jBASE Query Language

Programmers Reference Manuals

jBASE 4.1
JBASE Query Language jQL

Copyright
Copyright (c) 2002 TEMENOS HOLDINGS NV
All rights reserved.
This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright. No part of this document may
be reproduced, transmitted, or made available directly or indirectly to a third party without the express
written agreement of TEMENOS UK Limited. Receipt of this material directly from TEMENOS UK
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Acknowledgements

Information regarding Unicode has been provided in part courtesy of the Unicode Consortium. The
Unicode Consortium is a non-profit organization founded to develop, extend and promote use of the
Unicode Standard, which specifies the representation of text in modern software products and
standards. The membership of the consortium represents a broad spectrum of corporations and
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financially solely through membership dues. Membership in the Unicode Consortium is open to
organizations and individuals anywhere in the world who support the Unicode Standard and wish to
assist in its extension and implementation.
Portions of the information included herein regarding IBM’s ICU has been reprinted by permission
from International Business Machines Corporation copyright 2001

jBASE, jBASIC, jED, jSHELL, jLP, jEDI, jCL, jQL, j1, j2 j3 j4 and jPLUS files are trademarks of
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REALITY is a trademark of Northgate Solutions Limited.

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marks of others.

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Errata and Comments

If you have any comments regarding this manual or wish to report any errors in the documentation,
please document them and send them to the address below:

Technical Publications Department

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Please include your name, company, address, and telephone and fax numbers, and email address if
applicable. [email protected]

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Contents

Organization of This Manual........................................................................................................... viii

Documentation Conventions .............................................................................................................. ix

Multivalued Files .............................................................................................................................. 2

JQL VERBS...............................................................................................................4
The @ID Field .................................................................................................................................. 6
The @ID Synonym ........................................................................................................................... 6

Entering a jQL Command Sentence .................................................................................................. 7

GENERAL RULES FOR JQL SENTENCES.............................................................8

Entering a Sentence ............................................................................................................................. 8

Line Continuation ............................................................................................................................. 8
Procedure .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Action by the System ........................................................................................................................ 9
Generating jQL Reports .................................................................................................................... 9
Paging of report................................................................................................................................. 9

Predefined words and Symbols......................................................................................................... 11

jQL Verbs Overview ....................................................................................................................... 11
File Specifiers and Modifiers .......................................................................................................... 12

File Modifiers ..................................................................................................................................... 13

ITEM LISTS .............................................................................................................14

Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 14
Types of Item List ........................................................................................................................... 14
Explicit Item-id list ......................................................................................................................... 14
Implicit Item-id list ......................................................................................................................... 14
Item-id Selection clause .................................................................................................................. 15
Value Strings................................................................................................................................... 15
Single and Double Quotes............................................................................................................... 15

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Between Connective........................................................................................................................ 16
Relational Operators........................................................................................................................ 16
Selection Criteria Clause................................................................................................................. 20
Sort Criteria Clause ......................................................................................................................... 21
Default sort order ............................................................................................................................ 22
Sort Order of Left justified Data ..................................................................................................... 22
Sorting Multivalued Fields.............................................................................................................. 22

Total Connectives............................................................................................................................... 25
BREAK-ON Connective ................................................................................................................. 25
Controlling and Dependent Fields................................................................................................... 26
Formatting Reports with Report Qualifiers..................................................................................... 27
Using Report Qualifier Keywords................................................................................................... 27
GRAND-TOTAL ............................................................................................................................ 29
Macros............................................................................................................................................. 32
Thowaway Connectives .................................................................................................................. 33
BSELECT ....................................................................................................................................... 34
COUNT........................................................................................................................................... 35
EDELETE ....................................................................................................................................... 35
ESEARCH ...................................................................................................................................... 37
I-DUMP / S-DUMP ........................................................................................................................ 39
LIST ................................................................................................................................................ 40
LIST-LABEL .................................................................................................................................. 42
LISTDICT....................................................................................................................................... 44
REFORMAT................................................................................................................................... 45
SELECT .......................................................................................................................................... 46
SORT .............................................................................................................................................. 48
SORT-LABEL ................................................................................................................................ 50
SREFORMAT................................................................................................................................. 52
SSELECT........................................................................................................................................ 53
JQLCOMPILE ................................................................................................................................ 56
JQLEXECUTE................................................................................................................................ 57
JQLFETCH ..................................................................................................................................... 58
JQLGETPROPERTY...................................................................................................................... 59
JQLPUTPROPERTY...................................................................................................................... 60

Conversion Processing....................................................................................................................... 61
jQL Dictionary Conversions and Correlatives ................................................................................ 62

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TimeStamp “W{Dx}{Tx}”............................................................................................................. 62
Data Conversion.............................................................................................................................. 62
A Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 64
A: Expression Format ..................................................................................................................... 64
An Format: Embedded Decimals .................................................................................................... 65
An;expression Format ..................................................................................................................... 65
AE;expression Format..................................................................................................................... 65
Format Codes .................................................................................................................................. 66
Summary of Operands .................................................................................................................... 66
Field Number (FMC) Operand........................................................................................................ 66
Field Name Operand ....................................................................................................................... 67
Literal Operand ............................................................................................................................... 67
System Parameter Operands ........................................................................................................... 67
Special Operands............................................................................................................................. 68
Summary of Operators .................................................................................................................... 68
Arithmetic Operators....................................................................................................................... 68
Relational Operators ....................................................................................................................... 68
Logical Operators............................................................................................................................ 69
Concatenation Operator .................................................................................................................. 69
IF STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 70
N (Field Name) Operand................................................................................................................. 72
Literal Operand ............................................................................................................................... 74
Special Operands............................................................................................................................. 75
Remainder Function........................................................................................................................ 75
Substring Function .......................................................................................................................... 76

Operators............................................................................................................................................ 78
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS........................................................................................................ 78
Relational Operators ....................................................................................................................... 78
Logical Operators............................................................................................................................ 79
Concatenation Operator .................................................................................................................. 80
B Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 82
C Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 83
D Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 85
Pre-processor Conversion ............................................................................................................... 86
D1 D2 Conversion .......................................................................................................................... 88
F Conversion................................................................................................................................... 90
Order of Operation .......................................................................................................................... 91

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Push Operators ................................................................................................................................ 92

Arithmetic F Code Operators .......................................................................................................... 93
Miscellaneous Operators ................................................................................................................. 93
Relational Operators........................................................................................................................ 94
Logical Operators............................................................................................................................ 95

Multivalues ......................................................................................................................................... 96
Repeat Operators............................................................................................................................. 96
Format Codes .................................................................................................................................. 97
G Conversion .................................................................................................................................. 98
L Conversion................................................................................................................................... 98
MC Conversion ............................................................................................................................... 99
Changing Case .............................................................................................................................. 102
Extracting Characters .................................................................................................................... 102
Replacing Characters .................................................................................................................... 103
Converting Characters................................................................................................................... 104
Converting Numeric Values.......................................................................................................... 105
MD CONVERSION...................................................................................................................... 106
Mk Conversion.............................................................................................................................. 109
Ml/MR Conversion ....................................................................................................................... 109
MP Conversion ............................................................................................................................. 112
MS Conversion ............................................................................................................................. 114
MT Conversion ............................................................................................................................. 115
Output Conversion ........................................................................................................................ 116
P Conversion ................................................................................................................................. 117
R Conversion................................................................................................................................. 117
S Conversion ................................................................................................................................. 119
T Conversion................................................................................................................................. 120
Tfile Conversion............................................................................................................................ 121
U Conversion ................................................................................................................................ 123
jQL Output (Reports) .................................................................................................................... 124

File Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 126

Record Structure............................................................................................................................ 126
Sublists - V Code .......................................................................................................................... 127
Record Layout............................................................................................................................... 130
Special Field-mark Counts ............................................................................................................ 132
Default Output Specification......................................................................................................... 133

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Explicit Defaults ........................................................................................................................... 133

Predefined Data Definition Records ............................................................................................. 134
I-TYPES........................................................................................................................................ 134
Expression..................................................................................................................................... 135
User Subroutines ........................................................................................................................... 135
ICOMP.......................................................................................................................................... 137

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Organization of This Manual

This manual contains the following:
Chapter 1 provides an overview of jQL, describes the sample database, and
demonstrates how to enter simple queries.
Chapter 2 covers how to structure a query, select records, sort the output results, and
look at the internal form of your data.
Chapter 3 explains how you can customize your output using EVAL expressions,
aggregate functions, breakpoints, field qualifiers, and report qualifiers.
Chapter 4 discusses how to create and use select lists.
Chapter 5 shows how to redirect output to files and tape instead of to the terminal
screen or printer.
Appendix A contains the file dictionaries for the 10 files making up the sample
database used in the examples in this document.

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Documentation Conventions
This manual uses the following conventions:

Convention Usage

BOLD In syntax, bold indicates commands, function names, and options. In

text, bold indicates keys to press, function names, menu selections,
and MS-DOS commands.

UPPERCASE In syntax, uppercase indicates JBase commands, keywords, and

options; BASIC statements and functions; and SQL statements and
keywords. In text, uppercase also indicates JBase identifiers such as
filenames, account names, schema names, and Windows NT
filenames and pathnames.
UPPERCASE Italic In syntax, italic indicates information that you supply. In text, italic
also indicates UNIX commands and options, filenames, and
pathnames.

Courier indicates examples of source code and system output.

COURIER
Courier Bold In examples, courier bold indicates characters that
COURIER the user types or keys (for example, <Return>).

BOLD
Brackets enclose optional items. Do not type the brackets unless
[] indicated.

Braces enclose nonoptional items from which you must select at

{} least one. Do not type the braces.

A vertical bar separating items indicates that you can choose only
ITEMA | one item. Do not type the vertical bar.

ITEMB
... Three periods indicate that more of the same type of item can
optionally follow.
A right arrow between menu options indicates you should choose
⇒ each option in sequence. For example, “Choose File ⇒ Exit”
means you should choose File from the menu bar, and then choose
Exit from the File pull-down menu.

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Syntax definitions and examples are indented for ease in reading.

All punctuation marks included in the syntax—for example, commas, parentheses, or
quotation marks—are required unless otherwise indicated.
Syntax lines that do not fit on one line in this manual are continued on subsequent lines. The
continuation lines are indented. When entering syntax, type the entire syntax entry, including
the continuation lines, on the same input line.

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Chapter 1 Introduction

The jBASE Query Language (jQL) is a powerful and easy to use facility, which allows you to retrieve
data from the database in a structured order and to present the data in a flexible and easily understood
format. You can enter jQL Commands from your terminal or embed jQL Commands in applications
programs, procs and paragraphs to access data in jBASE files. The language is characterized by the
use of intuitive Commands that resemble everyday English language Commands.
You might for instance manage a retail department and need to review a particular set of figures,
which requires the phrase: “Show me the sales figures for January sorted in date order.”
The jQL Command would look like this:
LIST SALES WITH MONTH = “JANUARY” BY DATE

By using the jQL Command LIST with a file named SALES and your predefined data definition
records such as MONTH and DATE, you can construct complex ad-hoc reports directly from the
Command line interface (>). You can also choose how you want the information presented; displayed
directly to your printer or to your screen; listed in date order, or in descending or ascending order. The
choice is yours as jQL contains a rich range of commands for listing, sorting, selecting and
controlling the presentation of your details and is a safe language for end users.
With the exception of the “EDELETE” Command, jQL will not alter the contents of the source data
files.
All jQL Command sentences begin with a verb-like Command such as LIST or SELECT, followed by
a file name such as SALES or PERSONNEL, and then a series of qualifiers and modifiers with which
you control elements such as eligible data, report formatting, any totals that you want to appear and so
on.
Most data files on the system will have two assigned storage areas:

1. For the data (the data section) and

2. For the data definition records (the dictionary section)

Some files might be single level and others might have multiple data sections. (See the File
Management chapter of the System Administrators Guide for more details)

Data definition records kept in the dictionary portion of the file defines all the data fields in a file.
These data definition records do not have to exist (you can use defaults provided in the environment
variables or even the dictionaries of other files). However, where you need to manipulate ‘say’ dates

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(which are held in internal format), or to join data held in different files, you will find that one or
more definition records will be required for each data field.
The data definition records are simple to create and maintain.
FOR EXAMPLE:

• They allow you to specify the position of the data in a record (its field number)
• A narrative to be used as a column heading any input or output conversions required
(such as for dates) the data type (left or right justified, or text that will break on
word boundaries)
• A column width, used in the reports
• Input and output conversion codes can also be used to manipulate the data by
performing mathematical functions, concatenating fields, or by extracting specific
data from the field.

Multivalued Files
JBASE uses a three-dimensional file structure called a non-first normal form data model to store
multiple values for a field in a single record known as multivalued fields. A multivalued field holds
data that would otherwise be scattered among several interrelated files. Two or more multivalued
fields can be associated with each other when defined in the file dictionary. Such associations are
useful in situations where a group of multivalued fields forms an array or are a nested table within a
file. You can define multivalued fields as belonging to associations in which the first value in one
multivalued field relates to the first value in each of the other multivalued fields in the association, the
second value relates to all the other second values. Each multivalue field can be further divided into
subvalues, again obeying any relationships between fields.

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Chapter 2 Sentence Construction

A jQL Command sentence must contain at least a Command and a File name. The Command
specifies which process to perform and the filename indicates the initial data source.
You can add optional clauses to refine the basic Command. You can use clauses to control the range
of eligible record keys, define selection and sorting criteria, or to specify the format of the output, and
so on.
REMEMBER: only a verb and filename are required. The following list summarizes each element in
the Syntax.

Element Description

Verb Specifies the action to be performed

Queries the dictionary of the file you specify in filename instead of the data file.
DICT
If specified, DICT must precede filenames in the query.

filename The name of the file. Filename is required

A list of record ID’s which specify the records on which the query operates.
records
Enclose the record IDs in double quotation marks.

A number from 0 through 10 of an active select list that contains record IDs. The
FROM list#
query operates on those records whose record IDs are in the select list.

Selection- Specifies the conditions that data in a record must meet in order for the record to
expression be selected for the query

sort-expression Specifies the record list order.

Specifies either the names of the fields for output or one or more EVAL
output-
expressions. An output expression can also include special keywords that direct
specification
the processing of field values for output

output-limiter The WHEN clause, used to limit the output of multivalued fields

report-
Special keywords used in formatting reports
qualifiers

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JQL VERBS

Verb Description

Retrieves selected records and generates a list composed of data fields from those
BSELECT records as specified by any explicit or default output specifications. Each
subvalue within a field becomes a separate entry within the list.

COUNT Counts the records in a file

ESEARCH Similar to SEARCH

LIST Displays data from records in a file

LIST-ITEM Displays full listing of selected records

LIST-LABEL Displays records in a format suitable for mailing labels and other block listings

REFORMAT Redirects jQL output to a file or tape.

Creates a select list of records that contain an occurrence of one or more specified
SEARCH
strings

SELECT Creates a list of records that meet specified selection criteria

SORT Lists selected records in sorted order

SORT-ITEM Displays full listings of selected records in sorted order

SORT-LABEL Displays items in a format suitable or mailing labels and other block listings

SREFORMAT Redirects jQL output to a file or to a tape with records sorted by sort expression

SSELECT Creates a sorted list of records that meet specified selection criteria

STAT Displays numeric statistics for fields in a file

SUM Adds numeric values in fields of records that meet specified selection criteria

T-DUMP Copies records from disk to tape

T-LOAD Copies records from tape to disk

COMMAND SYNTAX
jQL-Command file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-criteria} {USING file- specifier}
{output-specification} {format-specification} {(options}

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SYNTAX ELEMENTS

JQL One of the verbs like Commands detailed later. Most Commands will accept any
Command or all of the optional clauses.

File specifier Identifies the main data file to be processed. Usually the data section of a file, but
could be a dictionary or a secondary data area.

Defines which records will be eligible for processing. Comprises an explicit list of
record keys or record selection clauses. An explicit list comprises one or more

Record list record keys enclosed in single or double quotes. A selection clause uses value
strings enclosed in single or double quotes and has at least one relational operator.
If no record list is supplied, all records in the file will be eligible for processing
unless an “implicit” record list is provided by preceding the Command with a
selection Command such as GET-LIST or SELECT.

Qualify the records to be processed. Comprises a selection connective (WITH or

Selection IF) followed by a field name. Field names can be followed by relational operators
criteria and value strings enclosed in double quotes. Logical Connectives AND/OR ca
also be used. Expressions can be parenthesized to specify procedure.

Specify the data list order. Comprises a sort modifier, such as BY or BY-DSND,
followed by a field name. Used also to “explode” a report by sorting lines
Sort criteria
corresponding to multivalued fields by value, and to limit the output of values (see
output specification).

USING file
Defines an alternate file for use as the dictionary.
specifier

Comprises the names of the fields to be included in the report, optionally preceded
Output by a BREAK-ONconnective or ‘TOTAL’ connective. Print limiters (Values
Specification strings enclosed in double quotes after the field name, optionally preceded by
relational operators) can be used to restrict multivalue output

Format Comprise modifiers, such as HEADING, ID-SUPP, and DBL-SPC, which define
specification the overall format of the report.

Comprises letters enclosed in parentheses, which modify the action of the

options
Command to redirect output to a printer for Example.

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Comments: A macro can substitute any element of a jQL Command sentence (with the exception of
the Command and filename). When the REQUIRE-SELECT modifier is included in a jQL sentence it
verifies that a select list is active before processing the sentence.

Macros
jQL allows the use of macros to predefine parts of a sentence. The macro definition contains one or
more optional sentence elements. You invoke the macro by including its name in a sentence. The jQL
processor looks for the macro in the currently active dictionary and includes all of its text parts in the
sentence.

Using Clause
You may include multiple USING clauses in the sentence to specify that another file contains the
attribute and the macro definition items referenced in the sentence. Each macro definition can also
contain a USING clause to define the terms used within that macro.

Options
Options are letters enclosed within parentheses, which modify the action of the verb

Print Limiters
Sort criteria and format specifications can include ‘print limiters’ which suppress output of particular
values according to specified criteria.

Record IDs
jBASE treats record ID’s differently from other fields in a file, in that the record ID is the default field
displayed by LIST/SORT commands and the implied field for selection clauses.

The @ID Field

The @ID Field is optional in jBASE files. The field name is @ID; the column name is set
automatically to the name of the file, and the output format defaults to 10L

The @ID Synonym

The @ID synonym is an optional entry you may find in some file dictionaries particularly in table
dictionaries or in jBASE files converted from CONVERT.SQL utility. Under prime emulation, @ID
contains the default output specification of @LPTR for output to printers.

