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TT - Key at F.S. 1.5 Is: Actual Force To Be Resisted by

This document discusses the design of a cantilever retaining wall with a horizontal backfill and traffic load. It provides the design requirements and dimensions for a 6m tall wall. The solution involves calculating the base width, thickness of stem, and stability of the wall. A fully dimensioned wall is shown meeting the given design parameters and load conditions.

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Gajula Pavan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
106 views25 pages

TT - Key at F.S. 1.5 Is: Actual Force To Be Resisted by

This document discusses the design of a cantilever retaining wall with a horizontal backfill and traffic load. It provides the design requirements and dimensions for a 6m tall wall. The solution involves calculating the base width, thickness of stem, and stability of the wall. A fully dimensioned wall is shown meeting the given design parameters and load conditions.

Uploaded by

Gajula Pavan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RETAINING WALLS

at —- O.3 3 m 0.52 m. 200


Actual length of ,the slab available
-- DE = 0.9 m. Hence satisfactory.
N€i W Size Of key = 300 min x 300 mm ' 2.8 m
L

p 3 (4 -J- zz)2 = 3 (4 -I- 0.3)2


! 1 1.1
= 55.47 kN
8 mm ‹t
= 166.4 a = 166.4 x 0.3 150 mm c/c L i1 i i
300 mm 1 —t
= 49.92 kN. Hence, c/c
L
E
2i H' = J 21.05 + 43.2 EE E
@ 360 mm c/c t

= ! 21.05 + 4*.2 x 0.3 = 134.01 kNy Ii1


i i1
ii
11 1I 1
Actual force to be resisted by @ 150 mm • _l1
1 Z mm
tt›• key at F.S.= 1.5 is c/c
L 180mm c/c
8 mm
= 1.5 x 55.47 — 0.5 x 134.01 @ 300 mm
= 16.2 kN• B mm 0
*” 12 mm o IJ I l I I I I I l \I I
@ 180 mn
Shear stress = 16.2 x 1000 @ 180
1 Al 1 1 LI LI 1LI
300 x 1000 (b) Reinforcement at the inner face of stem
= 0.054 N/mm' (safe) $12 mm & \
300
@ 180 mm c/c

16.2 x 150 x 1000 @ 180


Bending stress = cc
x 1000 (300)2 900 300 12O0
mmi mmi 2400 mmi

= 0.16 N Zmm 2 (safe) (a) Section of wall


The details of reinforcement FIG. 18.19.
etc. are shown in Fig. 18. 19.
18.8. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL WITH HORIZONTAL BACKFILL
AND TRAFFIC LOAD
Design Example 1s.2. Design a cantilever reinfniiig wall for a rond for the following
requirements:
1. Height of wall from the boifof2l Of base to top of stem —- 6 ni
2. Superfmposed load due to road traffic - 18 kN/in’
3. Unit weight of fill -- 18 kNlni’
4. Angle of internal frictiDn for fill nmterial -— 30°
5. Allowable bearing pressure on ground —- 160 kN/in’
6. Coefficiem of friction between concrete and ground = 0.4
Also, provide a parapet wall 1 m high on the top of 5iflri.
Use M 20 concrete mid Fe 415 steel.
Solution.
1. Design constants. For M 20 concrete, and Fe 415 steel reinforcement, we have
the fo llowing : c = a -- 7 N Zm rri ; i = a s, = 230 Num N ; m = 13.33, k,- = 0.289 : j = 0 #904
and e, = o.9i4

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NCR ETE STRUCTURES
R ElN FORCED CO
494
p = 2 -kN/m length of parapet
2. Dimensions of base. ASsu inc tJ1 * ° 1° r '*"
0,2 m Q - 2 kN/m
wall will act because of pcfisofl Stdfldl Q
the parapet. 21m ''
w = 18 kN/m '
Due to surchilf§e, equivalent height Of
fill is given by
Ws
=I m
Hence. in determining the values of
6 and n etc., we «'ill use a height N = H + !!
= 6 + l = 7 m. The ratio of the length of toe
slab EF to the base width b may be determined
I-j, = 5.5 m !
by Eq. 18.28.
160
lx = l = 0.42 .
2.2 x 18 x 7
The width of base may be found from
Eq. 18.25. W 2 ,A ,
l — sin 30° l <— 1.6B m —+l
K. —— Hence E iC r°

