Nas) ea NN aes eT Consider these three common sequences 2,5,8,11, 10, 15, 5,2, -1,-4, To get to the next term, you add a fixed value to the previous term, Hence the difference between the terms is fixed. Note that you can also subtract a common difference to obtain a sequence. ‘A sequence that increases or decreases by a constant amount each time is a called an arithmetic sequence. Here are some examples of arithmetic sequences 3,7, 11, 15, 19, . because you add 4 each time 2,7, 12, 17, 22, because you add 5 each time 17,14, 11,8, because you subtract 3 each time a,a+d,a + 2d, a + 34, ... because you add d each time TEI «4 recrrencosslatonship is a soquence where theres relationship between two consecutive terme. © A recurrence relationship of the form Use; = sequence ip + 6, k= 1, €€ Ris called an arithmetic FEED rene ton, nntnand e som tems the atsic sequence, 7.11, 15,1, E> soar a First term = 3 The sequence goes up in fours, starting at 3. The first term is 3 + 0 x 4 proaten Second term = 3 + 4 The second termis3 + 1x 4 Third term =3 +4 +4 The third term is 3 +2 x 4 Fourth term =3+4+444 ‘The fourth term is 3 +3 x 4 ‘Therefore the 10th term is 3 +9 x 4=3 + 36 = 39 b The nth term is: 84-1) x4=4n-1 nth term = first term + (2 ~ 1) x difference © The 50th term is 3 + (60 — 1) x4 3 +196 = 199 [EEE treo thats 6 motes tals parted in a garden, it rows 1.5 metes year 2 how al wilt be afer it has baen in the garden for 8 yours? b after how many years will it be 24 metres tall? a 6+8x15 It starts at 6 metres and It has 8 years’ growth at 1.5 metres a year =6+12 = 18 metres SEQUENCES AND SERIES CHAPTER 5 | re PROBLEM SOLVING b 24-6 = 18metres Find out how much it has grown in total Somumberofyeus = 18 = 12 year, grows .s mete ayoar Find the number of terms in the arithmetic sequence 7, 11, 15, ..., 143 The sequence goes up in fours. Work out how to gat from one term to the next Work out the difference between the It goes from 7 to 143, a difference of 136. last number and the first number 136 88 = 54 jumps There is one more term than the number of jumps, so 34 jumps means 35 tarms. 41> Which of these sequences are arithmetic? 29,11, 12,14 b 9,101,141 © 442 d 16,8,4,2,1 e 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 f 25,4,5.5,7 9g -3,-6,-8,-10,-12 h 2y, 4y, 6y, By i 4+d,6+42d,8+3d,10+3d 2 find the 10th tn inti artnet prego, 2 2.5,7.9 b 7,75,8,88 © 09,79,77.81 4 8, 28,34, o 446,620,834 3 > Nadine puts $4000 into her account. Every month after that, she pays in another $200. How much money in total will she have invested at the start of a the 10th month? b the nth month? Note: At the start of the 6th month she will have only made 5 payments. 4 > Calculate the number of terms in these arithmetic sequences a 5,9, 13,... 133 b 11,14,17,...59 © 186, 125,114, ... -84 671, 863.5, 656, .. 581 © y, 3y, 5y,..35y ff -m,m+p,m + 2p,...m(n—1)d, ale Bae ead eau) eral PROBLEM SOLUING PAN ROO ass Ura EY eae sy Arithmetic series are formed by adding together terms of an arithmetic sequence, ty + tp + thy. + ty In an arithmetic series, the next term is found by adding (or subtracting) a constant number. This number is called the common difference and is often represented by d. The first term is often represented by a. All arithmetic series can be written in the form: @ + (atd) + (@+2d) + (a+3d) + (a+ 4d) + First term Second term Third term Fourth term Fifth term Look at the relationship between the number of the term and