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Entering a jQL Command Sentence

A jQL Command sentence is entered at the shell in response to a Command prompt (:) or a select
prompt (>). If a Command such as SELECT or GET-LIST creates an implicit list whilst in jSHELL, it
displays the select prompt. Each sentence must start with a jQL Command and can be of any length.
Press <ENTER> to submit the constructed sentence. If you enter an invalid Command, the system
will reject it and display an appropriate error message.

EXAMPLE
SORT SALES WITH PART.NO = “ABC]” BY POSTCODE CUST.NAME POSTCODE
TOTAL VALUE DBL-SPC HDR-SUPP (P

SORT the jQL Command.

SALES the filename
WITH PART.NO = “ABC]”

The selection criterion: select all records, which contain a part number beginning with ABC.
BY POSTCODE
The sort criterion
CUST.NAME POSTCODE TOTAL VALUE

The output specification:

a. Column 1 will contain the key of the SALES file

b. Column 2 will contain the customer name
c. Column 3 will contain the POSTCODE.
d. Column 4 will contain VALUE (this is totalled at the end of the report)

DBL-SPC HDR-SUPP

The format specifications - Double-space the lines and suppress the automatic header.
(P
An option: redirect output to the system printer, rather than to the terminal.
PART.NO, CUST.NAME, POSTCODE, VALUE

References to data definition records defined in the dictionary level of the SALES file

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GENERAL RULES FOR JQL SENTENCES

Entering a Sentence
The sentence is entered at the TCL prompt (:) or the select prompt (>) in an account which contains a
pointer to the referenced file. If a verb such as SELECT or GET-LIST supplies an item, it displays the
select prompt.
The following rules apply when entering a sentence:

1. The sentence is entered on one command line and is completed when selecting <ENTER>
2. It must begin with a verb, defined in the MASTER DICTIONARY followed by a space.
3. It must contain a file name, which is defined within the account from, which the sentence is
entered
4. Unless otherwise stated, one or more spaces should separate each element.

Line Continuation
When you are typing words in response to the TCL prompt the system allows you to enter up to 240
characters before it performs an automatic linefeed. You can extend a line by entering the line
continuation characters.
To enter the continuation sequence hold down the CTRL key and press the underscore key (_), which
may require you to hold down the shift key. Follow this combination immediately with the RETURN
key.

Procedure
1. Before the end of the 240 characters, enter CTRL+- and then press RETURN
2. Type the next part of the sentence. If a space is required at this point be sure to press the
space bar either before or after step
3. If more than 240 characters are required repeat step
4. At the completion of the sentence press RETURN.

EXAMPLE
If a sentence exceeds 240 characters (see below), the line continuation sequence (CTRL+- and
RETURN) breaks the sentence into two parts.
LIST GUEST WITH INVOICE-CODE “15” AND WITH EACH INVOICE-CODE # “2”
BREAK-ON LAST-NAME TOTAL INVOICE CTRL+- RETURN

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GRAND-TOAL “AMOUNT DUE ‘U’ “DET-SUPP HDR-SUPP RETURN

Action by the System

Upon completion of the sentence, the system checks with the MASTER dictionary for a definition of
the verb, which if defined, the system checks the file name and the syntax of the sentence. If you enter
an invalid verb or file name or the syntax is incorrect, or have exceeded the limitations the system
displays an error message.

Generating jQL Reports

You can display jQL reports at a terminal or send to a printer by using the LIST or SORT verb (and
other verbs). The default output device receives the reports, which could be a printer (or other
currently assigned spooler device) by adding LPTR or option p.

Columnar or Non-columnar format

If the report will fit within the page width of the output device, it is output as a series of columns.
However, if the report would require more than the current page width to be output in columns, it is
output as a series of lines (known as non-columnar format).

Paging of report
If the report is displayed at the terminal and extends over more than one screen, press <ENTER> to view the next screen.

Use the following words and symbols as described in this manual as all
have special significance within a jQL sentence. These words are defined
in each Master Dictionary (MD) and their definitions should not be
changed in any way.

! # &

< <= =

=< => >

>=

A AFTER AN

AND ARE

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BEFORE BETWEEN BREAK-ON

BSELECT BY BY-DSND

BY-EXP BY-EXP-DSND

CAPTION CHECK-SUM COL-HDR-SUPP

COL-SPACES COUNT

DATA DEL-SPC DET-SUPP

DICT

EACH EDELETE EQ

ESEARCH EVERY

FILE FOOTING FOR

GE GRAND-TOTAL GT

HASH-TEST HDR-SUPP HEADER

HEADING I-DUMP ID-SUPP

IF IN ISTAT

ITEMS LE LIST

LIST-ITEM LIST-LABEL LPTR

LT

NE NO NOPAGE

NOT

OF ONLY OR

PAGE PG REFORMAT

S-DUMP SELECTSORT SORT-ITEM

SORT-LABEL SREFORMAT SSELECT

ST-DUMP STAT SUBVALUE

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SUM SUPP T-DUMP

T-LOAD TAPE THE

TOTAL USING VALUE

WITH WITHIN WITHOUT

Predefined words and Symbols

jQL Verbs Overview
A jQL verb is the first word in the sentence and is the name of a processor that performs the required
retrieval and manipulation. The Master Dictionary defines the names of the processors in your
account’s..

Frequently used Verbs

The most commonly used jQL verbs are:

LIST SELECT SORT SSELECT

Other jQL Verbs include

BSELECT COUNT EDELETE

ESEARCH I-DUMP LIST-ITEM

LIST-LABEL REFORMAT SORT-LABEL

SORT.ITEM SREFORMAT ST-DUMP

T-DUMP T-LOAD

With the exception of EDELETE and T-LOAD, jQL verbs do not affect the contents of the original
file(s). REFORMAT and SREFORMAT write to a nominated file or tape.
Generating Implicit Lists
The following generate an implicit list

BSELECT GET-LIST ESEARCH

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SEARCH QSELECT SELECT

SSELECT

File Specifiers and Modifiers

The filename implies two logical files:

1. A dictionary section

The dictionary section contains definition terms,

a. Such as data section definition terms

b. Data definition items (known as attribute definitions items)
c. And macro definition items.

2. An enclosed data section.

The retrieved or referenced data is contained within the data section.

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File Modifiers
As described below file modifiers DICT, ONLY, WITHIN and TAPE modifies the use of the file, and
how it is accessed
SYNTAX

{DICT} {ONLY} {WITHIN} {TAPE} filename{,data-section-name}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Specifies the dictionary section of the file and contains the data for referencing. You
DICT must type the modifier DICT before the filename. When modifying a filename by the
DICT the processor looks in the MD for attribute and macro definition items.

Specifies that only item-ids are to be output and suppress any default output contents.
ONLY You can type the modifier ONLY before filename or following all clauses, which
contain attribute names.

Specifies a sublist such as bill of material items. Use WITHIN only with the LIST and
WITHIN COUNT verbs and must precede filename. Specify one item-id only; if you enter
more than one item-id, it displays an error message.

Tells the processor to retrieve data from a magnetic tape, which written only in a T-
DUMP format. This modifier cannot be used with the sorting verbs such as SORT and
TAPE
ST-DUMP, nor with tape output verbs, such as T-DUMP, nor with the updating verb
EDELETE

filename Specifies a dictionary section and a data section

data-
Specifies a data section other than the data section called filename. It must follow
section-
filename and use a comma with no spaces for separation.
name

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ITEM LISTS

Introduction
An item list specifies the items within the file to be further processed. If no list is given, all items in
the file are implied.

Types of Item List

An item list takes one of three forms:

a. An explicit item-id list

b. An implicit item-id list
c. An item-id selection clause

You cab combine Item-id selection with implicit but not with explicit item-id lists. You can combine
every type of list with selection criteria based on attribute values.

Explicit Item-id list

An explicit item-id lists items for processing, which encloses each item-id in double quotes. Spaces
between item-ids are optional. An item-id list cannot include a relational operator and ignores any
included logical connectives.
JQL treats the values you place between quotes as item-ids, not as value strings. This treats the left
ignore, right ignore and wild card as ordinary characters and not as special characters.
SYNTAX

‘item-id’ {‘item-id’}.. .
EXAMPLES

Implicit Item-id list

To provide an implicit item-id list execute a verb such as SELECT or GET-LIST immediately before
executing a jQL command. If you also specify item-id selection, the jQL processor effectively ANDs
its result with the implicit item-id list to limit further the items selected.
If you specify an explicit item-id list, the processor ignores any implicit list.

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Item-id Selection clause

An item-id selection clause expresses limits on the value of item-ids, for selection for processing. It
has at least one value string that defines an item-id or part of an item-id, and an explicit relational
operator must precede at least one value string. The relational operator is what makes jQL treat item-
id selection differently from an explicit item list. You can use logical connectives to combine
relational operations. If you do not use an explicit logical connective, jQL defaults to the OR
connective. JQL searches the file for each item-id that matches the value strings in the criteria. If an
implicit item-id list has been specified, the processor checks only those item-ids present in the list.

SYNTAX

{‘value string’}. . . relational operator ‘value string’ {{logical-

connective} {relational operator} ‘value string’}...

Value Strings
Value strings are character strings enclosed in delimiters (usually single quotes within item-id-
selection criteria and double quotes within ordinary selection criteria); also used to compare against
character strings in the file. The value string cannot contain the character by which it is delimited. For
example: if the value string is enclosed in single quotes, it may contain double quotes, but not single
quotes. Otherwise, the value string can contain any printable character, excluding RETURN, LINE
FEED, and system delimiters. The simplest value string is a character string that has precisely those
characters for testing (for example. ‘Johansen’) however a value string can also include the following
special characters:
Left ignore ([) at the beginning of the string to indicate that the item-id may start with any characters
(for example,’[son’)

Right ignore (]) at the end to indicate that the item-id may end with any characters (for example,
Johan]’)

Wild cards(^) anywhere within the string, each wild card matching one character of any value (for
example, ‘Joh^ns^n).

Single and Double Quotes

Values string delimiters are single quote (‘) and double quote (“). You can enclose an item-id value
string in double quotes, but only if it is entered immediately after the file name. Use single quotes

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within item-id selection clauses and doubles quotes within ordinary selection criteria except when you
are searching for an item-id that includes single quotes.

Between Connective
The connective BETWEEN followed by two value strings is a shorthand way of saying ‘all values
greater than the first value string and less than the second’. The value of the second value string must
be greater than the value of the first to select items. Value strings including special characters ^, [ and
] are not valid.

Relational Operators
These express a relationship between an item-id (or attribute value in the case of selection criteria)
and the value string. At least one relational operator is required in an item-id selection clause. Value
strings within the clause not preceded by a relational operator are treated as if preceded by the equal
operator.
The operator test for relationships Equal(=), less than or equal (<=) etc., the result of a relational
operation is a truth-value: true or false. You can enter relational operators as special characters
symbols or as their mnemonic equivalents:

Relational
Data Type Synonyms Description
Operator

Numeric Fields EQ = Equal

NE
NOT # Not Equal
NO

GT Greater Than
> AFTER
After

GE >=, => Greater than or equal

LT <, BEFORE Less than

Before

LE <=, =< Less than or equal to

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MATCHES Matches a pattern or

String Fields LIKE
MATCHING text

Does not match a

UNLIKE NOT.MATCHING
pattern or text

SAID SPOKEN, ~ Sounds like

EQ = Equal to

NE #

Greater than or equal

GE >=, =>
to

GT >, AFTER Greater Than

LE =<, >= Less than or equal to

Tests if a field for a

Null Values IS.NULL
null value

Tests a field for no null

IS.NOT.NULL
values

Logical Connectives
The logical connective AND or OR joins two relational expressions. The default connective is OR. If
giving two relational expressions without a logical operator between them, items satisfying either
expression are selected (as if the OR connective had been used).

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The connective AND yields a truth-value of true if all the truth values it is combining are true. If any
truth-value is false, the result of the AND connective is false. The OR connective yields a truth value
of true if at least one of the truth values it is combining is true.

Synonyms
Ampersand (&) is a synonym for AND

Exclamation point is a synonym for OR

EXAMPLES
Item-id List
The following sentence lists information about rooms 117 and 119. Because there is no explicit
relational operator this is an item list, and the processor accesses the items directly
LIST ROOMS ‘117’ ‘119’

Value String Example

The following sentence lists information about rooms with numbers matching “117” or “119”. Note:
the equal sign makes these values strings rather than item-ids. Hence, without an implicit item list, the
processor must search the entire file, comparing all items-ids against these two value strings; thus it
would be better to omit the equal sign as shown in the previous example, to avoid this;

LIST ROOMS = ‘117’ ‘119’

Implicit List Examples

The following sentences will not list anything because the value strings cannot match any item-id in
the implicit list.
SELECT ROOMS GT ‘200’

23 ITEMS SELECTED

>LIST ROOMS = ‘117’ ‘119’

The following sentences list information about rooms 117 and 119 because the process ignores an
implicit item-id list when an implicit item-id list is in the sentence.
:select rooms GT ‘200’

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23 items selected

>list rooms ‘117’ ‘119’

Left Ignore examples

The following sentence lists information about all the rooms with numbers ending in 23.
LIST ROOMS = ‘[23’

The following sentence does not list any rooms because there is no relational operator, the value [23 is
treated as an item-id.
LIST ROOMS ‘[23’

Wild Card Examples

The following sentence list information about all the rooms with numbers that begin with three, end
with five, and have an intervening character of any value
: LIST ROOMS = ‘3^5’

The following sentence does not list any rooms because there is no relational operator, the string 3^5
is treated as an item-id.
LIST ROOMS ‘3^5’

AND Connective Examples

The following sentence lists information about all the rooms numbered 200 to 399.
:LIST ROOMS => ‘200’ AND < ‘400’

The following sentence results in a report listing information only about the room 119 because in the
absence of a relational operator, assumes an equal (=). The only room number greater than 117 and
equal to 119 is 119.
:LIST ROOMS > ‘117’ AND ‘119’

Apparent item-id List Example

The following sentences do not list information regarding 117 and 119 because they would not be on
the implicit list. Although this sentence seems to have an explicit item-id list and an item-id selection
clause, the whole series is a selection clause because there is a relational operator somewhere in the
list.
:SELECT ROOMS GT ‘500’

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4 items selected
>LIST ROOMS ‘117’ ‘119’ OR = ‘[27’

Further Examples of Item Lists

a. The following sentence lists information about rooms with numbers that are both
greater than or equal to 400 and less than 700:

LIST ROOMS >= ‘400’ AND LT ‘700’

b. The following sentence displays information about rooms with numbers less than
200 and with available dates after May 17 2002.

LIST ROOMS < ‘200’ WITH AVAILABLE AFTER “MAY 17 2002”

The following sentence displays information about rooms with numbers less than 500 and greater
than 199 and with bed codes to either suite or double. The second AND arises because the sentence
includes both item selection and data selection criteria: these operations perform one after the other,
giving an effective AND function. The OR between “ST” and “D” is implicit.

LIST ROOMS LT ‘500’ AND GT ‘119’ WITH ROOM CODE “ST” “D”

c. The following sentence lists rooms with numbers less than 200 or greater than 399.

LIST ROOMS < ‘200’ OR > ‘399’

Selection Criteria Clause

The selection criteria clause allows you to specify data-specific limits on the range of records that will
be eligible for processing.
If a record list of any type is outstanding when processing reaches the selection criteria, only those in
the list will be submitted to the selection process; if there are no record lists outstanding the selection
process considers all records in the file.
Each selection criterion specifies a field (data or key) for testing to determine selection of a record.
The selection criterion begins with the connective (WITH (or IF) and must also include a field name.
The field name can be followed by a value selection clause otherwise it defaults to NE ““(not equal
NULL)

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SYNTAX
WITH | IF { NOT } { EACH } field {value-selection clause} {{AND |
OR}
{ WITH |IF } {NOT} {EACH} field {value-election clause}...}

Value selection clause has the form:

{relational-operator} “value string” {{logical-connective}
{relational operator} “value string”}. . .

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
WITH or IF is the selection connective. It must be the first word of a selection criterion. WITH and IF
are synonymous. WITHOUT is a synonym for WITH NOT.

Sort Criteria Clause

The sort criteria clause allows you to specify the presentation order of the records in the report.

SYNTAX
BY field
BY-DSND field
BY-EXP field {print-limiter}
BY-EXP-DSND field {print limiter}

Print limiter has the form:

{relational operator} “value string” {{logical connective}

{relational operator} “value string”}...

field is the name of a data definition records.

Specifies a single value sort that will order the records according to an ascending
BY
sequence based on the first value in the specified field

BY- Specifies a single value sort the which will order the records according to a descending
DSND sequence based on the first value in the specified field

BY-EXP Specifies a multivalue sort that will order the multivalues of the specified field

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according to an ascending sequence based on the first subvalue in each multivalues

element

Specifies a multivalues sort that will order the multivalues of the specified field
BY-EXP-
according to a descending sequence based on the first subvalue in each multivalued
DSND
element

Comments: Each sort clause comprises a sort connective followed by a field name. The sort
connective can specify an ascending or descending sort sequence of single or multivalued fields. If
you include more than one sort of criteria clause, the processor ranks the clauses in a left to right,
most to least important hierarchical sequence. Always used as the least important sort value, unless
explicitly included in the SORT criteria is the record key.
The precise sorting sequence depends on whether a field is left - right justified.

Default sort order

If you do not specify a sort criteria clause for a sorting command, the report is output in ascending
order by record key. Field 9 of the file definition (pointer) record specifies Left or right justification of
the key. The default is a left justified sort.

Sort Order of Left justified Data

When sorting a left justified field the data is compared one character at a time, left to right. For this
reason number two will follow number 11 in an ascending sequence. The number 02 would appear
before 11 in an ascending sequence.
The sort connectives for single valued fields sort the record orders according to the value of a field.
The two sort connectives for single value fields are:

1. BY for an ascending sort

2. BY-DSND for a descending sort

If using a single value sort connective with a field that contains multivalues or subvalues, it only uses
the first value in the field as the sort key.