i
b —— 0.9J x = 3.36 m Toe ”W 3 Heel
7 3( l — 0.42)(1 + 1.26) =4

However, keep minimum b between 0.5


FIG 18.20.
to 0.6 I- 2 .
Hence adopt b —— 4 m. l-cngth of toe slab =o b = 0.42 x 4 = 1.68 m.
Keep it equal to 1.7 m. Let the thickness of base = 50 cm for
preliminary calculations.
3. Thickness of stem. Height If , = 6 — 0.5 = 5.5 m
Due to retained soil, the earth pressure diagram will be
a triangle, having an ordinate
equal to K. y h, at /i below B. Due to surcharge
w, there will be a uniform horizontal
P* ' l2 re K - 3 IN = 6 kN JJJJ t hroughout
the height. The total bending m nt at
m
C will be due to moment of halorizont Ci e

rectangular pressure distribut foR, plll5


m fOfCe O = 2 kN acting at A, plus moment of
oment of trian tl1 I
S * pr e ssure distribution.
N = g ‹/Yi + 1) -I- K, ›v 1 18
= 13 + 90.75 + K y = 2 (5.5 + 1) + l 5. 5) 2 (5.5)3
2 6 3
3
270. 1 x 106 ! 3
00 x 0+914 ' = 270.1 kN-m - 270.1 x 10' N -Rig
.. d 166.35
544 }}jty
Using an effective cover or
i Otal thlck ne
60
keep D —— 620 mm SO t hat d -- 620 • Of stem = 544 60- 604 fTjJjj . However
— 60 = 560
+
at B, so that effective depth at a Reduce the
= 200 - 60 total th ickness to 200 mm
200 from B to A. 1q0

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lI Il1fO r f} thickness of
RETAINING WALLS
495
4. StabJlify of Fully dimcnsioned W8ll is shown in Fig. is.2o.
Length of heel slab CD = 4 — l .7 — 0.62 1.68 m.
pt IV, = weight of rectangular portion of stain.
r2 = weight of triangular portion of stem.
3 = weight of base slab.
Wk = weight of soil above heel slab.
IV, = total superimposed road-traffic load, over heel slab.
The calculations are arranged in Table 18.2.
TABLE 18.2
Force (kNj Level arm (m} Moment about toe (kN-mJ
0.2 x 6.5 x l x 25 = 32.5 2.22 72.15

x 0.42 x 5.5 x I x 25 = 28.9 1.98 57.17


2
3 0.5 x 4 x 1 x 25 = 50 2.00 100.0
4 1.68 x 5.5 x I x 18 = 166.4 3.16 525.82
5 1.68 x 1 x 18 = 30.2 3.16 95.56
ZIV = 308 Mp 850.7

H’ 1 18( °) 2 = lo8 i«
Total earth pressure at base = K X
2 " 3 2
Overturning moment at toe, due to earth pressure = 108 x
6 = 216 kN-ra
3
Ovemirning moment at toe, due to horizontal force Q = 2 x 7 = 14 kN-m
Overturning moment due to horizontal pressure caused by live load
fi 2 (6)2
I
—- K w= 108 kN-m
2 3 2
-‘- Total overturning moment 3fo = 216 -l- 14 -l- 108 = 338 kN-m
850.7
F.S. against overturning = = 2.52 > 2. Hence safe.
338
Total horizontal pressure = 2 + 108 + (6 x 6) = 146 kN = Z P
Z W _ 0.4 x 308
F.S. against sliding = '
ZP 146 = 0.84 < 1.5
Hence u nsafe. Special shear key will have to be designed to inake the wall safe
a gainst sliding.
Pressure distribution. Algebraic sum of moments . = Z M -- M p - 3f
= 850.7 — 338 = 512.7 kN-m
Algebraic sum of vertical forces = Z W = 308 kN
Hence distance k from toe, of the point of application of resultant is given by

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STRUCTURES
gpINFORCE D CON CRETE
496

_ ZM 512.7 = 1.66 m
” ’ZT 308
Eccentricity — l.6fi = 0.34 m
This is less than is devel I3p d
= 0.67 ni. Hence flO tC @Si CI n
e

1 4
Pressure p at toe —
+ ’b 6 x 0.S4
I -F

Pressure p2 Hence safe.