coefficient of d. You should be able to see that the coefficient of dis one less than the number of the term, You can use this fact to produce a formula for the nth term of an arithmetic series: ‘The nth term of an arithmetic series u, = a + (n ~ 1)d, where ais the first term and dis the common difference. Please note that this formula is nat given in the exam, Find i the 20th and ii the S0th terms of these series. a 44+7+10+184+.. b 100+ 93+ 86 +79+ a a=4andd=3 d=7-4 i 20th term Use the formula ty = a + (n — 1)e with n Ugg = 4 + 20-1) x3 =4+19x3 =61 ji 50th term Use the formula ut, = a + (n ~ 1)d with n = 50 Ugg = 4 + (60 ~ 1) x3 =4449x3 = 161 b a= 100andd= d=93-100=-7 1 20th tern Wey = 100 + (20 ~ 1) (-7) = 100 + 19 x(-7) = -33 50th term Usp = 100 + (60 = 1) x (-7) = 100 + 49 x (-7) = -243 Bases silly ead) Forthesatnetc series § +9 + 18 417-421 + a. + 808 @ Find the number of terms in the series. Which term of the series would be 1297 a Theseriesis5 +9413 +17 421 +... +805 With a = 5 and d= 4 805 = 5 +(n—1) x4 805 = 5 + 4n—4 The nth term u, = a + (n — 1)d, 80 replace 1, with 805 and solve for n 805 = 4n +4 804 = 4n n= 201 There are 201 terms in this series. The nth term u, = a + (n — 1)d, s0 replace Be ee 1, with 129 and solve for n 129=4n+1 128 = 4n n= 32 The 32nd term is 129, FEED chen nate site ofan arithmetic seis 20 andthe 7th tem s 12 2 ind he ist tem 1 fine th 2 erm Note: These are very popular questions and involve setting up and solving simultaneous equations. a Srdtermis20soa+2d=20 (1) Thtemisi2soa+ad= 12 @ —_Ueetatthenin tam by a+ = ‘Subtracting (1) from (2): ad=—8 a=-2 The common diterenceis -2 a+2x(-2)=20 ‘Substitute d = —2 back into equation (1) a =20 a= 24 The first term is 24. b The 20th term is: a+ 19d = 24 + 19 x (-2) 4 — 38 —14 ‘The 20th term is ~14, We ae Bea ey Mesa) 1 > Find ithe 20th term and ii the nth term of these arithmetic series. a 4s 74104104 b 17204 28+ 284 © 100488 94++20:4 @ 16+ 104442) o 848.28. It, 1 9+ 99450744 9 8+ k + (—3k) + (-7K) + 2 > Find the number of terms in these arithmetic series. a 5+8411 +... +62 b 14+ (-8) + (-2) +... + 700 © 120417 H114 +... +24 do oxtSx49r+... + 2010 © 0.25 +1.75+3.25 +... + 39.25 1 2100 + 2089.5 + 2079 + ... + 1669.5 3 > The tst term of an arithmetic series is 6 and the 4th term is 18. Find the common difference. 4 > The Sid term of an arithmetic series is 12 and the 10th term is —99. 2 Find the first term and the common difference. Find the term in which the series turns negative. 5 > The 20th term of an arithmetic series is 18.82 and the 35th term is 15.52, Find the Sth term © > The first three terms of an arithmetic series are Sp, 20 and 3p. Find the value of p and hence the values of the three terms, 7 > For which values of n would the expressions ~8, n® and 17n form the first three terms of an arithmetic series? GSS ae GY See SE SSeS Cr aE ‘The method of finding the sum of an arithmetic series is attributed to the famous mathematician Gauss. Ho is said to have solved the problem at junior school, ‘The formula he proved for the sum of the arithmetic series is ‘The formula for the sum of an arithmetic series is s {2a + (n — 1)d) or = 3 +1) where aris the first term, d is the common difference, 1 is the umber of terms and L is the last term in the series. Find the sum of the first 100 odd numbers, =14+34+5474 Use 5, = 32a + (n — 1d] ‘he x 1+ (100 ~ 12] = 502 + 198) 80 x 200 = 10000 Se sy MU as) CHAPTERS | | Atematively, ind Zand