FYBBA/IT/2020/Unit-1

PROF. V.B.SHAH INSITUTE OF MANAGEMENT,

AMROLI,SURAT

COURSE: B.B.A
YEAR: F.Y.BBA(SEM –I)
SUBJECT: IT TOOLS FOR BUSINESS
Faculty: Dr. Nilesh Patel
Unit: 1 Introduction to Computer & Operating Systems (15%)
 Computers:
Introduction, Characteristics, History, Generations, Types, Computer Architecture, Devices (Input,
Output and Storage), Advantages of Using Computers, Use of computers in Business
 Operating Systems:
Introduction, Types of user interfaces, Functions of OS, Types of OS, Examples of OS, Booting
Process

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1.1 Introduction
Computer – The word “computer “comes from the word “compute “which means to calculate.
So a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that performs arithmetic
operations at enormous speed.This gave birth to a machine called ‘computer’.A computer is an
electronic device which is used to perform operation on raw data as per instruction given by
user. They are

1. It accepts data or instructions through input,

2. It stores data,
3. It can process required data by the user,
4. It gives results as production, and
5. It controls all functions inside the computer

Definition of Computer:
“Computer: It is an electronic device which processes given data for giving required and useful
information.”

“Computer is an electronic device designed to accept data, and perform mathematical and
logical operations at high speed and display the result and also save the results for future use.”

1.2 Characteristics of computer:

1. Speed - Computer can process millions of instructions per second. It gives fast result
as compare to human.
2. Accuracy- A computer is very accurate. The results given by the computer is accurate.
3. Storage- The storage capacity of computer is very high. Computer can store large
amount of data.
4. Diligent- Computer can work for hours and hours without any break and creating error.
5. Versatile-It is the ability to perform different types of jobs at a same time. Example you
can listen music and work on MS-Word.
6. Networking capability-Number of Computers can connect with each other through
network. They can easily transfer information from one place to another.

1.3 History of computer:

The first counting device was used by the primitive people. They used sticks, stones and bones
as counting tools. As human mind and technology improved with time more computing devices
were developed. Some of the popular computing devices starting with the first to recent ones
are described below;
Abacus

The history of computer begins with the birth of abacus which is believed to be the first
computer. It is said that Chinese invented Abacus around 4,000 years ago.

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It was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them. The beads were
moved by the abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic calculations.
Abacus is still used in some countries like China, Russia and Japan.

Fig 1: Abacus

Napier's Bones

It was a manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617)
of Merchiston. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with
numbers to multiply and divide. So, the tool became known as "Napier's Bones. It was also the
first machine to use the decimal point.

Fig 2: Napier's Bones

Pascaline

Pascaline is also known as Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. It was invented between
1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal. It is believed that it was
the first mechanical and automatic calculator.

Fig 3: Pascaline

Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel

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It was developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673.

He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was a digital mechanical calculator
which was called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made of fluted drums.

Fig 4: stepped reckoner

Difference Engine

In the early 1820s, it was designed by Charles Babbage who is known as "Father of Modern
Computer". It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a
steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.

Fig 5: Mechanical computer

Analytical Engine

This calculating machine was also developed by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical
computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem
and storing information as a permanent memory.

Fig 6: Analytical Engine

Tabulating Machine

It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a mechanical

tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or
information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. Hollerith also started the
Hollerith?s Tabulating Machine Company which later became International Business Machine
(IBM) in 1924.

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Fig 7: Tabulating Machine

Differential Analyzer

It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog
device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals
to perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes.

Fig 8: Differential Analyzer

Mark I

The next major changes in the history of computer began in 1937 when Howard Aiken planned
to develop a machine that could perform calculations involving large numbers. In 1944, Mark
I computer was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable
digital computer.

Fig 9: Mark I

1.4 Generations of computer:

The development of computer systems is normally discussed as the development over different
generations.

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With the succession of different generations, came the advancement in computer technology.
Let us now discuss the development in Computer Technology over the different generations.
First Generation
 The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First Generation of Computer.

 The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic
valve machine.
 The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the
output was displayed on printouts.
 The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-
1). Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc.