= 116.3 kN Zm' < 160.
z 6e _ 3086 x 0.34 — 37.7 kN Z m2
at heel = l
“ b " 4 4
Pressure p at the junction of stem with toe slab is
116.3 — 37.7 2
p —— l 16.3 — x 1.7 = 82.9 kN / m
4
Pressure p’ at the junction of stem with heel slab is
116.3 —
p —— 116.3
37.7 x 2.32 = 70.7 kN Zm 2
4
5. Design of toe slab. The upward pressure distribution on the toe slab is shown
in Fig. 18.21. The weight of the soil above the toe slab is neglected. Thus two forces
are acting on it : (i) upward soil pressure (ii) downward weight of slab.
Downward weight of slab per unit area = 0.5 1 x 1 x 25 12.5 kN Zm 2 . Hence net
X

pressure intensities will be 116.3 — 12.5 103.8 kNZm2 under D and 82.9 — 12.5 = 70.4
kNZm2
under F.
Total force S.F. at F = (103.8 + 70.4) x i .7 148.07 kN
2

C.G. of force 70.4 -l- 2 x 103.8 7 = 0.904 m



B.M. It F - 14 x 0 904133.9 kN-m = 133.9 x 10‘ N-mm
133.9 x 10'
383
1000 x 0.914 mm.
Keep d —— 440 and tool depth equal to 500 Pff m
is available. Red uce the total depth to 200 mm So that 60 mm
E ffective cover
ItHU JJ .

133.9 x 10‘
230 x 440 = 1464 2
1.7 m 0.62
Bars availab le from stem 1.68 m —+|
reinforcement 0.5 m
are 20 mm s' @ 120 irtq c/c givin 1

_ 148.07 x 1000 a A„
4m

1000 x 440 '0# 33) N/

FIG . 18. 2I.


gfTAINING WALLS
497

A 100 x 2618
100 hd 1000 x 440

Hence from Table 3. 1. r — 0• 31 N Z '


Hence the slab is slightly unsafe. To iTlake it safe, either increase the reinforcement
rcqilircd to get T,I 0.34 N /mm' is e qua l tO 0• 7
or increase the depth. The reinforccinelit percentage
TO (Table 3. 1)
0.7 bd _ 0.7 x 1000 x 440
3030 mm'. Hence spacing of 20 mm q bars is
Asi ioo
1000 x 314.1
ioo
1oo min c/c. Hence the slab is just safe in shear.
3080
0.12 460 -1- 200
Distribution steel = 100 x 1000 = 396 mm2
2
1000 x 50.3
Using 8 mt ce bars, having Aq = 50.3 mm 2 , spacing = = 127 mm
396
Hence provide these @ 120 mm C/t.
6. Design of heel slab. Four forces act on it
(i) downward weight of soil 5.5 m high (ii) live load of traffic
(iii) weight of heel slab (iv) upward soil pressure.
Weight of soil = 1.68 x 1
5.5 x 18 = 1s6.32 kN acting at 0.84 III JOIB .
NOIR C.
Live load = 18 x 1 x 1.68 = 30.24 kN acting at 0.84 m
0.84 m from C
Weight of heel slab = 0.5 x 1.68 x 25 - 21 kN »^"‘
Upward soil reaction = 21 (70.7 + 37.7) x 1.68 = 91.06 kN
70.7 + 2 x 37.7 1.68
= 0.75 m JOm C
acting at
0 7 + 37 7 3
—- 166.32 -l- 30.24 -b 21 — 91.06 = 126.5
force = S.F. at C
Total kN
B.M. at C
91.06 x 0.75
-- (166.32 + 30.24 -l- 21) 0.84 —
= 114.46 kN-m = 114.46 x 10 N-mm
as that > f *oe slab, i.e. d - 44o mm and total depth = 500 mm•
Keep the same depth
il t edges.
Reduce total depth to 200
114.46 x 10
A 230 x 0.904 x 440= 1252 mm
z 1000 x
Using 20 mm bars, Aa -- 314 314 = 250 m-
• Spacin
1252
126.5 x 10'
” 1000 x 440 = 0.288 N Omni'
%ri i1l
forcement required to get i, U 0.29 NZ•••' i q• ' 0.49 %
Se

appr From Table 3.1, t2 fl

0.49 bd „ 0.49 x 1000 x 440


oxiamately. This gives A, 100 100 = 2156 mm
14
—— Actual Aa —1000 x 3 2242.8 rms
m c/C.
Hence provide 20 mm ‹p bars @ ’140 m 140
co NC TE STRUCT
gEINPORCE

498

X looo = 396
Distribution steel =
1000 x 50.3 127 o 120
ilr s
Spacing of 8 m 396
7. » e i ft gor‹ eme itt f•i the
= 2320
230 x
ooo = 135 mm
Using 20 Ae 314.1 -2 S
2320
mm e bars,
-
G’
However bars @ )20 G
provide 20 mm io00 x 314.1
2