Sorting Multivalued Fields

The sort connectives for multivalued fields sort values within a field.
The two sort connectives for multivalues are:

BY-EXP for ascending order

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BY-EXP-DSND for descending order

If using a multiple value sort connective with a file, which contains subvalues, it only uses the first
subvalue in each multivalue as the sort key.
The treatment of each value is as if it were the only value so that each value occupies a line of output
in the report. This effectively “explodes” a record into multiple records.
You can limit the values for sorting and output by including a print limiter with the multivalue sort
connectives.
When using a SELECT-type command with BY-EXP the formatting of the records list appears:
record-key]multi value#

Where: multi-value-# is the position of the multivalue within the field. The READNEXT statement in
a jBASIC program can use this value.

EXAMPLE 1
SORT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” BY S.CODE

Selects the records in the SALES file in which the S.code field contains values, which start with
ABC. The output in the records is in S.CODE order.

EXAMPLE 2
SORT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” BY S.CODE BY-DSND VALUE

EXAMPLE 3
SORT SALES BY-EXP P.CODE

Selects all the records in the SALES file and outputs the detail lines in key order within P.CODE
order.

Using Clause
Comprises {DICT} filename{data-section-name}, where DICT specifies the dictionary filename,
filename specifies a file, data-section-name specifies a secondary data section of filename.

Output Specification Clause

The output specification clause names the fields that are to be included in the report.

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SYNTAX
field {print limiter}
TOTAL field {print-limiter}
BREAK-ON field “{text}{2option{option}...’}{text}
Print limiter has the form:

{NOT} {relational operator} “value string” {{logical-connective}

{NOT} {relational-operator} “value string”}...

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
TOTAL specifies that a running total of a numeric field be maintained
field identifies the name of a data definition record

Print limiter suppresses output of values (to subvalue level) that do not match the clause, which
replaces suppressed values with blanks. Any detail lines that would as a result, be blank, are
suppressed. Any totals produced include just the values that match the limiting clause.

BREAK-ON specifies that control break be performed and a break line displayed, each time the value
of a field changes
Text comprises any printable characters except RETURN, LINE FEED, double quotes, single quotes
or system delimiters.
Options is one of more of the following options:

Break: works in conjunction with the B option of the Heading and FOOTING modifiers to
B
insert the break value in the heading or footing.

D Data: suppresses the break if only one detail line has been output since the last break.

Line: suppresses the blankline preceding the break data line. Overrides the U option if both are
L
specified.

Page: throws a new page after each new break value until all the data associated with the current
P
break has been output.

Rollover: Inhibits a page break until all the data associated with the current break has been
R
output.

Underlines: if specified places underlines on the line above the accumulated totals. Ignored if
U
used with the L option.

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V Value: inserts the value of the control break field at this point in the BREAK-ON option.

Comments: If the sentence contains an output specification clause, it ignores any default definition
records in the dictionary.

Total Connectives
The TOTAL connective specifies that a running total of the field be maintained and to output the total
at each control break and at the end of the report. Also, use TOTAL in conjunction with the BREAK-
ON connective to display intermediate totals at the control breaks.
Use the GRAND-TOTAL modifier in the format specification clause to display any specified text on
the last total line.

BREAK-ON Connective
The BREAK-ON connective causes monitoring of the following fields for change permitting up to
fifteen breaks within one sentence treated in hierarchical left to right order. The first BREAK-ON in
the sentence is the highest level.
When detected, the change in the value of the field outputs a blank line, followed by a line with three
asterisks, and then another blank line. If the BREAK-ON clause specifies text, it outputs the text in
place of asterisks. If the text is wider than the column width, the processor applies the same
justification as the named field.
You can suppress the BREAK-ON output by setting the column width of the field to zero.
You can use BREAK-ON in conjunction with the TOTAL connective to generate subtotals. If using
the modifier DET-SUPP with TOTAL and BREAK-ON, it displays only the subtotal and grand total
lines.

BREAK-ON Options

Break. Works in conjunction with the B option of the heading and footing modifiers to put the
B
break values in the heading or footing

Data. Suppresses the break line if there is only one detail since the last BREAK. This is the line
D
with the asterisks, any text that is specified, or totals

Line. Suppresses the blank line preceding the break data lie. Overrides the U option if both are
L
specified

P Page. Causes each break item to be output on a separate page

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R Rollover. Inhibits a page break until all the data associated with the current break is output

Underlines. Places underlines on the line above the accumulated totals if the TOTAL modifier
U
was specified. Ignored if used with the ‘L’ option

Value. Causes the values of the control Break attribute to be inserted at this point in the
V
BREAK-ON label

Controlling and Dependent Fields

Controlling and dependent fields provide a method for creating sublists from records.
A controlling field is one, which has the code D1 in field 8 of its data definition record and points to
its controlling field.

When the system finds a controlling field, it will:

a. Look for the first field specified in the output specification clause that matches each
FMC (Field Mark Count) of its dependent field and has D2 code in field 8 of the
data definition item specifying the controlling field.
b. Position the found fields in the order found to the immediate right of the controlling
field for display.
c. Display an asterisk (*) under the column heading of each found field.
d. Dependent fields are output immediately to the right of their controlling field
regardless of the order in which you specify them.
e. An independent field found between the controlling and dependent fields is moved
“logically” to the right of the controlling and dependent fields.
f. Will ignore dependent fields unless you specify the controlling field.

EXAMPLE 1
SORT SALES P.CODE S.CODE =”ABC”

Selects all the records in the SALES file and outputs the P.CODE data. The S.CODE data will only be
included if it matched ABC - any other value will be shown as blank.

EXAMPLE 2
SORT SALES BY P.CODE BREAK-ON P.CODE TOTAL VALUE

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Selects all the records in the SALES file in P.CODE order and outputs a line for each record until the
P.CODE changes. At this point, a control break triggers and outputs the running total of VALUE. At
the end of the report, it displays a cumulative total for VALUE.

Formatting Reports with Report Qualifiers

Using report qualifiers, you can tailor the layout of the entire report by setting up headers and footers
on each page, adjusting margins and spacing, and determining output orientation (horizontal or
vertical). In addition, there are two jQL commands, LIST-LABEL and SORT-LABEL, which enable
you to format and sort mailing labels.

Using Report Qualifier Keywords

Report qualifiers provide a variety of ways to control and refine the overall format of a report. COL-
HDG, ID-SUP, DET-SUP, LPTR, SAMPLE, and SAMPLED are report qualifiers you saw in
previous examples. The following list summarizes the most commonly used report qualifiers:

Keyword Synonym Description

Suppresses the default report and column

COL-HDR-SUPP COL.HDR.SUPP
headings.

COL-SPCS COL.SPCS Changes the default spacing between columns.

Specifies the spacing between the columns of a

COL-SPACES COL.SPACES
report

COL-SUP COL.SUP Suppresses the column heading.

Suppresses the count displayed at the bottom of a

COUNT-SUPP COUNT.SUPP
report.

DBL-SPC DBL.SPC Double-spaces the report.

DET-SUPP DET.SUP Displays only the breakpoint lines.

DET-SUPP DET.SUPP Use with BREAK.ON.

FOOTING FOOTER Sets the report footing.

GRAND-TOTAL GRAND.TOTAL Sets the text for a grand total line.

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HDR-SUP HDR-SUPP, SUPP Suppresses the default report heading.

Uses the report header you specify in the query

HEADING HEADER
rather than the default heading.

HEADING DEFAULT HEADER DEFAULT Displays the default heading.

ONLY ID-ONLY Displays record IDs only.

ID-SUP ID.SUPP Suppresses the display of record

LPTR (P Sends the output to the printer.

Specifies that the report is automatically scrolled

NOPAGE (N
on the terminal

SAMPLE FIRST Displays the first n records

SAMPLED DISPLAYS even nth record

Displays the report in vertical format with one

VERTICALLY VERT
field on each line.

Functions only if a BREAK-ON modifier with a B option is also included in the sentence.
You can use the B option in either the header or footer. When the B Option is in the
B HEADING the value of the first BREAK-ON field on the page replaces the B in the header.
When the B is in the FOOTING, the last BREAK-ON value on the page replaces the B in
the footer.

Centralizes the heading or footing text and centres the text according to the predefined
number of the columns specified for the printer or terminal. To change the centering of the
C{n} text specify the number of columns (n) for the heading line on which to base the center. For
example: ‘C80’ positions the text centered at character position 40. You should allow the
printer or terminal set-up to determine the centering.

D Inserts the current date using the format: dd mmm yyyy.

F Inserts the file name

Inserts the current record key. The last record key listed on the page is inserted in the
I
footing; the first key on the page is inserted in the heading

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L Specifies that a new line is to start where the L appears

N Specifies suppression of automatic paging.

Inserts the current page number right justified, expanding to the right as the number
P
increases.

PP Inserts the current page number right justified in a field of four spaces

T Inserts the current system time and date in the format: hh:mm:ss dd mmm yyyy

GRAND-TOTAL
Specifies the text to replace the default asterisks in the cumulative total line at the end of the report;
CAPTION is a synonym for GRAND-TOTAL.

Line: suppresses the blank line preceding the GRAND-TOTAL line. Overrides the U
L
option if both are specified and

P Page: outputs the GRAND-TOTAL on a separate page.

Underline: places underlines on the line above the accumulated totals. Ignored if used
U
with the ‘L’ option.

Specifies that a report go to the printer queue (spooler) instead of displaying at the
LPTR
terminal. You could use the ‘P’ option at the end of the sentence in place of this modifier.

Comments: Enter a heading or footing option, which specify a value in the order in which they
appear.

Text spaces are not normally required between option codes. However, you can present options that
represent values such as pages or dates without spaces. For example: ’”PD”’ will print on the first
page as:
111/11/00
In this case, enter the options with a space between them like this “‘P’ ‘D’”

EXAMPLE
SORT SALES BY S. CODE BREAK-ON S.CODE “‘BL’ “P.CODE TOTAL VALUE
GRAND-TOTAL “Total “HEADING “SALES CODE : ‘B’ ‘DL’” FOOTING “PAGE

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‘CPP’ “LPTR

Control Break on a change in S.CODE and suppress the LINE FEED before the break. Reserve the
break value for use in the heading (‘B’)
Maintain a running total of the VALUE field and output it at each control break.
Put the word Total on the GRAND-TOTAL line.
Set up a heading for each page, which comprises the words ‘SALES CODE :’, the sales code (from
the break), a date and a line feed. Set up a footing, this contains the text ‘PAGE’, and a page number,
centered on the line.
Produce the report on the currently assigned printer.

Using Clause

The using clause specifies a dictionary file, which is the source of data definition records.

SYNTAX
USING {DICT} filename {,data-section-name}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
USING specifies the use of the named file as the dictionary for the data file.
DICT specifies that the dictionary of filenames be used
filename names a file. If the DICT modifier is not specified, it will use the data section of the file.
data-section-name specifies a secondary data section of the file with a name different from the
dictionary; it must follow filename, separated by a comma but no space.
Comments: You can use as many USING clauses required in a jQL sentence.
One main advantage of the using clause is that you can share a dictionary between several files where
for example there are common data definition records.

EXAMPLE
SORT SALES.94 USING DICT SALES

The data definition records in the dictionary of the file sales (DICT SALES) assess File SALES .94

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Command Options

Command options are letters enclosed in parentheses, which modify the action of the jQL command
sentence.
The options described here are common to most commands. Where the options are command-
specific, they are described with the command.
Do not confuse options for commands with options for modifiers and connectives such as HEADING
and BREAK-ON.
Commas or spaces can separate options; when the options are at the end of the sentence (as is
recommended) omit the closing parenthesis.
Ignores any option, not used by a particular command

Options

B Suppress initial LINEFEED prior to out put

Suppresses column headings, page and date, line at the start and summary line at the end of a
C
report: Equivalent to the COL-HDR-SUPP modifier

D Suppress detail output equivalent to the DET-SUPP modifier

Suppress page and date line at the start and summary line at the end of the report: Equivalent to
H
HDR-SUPP modifier

I Suppress record keys: equivalent to the ID-SUPP modifier

N Suppress automatic paging: equivalent to the NOPAGE modifier.

P Output report to the printer: equivalent to the LPTR modifier

S Suppress summary line at the end of the report

EXAMPLE
LIST SALES (HIP

List the SALES file (using the default data definition records) but suppress the output of a header and
the record keys. Send the output to the assigned printer.

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Macros

Macros contain predefined or often used elements of a jQL sentence, stored on the system like data
definition records and are specified in the command sentence in a similar way.
When submitting a command containing one or more macros for execution it expands and includes
the macro references in the sentence.
You can substitute macros for any element of the command sentence except the command itself and
the filename.
The search for macro definition records is in the same way as data definition records. Do not use a
jQL keyword for a Data Definition record.
The first field of a macro definition must contain the letter M. The remaining fields are either
command elements or comment lines (indicated by a leading asterisk ‘*’ and a space).
You can nest macros - a macro can refer to another macro - but the resulting command sentence must
still follow the same rules as a normal jQL sentence. When nesting macros, beware of infinite loops
where for example, macro A calls macro B that calls macro A that calls macro B.

EXAMPLE
SORT SALES BY S.CODE STD.HEADING

In this example, STD.Heading is a macro, which contains a standard heading clause:

STD.HEADING

001 M

002 * Standard heading for sales reports

003 Heading “SALES - COMPANY PRIVATE’LL’PAGE ‘PL’”

004 LPTR

When the sentence expands it will look like this:

SORT SALES BY S.CODE HEADING “SALES - COMPANY PRIVATE’LL’PAGE ‘”

LPTR

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Thowaway Connectives

Throwaway connectives are keywords, which make queries more readable. You can use in any query
to make the sentence read more like English and can be used anywhere in a sentence as throwaway
connectives do not affect the query.
The following query uses the words THE, FOR, and FILE without affecting the meaning of the
command:

>LIST THE ITEM.CODE DESCRIPTION PRICE FOR THE INVENTORY.F FILE

The throwaway keywords are:

Throwaway Connectives

A ARE FILE

FOR INIVISIBLE OF

PRINT THAN THE

COMMANDS
For example, entering the following command would be incorrect:

>LIST ITEM.CODE DESCRIPTION AND PRICE FOR THE INVENTORY.F FILE

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Chapter 3 jQL Commands

BSELECT
Retrieves selected records and generates a list composed of data fields from those records as specified
by any explicit or default output specifications. Each subvalue within a field becomes a separate entry
within the list.
COMMAND SYNTAX
BSELECT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier}{output-specification} {(options}

Comments: When the Command terminates, it displays the total number of entries in the generated
list and makes the list available as if generated by a SELECT, GET-LIST or other list-providing
Command.
If you do not specify a sort-criteria clause, the record list will be unsorted.
If you do not specify an output-specification, it uses the default data definitions “1”, “2” etc. .
EXAMPLE
BSELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” P.CODE

Creates a list containing all P.CODE values from all the records in the SALES file, which have an
S.CODE that starts with ABC

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COUNT
Reports the total number of records found in a file, which match the specified selection criteria.

COMMAND SYNTAX
COUNT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {USING file-
specifier} {(options}
SYNTAX ELEMENTS
Options can be one or more of the following:

Option Description

B Suppress initial line-feed.

Display running counters of the number of records selected and records processed.
Unless modified by n, the counter increments after every 500 records processed or the
C{n} total number of records if less than 500. The n specifies a number other than 500 by
which to increment. For Example, (C25) increments the counter after every 25 records
processed.

P Send the report to the printer.

EXAMPLES
COUNT SALES WITH VALUE > “1000”

91 Records counted

Count the number of records in the SALES file which have a value greater than 1000.

COUNT SALES WITH VALUE > “1000” (C50

91 Records selected 240 Records processed

91 Records counted

Count the number of records in the SALES file which have a VALUE greater than 1000, and display
a running total of selected and processed records after each group of 50 records are processed.

EDELETE
Deletes selected records from a file according to record list or selection criteria clauses.

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COMMAND SYNTAX
EDELETE file-specifier [record-list | selection-criteria]

Comments: EDELETE requires an implicit or explicit record list, or selection criteria. Preceding the
Command with a SELECT, GET-LIST or other list-providing Command can provide an implicit list.
EDELETE will immediately delete the specified records. To clear all the records in a file, use the
CLEAR-FILE Command.

EXAMPLES
EDELETE SALES “ABC” “DEF”

2 Records deleted
Delete the records ABC and DEF based on the explicit list of records.
EDELETE SALES IF P.CODE = “GHI]”

n Records deleted
Delete all records in the SALES file in which the P.CODE field starts with GHI.
SELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC”

n Records selected
EDELETE SALES

n Records deleted
Selects all records in the SALES file in which the S.CODE field contains ABC, and deletes them.

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ESEARCH
Generates an implicit list of records in a file if they contain (or do not contain) one or more
occurrences of specified character strings

COMMAND SYNTAX
ESEARCH file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier} {(options}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
Options can be one or more of the following:

Option Description

A ANDs prompted strings together. Records must contain all specified strings

I Displays the keys of selected records.

Saves the field numbers in which it found the specified strings. The resulting list
L contains the record keys followed by multivalued line numbers. Ignores the A and N
options if either or both are specified.

N Selects only those records that do not contain the specified string(s).

S Suppresses the list but displays the record keys that would have been selected.

Prompt: At the prompt supply one or more search strings:

String: Enter the required character string and press <ENTER>. This prompt is repeated until only
<ENTER> is pressed. You can enter unlimited characters.
Do not enter double quotes unless they are part of the string to search.
Comments: When the Command terminates (unless the “S” option is used), it displays the total
number of entries in the generated list. The list is then available as if generated by a SELECT, GET-
LIST or other list-providing Command. If you do not specify a sort criteria clause, the record list will
be unsorted.

EXAMPLE
ESEARCH SALES (I
STRING: ABC
STRING: DEF
KEY1

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KEY2

2 Records selected
>
Generates a list of all records in the SALES file, which contain the strings ABC or DEF

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I-DUMP / S-DUMP
Displays the entire contents of items in a file, including the system delimiters

COMMAND SYNTAX
I-DUMP file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier} {(options}

Comments: Use the S-DUMP Command to produce sorted output.