Figure 10 Vacuum tube

Second Generation
 The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of Second Generation of
Computers.
 The second generation computers were developed by using transistor technology.
 In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller.
 In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the
computers of the second generation was lesser.

Figure 11 Transistors
Third Generation
 The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of
computers.

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 The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC)
technology.
 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of
the third generation was smaller.
 In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by
the computers of the third generation was lesser.
 The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat.
 The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low.
 The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for
commercial use.

Figure 12 I Chips
Fourth Generation
 The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers.
 The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology.

Microprocessors

 By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became

portable.
 The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat.
 It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable.
 The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation.
 It became available for the common people as well.

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Fifth Generation
 The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth
generation of computers.
 By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware
only, but the fifth generation technology also included software.
 The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.
 Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be
performed simultaneously.
 Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial
intelligence, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc.

1.5 Types of computer:

We can categorize computer by two ways: data handling capabilities and size.
On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:

o Analogue Computer

o Digital Computer

o Hybrid Computer

1) Analogue Computer

Analogue computers are designed to process the analogue data. Analogue data is continuous
data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values such as speed, temperature,
pressure and current.

The analogue computers measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally
render output as a reading on a dial or scale.

Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first
converting it into numbers and codes.

Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

2) Digital Computer

Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It
accepts the raw data as digits or numbers and processes it with programs stored in its memory
to produce output. All modern computers like laptops and desktops that we use at home or
office are digital computers.

3) Hybrid Computer

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Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast like analogue
computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers. It can process both continuous
and discrete data. So it is widely used in specialized applications where both analogue and
digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that convert the
measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price.

On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:

1) Supercomputer

Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process huge
amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has
thousands of interconnected processors.

Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather
forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. First supercomputer was
developed by Roger Cray in 1976.

2) Mainframe computer

Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can execute different
processes simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big
organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high
volume of data.

3) Miniframe computer

It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more processors and can support
4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe computers are used in institutes and departments for the
tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory management.

4) Workstation

Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or scientific applications.
It has faster microprocessor, large amount of RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It
generally performs a specific job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types
such as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design workstation.

5) Microcomputer

Microcomputer is also known as personal computer. It is a general purpose computer that is

designed for individual use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory,
storage area, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of
microcomputers.

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1.6 Computer Architecture:

Charles Babbage provided the basic structure of computer in 1840. According to him, The
Computer mainly consist the functions input, process, output and storage. These functions were
described in the manner of diagram as follows.-

Block-Diagram of computer

Fig 14 Block-Diagram of computer

1. Input unit – Input unit is a unit that accepts any input device. The input device is used to
input data into the computer system.

Function of input unit:

It converts inputted data into binary codes.

It sends data to main memory of computer.

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2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) – CPU is called the brain of a computer. It is an electronic
circuitry that carries out the instruction given by a computer program.

CPU can be sub classified into three parts.

i. Control unit (CU)- the control unit manages the various components of the computer. It
reads instructions from memory and interpretation and changes in a series of signals to activate
other parts of the computer. It controls and co-ordinate is input output memory and all other
units.

ii. Arithmetic & Logic unit (ALU) – The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs simple
arithmetic operation such as +,-, *, / and logical operation such as >, <, =<, <= etc.

iii. Memory Unit (MU)- Memory is used to store data and instructions before and after
processing. Memory is also called Primary memory or internal memory. It is used to store
data temporary or permanently.

Function of CPU-

It controls all the parts and software and data flow of computer.

It performs all operations.

It accepts data from input device.

It sends information to output device.

Executing programs stored in memory

It stores data either temporarily or permanent basis.

It performs arithmetical and logical operations.

3. Output Unit –Output unit is a unit that constituents a number of output device. An output
device is used to show the result of processing.

Function of Output unit:

It accepts data or information sends from main memory of computer

It converts binary coded information into HLL or inputted languages.

Storage Unit:

The Storage unit is also a part of a block diagram of computer. Storage unit or secondary
storage unit is a non-volatile device that holds programs, files, documents. It provides facilities
to store a large volume of data. CPU executes the data stored on storage devices indirectly. The
data are transferred to RAM first and after an execution, the data can be again written to Storage
unit.