Actual d „ provided = 20
. 2618 here. However in
as
in the toe slab to serve the rein forceme
nt t
Bend all the bars m.
mm gives s = 100 m Hence
2
d A . 3080
order to make the toe slab safe in shear, require ll
ent bond length will be available
provide 20 mm 9 bars @ 100 mm c/c. Due to thls, suffici
bending moment).
to both the sides of point C (point of maximum
= 2 -l- d x 5.5 + 1 18 (5.5) = 125.75 kN
2

Total S.F. at C -— Q + Kg W ii + K 2
125.75 x
= 0.225 N Zmm2
1000
1000 x 560
100 A 8080
¿.•5 % . Hence z, = 0.31 N Z mm2 > z. Hence safe.
bd 1000 x 560
Let us curtail reinforcement between C and B. If there were no other external force,
except the earth pressure, and if the depth of stem were constant, half the bars could
have been curtailed at a depth ( )a.› = 0.79 Hi below the point B. Because of presence of
2
other forces, let us try at depth = 0.65 Hi —- 0.65 x 5.5 = 3.575 m below B to see whether half
the bars could be curtailed there or not. Thus, depth of section below B = h = 3.575 m
B.M. = Q (h + 1) -l- K w h 2 + 6 (3. 75)2 1 18
h’

K, = 2 (3.575 + 1) (3.575)
2+ 6
= 9.15 + 38.34 + 45.69 = 93.18 kN-m = 93.18
x 10‘ N-mm
560 — 140
d = 140 + 5.5 X 3.575 = 413 mm

93.18 x 10'
230 x 0.904 x 413 1086 1
This is less than half of that
y ovided at C,
at this depth. Ho wever, the bars Should be extend H ence 8hillf
di the
bars can be curtailed
i d by
= 240 mm) or d ( = 413 mm) bars at a
this whichever is
beyond point, heigh t of
= 3.162 m. Hence curtail half the
stance more. Hence h
Ct f i 2 4› ( = 12 x 20 = 3 .575 — 0.413
curtail half of the remaining p us try it at 3. I IU below g. If we wish to
•• , it
s
below B. a se ct i II ilt depth /i = o.s5 x 3
.575 = 2.32 m
RETAINING WALLS
1 18
B.M. = 2 (2.32 )+ 6 (2.32)° (2.32)’
+l
2
= fi.64 + 16• 15 + 12.49 = 35.28 kN-ITI = 35.28 x 10’ N-mm
560 - 140
rJ 140 + 5.5 x 2.32 = 317 min
35.28 x 10"
" 230 x 0.904 x 317
This is slightly less than one fourth of that provided at C. Hence we can curtail
naif of the remaining bars here. However, extend the bars by a distance of d = 317 mm
beyond this. i. e. curtail half of the remaining bars at a distance of 3.32 — 0.317 U 2 m
below B. Rest of the bars will be continued upto the top of the parapet.
200+ 620
Distributioit Average thickness of stem = 410 mm
2
Area distribution reinforcement = (0.12a 100) (1000 x 410) = 492 mm2
_ 1000 x 78.5
Using 10 mm ‹n bars, Ay = 78.5 mm 2 Spacing = 159 mm
492
I-tence provide 10 mm bars @ 150 mm c/c at the inner face of the wall,
along its length.
Temperature reinforcement
Total area — 492 mm'. Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c both ways on
the outer face.
8. Design af shear key. The wall is unsafe against sliding. Let us provide a
shear key of depth a below the stem.
Let pp be the intensity of passive pressure O=2
developed just in front of the shear key. This
intensity pp depends upon the soil pressure p just
in front of shear key.
pp — Kp . p
1 + sin a› _ i
where K, =3
l — sin K 5.5 m
and 2 H = 6.6 m
p - 82.9 kNZm , from Fig. 18.21
Hence p p 3 x 82.9 — 248.7 kNZm 2
This intensity may be considered to be con- 1.7 m
stant along the depth of key, though there will be
0.5
little increase in p5 because of increase in p
With depth. We will, however, consider the I
constant value of p, = 248.7 kN Zm'. 2
p — 82.9 kN/fTl
Total passive force
%* fip O - 248.7 a kN. Keeping a -- 600 mm,
z - 248.7 x 0.6 = 149.22 kN ...(1) FIG. 18.22.
NCRETE STRUCTURES
R ''pORCED CO

Total sliding force ut tlle l›O ttoni level or '•y 'S

Weight of soil between ilic base * **"'