use 5, = Ma +1) | | ‘Note: This is a very useful formula that is worth remembering. L=at+(n—1d | =1499%2 = 199 a s,= "a +1) Hat) 109, 1004 + 199) Slt + 199) = 10000 | Find the minimum number of terms required for the sum 4 +9 + 14 + 19 + ... to exceed 2000 4494144194... > 2000 Always establish what you are given in a question {As you are adding on positive terms, itis easier to solve the equality S, = 2000 Using S, = 22a + (n ~ t)d) You know a = 4, d = § and S,, = 2000, you need to find n 2000 = Fe x 4 + (a1) x 5] 4000 = n[2 x 4 +n ~ 1)5) ‘ 4000 = n(8 + 52 — 5) 4000 = n{6n + 3) 4000 = 52? + 3n 5n® + 3n — 4000 = 0 nm 3B Solve using the quadratic formula n= 28.0 orn = -28.6 28 terms are needed Accept positive answer Robert starts his new job on a salary of £15000. He is promised a salary increase of £1000 each year, at the end of every year, until he reaches his maximum salary of £25 000. Find his total ‘earnings (since appointed) after a Byears b 14 years a Total earnings = £15000 + £16000 +... For 8 years = 18000, d = 1000 andn = 8 Write down what you know $1800 +7 x 1000] Uses, = Blea + (n ~ ty] Sp = £148000 ata ieee US) eran b Total eamings = £15000 + £16000 + ... + 25000 + 25000 + 25000 + 26000 This time there are 10 years of increases, taking him to the end of his 11th year, and 3 years of the same salary a= 15000, d= 1000 and n = 11 For the first 11 years Sy= Hi80000 + 10 x 1000] Use S, 5a + (n—1)d] Sy) = #220000 After that 000 so add another £75 000 Total earnings = £220000 + £75000 = £295000 years at Show tha the um ofthe et nna umber isn +1 This is an arithmetic series with a = 1, d = 1, =n_ Inthe sequence of natural numbers, the first ity terms 1, the difference between terms is 1 Serio cere Moreen) and the number of terms in the sequence is n 7 Sa= 5 tn Use 5, = Blea + (n= 1d] S.= Bin +1) Sy = Juin +1) You can use 5 to mean ‘the sum of For example: 3 2n means the sum of 2n from n = 1 ton = 10 Fon a2 4440404104124 144 1641-420 EU, = Uy + Uy + Us + Uy + Us + Up + Uy + Us + Up + Urn ¥(2 + 3r) means the sum of 2 + 8r fromr = Otor = 10 ° 2245484... 432 Yao r) means the sum of 10 ~ ar from r= Stor = 15 = 04 (-2)+(-4) +2. + (-20) Calculate Sar +1 Larva Substitute r = 4, 2, ... to find the terms in the series =5+9419+..4+81 This is an arithmetic series a=5,d=4andn=20 Sm = 20 x5 + (20-1) x4) Use 5, = 22a + (n ~ td] = 10 x (10 + 19 x 4) = 10 x 86 = 860 Seay MeL) Cais PEED + > Fa ne sumo these sei =e a 447410 +13 +... 20 terms) b 3+54+7+9 +... @Oterms) rear © 150+ 145 + 140+ 185+... (10terms) d —15 + (—12.5) + (-10) + ... (60 terms) “TNE PROBLEM ce (v+1)+@r+1)+@r+t)+.. + QIe +11) SOLVING 2 > Find how many terms of these series are needed to make the given sun? a 6+16+26+...,sum= 12550 b 7411415419 sum = 900 © -20 + (-17) + (-11) + (-8) +... , sum = 848 d 294244194 14+... sum = —247491 3. > Find the sum of the first 30 odd numbers. 4 > Alistarts works on an annual salary of $2000. His contract will give him an increase of $120 every 6 months. If he keeps working for 15 years, how much will Ali earn? 5 Find the sum of the natural numbers up to 200, 6 > Kumar earns €35 000 a year. He gets an increase of €128 every year on his salary. He works for 20 years and then retires. His pension entitles him to 5% of his overall salary as @ monthly allowance. What is his monthly pension allowancs? 7 > Find the sum of the even numbers from 26 to 126. 