TT - Key at F.S. 1.5 Is: Actual Force To Be Resisted by
TT - Key at F.S. 1.5 Is: Actual Force To Be Resisted by
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NCR ETE STRUCTURES
R ElN FORCED CO
494
p = 2 -kN/m length of parapet
2. Dimensions of base. ASsu inc tJ1 * ° 1° r '*"
0,2 m Q - 2 kN/m
wall will act because of pcfisofl Stdfldl Q
the parapet. 21m ''
w = 18 kN/m '
Due to surchilf§e, equivalent height Of
fill is given by
Ws
=I m
Hence. in determining the values of
6 and n etc., we «'ill use a height N = H + !!
= 6 + l = 7 m. The ratio of the length of toe
slab EF to the base width b may be determined
I-j, = 5.5 m !
by Eq. 18.28.
160
lx = l = 0.42 .
2.2 x 18 x 7
The width of base may be found from
Eq. 18.25. W 2 ,A ,
l — sin 30° l <— 1.6B m —+l
K. —— Hence E iC r°
i
b —— 0.9J x = 3.36 m Toe ”W 3 Heel
7 3( l — 0.42)(1 + 1.26) =4
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lI Il1fO r f} thickness of
RETAINING WALLS
495
4. StabJlify of Fully dimcnsioned W8ll is shown in Fig. is.2o.
Length of heel slab CD = 4 — l .7 — 0.62 1.68 m.
pt IV, = weight of rectangular portion of stain.
r2 = weight of triangular portion of stem.
3 = weight of base slab.
Wk = weight of soil above heel slab.
IV, = total superimposed road-traffic load, over heel slab.
The calculations are arranged in Table 18.2.
TABLE 18.2
Force (kNj Level arm (m} Moment about toe (kN-mJ
0.2 x 6.5 x l x 25 = 32.5 2.22 72.15
H’ 1 18( °) 2 = lo8 i«
Total earth pressure at base = K X
2 " 3 2
Overturning moment at toe, due to earth pressure = 108 x
6 = 216 kN-ra
3
Ovemirning moment at toe, due to horizontal force Q = 2 x 7 = 14 kN-m
Overturning moment due to horizontal pressure caused by live load
fi 2 (6)2
I
—- K w= 108 kN-m
2 3 2
-‘- Total overturning moment 3fo = 216 -l- 14 -l- 108 = 338 kN-m
850.7
F.S. against overturning = = 2.52 > 2. Hence safe.
338
Total horizontal pressure = 2 + 108 + (6 x 6) = 146 kN = Z P
Z W _ 0.4 x 308
F.S. against sliding = '
ZP 146 = 0.84 < 1.5
Hence u nsafe. Special shear key will have to be designed to inake the wall safe
a gainst sliding.
Pressure distribution. Algebraic sum of moments . = Z M -- M p - 3f
= 850.7 — 338 = 512.7 kN-m
Algebraic sum of vertical forces = Z W = 308 kN
Hence distance k from toe, of the point of application of resultant is given by
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STRUCTURES
gpINFORCE D CON CRETE
496
_ ZM 512.7 = 1.66 m
” ’ZT 308
Eccentricity — l.6fi = 0.34 m
This is less than is devel I3p d
= 0.67 ni. Hence flO tC @Si CI n
e
1 4
Pressure p at toe —
+ ’b 6 x 0.S4
I -F
pressure intensities will be 116.3 — 12.5 103.8 kNZm2 under D and 82.9 — 12.5 = 70.4
kNZm2
under F.
Total force S.F. at F = (103.8 + 70.4) x i .7 148.07 kN
2
133.9 x 10‘
230 x 440 = 1464 2
1.7 m 0.62
Bars availab le from stem 1.68 m —+|
reinforcement 0.5 m
are 20 mm s' @ 120 irtq c/c givin 1
_ 148.07 x 1000 a A„
4m
A 100 x 2618
100 hd 1000 x 440
498
X looo = 396
Distribution steel =
1000 x 50.3 127 o 120
ilr s
Spacing of 8 m 396
7. » e i ft gor‹ eme itt f•i the
= 2320
230 x
ooo = 135 mm
Using 20 Ae 314.1 -2 S
2320
mm e bars,
-
G’
However bars @ )20 G
provide 20 mm io00 x 314.1
2
Actual d „ provided = 20
. 2618 here. However in
as
in the toe slab to serve the rein forceme
nt t
Bend all the bars m.
mm gives s = 100 m Hence
2
d A . 3080
order to make the toe slab safe in shear, require ll
ent bond length will be available
provide 20 mm 9 bars @ 100 mm c/c. Due to thls, suffici
bending moment).