Denoted as follows are system delimiters:

Attribute mark ^

Value mark ]

Sub value mark \

EXAMPLE 1
I-DUMP EMPLOYEE WITH EMP.JOB = “SALESREP”

Generates the following output:

8499^HARRIS^TAMMY^SALESREP^8698^5400^250000^30000^90030^^^^^]11588^
8654^MCBRIDE^KEVIN^SALESREP^8698^5620^215000^140000^90030^^^^^]11639
\^
8521^TAYLOR^MAVIS^SALESREP^8698^5402^219000^50000^90030^^^^^3]11500^

EXAMPLE 2
S-DUMP EMPLOYEE BY EMP.HIREDATE WITH EMP.TITLE “SALESREP”
Generates the following output:
8499^HARRIS^TAMMY^SALESREP^8698^5400^250000^30000^90030^^^^^]11588^
8521^TAYLOR^MAVIS^SALESREP^8698^5402^219000^50000^90030^^^^^3]11500^
8654^MCBRIDE^KEVIN^SALESREP^8698^5620^215000^140000^90030^^^^^]1163\
^

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LIST
Generates a formatted report of records and fields from a specified file
COMMAND SYNTAX
LIST file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-criteria} {USING file-specifier} {output-
specification} {format-specification} {(options}

Comments: If providing no output specification clause the system searches for default data definition
records (named 1, 2 and so on) in the file dictionary and then in the file specified in the
JEDIFILENAME_MD environment variable. If no default data definition records are found, it lists
only the record keys. You must specify a sort criteria clause to sort the records.
EXAMPLE 1
LIST SALES

List all the records in the SALES file and use the default data definition records (if found) to format
the output.
EXAMPLE 2
LIST SALES “ABC” “DEF” “GHI”

List the records from the SALES file with key values of ABC, DEF or GHI. Use the default data
definition records (if found) to format the output.
EXAMPLE 3
GET-LIST SALES.Q4
>LIST SALES GT “DEF”

Get the previously saved list called SALES.Q4 and, using the list, report on the records in the SALES
file which have a key greater than DEF. Use the default data definition records (if found) to format
the output.
EXAMPLE 4
LIST SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” OR “[DEF”

List the records in the SALES file in which the S.CODE field contains values which start with ABC
or end with DEF. Use the default data definition records (if found) to format the output.
EXAMPLE 5
LIST SALES WITH NO S.CODE = “ABC]” OR “[DEF” (P

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List the records in the SALES file in which the S.CODE field does not contain values which start with
ABC or end with DEF. Output the report to the printer. Use the default data definition records (if
found) to format the output.
EXAMPLE 6
LIST SALES BY S.CODE BREAK-ON S.CODE “”BL” P.CODE TOTAL VALUE GRAND-
TOTAL “Total” HEADING “Sales Code: “B” “DL” FOOTING “Page “CPP” LPTR

Sort the SALES file by S.CODE. Output the S.CODE, P.CODE and VALUE fields.
Control break on a change in S.CODE and suppress the LINE FEED before the break. Reserve the
break value for use in the heading (“B”).
Maintain a running total of the VALUE field and output it at each control break.
Put the word “Total” on the grand-total line.
Set up a heading for each page which comprises the words “Sales Code: “, the sales code (from the
break), a date and a LINE FEED. Set up a footing, which contains the text “Page”, and a page
number, centered on the line?
Produce the report on the currently assigned printer.

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LIST-LABEL
Outputs data in a format suitable for producing labels

COMMAND SYNTAX
LIST-LABEL file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier}{output-specification} {format-
specification} {(options}

Prompts
At the prompt, supply formatting criteria as follows:
COL, ROW, SKIP, INDENT, SIZE, SPACE{C}:

COL The number of columns required to list the data across the page.

Number of lines for each record. Each element of the output specification appears on a
separate line, if more elements exist in the output specification than rows specified it
ROW
ignores the extra elements. if you specify more rows than elements, the output
specification for these rows will be blank.

SKIP Number of blank lines between each record.

INDENT Number of spaces for left margin.

SIZE Number of spaces required for the data under each column.

SPACE Number of horizontal spaces to skip between columns

Optional. Suppresses null or missing data. If absent, outputs null or missing values as
C
blanks. If present, the C must be upper case and not in quotes.

Comments: The total number of columns specified must not exceed the page width, based on the
calculation:
COLs * (SIZE + SPACE) + INDENT <= page width
ROW must be a minimum of one for each field, plus one for the record key (if not suppressed). If the
record keys are not suppressed, the first row of each label will contain the record key.
If INDENT is not zero, at the prompt supply a series of HEADERs that will appear in the left margin
for each field. If a heading is not required for a particular line, press <ENTER>.
Multivalued fields appear as separate labels.

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If specified, COL-HDR-SUPP or HDR-SUPP, or the C or H options, the page number, date, and
time will not be output and generates the report without page breaks. You must specify a sort criteria
clause to sort the records.
See also the SORT-LABEL Command.

EXAMPLE
LIST-LABEL SALES NAME ADDRESS STREET TOWN POSTCODE ID-SUPP (C
COL,ROW,SKIP,INDENT,SIZE,SPACE(,C): 2,5,2,0,25,4,C

NAME1 NAME2

ADDRESS1 ADDRESS2

STREET1 STREET2

TOWN1 TOWN2

POSTCODE1 POSTCODE2

NAME3 NAME4

ADDRESS3 ADDRESS4

STREET3 STREET4

TOWN3 TOWN4

POSTCODE3 POSTCODE4

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LISTDICT
Generates a report of all data definition records in the first MD file found, or the specified file

COMMAND SYNTAX
LISTDICT {file-specifier}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
file specifier - specifies a dictionary file other than a file named MD in the JEDIFILEPATH.

Comments: If you do not specify a file-name, LISTDICT will work with the first file named MD, it
finds in your JEDIFILEPATH.

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REFORMAT
REFORMAT is similar to the LIST Command in that it generates a formatted list of fields, but its
output is directed to another file or the magnetic tape rather than to the terminal or printer.
COMMAND SYNTAX
REFORMAT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {USING
file-specifier} {output-specification} {format-specification}
{(options}
Prompt
At the prompt, supply the destination file:

File: Enter a file name, or the word “TAPE” for output to a magnetic tape.
Comments: Overwrites records that already exist in the destination file; when you reformat one file
into another, each selected record becomes a record in the new file. It uses the first value specified in
the output specification clause as the key for the new records. The remaining values in the output
specification clause become fields in the new records.
When you reformat a file to tape, it concatenates the values specified in the output specification
clause to form one tape record for each selected record. The record output is truncated or padded at
the end with nulls (X”00”) to obtain a record the same length as specified when the tape was assigned
by the T-ATT Command.
Unless you specify HDR-SUPP or COL-HDR-SUPP, or a C or H option, a tape label containing the
file name, tape record length (in hexadecimal), it will write the time, and date to the tape. If specifying
a HEADING clause, this will form the data for the tape label.
Unless the ID-SUPP modifier or the 'I' option is specified record keys are displayed as the records are
written to tape.
Two EOF marks terminate the file on tape.
See also the SREFORMAT Command.

EXAMPLE
REFORMAT SALES C.CODE NAME ADDRESS
FILE: ADDRESS
Creates new records in the ADDRESS file, keyed on C.CODE from the
SALES file. Each record contains two fields, one with the values
from the NAME field and one with the values from the ADDRESS field.

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SELECT
Generates an implicit list of record keys or specified fields based on the specified selection criteria

COMMAND SYNTAX
SELECT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {output-criteria} {USING file-specifier} {(options}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
The options are:

C{n} Display running counters of the number of records selected and records processed. Unless
modified by n, the counter increments after every 500 records processed or the total
number of records if less than 500.

nn Specifies a number other than 500 by which to increment. For Example, C25 increments
the counter after every 25 records processed.

Comments: You must specify a sort criteria clause to sort records.

See also the SSELECT Command.
If you specify an output-criteria clause, the generated list will comprise the data (field) values defined
by the clause, rather than the selected record keys.
If you are in jSHELL when the Command terminates, it displays the total number of entries in the
generated list and the list is made available to the next Command, as indicated by the > prompt.
If you use the BY-EXP or BY-EXP-DSND connectives on a multivalued field, the list will have the
format:
record-key]multivalue#
where multivalue# is the position of the multivalue within the field specified by BY-EXP or BY-
EXP-DSND. multivalue# can be accessed by a READNEXT Var,n statement in a jBASIC program.

EXAMPLE 1
SELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]”
23 Records selected
>LIST SALES WITH VALUE > “1000”

Select all the records in SALES file with an S.CODE value that starts with ABC. Then, using the list,
report on the records in the SALES file which have a VALUE field greater than 1000.

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EXAMPLE 2
SELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]”
23 Records selected
>SAVE-LIST SALES.ABC

Select all the records in SALES file with an S.CODE value that starts with ABC. Then save the list as
SALES.ABC.

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SORT
Generates a sorted and formatted report of records and fields from a specified file

COMMAND SYNTAX
SORT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier} {output-specification} {format-
specification} {(options}

Comments: Unless a different sort order is specified in the sort criteria, the presentation of the
records will be in an ascending order based on the record key.
The data definition records (or the file definition records in the case of keys) determine whether to
apply a left or right sort to the data.
If the field is left justified, it compares the data on a character-by-character basis from left to right,
using ASCII values. FOR EXAMPLE:
01
100
21
A
ABC
BA

If the field is right justified and the data is numeric, it performs a numeric comparison and the values
ordered by magnitude.
If the field is right justified and the data is alphanumeric, it collates the data into an alphanumeric
sequence. For EXAMPLE:

A
01
123
ABCD

If a descending sequence is required, use the BY-DSND modifier in the sort criteria. Use the BY-
DSND modifier with a data definition record to obtain a descending sequence of record keys, which
points to field 0 (the key). See “Sort Criteria Clause” earlier for a full explanation of the sorting
process.
EXAMPLE 1
SORT SALES

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Sort all the records in the SALES file into key order and use the default data definition records (if
found) to format the output.

EXAMPLE 2
SORT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC” “DEF” “GHI”

Select the records in the SALES file in which the S.CODE field contains the values ABC, DEF or
GHI. Sort the records into key order.

EXAMPLE 3
GET-LIST SALES.Q4
SORT SALES GT “DEF” BY S.CODE

Get the implicit list called SALES.Q4 and, using the list, report on the records in the SALES file,
which have a key greater than DEF. Sort does the report by S.CODE.

EXAMPLE 4
SORT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” OR “[DEF” BY-DSND S.KEY LPTR

Select the records in the SALES file in which the S.CODE field contains values which start with ABC
or end with DEF. Sort the report in descending order of S.KEY (a data definition record which points
to field 0 - the key) and output the report to the printer

EXAMPLE 5
SORT SALES BY S.CODE BREAK-ON S.CODE “”BL” P.CODE TOTAL VALUE GRAND-
TOTAL “Total” HEADING “Sales Code: “B” “DL” FOOTING “Page “CPP” LPTR

Sort the SALES file by S.CODE. Output the S.CODE, P.CODE and VALUE fields.
Control break on a change in S.CODE and suppress the LINE FEED before the break. Reserve the
break value for use in the heading (“B”). Maintain a running total of the VALUE field and output it at
each control break. Put the word “Total” on the grand-total line.
Set up a heading for each page which comprises the words “Sales Code: “, the sales code (from the
break), a date and a LINE FEED. Set up a footing, which contains the text “Page”, and a page
number, centered on the line?
Produce the report on the currently assigned printer.

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SORT-LABEL
Outputs data in a format suitable for producing labels

COMMAND SYNTAX
SORT-LABEL file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {USING file-specifier}{output-specification} {format-
specification} {(options}

Prompts
At the prompt, supply formatting criteria as follows:
COL, ROW, SKIP, INDENT, SIZE, SPACE(,C):

COL Number of columns required to list the data across the page.

Number of lines for each record; the output of each element of the output specification is
on a separate line, if more elements exist in the output specification than there are rows
ROW
specified it ignores the extra elements. If specifying more rows than elements, the output
specification for these rows will be blank.

SKIP Number of blank lines between each record.

INDENT Number of spaces for left margin.

SIZE Number of spaces required for the data under each column

SPACE Number of horizontal spaces to skip between columns.

Optional. Suppresses null or missing data. If absent, null or missing values are output as
C
blanks. If present, the C must be upper case and not in quotes.

Comments: The total number of columns specified must not exceed the page width, based on the
calculation:
COLs * (SIZE + SPACE) + INDENT <= page width
ROW must be a minimum of one for each field, plus one for the record key (if not suppressed). If
record keys are not suppressed, the first row of each label will contain the record key. If you specify a
sort criteria clause, it sorts the records in key order.
If INDENT is not zero, at the prompt supply a series of HEADERs that will appear in the left margin
for each field. If a heading is not required for a particular line, press RETURN.
Multivalued fields appear on separate lines.

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If specified, COL-HDR-SUPP or HDR-SUPP, or the C or H options, the page number, date, and
time will not be output and the generated report will be without page breaks.
See also the LIST-LABEL Command.

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SREFORMAT
SREFORMAT is similar to the SORT Command in that it generates a formatted list of fields, but
directs its output to another file or the magnetic tape rather than to the terminal or printer.

COMMAND SYNTAX
SREFORMAT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {USING file-specifier} {output-
specification} {format-specification} {(options}
Prompt: At the prompt supply the destination file:
File: Enter a file name, or the word “TAPE” for output to a magnetic tape.
Comments: Overwrites records that already exist in the destination file; when you reformat one file
into another, each record selected becomes a record in the new file. It uses the first value specified in
the output specification clause as the key for the new records. The remaining values in the output
specification clause become fields in the new records.
When you reformat a file to tape, it concatenates the values specified in the output specification
clause to form one tape record for each selected record. The record output is either truncated or
padded at the end with nulls (X”00”) to obtain a record the same length as specified when the tape
was assigned by the T-ATT Command.
Unless you specify HDR-SUPP or COL-HDR-SUPP, or a C or H option, a tape label containing the
file name, tape record length (in hexadecimal), it first writes the time, and date to the tape. If
specifying a HEADING clause, this will form the data for the tape label.
Record keys are displayed as the records are written to tape unless the ID-SUPP modifier or the “I”
option is specified.
Two EOF marks terminate the file on tape.
See the REFORMAT Command for Examples.

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SSELECT
Generates an implicit list of record keys or specified fields, based on the selection criteria specified
COMMAND SYNTAX
SSELECT file-specifier {record-list} {selection-criteria} {sort-
criteria} {output-criteria} {USING file-specifier} {(options}
SYNTAX ELEMENTS
Options are:

Display running counters of the number of records selected and records processed. Unless
C{n} modified by n, the counter increments after every 500 records processed or the total
number of records if less than 500.

Specifies a number other than 500 by which to increment. For Example, C25 increments
N
the counter after every 25 records processed.

Comments: Unless you specify a sort criteria clause it sorts the records in key order.
See also the SELECT Command.
If you specify an output-criteria clause, the generated list will comprise the data (field) values defined
by the clause, rather than the selected record keys.
When the Command terminates, it displays the total number of entries in the generated list; the list is
available to the next Command. This is indicated by the “>” prompt if you are in jSHELL.
If you use the BY-EXP or BY-EXP-DSND connectives on a multivalued field, the list will have the
format:
record-key]multivalue#
where multivalue# is the position of the multivalue within the field specified by BY-EXP or BY-
EXP-DSND. multivalue# can be accessed by a READNEXT Var,n statement in a jBASIC program.

EXAMPLE 1
SSELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]”
23 Records selected
LIST SALES WITH VALUE > “1000”

Select all the records in SALES file with an S.CODE value that starts with ABC. Sort the list into key
order. Then, using the list, report on the records in the SALES file which have a VALUE field greater
than 1000.
EXAMPLE 2
SSELECT SALES WITH S.CODE = “ABC]” BY P.CODE
23 Records selected

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>SAVE-LIST SALES.ABC

Select all the records in SALES file with an S.CODE value that starts with ABC. Sort the list into
P.CODE order and then save the list as SALES.ABC.

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Chapter 4 jBASIC Statements for Use with jQL

The creation of the following statements enable jBASIC programmers to deal directly with jQL
statements, thereby eliminating the need to parse the output of commands such as EXECUTE.

NOTE: Properties are valid after the compile; this is the main reason for separating the compile and
execute into two functions, after compiling, it is possible examine the properties and set properties
before executing.

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JQLCOMPILE
JQLCOMPILE compiles a jQL statement.

COMMAND SYNTAX
JQLCOMPILE(Statement, Command, Options, Messages)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Statement is the variable, which will receive the compiled statement (if it compiles); most other
functions use this to execute and work on the result set etc.
Command is the actual jQL query that you want to compile (such as SELECT or something similar).
Use RETRIEVE to obtain fetchable data records, as the verb rather than an existing jQL verb. This
will ensure that the right options are set internally. In addition, use any word that is not a jQL reserved
word as the verb and it will work in the same way as RETRIEVE: implement a PLOT command that
passes the entire command line into JQLCOMPILE and the results will be the same as if the first
word were replaced with RETRIEVE.
Option: To supply a select list to the JQLEXECUTE function specify JQLOPT_USE_SELECT; the
compile builds a different execution plan if using select lists.
Messages: If the statement fails to compile, this dynamic array is in the STOP format, and therefore
you can program and print STOP messages, which provides a very useful history of compilation for
troubleshooting purposes. It returns -1 if a problem was found in the statement and zero if there was
not.

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JQLEXECUTE
JQLEXECUTE starts executing a compiled jQL statement.

COMMAND SYNTAX
JQLEXECUTE(Statement, SelectVar)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
Statement is the valid result of a call to JQLCOMPILE(Statement, …).
SelectVar is a valid select list that used to limit the statement to a predefined set of items. For
example:

: SELECT PROGRAMMERS WITH IQ_IN_PTS > 250

1 Item Selected
> LIST PROGRAMMERS NAME

PROGRAMMERS... NAME
0123 COOPER, F B

This function returns -1 in the event of a problem, such as the statement variable not being correct. It
will cause the statement to run against the database and produce a result set for use with JQLFETCH()

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JQLFETCH
JQLFETCH fetches the next result in a compiled jQL statement.

COMMAND SYNTAX
JQLFETCH(Statement, ControlVar, DataVar)
SYNTAX ELEMENTS
Statement is the result of a valid call to JQLCOMPILE(), followed by a valid call to
JQLEXECUTE().
ControlVar will receive the ‘control break’ elements of any query. For example, if there are BREAK
values in the statement, and you want the totals, they will be described here.
The format of ControlVar is:

Attr 1 Level:
0 means detail line
1 - 255 for the control breaks, the same as the A correlative
NB.
Attr2 Item ID
Attr 3 Break control
Value is 1 if a blank line should be output first.
Attr 4 Pre-break value for 'B' option in header
Attr 5 Post-break value for 'B' option in header

DataVar will receive the actual data sent to the screen on a LIST statement for instance. The format is
one attribute per column.
Applies Attribute 7 Conversions (or attribute 3 in Prime-style DICTS) to the data
If setting the property STMT_PROPERTY_FORMAT then it also formats each attribute according to
the width and justification of the attribute definition and any override caused by the use of FMT, of
DISPLY.LIKE on the command line –
NOTE: that column headers may also affect the formatting for that column.