8 > Ajoggor is training for a 6 km run. She starts training with 200 m and increases her run by 50m a day. How many days does it take her to reach 5 km? 9 > Show that the sum of the first 2n natural numbers is n(2n + 1) 10) The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°, a quadrilateral 360° and a pentagon 540° Assuming the pattern continues, find the sum of the interior angles of a dodecagon (12-sided shape) 11> Rewrite these series using sigma ¥ notation. a 84+5474..421 b 9417425 +234... +97 © 96+92+28+...+0 The multiples of 4 less than 75 12> Prove that the formula of an arithmetic series is: 5, = (a + L) 13> Calculate a Kur E68 -6r or +13) 14 HINT reed + arr You will need to : solvea quadratic 14> For what value of n does '\2r + 3) exceed 1007 inequality 15> For what value of n is $°(100 — 67) > 0? aia Baaasy Wiel) REASONING sae aes ald Consider the sequenc 3,9, 27, 81 ‘The pattem here is that each term is multiplied by 3. Consider another sequence 3, -6, 12, ~24, The pattern here is that each term is multiplied by 2. ‘Sequences like these are known as geometric sequences. ‘These sequences are called geometric sequences 1,2, 4,8, 16. 100, 25, 6.25, 1.5625, 2, -6, 18, ~54, 162, To get from one term to the next you multiply by the same number each time. This number is called the common ratio, and often represented by r Find the common ratios in these geometric sequences, 1 a 2, 10, 60, 250, b 90, -30, 10, Comma ato = 12-=5 b- Common ratio = The common ratio can be negative and it can be a fraction 41 > Which of these are geomatric sequences? For the ones that are, find the common ratio. a 2,10, 50, 250. b 3,6, 18, 34. © 211, 105.6, 62.75, d 4,7,9,12 © 7-7.7,.-7 Ff 9,9,9,9. 9 120, 80, 7.5, -1.875. hh 61, 59, 57, 55 2 > Find the next three terms of these geometric sequences. a 113, 339, 1017. b 20, 80, 320. 3, 15,75. © 1, -0.25, 0.0625. f 4x42. 3 > 114, p and 16 are the first three terms of geometric sequence, find a the exact value of p. b the exact value of the Sth term. FIND THE COMMON RATIO, FIRST TERM AND nth TERM OF A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE You can define a geometric sequence using the first term a and the common ratio r a ar, ar, ar, . art First term Second term Third term Fourth term —_nth term, Sometimes a geometric sequence is called a geometric progression HINT Look at the relationship between the position of the term in the sequence and the index of the term. You should be able to see that the index of ris one less than its position in the sequence. So the nth term of a geometric sequence u, = ar"! Find the ot enn andthe nth en thse geometric sequences 2 9,0,12,24, 40, -20,10,-5 2 3,6,12,24,. =3,r=8= n= | a=ar-8=2andn=10 tot tr = 8x ee Use ar axste 1586 a=3,r=2andn=n nth term = 3 x Q) Use art b 40, -20, 10, -5 ; -20_ 4 = 40,7= 222 = Landa =1 b= 40,7=320~ Sand =r, rotten =40%(-3)" Use an = 5x28 (9 = 5x (1h x ey" Use law of indices x7™ and (em = gn z = 5X (HI) x DEX Qe 5x (1) x 28 = 5x (11 x 2m EE The second term of a geometric sequence is 4, and the 4th term is 8. The common ratlo of the sequence is greater than 0. Find the exact values of a the common ratio b the first term © the 10th term. — * atid ease NUR u ls) a 2ndterm = 4, ar = 4 (1) 4th term = 8, ar? = 8 (2) using nth term= ar" with n = 2 and 4 @) = (1) gives: 8 papa? =2 So the common ratio is v2 b Substitute the common ratio back into (1) to find: aV2 = 4 4 am To rationalise . , Multiply top and bottom by y2 42 2 So the first term is 2 © The 10th term is: ar? = 