= 0.6 x 4 x l x 18 = 43.2 kN (n ap <X
(3)
Z II' = 308 + 43.2 = 351.2 kN ff) -J- pp 0.4 x 351.2 -i- 149’ 22
Hencc F.S. •s °inst sliding 1s = ' 1.68. Hence safe.
ZP
However, it should be noted that the re will be developed Oi ly
A bove passive pressu
a length a given below is available in front Of the key
200 mm
at = a tan 8 = a tan 45 -l-
J
=n —- 0.6 3 = 1.04 m.
1000 mm
where 8 = 45 + eZ2 = shearing
200 mm
angle of passive resistance.
Actual length of toe slab
available
zomm q
-— GF = 1.7 m. Hence satisfactory. @ 400 mm
Let us keep the width of key 10 mm g 2000
@ 300 mm mm
= 600 mm. c/c
Actual force to b-• - › idled by
the key = ( 1.5 Z P) — q Z W 3100
10 mm 0
= 1.5 x 172.3 — 0.4 x 351.2 300 mm c/c
= 118 kN
Hence shear stress 20 mm $
118 x 10 mm 6
@ 200 mm c/c
- 0.2 N hmm'. Safe 6000
1000 x 600 @ 150 mm
c/c
Bending stress
118 X 1000 x 300 5500
2 mm
— 0.59 N Z mm
1/6xl000(dD)'
Since concrete can take this mccc
20 mm $
of tensile stress no special reinforcement @ 100 mm c/c
is necessar y for the key. The key is 8 mm g 620 20 mm $
to be cast monolithica lly with the 1 @ 140 mm c/c
20gjmc/c
base.
J<!’!!! A con-
struction joint, in the form Of a key, 200
is to be provided at ihe ju nction of
stem with the base‘ slab. The widih c/c
, @ 120 mm c/c
1680 mm —>|
of key is kept equal tO d Z J = 56074 170O mm w600 1700 mm —+]

— 4000 mm
FIG. 18.23.
g j3TAINING WALLS

g,q. DESIGN OF CANTILEVER


RETAINING WALL WITH SLOPING BACKFIL L
retaining wall to refnin e•nh
p ign Example 18.3. Desigti p y.
e ribaiikmeni 3 m high ahove grouitd levy . The einhniikmenl is surcharged ol angle of )6°
fO ‹i›• !•orizoiital. The unit weight of enrtlt is 18 N/m’ and its angle of repose is 30 °
Tue safe benring capacity' »‹iy he takeii S 100 kN/in1 Al ff ilepth of 1 m below th e
grou nd. The coef cieiit of friction between
coitcreie and soil may be laken as 0.5. Use
y concrete aunt Fe 415 steel.
Solution
1. Design coitstants. For M 20 concrete, and Fe 415 steel reinforcement we have the
(ollowing : c —- Off — 7 NZmm* ; t - $$ -- 230 NZm }T{'; m = 13.33 ; kg = 0.289 ; j 0.904 and
p = 0.914.
2. Dimensions of base. sin p = 0.276 ; cos p = 0.961 ; tan p = 0.287 ;

sin e = sin 30° = 0.5 ; cos «o = 0.866 ; COC §- COS § COS


A —- cos p COS $+ COS COSZ ‹A
Substituting the values, we get K —-

0.38
For a surcharged wall, the ratio of the length of the toe slab to the base width
b may be fixed approximately by the expression
so 100
- 1 = 0.488. Adopt a = 0.49.
2.7 y H 2.7 x J8 x 4
The base width can be determined from the expression
N cos p
b=H (1 — ct) (l -l- 3 n) 02 A
0.38 x 0.961
=4 (1 — 0.49) (1 -l- 3 x 0.49) = 2.15 m.

From sliding point of view, b will be much more


than this, as seen in example 18.1. However, a
minimum base width b —- 0.6N —— 2.4 m should be
adopted. Hy = 3.95
Hence keep b —— 2.4 m. Length of toe slab
= 0.49 x 2.4 = 1.2 m. H1 = 3.7 m H - 4.25 m

Let the thickness of base slab be 300 mm ! v


for p reliminary calculations.
3. Thickness of stem
Height AB = H, —- 4 - 0.3 = 3.7 m.: K = 0.38
Earth pressure on stem is ‘W 2 _ 0.88 m
1 'm ab = 1.2 m
E 0.32 B
=
acting at 16° to horizontal w3 _
0.3 M
K, 2
0.38 hence the horizontal earth
x t8 (3.7)* = 46.82 kN
2 pressure
b = 2.4 m