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1.7 Devices of Computer:

Each Parts of the computer is known as Hardware which includes:

- Input Devices
- Output devices
- Storage devices
A. Input Devices
An input device is essentially a piece of hardware that sends data to a computer. Input devices
either interact with or control the computer in some way. The most common input devices are
the mouse and the keyboard, but there are many others. The key distinction between an input
device and an output device is that the former sends data to the computer, whereas the
latter receives data from the computer. Input and output devices that provide computers with
additional functionality are also called peripheral or auxiliary devices.

Examples of Input Devices

1. Keyboard

Keyboards are the most common type of input device. Before keyboards, interaction with
computers was generally carried out using punch cards and paper tape. Most English language
keyboards use the QWERTY layout for the alphabetic keys, surrounded by number, symbol,
function, and other key types. By pressing the relevant keys, the user feeds data and instructions
to the computer.

2. Mouse

The mouse interacts with a computer through process known as "point and click". Essentially,
when the user moves the mouse on the mouse pad, the pointer moves in a corresponding
direction on the monitor screen. Most modern computer mice have two buttons for clicking,
and a wheel in the middle for scrolling up and down web pages.

3. Touchpad

Also known as a trackpad, a touchpad is a common substitute for a computer mouse. Essentially
a specialized surface that can detect the movement of the user's finger and use that information
to direct a pointer and control a computer. Touchpads were first introduced for laptops in the
1990's, and it's now rare to find a laptop without one.

4. Scanner

The word "scanner" can be used in a number of different ways in the computer world, but here
I am using it to mean a desktop image scanner. Essentially, it's an input device that uses optical
technology to transfer images (or sometimes text) into a computer, where the signal is
converted into a digital image. The digital image can then be edited, emailed, or printed.

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5. Digital Camera

Digital cameras can be used to capture photographs and videos independently. Later, the files
can be transferred to the computer, either by connecting the camera directly with a cable,
removing the memory card and slotting it into the computer, or through other transfer methods
such as Bluetooth. Once the photos are on the computer, they can be edited, emailed, or printed.

6. Microphone

A microphone captures audio and sends it to the computer, where the audio is converted to a
digital format. Once the audio has been digitized, it can be played back, copied, edited,
uploaded, or emailed. Microphones can be used to record audio, or to relay sounds live as part
of a video chat, or audio stream.

7. Joystick

Joysticks are commonly used as a way of controlling computer video games (as well as having
a host of other uses, such as controlling jet planes and construction machinery). Essentially,
the joystick is a stick that pivots on a base and sends its angle or direction to the computer.
There is also often a trigger, as well as one or more buttons that can be pressed too.

8. Touch Screen

Many devices nowadays use a touch screen rather than a mouse as a way for users to point,
drag, or select options on a screen. As the name suggests, a touch screen is a touch sensitive
screen which reacts to fingers moving across it. Touch screens are particularly common with
portable devices, such as tablets, palmtops, laptops, and Smartphone.

9. Webcam

Webcams are different from digital cameras in that firstly, they cannot operate independently
from a computer, and secondly, they have no inbuilt memory. Although webcams can capture
photographs and videos, more often they are used to live stream videos.

10. OMR (Optical Mark Reader)

Optical mark recognition, also called mark sense reader, is a technology where an OMR device
senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil mark. It is widely used in tests such
aptitude tests.

11. OCR (Optical Character Reader)

Often abbreviated as OCR, optical character recognition involves reading text from paper and
translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate.

An OCR system enables you to take a book or a magazine article and feed it directly into an
electronic computer file.

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B. Output Devices-
An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data or instructions from a
computer. Essentially, the computer interacts with the output device in some way. The most
common output devices are the monitor and printer, but there are many others. The key
distinction between an input device and an output device is that the former sends data to the
computer, whereas the latter receives data from the computer. Input and output devices that
provide computers with additional functionality are also called peripheral or auxiliary devices.

Examples of Output Devices

1. Monitor

The most common output device used with computers is the monitor, which displays video
images and text. A monitor essentially consists of a screen, circuitry, a power supply, buttons
to adjust screen settings, and a casing that contains all of these components.