2/2 x VB} Substitute the values of a and r back into ar®t with n = 10 y'° = isto = 96 | = 2x 2) Use (/2)"° = x2 = 64 Terumber 9, and. + 6 form the rst te tems ofa pstive geometric sequence Find a the posible values of © the 1th tm ofthe sequence x 188 multiph a Cross multiply a? — Sr —18=0 Factorise (© — 6 +3)=0 ‘The solutions are x = 6, x = ~3, but this is a positive sequence so the only answer is x = 6. Us - b The 10th term is ar?, Here a = Gand r = “2 = 8 =o, Use the formula forthe 3 nth term w, = ar" with n=10,a=3,r=2 ar? = = 3x $12 = 1536 BEE ee ame Eee eee eet Crates eae UES) a 2ndterm = 4, ar = 4 (1) 4th term = 8 ar 82) using nth term= ar*-t with n = 2. and 4 2) = (1) gives: ‘So the common ratio is 2 b Substitute the common ratio back into (1) to find: a2 = 4 To rationalise , multiply top and bottom by v2 = 22 So the first term is 2/2 © The 10th term is: ar’ = 22 x (/2)" Substitute the values of a and r back into ar"-1 with n = 10 = 2x (2) Use (v2)"° = (23)"° = 2b«1a = 98 2x28 =2 = 64 The numbers 3, x and x + Find 6 form the first three terms of a positive geometric sequence. & the possible values of x b the 10th term of the sequence. Cross multiply Factorise sear Bp Use the formula forthe Uy 3 ath term u,, = ar"-* with 1536, n=10,a=3,r=2 SKILLS PROBLEM SOLVING Qs HINT Calculate different expr sions for the common ratio. Then form and solve an equation inp. Sa esy Miia) Carey Find the Sth, 7th and nth term of this sequence: a 36,12 b 160, 80, 40. © 2, (-6), 18 (1), (-2), (-4). 2 > Find the common ratio and the first term in the geometric sequence where: a The 2nd term is 6 and the 4th term is 24. b The 3rd term is 60 and the 6th term is ~480. © The Srd term is ~7.5 and the 6th term is 0.9975. The 4th term is 4 and the 7th term is $2 3 > Thenth term of a geometric sequence is 315°") ind the first term. b Find the 5th term, 4 > Given that the first term of a geometric sequence is 8 and the third term is 2, find the possible values of for the 6th term, 5 > The expressions p — 6, 2p and p? form the first three terms of a geometric sequence. Find the possible values of the first term. ae el Se SSS ‘The general rule for the sum of a geometric series is: alr" = 1) (1 — rn 5, = MMos, alt=" r=t eee Note: You will not be asked to prove these formulae. Find the sum of these series. a 2+6+18 +54 +... (for 10 terms) b 1024 ~ 512 +256 ~ 128+ ..+1 a The series is 2 +6 + 18 + 54 + ... (for 10 terms) Soa=2,r 3,n=10 2@0 S0 Sip = ce » - so048 bb The series is 1024 ~ 512 + 256 - 128 +... +1 90 0~ 1026, r =~ 512. = 4, and nthten's1. owe art = 140 find n 1024 x ( i 1 2m) = 1024 n= tyg2 = ttt024 solved this without using logarithms — Sees y Nias) ear SKILLS PROBLEM SOLVING QS HINT Calculate different xxpressions for the common ratio. Then form and solve an equation inp. a 1 > Find the Sth, 7th and nth term of this sequence: a 36,12 b 160, 80, 40 © 2,(-6), 18. (1), 1-2), (4) 2 > Find the common ratio and the first term in the geometric sequence where: a The 2nd term is 6 and the 4th term is 24. bb The 3rd term is 60 and the 6th term is ~480. © The 3rd term is ~7.5 and the 6th term is 0.9976. The 4th term is 4 and the 7th term is 32 3 > Thenth term of a geometric sequence is 315") @ Find the first term. b Find the 5th term, 4 > Given that the first term of a geometric sequence is 8 and the third term is 2, find the possible values of for the 6th term, 5 > The expressions p ~ 6, 2p and p? form the first three terms of