FIG. t8.24.
UCTURES
ED CON CgETE STR
REIN FORC

502 ' 45
cos § - 46.g2 cos l
3.7 N-+
B.M. at B - 3 3

a
= 55.3 X lo' N i><
S.F. ilt B - P„ 45 kN
d -- 0.914 x 248 -
p so that an effective cover
total thic knes s- 320 •
ITIIR and O that effective depth
However keep J = 260 200 ;n at A S

60 non is availab le. R educe total thickness IQ


of 40 m •
is il va i1able thi rd
45 X 1000 = 0.17 Num
" 1000 x 260 safe.
> z, even at UTI; tl Steel. Henc
e

4. Stability of WKH
0.88
Length of heel slab = 2.4 — 1.2 — 0.32 = -F 0.25 = 3.95 m
m

Height = Mr + 0.g8 tan 16 °= 3.7


p 2

Height ft = 3.95 + 0.3 = 4 25 m


Fig. 18.24.
The fully dimensioned wall is shown in 0.38
P —— k „ acting para11e1 to the surcharge = x 18 (4.25) 2 = 61.77 kN
Earth pressure 2
Its horizontal and vertical components are
P p —- P cos b = 61.77 x 0.961 = 59.36 kN
P z = P sin b = 61.77 x 0.276 = 17.05 kN
P is acting on vertical face IG, at H/3 and hence P will act along the vertical
line iG (Fig. 18.24).
Let Wi — weight of rectangular portion of stem
J2 = weight of triangular portion of stem
JY, = weight of base slab
W, = weight of soil on heel slab.
TABLE 18.3
S.N. Desi iiatioii Force kN L.A.
1 t 0.2 x 3.7 x 25 - i8.5
3 ws 0.12 x 3.7 x 25 = 5.55 tit
4 tY‹ 2.4 x 0.3 x 25 1.42 26.27
-i
1 3•* + 3•95 ) 0.88 x i8 = 1.28 7. 10
60.59
Total resisting mt = 17.05
1.20 21.60
ZW =l 1.965 119.06
19.69 2.4 40.92
o = 214.95
3 > e Ilt M, 2 14.95 kN-m
303
4.25
Ovemirning moment m = = 39.36 x = 84.1 kN-m
3
«
2t4.95
r.s. against overturning = 84. = 2.56. Hunce safe.
Z \y 0.5 x
p.S. against sliding ='
115.69 = 1 < 1.5. Hence unsafe.
PU “ 59.36
To make it safe against sliding, will have to provide shear key.
eesii•re distribution
Net moment Z M Mz - M -- 214.95 - 84.1 = 130.g5 kN ...(I)
Distance x of the point of application of resultant from toe is
_ Z M 130.85
x Z IY 119.69 = 1.09 m.
£ccentdcity #
1.2 — 1.09 = 0,11 m. This is much less than b/6.
zw[ 6 x 0.11
Pressure p at toe = 6e 119.69
b \ + b 2.4 2.4
2
= 63.59 kN Zm < 100. Hence safe.
119.69 6x0.11
P ressure P2 at heel = — 36.16 kNZm
2.4 2.4
Pressure p at the junction of stem with heel slab is
63.59 - 36.16
p —- 63.59 — x 1.2 = 49.87 kN/ m2
2.4
Presssure p’ at the junction of stem with heel slab is
63.59 - 3d.
16—— 63.39 -
p’ x 1.52 = 46.22 kN/m'
2.4
5. Design of toe slab. The upward pressure distribution on the base is shown in
Fig. 18.25. The weight of the soil above the toe slab is neglected. Thus two forces are
acting on it .
(i) upward soil pressure (ii) downward weight of the slab.
Downward weight of slab per unit area = 0.3 x 1 x l x 25 = 7.5 kNZm'
Hence net pressure intensities will be = 63.59 — 7.5 = 56.09 kNZm' under D and
49.87 - 7.5 = 42.37 kNZm° under 6.
Total force S.F. at E -- l
(56.09 + 42.37) x 1.2 = 59.08 kN