This function is called multiple times until there is no more output.

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JQLGETPROPERTY
Gets the property of a compiled jQL statement

COMMAND SYNTAX
JQLGETPROPERTY(PropertyValue, Statement, Column, PropertyName)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Option Description
PropertyValue Receives the requested property value from the system or “” if the
property is not set
Statement The result of a valid JQLCOMPILE(Statement)
Column Specifies that you want the value of the property for a specific column
(otherwise 0 for the whole statement).
PropertyName These are EQUATED values defined by INCLUDE’ing the file
JQLINTERFACE.h.
This function returns -1 if there is a problem with the parameters or the
programmer. The use of these properties is to answer questions such as
“Was LPTR mode asked for,” and “How many columns are there?”

NOTE: Properties are valid after the compile; this is the main reason for separating the compile and
execute into two functions. After compiling, it is possible examine the properties and set properties
before executing.

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JQLPUTPROPERTY
Sets a property in a compiled jQL statement

COMMAND SYNTAX
JQLPUTPROPERTY(PropertyValue, Statement, Column, PropertyName)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
PropertyValue is the value you want to which to set the specified property, such as 1 or “BLAH”
Statement is the result of a valid JQLCOMPILE() function.
Note: Some properties may require JQLEXECUTE() first.
Column Holds 0 for a general property of the statement, or a column number if it is something that
can be set for a specific column.
PropertyName – These are EQUATED values defined by INCLUDE’ing the file JQLINTERFACE.h.
There are lots of these and someone is going to have to document each one.

This function returns -1 if a problem was found in the statement and 0 if there was not.

NOTE: Properties are valid after the compile; this is the main reason for separating the compile and
execute into two functions. After compiling, it is possible examine the properties and set properties
before executing.

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Chapter 5 jQL Conversion Codes

Conversion Processing
A Algebraic functions.

B Subroutine call.

C Concatenation.

D Internal and external dates.

D1 and D2 Associates controlling and dependent fields.

F Mathematical functions.

G Group extract.

L Length.

MC Mask character.

MD Mask decimal.

MK Mask metric.

ML and MR Mask with justification.

MP Mask packed decimal.

MS Mask Sequence.

MT Mask time.

P Pattern match.

R Range check.

S Substitution.

T Text extraction.

TFILE File translation.

U User exit.

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W Timestamps.

JBCUserConversions How to create user-defined conversion codes

jQL Dictionary Conversions and Correlatives

For dates and times, simple date format functions have been applied to use the configured locale to
support the standard conversions D and MTS. Formatting numbers via MR/ML/MD, use locale for
Thousands, Decimal Point and Currency notation.

TimeStamp “W{Dx}{Tx}”
In addition, to provide for timestamp functionality included is a suite of conversions including A, F
and I types. This is to generate a timestamp, displayed for date and/or time in short, long, and full
formats. These conversions also support non-Gregorian locales. The meaning of the components of
the conversion is as follows:

W Is a new conversion code so not to clash with existing conversions.

D Date
T- Time
x Format option: S = Short, M = Medium, L = Long, F = Full

“WDS” or “WTS” SHORT is completely numeric.12/13/52 or 3:30pm

“WDM” MEDIUM is longer. Jan 12, 1952
“WDL” or “WTL” LONG is longer.
January 12, 1952 or 3:30:32pm
“WDF” or “WTF” FULL is specified completely.

Data Conversion

When executing programs in international mode, it processes all variable contents as UTF-8 encoded
sequences. As such all data must be held as UTF-8 encoded byte sequences. This means that data
imported into an account configured to operate in international mode must be converted from the data
in the current code page to UTF-8. Normally if ALL the data are eight bit bytes in the range 0x00-
0x7f (ASCII) then no conversion is necessary as these values are effectively already UTF-8 encoded.
However values outside of the 0x00-0x7f range must be converted into UTF-8 proper such that there
can be no ambiguity between character set code page values.

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For instance, the character represented by the hex value 0xE0 in the Latin2 code page, (ISO-8859-2),
is described as “LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE”. However the same hex value in the
Latin1 code page, (ISO-8859-1), is used to represent the character “LATIN SMALL LETTER A
WITH GRAVE”.
To avoid this clash of code pages the Unicode specification provides unique hex value representations
for both of these characters within the specifications 32-bit value sequence.

EXAMPLE

Unicode value 0x00E0 used to represent LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
Unicode value 0x0155 used to represent LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE
NOTE: that UTF-8 is an encoding of 32 bit Unicode values, which also has especially properties (as
described earlier), which can be used effectively with Unix and Windows platforms.
Another good reason for complete conversion from the original code page to UTF-8 is that doing so
also removes the requirement for conversions when reading/writing to files, as this would add
massive and unnecessary overhead to ALL application processing, whereas the conversion from
original code page to UTF-8 is a one off cost.

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A Conversion

"A" codes provide many powerful features, which include arithmetic, relational, logical, and
concatenation operators, the ability to reference fields by name or FMC, the capability to use other
data definition records as functions that return a value, and the ability to modify report data by using
format codes.
The A code also allows you to handle the data recursively, or “nest” one A code expression inside
another.
SYNTAX SUMMARY
The A code function uses an algebraic format. There are two forms of the A code:

• A uses only the integer parts of stored numbers unless a scaling factor is included.

• AE handles extended numbers. Uses both integer and fractional parts of stored
numbers.

COMMAND SYNTAX
A{n}{;expression}
AE;expression

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

n is a number from 1 to 6 that specifies the required scaling factor.

expression Comprise operands, operators, conditional statements, and special functions.

Comments: The A code replaces and enhances the functionality of the F code

A;expression evaluates the expression.

An converts to a scaled integer

An;expression converts to a scaled integer.

AE;expression evaluates the expression.

A: Expression Format

Performs the functions specified in expression on values stored without an embedded decimal point.

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An Format: Embedded Decimals

The "An" format converts a value stored with an embedded decimal point to a scaled integer. The
stored value’s explicit or implied decimal point is moved n digits to the right with zeros added if
necessary. Returns only the integer portion
Field 2 of the data definition record must contain the FMC of the field that contains the data to be
processed.

An;expression Format
The "An;expression" format performs the functions specified in expression on values stored with an
embedded decimal point. It then converts the resulting value to a scaled integer.

AE;expression Format
The AE format uses both the integer and fractional parts of stored numbers. Use format codes to scale
do scaling of output..

Examples of Numeric Results

Data Record A Code

Field
Field 2 A;1 + 2 A3;1 + 2 AE;1 + 2
1

4 012 16 16000 16

-77 -22 -99 -99000 -99

0.12 22.09 22 22210 22.21

-1.234 -12.34 -13 -13574 -13.574

-1.234 123.45 122 122216 122.216

Does not allow Input Conversion

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Format Codes
You can format the result of any "A" code operation by following the expression with a value mark,
and then the required format code:
An;expression]format
Format codes can also be included within the expression. For more information, see Format codes.

Summary of Operands
Operands, which you can use in "A" code expressions include:
• FMCs (field numbers),

• field names

• literals,

• operands that return system parameters,

• special functions

You can format any operand by following it with one or more format codes enclosed in parentheses,
and separated by value marks, (ctrl ]):
operand(format-code{]format-code}...)

For more information, see Format Codes.

Field Number (FMC) Operand

The field number operand returns the content of a specified field in the data record:
field-number{R{R}}

The first R specifies that any non-existent multivalues should use the previous non-null multivalue.
When the second R is specified, any non-existent subvalues should use the previous non-null
subvalue.

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Field Name Operand

The field name operand returns the content of a specified field in the data record:
N(field-name){R{R}}

Literal Operand

The literal operand supplies a literal text string or numeric value:

“literal”

System Parameter Operands

Several A code operands return the value of system parameters. They are:

D Returns the system date in internal format.

LPV Returns the previous value transformed by a format code.

NA Returns the number of fields in the record.

Returns the current break level counter. 1 is the lowest break level, 255 is the GRAND
NB
TOTAL line.

ND Returns the number of records (detail lines) since the last control break.

NI Returns the record counter.

NL Returns the record length in bytes

NS Returns the subvalue counter

NU Returns the date of last update

NV Returns the value counter

T Returns the system time in internal format.

V Returns the previous value transformed by a format code

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Special Operands
Some operands allow you to use special functions. They are:

I(expression) Returns the integer part of expression.

R(exp1, exp2) Returns the remainder of exp1 divided by exp2.

S(expression) Returns the sum of all values generated by expression.

string[start-char-no,
Returns the substring starting at character start-char-no for length len.
len]

Summary of Operators

Operators used in A code expressions include arithmetic, relational and logical operators, the
concatenation operator, and the IF statement.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are:

+ Sum of operands

- Difference of operands

* product of operand

Quotient (an integer value) of

/
operands

Relational Operators

Relational operators specify relational operations so that any two expressions can treated as operands
and evaluated as returning true (1) or false (0). Relational operators are:

= or EQ Equal to

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< or LT Less than

> or GT Greater than

<= or LE Less than or equal to

>= or GE greater than or equal to

# or NE Not equal

Logical Operators

The logical operators test two expressions for true or false and return a value of true or false. Logical
operators are:

AND Returns true if both expressions are true.

OR Returns true if any expressions is true.

Concatenation Operator
The concatenation operator is a colon (:)

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IF STATEMENT

The IF operator gives the A code its conditional capabilities. An IF statement looks like this: IF
expression THEN statement ELSE statement
Field Number (FMC) Operand specifies a field, which contains the value for use.

COMMAND SYNTAX

field-number{R{R}}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

field-number the number of the field (FMC), which contains the required value.

specifies that the value obtained from this field be applied for each multivalue
R
not present in a corresponding part of the calculation.

Specifies that the value obtained from this field be applied for each subvalue not
RR
present in a corresponding part of the calculation.

Comments: The following field numbers have special meanings:

0 Record key

9998 Sequential record count

9999 Record size in bytes

EXAMPLE 1
A;2
Returns the value stored in field 2 of the record.
EXAMPLE 2
A;9999
Returns the size of the record in bytes
EXAMPLE 3
A;2 + 3R

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For each multivalue in field 2, the system also obtains the (first) value in field 3 and adds it. If field 2
contains 1]7 and field 3 contains 5 the result would be two values of 6 and 12 respectively. Where
three does not have a corresponding multivalue, will use the last non-null multivalue in three

EXAMPLE 4
A;2 + 3RR
For each subvalue in field 2, the system also obtains the corresponding subvalue in field 3 and adds it.
If field 2 contains 1\2\3]7 and field 3 contains 5\4 the result would be four values of 6, 6, 7, 12 and 4
respectively.

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N (Field Name) Operand

References another field defined by a name in the same dictionary or found in one of the default
dictionaries.

COMMAND SYNTAX

N(field-name){R{R}}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

is the name of another field defined in the same dictionary or found in the list of
field-name
default dictionaries

Specifies that the value obtained from this field be applied for each multivalue
R
not present in a corresponding part of the calculation.

Specifies that the value obtained from this field be applied for each subvalue not
RR
present in a corresponding part of the calculation.

Comments: If the data definition record of the specified field contains field eight pre-process
conversion codes, it applies these before it returns the value(s).
Any pre-process conversion codes in the specified field-name including any further N(field-name)
constructs are processed as part of the conversion code.
N(field-name) you can nest constructs up to 30 levels. The number of levels is restricted to prevent
infinite processing loops. For Example:

TEST1

008 A;N(TEST2)

TEST2

008 A;N(TEST1)

EXAMPLE 1
A;N(S.CODE)
Returns the value stored in the field defined by S.CODE.

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EXAMPLE 2
A;N(A.VALUE) + N(B.VALUE)R
For each multivalue in the field defined by A.VALUE, the system also obtains the corresponding
value in B.VALUE and adds it. If A.VALUE returns 1]7 and B.VALUE returns 5, the result would be
two values of 6 and 12 respectively.

EXAMPLE 3
A;N(A.VALUE) + N(B.VALUE)RR
For each subvalue in the field defined by A.VALUE, the system also obtains the corresponding value
in B.VALUE and adds it. If A.VALUE returns 1\2\3]7 and B.VALUE returns 5 the result would be
four values of 6, 7, 8 and 12 respectively.

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Literal Operand

Specifies a literal string or numeric constant enclosed in double quotes

COMMAND SYNTAX

"literal"

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

literal is a text string or a numeric constant.

NOTES
Assumes a number not enclosed in double quotes to be a field number (FMC).

EXAMPLE 1
A;N(S.CODE) + "100"
Adds 100 to each value (subvalue) in the field defined by S.CODE

EXAMPLE 2
A;N(S.CODE):"SUFFIX"
Concatenates the string "SUFFIX" to each value (subvalue) returned by S.CODE

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Special Operands
Integer Function: I(expression) returns the integer portion of an expression.

EXAMPLE
AE;I(N(COST) * N(QTY))
Returns the integer portion of the result of the calculation

Remainder Function

The Remainder Function R(exp1, exp2) takes two expressions as operands and returns the remainder
when dividing the first expression by the second.
Example: A;R(N(HOURS) / “24”) - Returns the remainders when 24 divide HOURS.
Summation Function: S(expression) evaluates an expression and then adds together all the values.

EXAMPLE
A;S(N(HOURS) * N(RATE)R)
Multiplies each value in the HOURS field by the value of RATE; the multivalued list of results is
then totalled.

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Substring Function
The substring function [start-char-no, len] extracts the specified number of characters from a string,
starting at a specified character.

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Start-char no An expression that evaluates to the position of the first character of the substring.

An expression that evaluates to the number of characters required in the substring.

Len Use - len (minus prefix) to specify the end of the substring. For Example, [1, -2]
will return all but the last character and [-3, 3] will return the last three characters.

EXAMPLE 1
A;N(S.CODE)[“2”, “3”]
Extracts a sub-string from the S.CODE field, starting at character position 2 and continuing for 3
characters

EXAMPLE 2
A;N(S.CODE)[2, N(SUB.CODE.LEN)]
Extracts a sub-string from the S.CODE field, starting at the character position defined by field 2 and
continuing for the number of characters defined by SUB.CODE.LEN
Format Codes: Specifies a format code to be applied to the result of the A code or an operand.

COMMAND SYNTAX

a-code{]format-code...}
a-operand(format-code{]format-code}...)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

A code A complete A Code expression.

A operand One of the A Code operands.

format code is one of the codes described later G(roup), D(ate) or M(ask).

] represents a must use value mark to separate each format code.

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Comments: You can format the result of the complete "A" code operation by following the
expression with a value mark and then the required format code(s). (This is a standard feature of the
data definition records.)
Format codes can also be included within "A" code expressions; enclosed in parentheses, using a
value mark for separation if using more than one format code. All format codes will convert values
from an internal format to an output format.

EXAMPLE 1
A;N(COST)(MD2]G0.1) * ...
Shows two format codes applied within an expression. Obtains the COST value and applies an MD2
format code. Then applies a group extract to acquire the integer portion of the formatted value. You
can now use the integer portion in the rest of the calculation. Could also have been achieved like this:
A;I(N(COST)(MD2)) * ...

EXAMPLE 2
A;N(COST) * N(QTY)]MD2
Shows the MD2 format code applied outside the A code expression. Multiplies COST by QTY and
the result formatted by the MD2 format code.

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Operators
Operators used in A code expressions include arithmetic, relational and logical operators, the
concatenation operator, and the IF statement.

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Arithmetic operators are:

+ Sum of operands

- Difference of operands

* Product of operands

/ Quotient (an integer value) of operands

Relational Operators

Relational operators specify relational operations so that any two expressions can treated as operands
and evaluated as returning true (1)
or false (0). Relational operators are:

= or EQ Equal to

< or LT Less than

> or GT Greater than

<= or LE Less than or equal to

>= or GE greater than or equal to

# or NE Not equal

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Logical Operators

The logical operators test two expressions for true (1) or false (0) and return a value of true or false.
Logical operators are:

AND|Returns true if both expressions are true.

OR|Returns True if any expressions is true.

The words AND and OR must be followed by at least one space. The AND operator takes precedence
over the OR unless you specify a different order by means of parentheses. OR is the default operation.

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Concatenation Operator

Use a colon (:) to concatenate the results of two expressions.

For Example: the following expression concatenates the character “Z” with the result of adding
together fields 2 and 3:
A;”Z”:2 + 3
IF Statement: gives the A code conditional capabilities

COMMAND SYNTAX

IF expression THEN statement ELSE statement

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

must evaluate to true or false. If true, executes the THEN statement. If false, executes
expression
the ELSE statement.

statement is a string or numeric value.

Comments: Each IF statement must have a THEN clause and a corresponding ELSE clause. You can
nest statements but the result of the statement must evaluate to a single value. The words IF, THEN
and ELSE must be followed by at least one space.

EXAMPLE 1
A;IF N(QTY) < 100 THEN N(QTY) ELSE ERROR!
Tests the QTY value to see if it is less than 100. If it is, output the QTY field. Otherwise, output the
text “ERROR!”.

EXAMPLE 2
A;IF N(QTY) < 100 AND N(COST) < 1000 THEN N(QTY) ELSE ERROR!
Same as Example 1 except that QTY will only be output if it is less
than 100 and the cost value is less than 1000.

EXAMPLE 3
A;IF 1 THEN IF 2 THEN 3 ELSE 4 ELSE 5

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If field 1 is zero or null, follow else and use field 5. Else test field 2; if field 2 is zero or null, follow
else and use field 4. Else, use field 3. Use Field 3 only if both fields 1 and 2 contain a value.

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B Conversion

Provides interface for jBASIC subroutines or C functions to manipulate data during jQL processing.
Synonymous with CALL code
See Calling Subroutines from Dictionary Items for more details.

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C Conversion

Concatenates fields, literals, and the results of a previous operation

COMMAND SYNTAX

C{;}n{xn}...

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

; Optional in that it has no function other than to provide compatibility.

The character for insertion between the concatenated elements. If you specify a semicolon
x (;), no separator will be used. Any non-numeric character except system delimiters
(value, subvalue, field, start buffer, and segment marks) is valid.

n can be any one of the following:

field number (FMC)

a literal enclosed in single quotes, double quotes, or backslashes

an asterisk (*) to specify the last generated value of a previous operation

Comments: See the descriptions of the function codes (A, F, FS and their variants) for other
concatenation methods.
Input Conversion: does not invert; applies the concatenation to the input data.