a geometric sequence Find the possible values of the first term, a Se Se eee sits ‘The general rule for the sum of a geometric series is: air" — 1) a(t -r") r=t t= ‘Note: You will not be asked to prove these formulae, or Sy = Find the sum of these series. a 2+6+18 +54 +... (for 10 terms) b 1024-512 4256-128 +...44 a The series is 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 +... (for 10 terms) Sa pes pr Our aes Soa=2r=$=3,n=10 $0 Sy = 28") ~ s904a 3 b The series is 1024 — 512 + 256 ~ 128 +... +1 = 1024, r= — 512-1. and nth term i te Soa = 1024, r= — 312 = 5, and nth termis 1 Solve ar’ to find n xy 1024 x (-f) = 1 1024 = (-2)" 1024 is positive so (~2)"-1 must be positive, and equal to 2"! 2-1 = 1024 (a ~ 1)lg2 = Ig (1024) Hts 111024 _ 4g oa ie If you noticed that 1024 = 2"° you could have solved this without using logarithms etal eee WU aus) Ea ‘An investor invests £2000 on January 1st each year in a savings account that guarantees him 4% per annum for life. If interest is calculated on the 31st of December each year, how much will be in the account at the end of the 10th year? End of year 1, amount ~ 2000 x 1.04 Start of year 2, amount = 2000 x 1.04 + 2000 End of year 2, amount = (2000 x 1.04 + 2000) x 1.04 = 2000 1.04? + 2000 x 1.04 Start of year 3, amount = (2000 x 1.04% + 2000 x 1.04 = 2000 X 1,043 + 2000 1.04? + 2000 x 1.04 2000) x 1.04 So by end of year 10, ‘amount = 2000 x 1.0419 + 2000 x 1.049 = 2000 x (1.0490 + 1.048 +... + 1.04) 1.04 x (1.049 - 1) r 104 = 1 = 2000 x 12.486... = £24972,70 = 2000 x Arate of 4% means x 1.04 Every new year he invests £2000 At the end of every year the total amount in the account is multiplied by 1.04 Look at the values for the end of year 3 and extend this for 10 years + 2000 x 1.04 This is a geometric series. Substitute a = 1.04, ax(r"—1) 04, n ‘ 10ins Sat slat volo otcncad Shak sam oft -+ f 8 wi lore nou xenon TN. If this is to exceed 2000000 then: _ 21> 2000000 2" > 2000001 nIg(2) > Ig(2000001) Use laws of logarithms: Ig(a") = n Iga Ig(@000001) 'g(2) n> 208 Rcilp e RERRRERAEY It needs 21 terms to exceed 2000000 easy DUR) CHAPTER 5 HINT log 1 Erna CRTICAL THINKING Alternative method: 2" ~ 1 > 2.000 000 2" > 2.000001 logs? > log,2 000 001 n> log, 2 000 001 n>209 It needs 21 terms to exceed 2 000 000 ind 8x27 So F@x29 =3x 21+ 3x 22+3x 29 +3x 210 m3) +204 20+. $29) ax 2(2" 2-1 So Sip = 6138 ‘The quantity in parentheses is a geometric series with a = 2,r=2,n=10 ses eee: 41 > Find the sum of these geometric series: a 14849427 +... (7 terms) © 4412 +964... (15 terms) e fs a ¥ex(1) 2S *tazs) b 60 + (-25) + 12.5 + (-6.25) (O terms) 920 +80 +20 +5 +... (6 terms) t yexar h 3-79 2 > Legend has it that the inventor of chess was asked to name his reward for the invention by the ruling king of the time, He asked for 1 grain of rice on the first square of the chess board, 2 grains of rice of the second square, 4 grains of rice on the third square and so on until all the 64 squares were covered in rice, How many grains of rice ould the inventor claim? 3 > Asavings scheme is offering a rate of interest of 3.59% per annum for the lifetime of the plan. Ji Won wants to save up to $20000. She works out that she can afford to save $500 every year. How many years will it be until she has saved up $20 000? 