CRT: Cathode Ray Tube

LCD: Liquid Crystal Display

LED: Light Emitting Diode

2. Printer

Printers are another common output device found in homes in offices. In computing terms, they
take electronic data stored on a computer and generate a hard copy of it. Usually that means
printing images and text onto paper.

Two Types of Printer are there:

Impact printer and Non Impact printer

Impact Printer:

Dot-matrix Printer
Daisy wheel printer
Drum Printer

Non Impact Printer:

Laser Printer

Inkjet Printer

Photo Printer
There are numerous different types of printer, with Inkjet and laser printers being two of the
most common. Modern printers usually connect to a computer with a USB cable or via Wi-Fi.

3. Computer Speakers

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Computer speakers are hardware devices that transform the signal from the computer's sound
card into audio. Speakers are essential if you want a louder sound, surround sound, fuller bass,
or just a better quality of audio. External computer speakers began to appear in stores in the
early 1990's when computer gaming, digital music, and other forms of media became popular.
Some computer speakers are wireless nowadays, connecting to the computer via Bluetooth.

4. Headphones

Also known as earphones, headphones allow you to listen to audio without disrupting other
people in the vicinity. They connect via the computer line out, or to the speakers. The first
headphones were invented in 1910 for U.S. Navy use. Nowadays, headphones come in all sorts
of shapes and sizes, from basic earbuds to the more traditional style with padding around the
earpieces and a connecting band that fits over the user's head.

5. Projector

As its name suggests, this output device "projects" computer images onto a wall or screen.
Projectors are typically used for presentations, watching movies, or as a teaching aid, as they
enable an entire roomful of people to see images generated by a single computer. Modern
projectors usually connect to the computer via an HDMI cable or VGA.

6. GPS

GPS (Global Positioning System) uses a network of satellites to provide information, which
can then be used to calculate the location of a specific device. It is often used with other digital
technology, such as mapping apps. GPS can produce very accurate results, it was originally
developed for the U.S. military, but following the downing of a civilian airlines flight by Soviet
jets in 1983, the system was made available for commercial use.

7. Sound Card

The sound card controls the output of sound signals, enabling devices like speakers and
headphones to work. The sound card is known as an expansion card, which means it can be
added to the motherboard. Although a sound card is not essential to a computer's basic
functionality, you need one if you wish to play games, watch movies, listen to music, and use
audio and video conferencing.

8. Video Card

As with the sound card, the video card is an expansion card that slots into the motherboard.
The video card processes images and video, enabling visuals to be seen on a display. Most
computers have basic video and graphics capabilities built into the computer's motherboard,
but for faster, more detailed graphics, a video card is required.

9. Braille Reader

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A braille reader is a peripheral device that enables a blind person to read text displayed on a
computer monitor. The text is sent by the computer to the device, where it translated into a
braille format and made readable by pushing rounded pins up through a flat surface. Braille
readers are also called braille displays and come in various sizes.

10. Plotter

A plotter is a similar type of hardware device to a printer. Unlike a printer, however, plotters
use writing tools, such as pen, pencil, marker, to draw lines. Designed to use vector graphics,
plotters were once commonly employed for computer-aided design, but have now been largely
replaced by wide-format printers.

C. Storage Device
A storage device is a piece of computer hardware used for saving, carrying and pulling out
data. It can keep and retain information short-term or long-term. It can be a device inside or
outside a computer or server. Other terms for storage device are storage medium or storage
media.

Two types of Storage Devices available:

1. Primary Memory / Internal Memory:

Primary Memory is the main storage of the computer. This memory is directly accessed by
CPU. So its process is fast as compare to secondary memory. But it is used to store limited
data. It is also expensive. It is classified by two type: RAM and ROM.

A. RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is the essential component of the computer. It is the temporary memory of the computer.
When the computer switched on, the data is being stored in RAM and when computer is being
switched off, the data is being erased from RAM and next time, it is requires to reload. It stores
all the data which is currently processed. So the processing speed of the computer depends on
the storage capacity of RAM.