to both the sides of point C (point of maximum
= 2 -l- d x 5.5 + 1 18 (5.5) = 125.75 kN
2
Total S.F. at C -— Q + Kg W ii + K 2
125.75 x
= 0.225 N Zmm2
1000
1000 x 560
100 A 8080
¿.•5 % . Hence z, = 0.31 N Z mm2 > z. Hence safe.
bd 1000 x 560
Let us curtail reinforcement between C and B. If there were no other external force,
except the earth pressure, and if the depth of stem were constant, half the bars could
have been curtailed at a depth ( )a.› = 0.79 Hi below the point B. Because of presence of
2
other forces, let us try at depth = 0.65 Hi —- 0.65 x 5.5 = 3.575 m below B to see whether half
the bars could be curtailed there or not. Thus, depth of section below B = h = 3.575 m
B.M. = Q (h + 1) -l- K w h 2 + 6 (3. 75)2 1 18
h’
K, = 2 (3.575 + 1) (3.575)
2+ 6
= 9.15 + 38.34 + 45.69 = 93.18 kN-m = 93.18
x 10‘ N-mm
560 — 140
d = 140 + 5.5 X 3.575 = 413 mm
93.18 x 10'
230 x 0.904 x 413 1086 1
This is less than half of that
y ovided at C,
at this depth. Ho wever, the bars Should be extend H ence 8hillf
di the
bars can be curtailed
i d by
= 240 mm) or d ( = 413 mm) bars at a
this whichever is
beyond point, heigh t of
= 3.162 m. Hence curtail half the
stance more. Hence h
Ct f i 2 4› ( = 12 x 20 = 3 .575 — 0.413
curtail half of the remaining p us try it at 3. I IU below g. If we wish to
•• , it
s
below B. a se ct i II ilt depth /i = o.s5 x 3
.575 = 2.32 m
RETAINING WALLS
1 18
B.M. = 2 (2.32 )+ 6 (2.32)° (2.32)’
+l
2
= fi.64 + 16• 15 + 12.49 = 35.28 kN-ITI = 35.28 x 10’ N-mm
560 - 140
rJ 140 + 5.5 x 2.32 = 317 min
35.28 x 10"
" 230 x 0.904 x 317
This is slightly less than one fourth of that provided at C. Hence we can curtail
naif of the remaining bars here. However, extend the bars by a distance of d = 317 mm
beyond this. i. e. curtail half of the remaining bars at a distance of 3.32 — 0.317 U 2 m
below B. Rest of the bars will be continued upto the top of the parapet.
200+ 620
Distributioit Average thickness of stem = 410 mm
2
Area distribution reinforcement = (0.12a 100) (1000 x 410) = 492 mm2
_ 1000 x 78.5
Using 10 mm ‹n bars, Ay = 78.5 mm 2 Spacing = 159 mm
492
I-tence provide 10 mm bars @ 150 mm c/c at the inner face of the wall,
along its length.
Temperature reinforcement
Total area — 492 mm'. Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c both ways on
the outer face.
8. Design af shear key. The wall is unsafe against sliding. Let us provide a
shear key of depth a below the stem.
Let pp be the intensity of passive pressure O=2
developed just in front of the shear key. This
intensity pp depends upon the soil pressure p just
in front of shear key.
pp — Kp . p
1 + sin a› _ i
where K, =3
l — sin K 5.5 m
and 2 H = 6.6 m
p - 82.9 kNZm , from Fig. 18.21
Hence p p 3 x 82.9 — 248.7 kNZm 2
This intensity may be considered to be con- 1.7 m
stant along the depth of key, though there will be
0.5
little increase in p5 because of increase in p
With depth. We will, however, consider the I
constant value of p, = 248.7 kN Zm'. 2
p — 82.9 kN/fTl
Total passive force
%* fip O - 248.7 a kN. Keeping a -- 600 mm,
z - 248.7 x 0.6 = 149.22 kN ...(1) FIG. 18.22.
NCRETE STRUCTURES
R ''pORCED CO
0.38
For a surcharged wall, the ratio of the length of the toe slab to the base width
b may be fixed approximately by the expression
so 100
- 1 = 0.488. Adopt a = 0.49.
2.7 y H 2.7 x J8 x 4
The base width can be determined from the expression
N cos p
b=H (1 — ct) (l -l- 3 n) 02 A
0.38 x 0.961
=4 (1 — 0.49) (1 -l- 3 x 0.49) = 2.15 m.
FIG. t8.24.
UCTURES
ED CON CgETE STR
REIN FORC
502 ' 45
cos § - 46.g2 cos l
3.7 N-+
B.M. at B - 3 3
a
= 55.3 X lo' N i><
S.F. ilt B - P„ 45 kN
d -- 0.914 x 248 -
p so that an effective cover
total thic knes s- 320 •
ITIIR and O that effective depth
However keep J = 260 200 ;n at A S
4. Stability of WKH
0.88
Length of heel slab = 2.4 — 1.2 — 0.32 = -F 0.25 = 3.95 m
m
x 1000
‹, = 1.2 m
1000 x si›oar
This jS li .ss tJ1ii11 the F
stress Of -3 I) 2.4 m
(Table
37.o9 x 10'
240
a› bars b2R
thence 12 1/* ** down from
100 ITIITI c/c will bfl Suri clen
t,
the sten 7). @
providing › 1130 pm' (see step
-°
1130 x FIG. 18.25.