EXAMPLE 1
C1;2
Concatenates the contents of field 1 with field 2, with no intervening separator character

EXAMPLE 2
C1*2
Concatenates the contents of field 1 with an asterisk (*) and then the content of field 2
EXAMPLE 3
C1*”ABC” 2/3

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Concatenates the contents of field 1 with an asterisk (*), the string ABC, a space, field 2 a forward
slash (/) and then field 3.

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D Conversion

Converts dates between internal and external format.

COMMAND SYNTAX

D{p}{n}{s}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

P The special processing operator and can be any one of the following:

D Returns only the day of the month as a numeric value.

Returns only dates stored in the external format in internal format. You can use this in field
I
7 or 8.

J Returns the Julian day (1 - 365, or 1 - 366 for a leap year).

M Returns the number of the month (1 - 12).

MA Returns the name of the month in uppercase letters.

Q Returns the number of the quarter (1 - 4)

W Returns the day of the week as a numeric value (Monday is 1).

WA Returns the day of the week in uppercase letters (MONDAY - SUNDAY).

Y Returns the year (up to four digits).

is a number from 0 to 4 that specifies the how many digits to use for the year field. If
n
omitted, the year will have four digits; suppresses the year if n is 0.

used as a non-numeric character as a separator between month, date, and year. Must not be
s
one of the special processing operators.

Comments: Dates are stored internally as integers, which represent the number of days (plus or
minus) from the base date of December 31, 1967. For Example:

Date Stored Value

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22 September 1967 -100

30 December 1967 -1

31 December 1967 0

01 January 1968 1

09 April 1968 100

26 September 1967 1000

14 January 1995 9876

29 February 2000 11748

If you do not specify a special processing operator (see later) or an output separator, the default output
format is two-digit day, a space, a three-character month, a space, and a four-digit year. If you specify
just an output separator, the date format defaults either to the US numeric format “mm/dd/yyyy” or to
the international numeric format “dd/mm/yyyy” (where / is the separator). You can change the
numeric format for the duration of a logon session with the DATE-FORMAT Command.

Pre-processor Conversion

Field 8 codes are valid but, generally, it is easier to specify the D code in field 7 for input conversion.
Dates in output format are difficult to use in selection processing.
If you are going to use selection processing and you want to use a code which reduces the date to one
of its parts, such as DD (day of month), the D code must be specified in field 8.
Field 7 input and output conversions are both valid.
Generally, for selection processing, you should specify D codes in field 7 except when you use a
formatting code, such as DM, that reduces the date to one of its parts. If you specify no year in the
sentence, the system assumes the current year on input conversion. If specifying only the last two
digits of the year the system assumes the following:

00-29 2000-2029

30-99 1930-1999

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EXAMPLES

D Code Internal Value Value Returned

D 9904 11 FEB 1995

D2/ 9904 11/02/95

D- 9904 11-02-1995

D0 9904 11 FEB

DD 9904 11

DI 11 FEB 1995 9904

DJ 9904 41

DM 9904 2

DMA 9904 FEB

DQ 9904 1

DW 9904 6

DWA 9904 SATURDAY

DY 9904 1995

DY2 9904 95

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D1 D2 Conversion
Associates controlling and dependent fields

COMMAND SYNTAX

D1;fmcd{;fmcd}...
D2;fmcc

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

fmcd is the field number (FMC) of an associated dependent field.

fmcc is the field number (FMC) of the associated controlling field.

Comments: You can logically group multivalued fields in a record by using a controlling multivalued
field and associating other fields with it. For example, you could group the component parts of an
assembly on an invoice.
The D1 code in field 8 defines the controlling field and nominates the associated dependent fields.
Each dependent field will have a D2 code in field 8.
Important: The D1 and D2 codes must be in field 8 of the data definition record and be the first code
specified; other codes can follow (separated by a value mark), but it must be the first code.
Outputs the values in the dependent associative fields in order as specified in field 8 of the controlling
field the specified order in the dependent fields in the output specification clause is irrelevant.

EXAMPLE:
LIST INVOICE “ABC123” PARTS QTY PRICE

The records in data file INVOICE have three associated, multivalued fields, named PARTS, QTY and
PRICE, and numbered seven, two and five respectively.
PARTS is the controlling field because, for each multivalue in this field there will a corresponding
value in the other fields, and also because PARTS should appear first on the report. The data
definition record for PARTS will have D1;2;5 in field 8.
The data definition records for QTY and PRICE will both have D2;7 in field eight.
The report generated by the Command will look something like this:

INVOICE PART QTY PRICE

ABC123 AAA 1 10.00

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BBB 11 4.00
CCC 2 3.30

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F Conversion
F codes provide many facilities for arithmetic, relational, logical, and concatenation operations. The
expression of all operations is in Reverse Polish notation and involves the use of a “stack” to
manipulate the data.

SYNTAX SUMMARY
There are three forms of the F code:
F Uses only the integer parts of stored numbers unless a scaling factor is included. If the
JBCEMULATE environment variable is set to “ROS” the operands for “-”, “/” and concatenate are
used in the reverse order.
FS Uses only the integer parts of stored numbers (use SMA standard stack operations for all
emulations)
FE Uses both the integer and fraction parts of stored numbers.

COMMAND SYNTAX

F{n};elem{;elem}...
FS;elem{;elem}...
FE;elem{;elem}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS
n A number from 1 to 9 used to convert a stored value to a scaled integer. The stored value
explicit or implied decimal point is moved n digits to the right with zeros added if
necessary. Returns only the integer portion of this operation.
elem Any valid operator

Comments: F codes use the Reverse Polish notation system. Reverse Polish is a postfix notation
system where the operator follows the operands. The expression for adding two Elements is “a b + “.
(The usual algebraic system is an infix notation where the operator is placed between the operands,
for Example, “a + b”).
The F code has operators to push operands on the stack. Other operators perform arithmetic,
relational, and logical operations on stack Elements. There are also concatenation and string
operators.
Operands pushed on the stack may be constants, field values, system parameters (such as date and
time), or counters (such as record counters).
The Stack
F codes work with a pushdown stack.

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NOTE: All possible F correlative operators push values onto the stack, perform arithmetic and other
operations on the stack entries, and pop values off the stack.
The term “push” is used to indicate the placing of an entry (a value) onto the top of the stack so that
existing entries are pushed down one level. “Pop” means to remove an entry from the top of the stack
so that existing entries pop up by one level. Arithmetic functions typically begin by pushing two or
more entries onto the stack. Each operation then pops the top two entries, and pushes the result back
onto the top of the stack. After any operation is complete, the result will always be contained in entry
1.

Order of Operation

F code operations are typically expressed as “F;stack2;stack1;operation” and evaluated under most
emulation, as “stack2 operation stack1”.
If JBCEMULATE is set to “ROS”, this example is evaluated as “stack1 operation stack2”, effectively
reversing the order of operations.

NOTE: that the FE and FS codes are evaluated in the same way for all emulations.
No Input conversion allowed.

EXAMPLE 1
F;C3;C5;-
Push a value of three onto the stack. Push a value of five onto the stack.
Take entry 1 from entry 2 (3 - 5) and push the result (-2) back onto the stack as entry 1. ROS emulations will subtract 3 from 5
and return a result of two.

EXAMPLE 2
FS;C3;C5;-
Push a value of three onto the stack. Push a value of five onto the stack. Take entry 2 from entry 1 (3 -
5) and push the result (-2) back onto the stack. This works in the same way for all emulations.

EXAMPLE 3
F;C2;C11;C3;-;/
Push a value of two onto the stack. Push a value of 11 onto the stack. Push a value of three onto the
stack. Subtract entry 1 from entry 2 (11 - 3) and push the result (8) back onto the stack. Now divide
entry 2 by entry 1 (2 divided by 8) and push the result (0) back onto the stack.

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Under ROS emulation, this would evaluate as 3 - 11 = -8, followed by -8 / 2 = -4.

Push Operators

A push operator always pushes a single entry onto the stack. Existing entries are moved one position
down. Push operators are: “literal” Literal. Any text string enclosed in double or single quotes.
field-number{R{R}}{(format-code)}

Field number The value of the field from the current record.

Specifies that the last non-null value obtained from this field be applied for each
R
multivalue that does not exist in a corresponding part of the calculation.

Specifies that the last non-null value obtained from this field be applied for each
RR
subvalue that does not exist in a corresponding part of the calculation.

One or more format codes (separated by value marks) enclosed in parentheses and
(format code)
applied to the value before it is pushed onto the stack.

Constant - where n is a constant (text or number) of any length up to the next

Cn
semicolon or system delimiter.

D Current system date.

NA Number of fields in the record.

Current break level number: -1 = during SORT or SELECT processing 0 = detail

NB
line 1 = lowest break level 255 = GRAND-TOTAL line

Number of records since the last BREAK on a BREAK data line. Equal to the
ND
record counter on a GRAND-TOTAL line. Used to compute averages.

NI Record counter. The ordinal position of the current record in the report.

NL Length of the record, in bytes. Includes all field marks but not the key.

NS Subvalue counter. The ordinal position of the current subvalue within the field.

NV Value Counter. The ordinal position of the current multivalue within the field.

P Alternatively, it pushes duplicate of entry 1 onto the stack.

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T System time in internal format.

V or LPV Previous Value. Use the value from the previous format code.

Arithmetic F Code Operators

The arithmetic F code operators work on just the top stack entry or the top two stack entries. They are:

+ Add the top two stack entries together and push result into entry 1.

Subtract stack entries and push result into entry 1:

F - subtract entry 1 from entry 2
-
FS, FE - subtract entry 1 from entry 2
F - subtract entry 2 from entry 1 (ROS emulation)

Multiply the top two stack entries and push result into entry 1. If n is specified, the result is
*{n}
divided by 10 raised to the power of n.

Divide stack entries and push quotient into entry 1:

F - divide entry 2 by entry 1
/
FS, FE - divide entry 2 by entry 1
F - divide entry 1 by entry 2 (ROS emulation)

Compute remainder from the top two stack entries and push result into entry 1:
F - remainder of entry 2 / entry 1
R
FS, FE - remainder of entry 2 / entry 1
F - remainder of entry 1 / entry 2

I Return the integer part of entry 1 to the top of the stack.

S
Replace the multivalued entry 1 with the sum of the multivalues and subvalues.

Miscellaneous Operators

Miscellaneous operators control formatting, exchanging stack entries, popping the top entry,
concatenation, and string extraction. They are:

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_ Exchange the top two entries.

^ Pop last entry from the stack and discard. Pushes all other entries up.

Perform the specified format code on last entry and replace last entry with the
(format-code) result
.

Concatenate stack entries:

F - Concatenates Entry 1 to the end of Entry 2
:
FS, FE - Concatenates Entry 1 to the end of Entry 2
F - Concatenates Entry 2 to the end of Entry 1(ROS emulation)

Extract a substring from stack entry 3. The starting column is specified in stack
[]
entry 2 and the number of characters is specified in entry 1

Relational Operators
Relational operators compare stack entries and push the result onto stack entry 1; is either 1 (true) or 0
(false). Relational operators are:

= equal to

less than:

< F entry 2 < entry 1

FS,FE
entry2 < entry 1
F entry 1 < entry 2 (ROS emulation)

Greater than:

> Fentry 2 > entry 1

FS,FE
entry2 > entry 1
F entry 1 > entry 2 (ROS emulation)

Less than or equal to:

[ F entry 2 [ entry 1
FS,FE
entry2 [ entry 1
F entry 1 [ entry 2 (ROS emulation)

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Great than or equal to:

] F entry 2 [ entry 1
FS,FE
entry 2 [ entry 1
F entry 1 [ entry 2 (ROS emulation)

# Not equal.

Logical Operators
Logical operators include a logical AND test and a logical inclusive-OR test.
Logical operators are:

& AND stack entries If both entries contain non-zero, pushes a 1 onto stack entry 1, otherwise,
1 and 2. pushes a 0.

! OR stack entries 1 If either of the entries contains non-zero, it pushes a 1 onto stack entry 1;
and 2. otherwise, pushes a 0.

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Multivalues
A powerful feature of F and FS code operations is their ability to manipulate multivalues. Individual
multivalues can be processed, one by one, or you can use the R (or RR) modifier after a field number,
to repeat a value and thus combine it with each of a series of multivalues. Field operands may be
valued and subvalued. When performing mathematical operations on two multivalued lists (vectors),
the result is also multivalued. The result has many values as the longer of the two lists. Zeros are
substituted for the null values in the shorter list if the R option is not specified.

Repeat Operators
To repeat a value for combination with multivalues, follow the field number with the R operator. To
repeat a value for combination with multiple subvalues, follow the FMC with the RR operator.

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Format Codes
There are three ways to use format codes:

1. One transforms the result of the F code

2. Another transforms the content of a field before it is pushed on the stack
3. The third transforms the top entry on the stack

COMMAND SYNTAX

f-code{]format-code...}
field-number(format-code{]format-code}...)
(format-code{]format-code}...)

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

F code A complete F Code expression.

Field number The field number in the record from which to retrieve the data.

format code Any valid format codes.

] Represents a must use value mark (ctrl ]) to separate each format code.

Comments: To process a field before it is pushed on the stack, follow the FMC with the format codes
enclosed in parentheses. To process the top entry on the stack, specify the format codes within
parentheses as an operation by itself. To specify more than one format code in one operation, separate
the codes with the value mark, (ctrl]). All format codes will convert values from an internal format to
an output format.

EXAMPLE
F;2(MD2]G0.1);100;-
Obtain the value of field 2. Apply an MD2 format code. Then apply a group extract to acquire the
integer portion of the formatted value, and push the result onto the stack. Subtract 100 from the field 2
formatted, group extracted value. Return this value. Note that under ROS emulation, the value
returned would be the result of subtracting the integer value from the group extract, from 100. In other
words:
100 - OCONV(OCONV(Field2, “MD2”), “G0.1” ).

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G Conversion
G codes extract one or more contiguous strings (separated by a specified character), from a field
value.

COMMAND SYNTAX

G{m}xn

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

the number of strings to skip. If omitted or zero, extraction begins with the first
m
character.

x the separation character.

n the number of strings to be extracted.

Comments: The field value can consist of any number of strings, each separated by the specified
character. The separator can be any non-numeric character, except a system delimiter.
If m is zero or null and the separator x is not found, the whole field will be returned. If m is not zero
or null and the separator x is not found, null will be returned.
Input Conversion: does not invert. It simply applies the group extraction to the input data.

EXAMPLE 1
G0.1
If the field contains “123.45”, 123 will be returned. You could also use “G.1” to achieve the same
effect.

EXAMPLE 2
G2/1
If the field contains “ABC/DEF/GHI”, returns GHI.

EXAMPLE 3
G0,3
If the field contains “ABC,DEF,GHI,JKL”, returns ABC,DEF,GHI. Note that the field separators are
included in the returned string.

L Conversion
L codes return the length of a value, or the value if it is within specified criteria.

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COMMAND SYNTAX

L{{min,}max}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Specifies that the process is to return an element if its length is greater than or equal to the
min
number min.

Specifies that the process is to return an element if its length is less than or equal to the
max
number max.

Comments: The L code by itself returns the length of an element. When used with max, or min and
max, the L code returns the element if it is within the length specified by min and/or max.

EXAMPLE 1
L - Assuming a value of ABCDEF, returns the value 6.

EXAMPLE 2
L4
If JBCEMULATE is set to ROS, L4 is translated as return the value if its length is less than or equal
to 4 - the equivalent of L0,4. Assuming a value of ABCDEF, L4 will return null - the value is longer
than 4 characters.
If JBCEMULATE is not set to ROS, L4 is translated as return the value if its length is exactly equal
to 4 - the equivalent of L4,4. Assuming a value of ABCDEF, L4 will return null - the value is longer
than 4 characters.

EXAMPLE 3
L4,7
L4,7 is translated as return the value if its length is greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to
7. Assuming a value of ABCDEF, L4,7 will return ABCDEF.

MC Conversion

MC codes include facilities for:

1. Changing characters to upper or lower case

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2. Extracting a class of characters

3. Replacing characters
4. Converting ASCII character codes to their hexadecimal or binary representations and vice
versa
5. Converting a hexadecimal values to their decimal or binary equivalents and vice versa
6. Converting a decimal value to its equivalent in Roman numerals and vice versa

One source of confusion when using MC codes is that input conversion does not always invert the
code. If most MC codes are used in field 7 of the data definition record, applies the code in its original
(un-inverted) form to the input data Therefore, you should always try to place MC codes into field 8
of the data definition record. The exceptions to this, is where input conversion is effective, are clearly
indicated in the following sections.

SUMMARY:
MC codes are:

MCA Extract only alphabetic characters

MC/A Extract only non-alphabetic characters.

Convert ASCII character codes to binary representation. Use S to suppress

MCAB{S}
spaces.

MCAX or MX Convert ASCII character codes to hexadecimal representation.

MCB Extract only alphabetic and numeric characters.

MC/B Extract only special characters that are neither alphabetic nor numeric.

MCBA Convert binary representation to ASCII characters.

MCBX Convert a binary value to its hexadecimal equivalent.

MCC;x;y Change all occurrences of character string x to character string y.

Convert a decimal value to its equivalent Roman numerals. Input conversion

MCDR
is effective.

Convert a decimal value to its hexadecimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCDX or MCD
effective.

MCL Convert all upper case letters (A-Z) to lower case.

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MCN Extract only numeric characters (0-9).

MC/N Extract only non-numeric characters.

Convert paired hexadecimal digits preceded by a period or character c to

MCNP{c}
ASCII code.

Convert each non-printable character (X”00” - X”IF”, X”80” - X”FE”) to a

MCP{c}
period (.) or to character c.

Same as MCP but insert the two-character hexadecimal representation of the

MCPN{c}
character immediately after the period or character c.

Convert Roman numerals to the decimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCRD or MCR
effective.

Convert all upper case letters (A-Z) in the text to lower case, starting with the
MCT second character in each word. Change the first character of each word to
upper case if it is a letter.

MCU Convert all lower case letters (a-z) to upper case.

MCXA or MY Convert hexadecimal representation to ASCII characters.

Convert a hexadecimal value to its binary equivalent. Use S to suppress

MCXB{S}
spaces between each block of 8 bytes.