B. ROM (Read Only Memory)

ROM is the permanent memory. It is used only to read the data. So it is used to store the system
files which need not require changes.
Other Memories are PROM (Programmable ROM), EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM),
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM)

2. Secondary memory / External memory:

Secondary storage Devices are not directly attached with computer. It requires drives, USB
port to connect with Computer. It is not directly accessed by CPU. First of all data is being
transferred to the RAM and then it is processed so its process is slow. It can store unlimited
amount of data. It is cheaper than Primary Memory.

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Types of Secondary Storage Devices:

A. Magnetic Disks:
Magnetic Disks are made of Synthetic plastic material. These devices take shape of circular
disk. On the disk numbers of circular tracks are there where the data is stored. Each track
contains number of sectors and two or more sectors combine to form Cluster.
B. Floppy Disk:
It is similar to magnetic disk discussed above. It is 3.5 inch in diameter. The
capacity of a 3.5 inch floppy is 1.44 meha bytes. It is cheaper than any other
storage devices. The floppy is a low cost device particularly suitable for
personnel computer system. It can store limited amount of data.

C. Hard Disk:
Hard Disk internally contains number of disks. The data can be stored on both side of each
disk.

Internal Hard Disk:

This HardDisk is directly attached with Hard Disk Drive which is there with computer. Each
disk contains two heads: one to read the data and another to write data. So numbers of heads
are available with HardDisk Drive.
It can store large amount of data. Its process is faster than Floppy Disk.

External Hard Disk:

This hardDisk can be connected with computer via USB port. It is also known as Portable
HardDisk which can easily remove from one computer and can easily attach with another
computer. It can store large amount of data which user can access as and when required.

D. Magnetic Tape:
It can only store sound recording, this is one of the oldest technologies for
electronic data storage. Magnetic tape is very high capacity, low cost and
also long durability, but now the use of Magnetic tape is very low because
so many other devices are available except Magnetic tape.

E. Optical Storage Devices:

Optical storage device can store large amount of data on one disk. It uses laser to detect the
data from the surface of the disk. Optical Disk contains the data on Circular Disk which is in
the size of 4.7 inches. It contains spiral tracks to store data.Like Magnetic Disk, each track also
contains sectors. To read the data from Optical Disk Optical Disk Drive is required in computer.
Most common Optical Disks are

CD (Compact Disk):
It is used to store limited data on it. It can store up to 700MB data. It uses lower frequency laser
to read data. It requires CD Drive to read the disk.

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Different types of disks are:

CD ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory): This is used only to read the data from disk.
CD R: This is used to write once either data or audio and then data can only read from disk.
CD RW: It allows to rewrite data and to read data from disk. With the help of computer, user
can store data on disk using the software.

DVD (digital Versatile Disk):

It can store large amount of data than CD. It can store up to 8.5GB data on single side and up
to 17GB data on two sides recording. It uses higher frequency laser to read data. It requires
DVD Drive to read the disk. Different types of DVDs are DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW.

BD (Blueray Disk):
It can store large amount of data than DVD. It can store up to 25GB data on single side and
50GB data on two sides recording. It uses Blue laser to read the data.

F. Flash Memory
USB flash drive which internally contains the flash memory and
USB interface. It is also known as Pen Drive. User can easily carry
this pen drive from one place to another. Pen drive can easily attach
with computer using USB port. User can store, can remove and can
rewrite the data numbers of time on it. It is reliable source of storing
data.
Memory-Cards
Flash memory cards are solid electronic flash memory devices used
to store data in digital format. These cards are often used in hand-held and mobile computers.
They are rewritable. Though small, they have a high capacity and can store large amount of
data.