AcmW G 0.47. Hence ok.
100
0.12 300 + 200 = 300 mrn2
1000 x
240
Distribution reinforcement = x
la 1000 1000 x 503
S
= 167 mm
Uting s mm bars, Zp - 50.3 › 300
150 mm C' C‘
However provide 8 mm ‹I› b8£S
6. Design of heel slab (Fig. ia.25). Let b = 0.88 m = length of heel slab.
Four forces act on it .
(i) weight of soil over the heel slab (ii) weight of heel s!zb
(iii) downward component of earth pressure (iv) upward soil pressure
Weight of soil over heel slab = l—(3.7 + 3.95) x 0.88 x 18 = 60.59 kN
3.7 -I- 2 x 3.95 0.88
Acting at 3.7 + 3.95 3 = 0.445 m from B.
Weight of heel slab = 0.3 X 0.88 1 X 25 = 6.b
kN a C ting £tt 0.44 m m h m B.
Earth pressure intensity at B — Kp p8 F unit i R lined
Earth pressure at B, on h Ori 2 j3 ¿ J i
area, at § to horizontal.
f l i1 Ull t a e
Vertical component of this, at B - Jp el
7 Hi tan
Earth pr e SS
p . sin §
Similarly, vertical componen t e i R tensit
y at
of
Hence total force due to vertical C Om pone nt
of e C = K y N2 tan p . sin p ..(ii)
( l’ 2) arth pressure iS
2
X b tan Q . sin § _ 0.38 x 1s (3.7 + 3
.95) X 0.88
0.287 x 0.276 = 1.82 kN
This acts at ++2H, b 3.7 •}- 2 x 0.8
8
UpWar d st3l{
p esSure - } (46
r 36 3- 0.445 m from B.
= 16) x 0.8g
Acting at 0.88 • - › 6.25 kN
16 0 2 i.82 -
3 from B.
TOtdl force = $ p It B -- 36.25
60.59 + 6.6
= 32.76 kN.
RETAINING WALLS
505
1:s.54 x 10°
" “ 230 x 0.904 x = 312 mm'.
240
1000 x 78.4
Using 10 mm ‹n bars, having b e = 78.5 mm'. spacing = = 251 mm.
312
Provide them at 250 mm c/c. Take the reinforcement in the toe slab for a distance
€if 45 e = 45 x 10 = 450 mm to the left of B, and its ends should be hooked.
32.76 x 1000
= 0.137 N Zmm 2 . Hence safe.
' 1000 x 240
0
Distribution steel x 1000 300 +
1 200 = 300 mm°
2
Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 150 mm c/'c as in the toe slab.
7. Reinforcement in the stein. Revised Hi - 4 -- 0.3 = 3.7 m
0.38
S.F. at B =
2 x 18 (3.7)' cos 16° = 45 kN = H
3.7
B.M. at B -- 45 x = 55.S kN-m = 55.5 x 10 N-mm
3
55.5 x 106 2
d -- 260 mm, A , --- = 1027 mm
230 x 0.904 x 260
Using 12 mm o› bars, Aq -- 113 mm', Spacing 1000 x 113
1027 -- i io ••n
However provide 12 mrs ‹o bars @ 100 mm c/c.
1000x 113
Actual A , pr ovided a 1130 mm
s
' 100
Bend these bars into the toe slab, to serve as reinforcement there. Sufficient development
length is available.
Between A and B, some of the bars can be curtailed. Consider a section at a depth
h below the top of the step. The effective depth d’ at the section is
260 -- 140
d 140 = 140 -F 32,4 h
3.7
+
Now
d
. .(2)
Hence
Where A„’ -- reinforcement at depth ft
All -- reinforcement at depth If,
jj9FORCED CONCRETE STRUT
506
16°
d = effective
i d / d 250 ””
’. Substi !'
2d
we have :
and I m 140 + 32.4 /h
140 + 32.4 h
" ' 260
= 140 + 32.4 /i ' = 0.46 (140 + 32.4 h)"’ - ( )
3.7
520
error, noting
and were
trialstem
This can be solv ed by of constant, 1.2m
eat if the effective thickness 2.4 M
/i would have been equal to fly/(2)"' = 0.79
- 2.92 m. Solving (3) by trial, we g e t h m 2.82 lIl•
Thus half the bars can be curtailed at this point.
However, bars should be extended by a distance of l2‹n p = 49.87 kN/m
FIG. 18.27