C.G. of force from


42.37 + 2 x 56.09 1.2
E =z = 0.63 m
42.37 + 56.09 3
=
B.M. at E = 59.08 x 0.63 = 37.09 kN-m = 37.09 x 106 N-mm
37.09 x 106 1000 x 0.914
d -- = 203 mm
Provide
d = 240 . minimum total depth = 300 mm so that with an effective cover of 60 mm.
Reduce the total depth to 200 mm at the edge.
; FORCED CONCRETE STRjj

x 1000
‹, = 1.2 m
1000 x si›oar
This jS li .ss tJ1ii11 the F
stress Of -3 I) 2.4 m
(Table
37.o9 x 10'
240
a› bars b2R
thence 12 1/* ** down from
100 ITIITI c/c will bfl Suri clen
t,
the sten 7). @
providing › 1130 pm' (see step

1130 x FIG. 18.25.
AcmW G 0.47. Hence ok.
100
0.12 300 + 200 = 300 mrn2
1000 x
240
Distribution reinforcement = x
la 1000 1000 x 503
S
= 167 mm
Uting s mm bars, Zp - 50.3 › 300
150 mm C' C‘
However provide 8 mm ‹I› b8£S
6. Design of heel slab (Fig. ia.25). Let b = 0.88 m = length of heel slab.
Four forces act on it .
(i) weight of soil over the heel slab (ii) weight of heel s!zb
(iii) downward component of earth pressure (iv) upward soil pressure
Weight of soil over heel slab = l—(3.7 + 3.95) x 0.88 x 18 = 60.59 kN
3.7 -I- 2 x 3.95 0.88
Acting at 3.7 + 3.95 3 = 0.445 m from B.
Weight of heel slab = 0.3 X 0.88 1 X 25 = 6.b
kN a C ting £tt 0.44 m m h m B.
Earth pressure intensity at B — Kp p8 F unit i R lined
Earth pressure at B, on h Ori 2 j3 ¿ J i
area, at § to horizontal.
f l i1 Ull t a e
Vertical component of this, at B - Jp el
7 Hi tan
Earth pr e SS
p . sin §
Similarly, vertical componen t e i R tensit
y at
of
Hence total force due to vertical C Om pone nt
of e C = K y N2 tan p . sin p ..(ii)
( l’ 2) arth pressure iS
2
X b tan Q . sin § _ 0.38 x 1s (3.7 + 3
.95) X 0.88
0.287 x 0.276 = 1.82 kN
This acts at ++2H, b 3.7 •}- 2 x 0.8
8
UpWar d st3l{
p esSure - } (46
r 36 3- 0.445 m from B.
= 16) x 0.8g
Acting at 0.88 • - › 6.25 kN
16 0 2 i.82 -
3 from B.
TOtdl force = $ p It B -- 36.25
60.59 + 6.6
= 32.76 kN.
RETAINING WALLS
505

B.M. at a = (d0.59 x 0.445) + (d.6 0.in) + (i .Hz x o.445) -- ; zs.2s x 0.42)


= 15.45 kN-m = 15.45 x 10' N-mm
rnis is much less than the B.M. on the toe slab. However, we will keep the same
d*s•. *s that of toe slab, i.c. d = 240 mm and D = 300 mm, reducing it to 200 mm

1:s.54 x 10°
" “ 230 x 0.904 x = 312 mm'.
240
1000 x 78.4
Using 10 mm ‹n bars, having b e = 78.5 mm'. spacing = = 251 mm.
312
Provide them at 250 mm c/c. Take the reinforcement in the toe slab for a distance
€if 45 e = 45 x 10 = 450 mm to the left of B, and its ends should be hooked.
32.76 x 1000
= 0.137 N Zmm 2 . Hence safe.
' 1000 x 240
0
Distribution steel x 1000 300 +
1 200 = 300 mm°
2
Hence provide 8 mm bars @ 150 mm c/'c as in the toe slab.
7. Reinforcement in the stein. Revised Hi - 4 -- 0.3 = 3.7 m
0.38
S.F. at B =
2 x 18 (3.7)' cos 16° = 45 kN = H
3.7
B.M. at B -- 45 x = 55.S kN-m = 55.5 x 10 N-mm
3
55.5 x 106 2
d -- 260 mm, A , --- = 1027 mm
230 x 0.904 x 260
Using 12 mm o› bars, Aq -- 113 mm', Spacing 1000 x 113
1027 -- i io ••n
However provide 12 mrs ‹o bars @ 100 mm c/c.
1000x 113
Actual A , pr ovided a 1130 mm
s
' 100
Bend these bars into the toe slab, to serve as reinforcement there. Sufficient development
length is available.
Between A and B, some of the bars can be curtailed. Consider a section at a depth
h below the top of the step. The effective depth d’ at the section is
260 -- 140
d 140 = 140 -F 32,4 h
3.7
+
Now
d
. .(2)
Hence
Where A„’ -- reinforcement at depth ft
All -- reinforcement at depth If,
jj9FORCED CONCRETE STRUT