Convert a hexadecimal value to its decimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCXD or MCX
effective.

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Changing Case

Use the following MC codes to transform text from upper to lower case and visa versa are:

MCL Convert all upper case letters (A-Z) to lower case

Convert all upper case letters (A-Z) in the text to lower case, starting with the second
MCT
character in each word. Change the first character of each word to upper case.

MCU Convert all lower case letters (a-z) to upper case.

Input conversion does not invert. The conversion code will be applied to the input data.

EXAMPLE 1
MCL
Assuming a source value of AbCdEf, MCL will return abcdef.

EXAMPLE 2
MCT
Assuming a source value of AbC dEf “ghi, MCT will return Abc Def “ghi.

EXAMPLE 3
MCU
Assuming a source value of AbCdEf, MCU will return ABCDEF.

Extracting Characters
Use the following MC codes to extract characters from a string:

MCA Extract only alphabetic characters.

MC/A Extract only non-alphabetic characters.

MCB Extract only alphanumeric characters.

MC/B Extract only special characters that are neither alphabetic nor numeric.

MCN Extract only numeric characters (0-9).

MC/N Extract only non-numeric characters.

Input conversion does not invert. The original code will be applied to input data.

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EXAMPLE 1
MCA
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MCA will return ABCDEF.

EXAMPLE 2
MC/A
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MC/A will return *123!
EXAMPLE 3
MCB
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MCB will return ABC123DEF.
EXAMPLE 4
MC/B
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MC/B will return *!
EXAMPLE 5
MCN
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MCN will return 123.
EXAMPLE 6
MC/N
Assuming a source value of ABC*123!DEF, MC/N will return ABC*!DEF

Replacing Characters
Some MC codes replace one set of characters with other characters. These codes can:
• Exchange one character string for another

• Replace non-printable characters with a marker character

• Replace non-printable characters with a marker character and the character’s

hexadecimal representation

• Replace the marker and hexadecimal representation with the ASCII code

MCC;x;y Change all occurrences of character string x to character string y.

MCP{c} Convert each non-printable character (X”00” - X”IF”, X”80” - X”FE”) to character c, or

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period (.) if c is not specified.

Same as MCP but insert the two-character hexadecimal representation of the character
MCPN{c}
immediately after character c, or tilde (~) if c is not specified.

Convert paired hexadecimal digits preceded by a tilde or character c to ASCII code. The
MCNP{c}
opposite of the MCPN code.

Input conversion does not invert. The original code will be applied to input data.
EXAMPLE 1
MCC;X5X;YYY
Assuming a source value of ABC*X5X!DEF, MCC will return ABC*YYY!DEF.
EXAMPLE 2
MCPN
Assuming a source value of ABC]]DEF where ] represents a value mark,
MCPN will return ABC.FC.FCDEF.

Converting Characters
The MC codes that convert ASCII character codes to their binary or hexadecimal representations or
vice versa are:

Convert ASCII character codes to binary representation (Use S to suppress

MCAB{S}
spaces).

MCAX or MY Convert ASCII character codes to hexadecimal representation

MCBA Convert binary representation to ASCII characters.

MCXA or MX Convert hexadecimal representation to ASCII characters.

Comments: The MCAB and MCABS codes convert each ASCII character to its binary equivalent as
an eight-digit number. If there is more than one character, MCAB puts a blank space between each
pair of eight-digit numbers. MCABS suppresses the spaces.
When converting from binary to ASCII characters, MCBA uses blank spaces as dividers, if they are
present. MCBA scans from the right-hand end of the data searching for Elements of “eight-bit” binary
strings. If it encounters a space and the element is not eight binary digits long, it prepends zeros to the
front of the number until it contains eight digits and continues until reaching the leftmost digit
prepending zeros if necessary, it then converts each eight-digit element to its ASCII character
equivalent.
Input conversion does not invert. The original code will be applied to input data.

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EXAMPLE 1
MCAX
Assuming a source value of ABC, MCAX will return 414243.
EXAMPLE 2
MCXA
Assuming a source value of 414243, MCXA will return ABC.
EXAMPLE 3
MCAB
Assuming a source value of AB, MCAB will return 01000001 01000010.
EXAMPLE 4
MCABS
Assuming a source value of AB, MCABS will return 0100000101000010.
EXAMPLE 5
MCBA
Assuming a source value of 01000001 1000010, MCBA will return AB. Note the missing binary digit
at the start of the second element of the source value.
EXAMPLE 6
MCBA
Assuming a source value of 0100000101000010, MCBA will return AB.

Converting Numeric Values

The MC codes that convert numeric values (as opposed to characters), to equivalent values in other
number schemes are:

MCBX{S} Convert a binary value to its hexadecimal equivalent. Use S to suppress spaces.

Convert a decimal value to its equivalent Roman numerals. Input conversion is

MCDR
effective.

Convert a decimal value to its hexadecimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCDX or MCD
effective.

Convert Roman numerals to the decimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCRD or MCR
effective.

MCXB{S} Convert a hexadecimal value to its binary equivalent. Use S to suppress spaces.

Convert a hexadecimal value to its decimal equivalent. Input conversion is

MCXD or MCX
effective.

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Comments: These codes convert numeric values rather than individual characters. For Example,
conversion of the decimal value of 60 is to X”3C” in hexadecimal, or LX in Roman numerals. The
value 60 is converted, not the characters “6” and “0”.
With the exception of MCBX{S} that handles spaces, all conversion of these codes will stop if they
encounter an invalid character that is not a digit of the source number system.
With the exception of MCDR, if the conversion fails to find any valid digits, a zero MCDR will return
null.
If you submit an odd number of hexadecimal digits to the MCXB code, it will add a leading zero (to
arrive at an even number of characters) before converting the value.
The MCXB and MCXBS codes convert each pair of hexadecimal digits to its binary equivalent as an
eight-digit number. If there is more than one pair of hexadecimal digit, MCXB puts a blank space
between each pair of eight-digit numbers. MCXBS suppresses the spaces.
When converting from binary to hexadecimal digits, MCBX uses blank spaces as dividers if they are
present. MCBX effectively scans from the right-hand end of the data searching for Elements of eight-
bit binary digits. If it encounters a space and the element is not a multiple of eight binary digits, it
prepends zeros to the front of the number until it contains eight digits. This continues until it reaches
the leftmost digit prepending zeros if necessary. Each eight-digit element is converted to a
hexadecimal character pair.
Input conversion is effective for MCDR, MCDX, MCRD and MCXD. Input conversion is not
inverted for the other codes. The original code will be applied to input data.
EXAMPLE 1
MCBX
Assuming a source value of 01000001 1000010, MCBX will return 4142. Would return the same
value if there was no space between the binary source Elements.
EXAMPLE 2
MCRD
Assuming a source value of MLXVI, MCRD will return 1066.
EXAMPLE 3
MCDX
Assuming a source value of 1066, MCDX will return 42A.

MD CONVERSION

The MD code transforms integers by scaling them and inserting symbols, such as a currency sign,
thousands separators, and a decimal point. The ML and MR codes are similar to MD but have greater
functionality.

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COMMAND SYNTAX

MDn{m}{Z}{,}{$}{ix}{c}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

a number from 0 to 9 that specifies how many digits are to be output after the decimal
n point; inserts trailing zeros as necessary. If n is omitted or 0, the decimal point is not
output.

a number from 0 to 9, which represents the number of digits that the source value
contains to the right of the implied decimal point. Uses m as a scaling factor and the

n source value is descaled (divided) by that power of 10. For Example, if m=1, the value is
divided by 10; if m=2, the value is divided by 100, and so on. If m is omitted, it is
assumed equal to n (the decimal precision). If m is greater than n, the source value is
rounded up or down to n digits. The m option must be present if the ix option is used and
both the Z and $ options are omitted. This to remove ambiguity with the ix option.

suppresses leading zeros. Note that fractional values, which have no integer, will have a
z
zero before the decimal point. If the value is zero, a null will be output.

specifies insertion of the thousands separator symbol every three digits to the left of the
,
decimal point. The type of separator (comma or period) is specified through the SET
THOU Command. (Use the SET DEC Command to specify the decimal separator.)

$ appends an appropriate currency symbol to the number. The currency symbol is specified
through the SET MONEY Command.

ix aligns the currency symbol by creating a blank field of “i” number of columns. The value to be output
overwrites the blanks. The “x” parameter specifies a filler character that can be any non-numeric character,
including a space.

appends a credit character or encloses the value in angle brackets ( >). Can be any one of
c
the following:

- Appends a minus sign to negative values; a blank follows positive or zero values.

Appends the characters CR to negative values. Two blanks follow positive or zero
C
values.

Input Conversion: works with a number that has only thousands separators and a decimal point.

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EXAMPLES

Source
MD Code Returned Value
Value

MD2 1234567 12345.67

MD2, 1234567 12,345.67

MD2,$ 1234567 $12,345.67

MD2,$12* 1234567 $**12,345.67

MD2,$12- -1234567 $12,345.67-

MD42Z,$ 001234567 $12,345.6700

MD42Z,$15 < -001234567 <$ 12,345.6700>

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Mk Conversion
The MK code allows you to display large numbers in a minimum of columns by automatically
descaling the numbers and appending a letter to represent the power of 10 used. The letters and their
meanings are:
K 10 /3 (Kilo)
M 10 /6(Mega)
G 10 /9 (Giga)
COMMAND SYNTAX
MKn
SYNTAX ELEMENTS

n represents the field width and if present will include the letter and a minus sign.

Comments: will not change if a number will fit into the specified field width.
If the number is too long but includes a decimal fraction, the MK code first attempts to round the
fractional part so that the number will fit the field. If the number is still too long, the code rounds off
the three low-order integer digits, replacing them with a K. If the number is still too long, the code
rounds off the next three digits, replacing them with an M. If that is still too long, the code rounds off
three more digits, replacing them with a G. If the number still does not fit the specified field, the code
displays an asterisk. If the field size is not specified or is zero, the code outputs null.
Input Conversion: does not invert. It simply applies the metric processing to the input data.
EXAMPLES

Source Data MK3 MK4 MK5 MK7

1234 1K 1234 1234 1234

123456789 * 123M 123M 123457K

123456789012345 * * * 123457G

999.9 1K 1000 999.9 999.9

-12.343567 -12 -12 -12.3 -12.344

-1234.5678 -1K -1K -1235 -1234.6

-0.1234 -.1 -.12 -.123 -0.1234

Ml/MR Conversion
ML and MR codes format numbers and justify the result to the left or right respectively. The codes
provide the following capabilities:

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• Decimal precision and scaling

• Zero suppression

• Thousands separator

• Credit codes

• Currency symbol

• Inclusion of literal character strings

COMMAND SYNTAX

ML{n{m}}{Z}{,}{c}{$}{fm}
MR{n{m}}{Z}{,}{c}{$}{fm}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

ML Provides left justification of the result.

MR Provides right justification of the result.

n a number from 0 to 9 that defines the decimal precision. It specifies the number of digits to
for output following the decimal point. The processor inserts trailing zeros if necessary. If
n is omitted or is 0, a decimal point will not be output.

m a number that defines the scaling factor. The source value is descaled (divided) by that
power of 10. For Example, if m=1, the value is divided by 10; if m=2, the value is divided
by 100, and so on. If m is omitted, it is assumed equal to n (the decimal precision).

suppresses leading zeros. Note that fractional values, which have no integer, will have a
z
zero before the decimal point. If the value is zero, a null will be output.

the thousands separator symbol. It specifies insertion of thousands separators every three
, digits to the left of the decimal point. You can change the display separator symbol by
invoking the SET THOU Command. Use the SET DEC Command to specify the decimal
separator.

C Print the literal CR after negative values.

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D Print the literal DB after positive values.

E Enclose negative values in angle brackets < >

M Print a minus sign after negative values.

N Suppresses embedded minus sign.

If a value is negative and you have not specified one of these indicators, displays the value with a
leading minus sign. If you specify a credit indicator, outputs the data with either the credit characters
or an equivalent number of spaces, depending on its value.

Specifies that a currency symbol is to be included. Places a floating currency symbol in front
$
of the value. The currency symbol is specified through the SET MONEY Command.

Specifies a format mask. A format mask can include literal characters as well as format
Fm
codes. The format codes are as follows:

Code Format

#{n} Spaces. Repeat space n times. Overlays the output value on the spaces created.

*{n} Asterisk. Repeat asterisk n times. Overlays the output value on the asterisks created.

%{n} Zero. Repeat zeros n times. Overlays the output value on the zeros created.

&x Format. x can be any of the above format codes, a currency symbol, a space, or literal text.
The first character following ‘&’ is used as the default fill character to replace #n fields
without data. You may enclose format strings enclosed in parentheses “( )”.

Comments: The justification specified by the ML or MR code applies at different stages from that
specified in field 9 of the data definition record. The sequence of events begins with the formatting of
the data with the symbols, filler characters and justification (left or right) specified by the ML or MR
code. The formatted data is justified according to field 9 of the definition record and overlaid on the
output field, which initially comprises the number of spaces specified in field 10 of the data definition
record.
Input Conversion: works with a number that has only thousands separators and a decimal point.
EXAMPLES

Conversion Source Dict Fields Returned Value (columns)

Code Value 9 and 10 12345678901234567890

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MR2#10 1234 L 15 12.34

MR2#10 1234 R 15 12.34

ML2%10 1234 L 15 12.3400000

MR2%10 1234 R 15 0000012.34

ML2*10 1234 L 15 12.34*****

MR2*10 1234 R 15 *****12.34

MR2,$#15 12345678 L 20 #123,456.78

MR2,&$#15 12345678 L 20 #####123,456.78

ML2,&*$#15 12345678 L 20 #123,456.78*****

MR2,& $#15 12345678 L 20 # 123,456.78

MR2,C&*$#15 -12345678 L 20 #***123,456.78CR

ML& ###-##-### 123456789 L 12 123-45-6789

ML& #3-#2-#4 123456789 L 12 123-45-6789

ML& Text #2-#3 12345 Text 12-345

ML& ((Text#2)
12345 (Text12) 345
#3)

In the last Example, it ignores the leading and trailing parenthesis.

MP Conversion
MP codes convert packed decimals to unpacked decimal representation for output or decimal values to packed decimals for
input.

COMMAND SYNTAX
MP

Comments: The MP code most often used as an output conversion; on input, the MP processor
combines pairs of 8-bit ASCII digits into single 8-bit digits as follows:

a. Strips off the high order four bits of each ASCII digit.
b. Moves the low order four bits into successive halves of the stored byte

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c. Adds a leading zero (after the minus sign if present) if the result would otherwise
yield an uneven number of halves.
d. Ignores leading plus signs (+)
e. Stores leading minus (-) signs as a four-bit code (D) in the upper half of the first
internal digit.

When displaying packed decimal data, you should always use an MP or MX code. Raw packed data is
almost certain to contain control codes that will upset the operation of most terminals and printers.
Input Conversion: is valid. Generally, for selection processing you should specify MP codes in field
7 of the data definition record.

EXAMPLES
OCONV -1234 “MP”
yields 0x D01234
ICONV 0x D01234 “MP”
yields -01234

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MS Conversion
The MS code allows an alternate defined sort sequence for sort fields.
COMMAND SYNTAX
MS
Comments: Use of the MS code is only relevant when applying in field 8 pre-process codes to a
specified field in a sort clause. In all other cases, it will be ignored.
Use the sort sequence defined in a special record named SEQ that you must create in the ERRMSG
file. Field 1 of this record contains a sequence of ASCII characters that define the order for sorting.
EXAMPLE
SEQ (defined in ERRMSG file)
001 aAbBcCdDeEfFgGhHiIjJkKlLmMnNoOpPqQrRsStTuUvVwWxXyY
zZ9876543210 ,.?!””;:+-*/^=()[]{}<>@#$%&”~\|
INV.CODE (data definition record)
001 A
008 MS
SORT SALES BY INV.CODE ID-SUPP
SALES....
AbC789
ABC789
ABC788
dEF123

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MT Conversion

Use the MT code to convert time notations such as 01:40:30 or 1:30 AM between internal and
external format.

COMMAND SYNTAX

MT{H}{S}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

H specifies 12-hour format. Uses 24-hour format if omitted

S specifies that seconds are to be included.

Comments: Time is stored internally as the number of seconds since midnight. Outputs the stored
value in 12 hour or 24 hour (international) format
Defines 12:00PM as noon and 12:00AM as midnight
Automatically displays AM and PM designators. For Example: 09:40AM and 06:30PM.

Input Conversion: is valid. Generally, for selection processing you should specify MT codes in field
7 of the data definition record.
Considers AM or PM designators; affects the result of the input conversion for certain values by the
time_is_hours emulation setting.
EXAMPLES
Input Conversion

Code Input Result

MT 00:00 0

MTH 12:00AM 0

MT 01:00AM 3600

MT 01:00 3600

MTH 01:00 3600

MTH 01:00AM 3600

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MT 01:00PM 46800

MTH 01:00PM 46800

MTS 01:00:30 3630

Output Conversion

Code Source Value Result

MTS 0 00:00:00

MTHS 0 12:00:00AM

MT 3600 01:00

MTH 3600 01:00AM

MT 46800 13:00

MTS 46800 13:00:00

MTH 46800 01:00PM

MTHS 46800 01:00:00PM

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P Conversion
The P code returns a value if it matches one of the specified patterns, which can be combinations of numeric and alphabetic
characters and literal strings.

COMMAND SYNTAX
P{#}(element){;(element)}...

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

# Returns null if the source matches the pattern, or the source if it does not.

Element is one or more of the following:

nA tests for n alphabetic characters

nC tests for n alphabetic or numeric characters

nN tests for n numeric characters

nP tests for n printable characters

nX tests for n characters

“literal” tests for the presence of the literal

Comments: Returns a null value if the value does not match any of the patterns.
Input Conversion: does not invert. It simply applies the pattern matching to the input data.

EXAMPLE 1
P(2A”*”3N”/”2A)
Will match and return AA*123/BB or xy*999/zz. Will fail to match AAA*123/BB or A1*123/BB, and will return null.

EXAMPLE 2
P(2A”*”3N”/”2A);(2N”-“2A)
Will match and return AA*123/BB, xy*999/zz, 99-AA or 10-xx. Will fail to match AA&123/BB, A1*123/BB, 9A-AA or 101-
xx, and will return null.

R Conversion

The R code returns a value that falls within one or more specified ranges.
COMMAND SYNTAX
Rn,m{;n,m}...