1 Bits= Binary
Digit 0 or 1

1Byte=8bits
1KiloByte(KB) = 1024Bytes(210)
1MegaByte(MB) = 1024KB

1GigaByte(GB) = 1024MB
1TeraByte(TB) = 1024GB
1PetaByte(PB) = 1024TB

1ExaByte(EB) = 1024PB

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1 Zetta Byte(ZB) = 1024 EB

1 Yotta Byte(YB) = 1024 ZB

1 Brontobyte (BB) = 1024 YB

1 Geop Byte = 1024 BB

1.8 Advantages of Using Computer

Computers can quickly process huge amount of data. Computers can complete various tasks
effectively than most human-beings. It has automated complex tasks that were once considered
boring and tedious for humans. Hence, Computer has greatly increased our efficiency to do
various tasks. The advantages of computer are given below:

1. Stores data in digital format: Computers can store millions of pages of information in
digital format.

2. Huge storage: We can store huge information. The present day hard-disks can store 100s of
Gigabytes (GB) of information. Large businesses store their marketing and sales data in their
computer systems. Even sensitive data of customers are securely protected in a computerized
environment.

3. Play games: When it comes to games, the choices are almost unlimited.

4. Calculations: Businesses are increasingly using spreadsheets and other software as a tool
for performing mathematical calculations.

5. Prepare and store official documents: You can use a word processing software to prepare,
edit and save any text document. The concept of paperless offices is finally taking its shape.

6. Presentations: If your office demands that you prepare presentations, you can prepare it in
a PowerPoint.

7. Internet: You can connect your computer to Internet and browse through huge data. People
use internet for various purposes. Students can use internet to download study materials. A
research analyst can do market research over internet. A marketing person can gather relevant
data across various geographical boundaries. A prospective customer can find a service
provider over internet.

8. Multimedia: Computer can also be used as an entertainment device. We can play various
multimedia applications such as music, video, etc.

9. Prepare books of accounts: With the help of accounting software, we can prepare our books
of accounts.

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10. Reduced cost: The introduction of computer has resulted into a reduction of cost to perform
various complicated tasks.

11. Availability: A computer doesn’t get tired. It can perform non-stop. You can start working
on your computer whenever you feel that the time is right. Your computer is always available
for you.

1.9 Uses of computer in Business

Computers have become an essential part of modern human life. Since the invention of
computer they have evolved in terms of increased computing power and decreased size. Owing
to the widespread use of computers in every sphere, Life in today’s world would be
unimaginable without computers. They have made human lives better and happier. There are
many computer uses in different fields of work. Engineers, architects, jewelers, and filmmakers
all use computers to design things. Teachers, writers, and most office workers use computers
for research, word processing and emailing. Small businesses can use computers as a point of
sale and for general record keeping.

1. Computers Aid at Education: Computers have its dominant use in the education field
which can significantly enhance performance in learning. Even distance learning is made
productive and effective through internet and video-based classes. Researchers have massive
usage of these computers in their work from the starting to till the end of their scholarly work.

2. Computers in our Health and Medicine: Most of the medical information can now be
digitized from the prescription to reports. Computation in the field of medicine allows us to
offer varied miraculous therapies to the patients. ECG’s, radiotherapy wasn’t possible without
computers.

3. Aid of Computers at Financial Institutions: We know well that computers are being used
by the financial institutions like banks for different purposes. The foremost important thing is
to store information about different account holders in a database to be available at any time.
Keeping the records of the cash flow, giving the information regarding your account,

4. Computers for entertainment: Computers are now the major entertainers and the primary
pass time machines. We can use computers for playing games, watching movies, listening to
music, drawing pictures.

5. Computers are a part of our Transport System: With internet on computers we can know
the details of the buses or trains or the flight available to our desired destination. The timings
and even the updates on the delay can also be known through these computers. We can book
our tickets through online. Staff of the transport system will keep a track of the passengers,
trains or flight details, departure and arrival timings by using computers.

6. Inevitable use of Computers in Business and Corporate Stages: Every information’s

shared can be recorded by using computer. Official deals and the issues were made even

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through online. We use email system to exchange the information. It has wide uses in
marketing, stock exchanges and bank. Even the departmental stores can’t run effectively
without computer.

7. Wonders of Computer in E-Commerce: Electronic mail is the revolutionary service

offered by the computes. Video Conferencing is also another major advantage. Electronic
shopping through online shopping added favor to purchaser and merchants. Electronic banking
is now at your hand where every bank has online support for transaction of monetary issues.
You can easily transfer your money anywhere even from your home.