506
16°
d = effective

i d / d 250 ””
’. Substi !'
2d
we have :
and I m 140 + 32.4 /h
140 + 32.4 h
" ' 260
= 140 + 32.4 /i ' = 0.46 (140 + 32.4 h)"’ - ( )
3.7
520
error, noting
and were
trialstem
This can be solv ed by of constant, 1.2m
eat if the effective thickness 2.4 M
/i would have been equal to fly/(2)"' = 0.79
- 2.92 m. Solving (3) by trial, we g e t h m 2.82 lIl•
Thus half the bars can be curtailed at this point.
However, bars should be extended by a distance of l2‹n p = 49.87 kN/m

( = 12 X 16) or d ( = 260) beyond this point,


whichever is more.
. h -— 2.82 — 0.26 = 2.56 m. However, curtail half FIG 18.26.
the bars at a height 2.5 m below the top.
If we wish to curtail half of the remaining bars, so that reinforcement is one-fourth
of that provided at B, we have

Hence from (2),


or h —— 140 + 32.4 h ’" 140 -I- 32.4 1Z3
Lit = 3.7
4 x 260 ' 0.365 (140 + 32.4 h '”
10210
This can be solved by trial, noting but effective thickness of the stem were
if the
constant, h would have been equal to = 0.63 *h = 2.32 m.
Hence, we s et h —- 2.16 Ill. Howeve r, bars h
beyond this. S Ollld be
-‘. h = 2.16 — 0.26 = 1.90 m extended by d ( = 260 )
Hence stop half of the bars at 1.90 I}j b
rest of the bars remaining to the stem. elow the top ( thC'. stem. Continue
top of the
Distribution reinforcetgzp

Average thick ness = (320+


2 20O) = 260 pp
Distribu tion reinforcem ent 0 2
(1 000 ›t 260)
100 = 312 2

Using g mm e bars, , = 50.3 »,•


'- Spacing 1000 x
However provide z
bars iq », „ C
gETAINlNG WALLS

Temperanire reinforcement : Provide 8 min ‹› bars @ 300 mr C/c both ways on


the outer face of the stein.
9. Design of !!!*Zf f key. The wall is unsafu in shear. Lnt us provide a shear key
ITlm x 300 lTtID. Lct p bC tllti ttlttliSftJ Of JilSSl Vti $fCS5uru dtivelopcd jUSt in front Of
shear key. ThiS intelisity Ji„ depends upon Him SOll pressure p just in front of shear key.
I i
= 2.63 pt -- 2.63 x 49.87 131.2 kN Zm°
K 0.38
This intens ity may be considered to be constant along the depth of key though there
\y$)) little increase in pp because of increase in p with depth. We will, however, consider
pe Cm •tant ValUfl Of pp -- 131 .2 kN km'.
Total passive force P, 131.2 x 0.3 = 39.36 kN ...(t)
at us calculate total sliding force at level GJ.
X 18 (4.55)2 cos 16° = 68.06 kN ..(2)
2
›veigrt of soil between the base and level GJ —— 0.3 x 2.4 x 18 = 12.96 kN
(approx) ...(3)
. Z W = 119.69 + 12.96
= 132.6s kN (There will be 200 mm
some more downward weight
because of increasing vertical 12 mm g
@ 400 mm c/c
component of earth pressure).
F.S, against sliding 8 mm a
@ 150 mm c/c »‹
150 m 1900
c/c
0.5 x 132.65 + 39.36 8 mm § mm
= 1.55 800 mm c/c
68.06
4000 8 mm $
Al.5 Safe.
@ 300 mm c/c 12 mm $
However, it should be 3700 @ 200 mm
Iloted that the above passive pres **C2500
— sure will be developed Dnly
when a length a, given below
is avail- able in front of the
12 mm $
key @ 100 mm c/c
ai = a tan 8 8 mm $
@ 150 mm 10 mm g
-- a tan 45 + ”* 320
2
= 0.3 2.d3 = 0.49 m. 200 (b) Reinforceme nt at the
12 mm 0 inner face of stem
ACtual length 300 150 mm c/C
available = 1.2 m. of toe slab
100 mm
880 mm
Hence sat- 1200 mm —>| 300
isfactory 2400 mm
900 mm —d
W, for ce to be
resisted
by key, at F.S. of 1.5 is (a) Section of the wall

FIG. 18.27

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