4 > The rate of tax in India operates on a flat rate system. If you earn more than 50000 rupees then you pay a fiat rate of tax of 20%. If you earn less than 80000 rupees then you pay a fiat tax rate of 159, You eam 3750 rupees in the first month, and for each month after that your salary increases by 3% of the previous month's salary. How much tax would you pay that year? 5 > Youare offered a job that lasts for 5 weeks and you can choose your salary. You have two options: a You get paid $100 a day for the first day, $200 for the second day, $300 for the third day and so on. Each day your salary increases by $100. Calas Soa eed UP) HINT You can write ‘the sum to infinity’ 6 > Abishek is sponsored to cycle from Cape Town to Asa=Sandr when n = 3, b_ You get paid 1 cent for the first day, 2 cents for the second day, 4 cents for the third day and so on. Each day you are paid double of what you were paid for the previous day. Which salary would you choose? Durban (1600 kilometres away) over a number of days. Abishek cycles 15km on day 1 and increases his distance by 15% each day. How long will it take him to complete the challenge? > Find the lowest value of n for which the sum, 346+ 12+... +n exceeds 1.5 million. > The first and last terms of a geometric series are 2 and 2048 respectively. The sum of the series is 2730. Find the number of terms and the common ratio. eae Siete eee alls) Consider the series § = 3 + 1.5 + 0.75 + 0.975 + 0.1875 No matter how many terms of the series you take, the sum never exceeds a certain number. ‘This number is called the limit of the sum, or more often, the sum to infinity. You can find out what this limit is. a 1d —r 1" 2 =a) — sap era , then s 2 Ifyou replace n with certain values to find the sum you find that: = 6.25 when n = 6, Ss = §.8125 when n = 10, Syp = 5.9994 when n = 20, Say = 5.999994 You can see that 2s n gets larger, § becomes closer and closer to 6. You say that this infinite series is convergent, and has a sum to infinity of 6. Convergent means that the series tends towards a specific value as more terms are added, Not alll series converge. The reason that this one does is that the terms of the sequence are getting smaller. This happens because —1 1 p p>4s wy Multiply top and bottom by p ERIE The sum to 4 terms of a geometric series is 15 and the sum to infinity is 16. @ Find the possible values of r b Given that the terms are all positive, find the first term in the series, Use the formula S,, = eK Solve the two equations simultaneously b asaterms are postive ris +f Substitute r = 1 back into equation 2) to find a 161 - =a a=8 ‘The first term in the series is 8. catia Ua eae easy EEE «> Fra tne sum to inns, it xis, of those series a 1+0.1+0.01 + 0.001 + b 2+6+10+14+ cnmica © 04+08+12+ 1 = 2y + dy? ~ 8y> + rans 2 > The first three terms of a geometric series are 4 +2 +1 What is the common ratio of this series? b Find the sum to infinity. 3 > The first three terms of a geometric series are 100 + 90 + 81 a What is the common ratio of this series? b Find the sum to infinity. 4 > Find $905) 5 > Find the sum to infinity of the geometric series having a second term of —9 and a fifth : 2 sem ot! 6. Aalls cropped tom a night oF mats. Suppose ho bal robouncs 2 ofthe hot from which it falls, Find the total distance of travelled by the ball 7 > Tho longths of the radi of circles form a geometric series. The radius of the frst circle is 150m. The radius decreases by 2 ofthe length of the previous circle. Determine the total area of all the circles in the series. Give your answer in terms of 7. 