8. Computer at our Defense: Computers are the main tools which help in developing missiles
and other equipment in the deference system. Designing and the maintenance are possible only
through computers. Computer builds the links between the soldiers and commanders through
the satellite. Construction of weapons and controlling their function is not possible without the
aid of computers. The list of the criminals and the records of the cops are maintained regularly
in the system.

1.10 Introduction of Operating System:

The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Operating system
is an interface between computer and user. It is responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the Sharing of the resources of the computer.

Fig. 15 OS Structure

Definition:

“The operating system is a collection of programs that control the operations of all hardware
devices and other resources in the computer system”.

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Fig. 16 working with OS

OS is software which makes the computer hardware accessible. It acts as the interface between
Computer Hardware and Application Programs. When the computer starts, first of all OS loads
into Primary Memory then computer start working using OS.

1.11 Functions of OS:

1. Resource Management: The resource management function of an OS allocates
computer resources such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage, and input and
output devices for us
2. Data Management: The data management functions of an OS govern the input and
output of data and their location, storage, and retrieval. • It also is responsible for storing
and retrieving information on disk drives and for the organization of that information
on the drive.
3. Memory Management: Operating System also manages the Memory of the Computer
System. it Provide the Memory to the Process and Also Reallocate the Memory from
the Process when get completed.
4. Job Management: The job management function of an OS prepares, schedules,
controls, and monitors jobs submitted for execution to ensure the most efficient
processing. A job is a collection of one or more related programs and their data.
5. Maintaining Security:
Operating System also provides us Sharing of Files between Multiple Users, and also
Provides Security among users by using user names and passwords for login.

1.12 Types of OS:

Single User OS: Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating system,
are usable by a single user at a time.

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Multi User OS: A multi-user operating system allows multiple users to access a computer
system concurrently.

Multitasking OS: While in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks
at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system.

Single Tasking OS: When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped
under a single-tasking system

Real Time OS: A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that aim
sat executingreal-time applications. •Responds to input instantly.

Embedded OS: Embedded OS is used in small machines which contains limited programming.
This OS can handle limited resources. To control the embedded system, this OS is used.

Distributed OS: In a network, numbers of individual computers are connected with each other
to manage the whole networking system this distributed OS is used.
1.13 Types of User Interface
1. Command line interface

 A command-line interface is a mechanism for interacting with a computer operating system or

software by typing commands to perform specific tasks.

• This method of instructing a computer to perform a given task is referred to as "entering" a

command.

• Accept input via keyboard only.

2. Graphical user interface

It is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with computer with images rather than text
commands.

• Accept input via keyboard and pointing devices.

• Easy to learn.

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Elements of Graphical User Interface • Pointer • Icons • Desktop • Windows • Menus

1.14 Example of OS:

 Windows (GUI based, PC)

 GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File and print server, Three-tier

client/Server)

 macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and work stations
(MacBook, iMac).

 Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)

 iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch)

1.15 Booting process

Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. Booting takes place in
two steps −

 Switching on power supply

 Loading operating system into computer’s main memory

 Keeping all applications in a state of readiness in case needed by the user

The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is
called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. BIOS is a firmware, i.e. a piece of software
permanently programmed into the hardware.

If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is called rebooting. Rebooting may
be required if a software or hardware has been installed or system is unusually slow.

There are two types of booting −

 Cold Booting − When the system is started by switching on the power supply it is
called cold booting. The next step in cold booting is loading of BIOS.

 Warm Booting − When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or
rebooted, it is called warm booting. Warm booting is faster than cold booting because
BIOS is not reloaded.

Exercise

Long questions:
1. Explain the characteristics and limitations of computer.

2. Draw the block diagram of computer and explain its components.

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3. Explain the use of any five desktop components.

4. What is the use of Input devices? Explain various input devices.

5. Explain output devices.

6. Explain secondary storage devices.

7. Mention the functionality of operation system. Explain types of OS.

8. Write difference between primary and secondary memory.

9. Discuss the generations of computer.

Short questions:
1. Define computer

2. Give examples of input, output and storage devices.

3. What is the use of RAM?

4. Differentiate between softcopy and hardcopy outputs.

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