8 > Afactory contributes £1 million into a small city. Itis estimated that 75% of that money is respent back into the community. Economists assume that the money is re-spent again and again at a rate of 75%. Find an approximation for the total money re-spent from this original £1 million 9 > The sum to the three terms of a geometric series is 9 and its sum to infinity is 8. What can you deduce about the common ratio and why? Find the first term and common ratio. Cea ae HEB The third and fifth terms of an arithmetic series are 67 and 121 Fi b © Find the first term. io) Find the common difference. @ Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the series. ica] HED The frst three terms of an arithmetic series are 1, 2q — 5) and 8.6 a Find the value of g. [2] Find the 16th term of the series. oT EBB catcuiate 5”, 6-1) for HEBD Tre fitn and twentieth terms of an arithmetic series are 18 and 63 @ Find the first term and common difference. [4] bb Given that the sum of the n terms of the series is 270, find the value of n HEB Tre sixth and fifteenth terms of an arithmetic series are 277 and 214 Find the common difference and first term fo 2 Find the possible values of n rT 2 Find the maximum value of S,, the sum of the fist n terms ofthe series Bl HEBD A oeomettic series has a common ratio of ~2 and the first term of 3. ‘2 Find the sum of the frst ten terms of the series @ Show thatthe sum of the frst eight positive torms ofthe series is 65 525. oy ED Evaluate sr [3] HEBD The second term of a geometric series Sis /2 ~ 2 and the third term is 3 — /2 — 4 2. Find the exact value of the common ratio and the fist term ofthe series, 8 bb Find the sum to infinity of Sand give a reason why the series is convergent. i HEB The second term of a geometric series is 60 and the fifth term is 5.12 @ Show that the common ratio of the series is 0.4 Calculate: b_ The first term of the series. 2 © The sum to infinity of the series, giving your answer as an exact fraction. 2 The difference between the sum to infinity of the series and the sum of the first 14 terms of the series, giving your answer in the form a x 10" where 1< a 10 and n is an integer. Cae Sear HEI A geometric series is a + ar + are + Pon tetteah soe he areas erect Gian in Sle sR alg [EBD The first three terms of a geometric series are (p + 4), p and (2p ~ 18) respectively where pi 2 postive constant Show that»? Tp ~60 = 0 ey Hence show that p = 12 i) © Find the common ratio. (2) d_ Find the sum to infinity. [2] CONGR All arithmetic series can be written in the form: a (a+d) + (a@+2d) + (@+3d) + .. +(a+(n-1)d) + First term Second term Third term Fourth term nth term The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is a + (n — 1}d, where ais the first term and d is the common difference. ‘The sum of an arithmetic series is: n S, = Ba + (n — 1)djor $, = (a+ L) 2 where a is the first term, d is the common differen term in the sequence. 1 is the number of terms and Lis the last You can use the symbol ¥ to indicate ‘sum of’. is used to write a series in a quick and concise way. For example, ¥ (2r + 50) = 52 + 54+ 56 +... + 1050 In a geometric sequence you can get from one term to another by multiplying by a constant called the common ratio, The formula for the nth term is ar”~" where is the first term and r is the common ratio. The formula for the sum of the 2 terms of a geometric series is _att =r) yg al —1) =F r The sum to infinity exists if —1

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