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

n the starting integer of the range. Can be positive or negative.

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the ending integer of the range. Can be positive or negative, but must be equal to or greater
m
than n.

Comments: Returns a null value if the value does not fall within the range(s).
Input Conversion: does not invert. It simply applies the range check to the input data.
EXAMPLE 1
R1,10
Will return any value that is greater than or equal to one and less than or equal to 10.
EXAMPLE 2
R-10,10
Will return any value that is greater than or equal to -10 and less than or equal to 10.
EXAMPLE 3
R-100,-10
Will return any value that is greater than or equal to -100 and less than or equal to -10.

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S Conversion

The S code substitutes one value for another.

COMMAND SYNTAX
S;Var1;Var2
SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Var1 specifies the value to be substituted if the referenced value is not null or zero. Can be a quoted
string, an FMC (field number), or an asterisk. An asterisk indicates that you should use the value of
the referenced field.
Var2 specifies the value for substitution if the referenced value is null or zero. Can be a quoted string,
an FMC (field number), or an asterisk.
EXAMPLE 1
S;*;”NULL VALUE!”
If the referenced field is null, this Example will return the string “NULL VALUE!”. Else, it will
return the referenced value.
EXAMPLE 2
S;*;3
If the referenced field is null, this Example will return the content of field 3 of the data record. Else, it
will return the referenced value.
EXAMPLE 3
S;4;5
If the referenced field is null, this Example will return the content of field 5 of the data record. Else, it
will return the content of field 4.

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T Conversion

The T code extracts a character substring from a field value.

COMMAND SYNTAX
T{m,}n
SYNTAX ELEMENTS

m specifies the starting column number.

n The number of characters for extraction.

Comments: If specifying m, the content of field 9 of the data definition record has no effect - it
counts and extracts characters from left to right, for n characters.
If m is not specified, the content of field 9 of the data definition record will control whether n
characters are extracted from the left or the right-hand end of the value. If field 9 does not contain an
R, extracts the first n characters from the value. If field 9 does contain an R (right justify), extracts the
last n characters from the value.
Input Conversion: does not invert. It simply applies the text extraction to the input data.
EXAMPLES

Code Source Value Field9 Result

T3,4 ABCDEFG L CDEF

T3,4 ABCDEFG R CDEF

T2 ABCDEFG L AB

T3 ABCDEFG R EFG

T3 ABCDEFG T ABC

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Tfile Conversion

Tfile codes provide a method for retrieving data fields from any other file to which the user has
access.
COMMAND SYNTAX

T[*|DICT]file-specifier;c{n};{i-fmc};{o-fmc}

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

* or
Indicates the use of the dictionary of the specified file, rather than the data section.
DICT

file-
identifies the reference file by name in the format file-name{,data-section-name}.
specifier

c- specifies a translation code, which can be any one of the following:

If reference record does not exist or the specified FMC is null, output the value
C
unchanged.

I Inputs verify: Functions as a C code for output and as a V code for input.

O Outputs verify: Functions as a C code for input and as a V code for output.

Reference record must exist and the specified FMC must contain a translatable value. If
V
the record does not exist or the FMC contains a null, an error message will be output.

X If reference record does not exist or the specified FMC is null, return a null

specifies a value mark count to return one specific value from a multivalued field.
n
Returns all values if omitted.

i fmc the field number for input translation. which if omitted or contains a null value, no input
translation takes place.

o fmc is the field number for output translation. If the value is null, no output translation takes
place.

Comments: Uses the current data value as the record key for searching the specified reference file.
Returns a data field or a single value from a data field, from the record

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Use Tfile codes in fields 7 or 8 of the data definition record. Use field 8 if translation of a multivalued
field or comparisons and sorts are required.
If you apply selection criteria, you can either use field 8, or field 7 and set up special records in the
reference file to perform any input translation you require.
The special records in the reference file have as record keys values that the field subject to translation
may be compared with in a jQL sentence. Field i-fmc within these records contains the translate value
that will be compared to values on file. Typically, values in a jQL sentence are output values, so that
the special input translation records are effectively the inverse of the output translation records.
Tfile codes can be “embedded” in other conversion codes but you must still follow the syntactical
conventions of the “host” code. For Example, if you include a Tfile code in an F code conversion,
enclose the Tfile code in parentheses.
Output conversion is valid. The Tfile code has a parameter (o-fmc) that specifies the field in the
translation record to use for output conversion.
Input conversion is valid. The Tfile code has a parameter (i-fmc) that specifies the field in the
translation record to use for input conversion.
EXAMPLE 1
TSALES;X;;2
Using this Tfile code in field 8 of a data definition record, which also has a 0 in field 2, will cause the
key of the current record to be used as the key when accessing the reference file SALES; returns null
if the record cannot be found; returns the value of field 2 if the record is found.
EXAMPLE 2
TSALES;C;;2
Using this Tfile code in field 8 of a data definition record, which also has a 6 in field 2, will cause the
content of field 6 from the current record to be used as the key when accessing the reference file
SALES. If the record cannot be found, or if found, field two is null, returns the content of field 6 of
the current record. If the record is found, and field 2 contains a value, it returns that value.
EXAMPLE 3
A;3(TSALES;X;;2)
Using this embedded Tfile code in field 8 of a data definition record will cause the use of field 3 of
the current record as the key when accessing field 2 of the reference file SALES. Returns null if the
record cannot be found; returns the value of field 2 if the record is found.

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U Conversion

Use the U code to execute a system subroutine to process values.

COMMAND SYNTAX

Uxxxx

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

XXXX The hexadecimal identity of the routine.

Comments: jBASE user exits are customized routines specially produced to perform extraordinary
processing.
Input Conversion: Routine dependent

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Chapter 6 Default Data Definition Records

When issuing a jQL Command without containing specific references to data definition records, nor
do you suppress the output of the report detail, the system will attempt to locate any default data
definition records, which may be set up.
For Example: if you issue the Command “LIST SALES”, the system will look in the dictionary of
the SALES file for a data definition record named “1”. If it finds “1”, this will become the default
output for column two. The system will then look for a data definition record named “2” and so until
the next data definition record is not found. If “1” is not found in the file dictionary, the system will
search the default dictionaries for the same sequence of data definition records.
When you issue a jQL Command, which does not contain specific references to data definition
records, the system will first attempt to locate each data definition record in the dictionary of the file
(or in the file specified in a USING clause). If no data definition is found in the dictionary (or the file
specified in a USING clause), the system will look for the data definition in the file defined by the
JEDIFILENAME_MD environment variable.
For Example: if you issue the Command “LIST SALES VALUE”, the system will look in the
dictionary of the SALES file for a data definition record named “VALUE”. If it cannot find
“VALUE” in the file dictionary, the system will look in the file specified by the
JEDIFILENAME_MD environment variable. In this way, you can set up data-specific, file-specific or
account-specific defaults for use with any jQL Command.

jQL Output (Reports)

By default, displays output from a jQL Command on your terminal, in columnar format, with a pause
at the end of each page (Full screen).

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Output Device
You can redirect the output to a printer (or the currently-assigned Spooler device) by using the LPTR
format specifier or the P option.

Report Layout
If the columnar report will not fit in the current page width of the output device, it will be output in
“non-columnar” format where each field of each record occupies one row on the page.

Paging
If the displayed report extends over more than one screen, press <ENTER> to view the next screen.
To exit the report without displaying any remaining screens, press <Control X> or “q”

jQL Basic Subroutines

jBASE jQL enables users to call Basic subroutines from within correlatives and conversions. There
are two flavors of subroutine and each requires a different include file. For Advanced Pick
subroutines, the developer must include the following header file from the “include” subdirectory in
the jBASE release directory.
qbasiccommonpick
For Sequoia subroutines, the developer must include the following header file from the “include”
subdirectory in the jBASE release directory.
qbasiccommonseq

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File Definitions
This section starts with a review of file definition records and discusses how the content of these
records can affect the output from jQL Commands - particularly with reference to sublists. File
definition records contain information used when formatting reports.
For Example: left or right justified, and how wide a column should it occupy. You can also define
sublist codes to tell the system that a particular field is multivalued.

Record Structure
The fields of a file definition record that affect jQL reports are:

Field 7 Conversion code for key if required. For date, time, etc.,

V code to notify a multivalued (sublist) field if required. See sublists - V

Field 8
code.

Justification for key. Can be one of the following (see data definition
records)
L Left justified
Field 9
R Right justified
T Text
U unlimited

Field 10 Column width for Key. Default is 14 characters.

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Sublists - V Code

You can access file records, which contain sublists, with the COUNT and LIST Commands. For the
commands and the modifier to function correctly, you must include the V processing code in field 8
of the file definition record. See File Specifiers topic in the jQL Sentence Construction Chapter for
more details.

COMMAND SYNTAX

V;field-no

SYNTAX ELEMENTS

Field No. The number of the field, which contains the sublist

EXAMPLE
Consider the stock file used by a camera factory where each data record can represent either an
assembly or a component part. Take as an Example the record set that defines a simple camera
assembly. The data records contain the following data.

Key A1 Key A21

001 CAMERA ASSY 001 LENS ASSY

002 A21]A22]A23 002 A210]A211

003 10 003 15

Key A22 Key A23

001 BODY 001 SHUT ASSY

002 002 A230]A231

003 10 003 11

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Key A210 Key A211

001 OPTICS 001 BARREL

002 002

003 19 003 21

Key A230 Key A231

001 IRIS MECH 001 IRIS HOUSNG

002 002

003 13 003 14

The key is the part number, field 1 contains the description, field 2 is a multivalued list of components
that go to make up the part, and field 3 is the current stock level.
Record A1 represents assembled cameras. It points to the used sub-assemblies (A21, A22 and A23) to
make each camera. The sub-assemblies in turn point to their component parts; A21 points to A210
and A211, A22 does not have any components, and A23 points to A230.
Having established the logical data relationships, we now need to ensure that the system understands
that field 2 is a multivalued sublist. We do this by updating field 8 in the file definition record to read
“V;;2”,
like this:

STOCK
001 D
002
003
004
005
006
007
008 V2
009 L
010 10

To create three data definition records in the dictionary of STOCK - one for each field, use the
following titles DESC, COMPONENTS, and QTY.

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The final step is to issue a COUNT or LIST Command which uses the WITHIN modifier:
LIST WITHIN STOCK “A1” DESC COMPONENTS QTY

PAGE 1 Time Date

LEVEL STOCK Description.... Components Qty

1 A1 CAMERA ASSY A21 10

A22
A23
2 A21 LENS ASSY A210 15
A211
3 A210 OPTICS 19
3 A211 BARREL 21
2 A22 BODY 10
2 A23 SHUTTER ASSY A230 11
A231
3 A230 IRIS MECH 13
3 A231 FILM MECH 14

8 RECORDS LISTED

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Chapter 7 Data Definition Records

Data definition records (sometimes known as field definition records) define the characteristics of
each field in a data file. They specify the output format and the type of processing required to
generate each column of a jQL report.
Use data definition records to:

a. Specify default output.

b. Associate field names with field numbers (column headings).
c. Perform output formatting.
d. Calculate new values based on the source data
e. Perform processing via conversion codes.

Although normally used to define a single physical field in a file, use the data definition records for
operations that are more complex. For Example:

• To “join” or derive data from other fields or files

• To verify the presence (or absence) of records in other files
• To format their output in the most easily understood manner (to convert numeric 0
and 1 flags to “Yes” or “No”, for Example, or to output text like “Overdue” if one
date field is older than another).
• To generate statistical data like record sizes or counters

The data definition records are usually located in the dictionary of the data file (but not always - see
the USING Clause and the Default Output Specification topics). You can set up any number of data
definition records. Often, there are several definitions for each field, each one used by a different set
of reports which have different output requirements.
You associate the data definition record with a particular field in the data file by specifying the target
fields FMC (field-mark count) in field 2 of the data definition record. The FMC refers to (points to)
the field number (also known as the line number) of the data within the records of the data file.

Record Layout
All data definition records are defined in the same way:
Field|Description
7. D/CODE|Defines the record as a data definition record. Must be one of the following codes:

A Marks a normal data definition record.

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Obsolete but still supported. Was like the A type, but suppressed default column headings
S when field 3 was blank. Replaced by the A type with a backslash in field 3 to defeat
heading.

X Forces the definition to be ignored if selected as part of a default set of data definitions. Use
only when explicitly named. See Default Output Specification later.

8. FMC (field-mark count)|A field number or special FMC (see Special Field-mark Counts for
more details). A field number refers to the corresponding field (or line) in a record.
The special FMC codes are:

0 Refers to the record key - field number 0 (zero).

Ordinal number of record at output (used for numbering or

9998
counting).

9999 Size of the record in bytes (excluding the key).

9. Column heading|

• Heading text, null, or a backslash followed by text.

• Entering more characters here than the width in field 10 allows, increases the width
to accommodate the heading text (this field wins).

• If the statement uses the COL-HDR-SUPP output modifier or the “C” option it
displays no column headings.

• Uses heading text as the column heading. If the text is less than the column width, it
will be padded with dots.

• Use spaces to produce a blank heading.

• Use value marks, (ctrl ]), as NEWLINE characters to place the following text on a
new line. If this field is left null, uses the key of the data definition record as the
column heading.

• Text following a backslash “\” character will be used as the column heading. If
nothing follows the backslash, the column heading will be null.

10. 4 - 6|Not used.

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11. Input/Output conversion codes|Used for processing the data after sort and selection but
before output. See Conversion Codes. Multiple conversion codes, separated by a value
marks, will be processed from left to right.
12. Pre-process conversion codes|Used for processing the data before sort and selection and
before field 7 codes. See Conversion Codes later. Multiple conversion codes, separated by a
value marks, will be processed from left to right.
13. Format|Specifies the layout of the data within the column. Can be any of the following:

If the data exceeds the column width specified in field 10, the data is broken
L Left justified
at column width without respect to blank spaces.

If the data exceeds the column width specified in field 10, it truncates the
R Right justify
data.

T Text. Word wrap (Left justified) Where possible, lines will be broken at the blank space
- like L between words.

U Unlimited. Data is output on one line ignoring column boundaries.

10. Width|Numeric value specifying the column width; If the number of characters in field 3 (the heading) is greater than the
number entered here, the number of characters in field 3 will be used.

Special Field-mark Counts

Three special FMCs (field-mark counts) are recognized: 0, 9998 and 9999.
FMC 0 - RECORD KEY
Setting field 2 of the data definition record to 0 (zero) causes the system to work with the record key.
In this way, you could set up a data definition record which would allow a the record keys to be
output in a column other than the first, and to use any column heading.
Typically, you would also use the ID-SUPP modifier or the “I” Command option to suppress output
of the record key in the first column.
FMC 9998 - RECORD COUNT/NI OPERAND
Setting field 2 of the data definition record to 9998 causes the system to return a record (or line) count
equal to the number of records output so far in the report.
You could also use function operators within an A or F conversion code in field 7 or 8 of the data
definition record to achieve the same result. Function code operand NI yields the same value as an
FMC of 9998.
FMC 9999 - RECORD SIZE/NL OPERAND

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Setting field 2 of the data definition record to 9999 causes the system to return the record size in
bytes. The size does not include the key but does include all field marks within the record.
You could also use function operators within an A or F conversion code in field 7 or 8 of the data
definition record to achieve the same result. Function code operand NL yields the same value as an
FMC of 9999.

Default Output Specification

Default output specifications work in two ways, depending on whether the default definitions are
explicit or implicit.

Explicit Defaults

If you specify and use a data definition record for output, the system will search the implied
dictionary first (or the dictionary specified in a USING clause). If the data definition is not found in
the implied dictionary, the system will look for the data definition in the file defined by the
JEDIFILENAME_MD environment variable.

Implicit Defaults
If you do not explicitly specify or use any data definition records for output, the system will search for
a predefined series of records based on the search criteria outlined in the preceding section.
You can therefore set up a series of data definition records, which the system will use if a jQL
Command sentence does not include any explicit output file, Ids.
You must name these “default” records in a numeric sequence starting at 1 (1, 2, 3, and so on). The
fields, which these records define, will be output in the same sequence as the keys but they do not
need to follow the same sequence as the fields in the file.
When a jQL Command sentence with no explicit output fields is issued, the system first looks in the
dictionary for a data definition record named 1, then for a record named 2, then 3, and so on until it
fails to find a record with the next number. Will use the record if it has a D/CODE of A; it ignores the
record if it has a D/CODE of X, but it will not break the sequence.
Will skip a record with a D/CODE of X if it was found as the result of a search for defaults; Under
normal circumstances it can be used in the same way as any other data definition record.
This means that when you first set up a series of “default” data definition records, you should put an
A in the D/CODE field of each. If you subsequently need to remove one from the sequence, you can
simply change the D/CODE field to an X. This way you do not break the sequence or have to copy
the remaining “default” records to new names in order to fill the gap.

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You can still use a data definition record with a number for a key in the same way as any other data
definition record.

Predefined Data Definition Records

Some predefined data definition records are automatically available so that, if appropriate data
definition records are not included in a files dictionary, you can still generate a report. These records
are recognized when used in a jQL Command sentence.
The predefined data definition records are named *A0 to *Annn. The numeric portion of the key corresponds to the position of
the field they report on and the column heading will be the same as the DDR name.

I-TYPES
The jBASE jQL processor supports I-TYPES as imported from PRIME or Universe.
The jBASE query language, jQL, has been enhanced to support D and I type attribute definition
records.
Formats
I-TYPE
001 I
002 Expression
003 Conversion
004 Header
005 Format
006 - 016 Reserved

D-TYPE
001 D
002 AttributeNo
003 Conversion
004 Header
005 Format
006 - 016 Reserved

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Expression

This can be one or more of the following types

Type Description

Dictionary Id E.g. Attribute definition S/A/D/I/X/V type (Note: V is equivalent to I)

@Variables E.g. @RECORD, @ID, @USERNO, @DATE, @TIME

Functions E.g. TRANS (File, Item, Attr, Code)

User Subroutines E.g. MYSUB (param1, param2, param256)

Conditionals E.g. IF X = Y THEN @RECORD ELSE " "

String Extraction E.g. Expression[6,4]

You can define multiple expressions within the same I-TYPE. E.g.
Expression ; Expression ;
Expressions can be parenthesized, contain numeric constants, string literals, enclosed in single or
double quotes, and extended operators such as EQ, NE, LE, GT, CAT, AND, OR, MATCHES.

User Subroutines

You can add additional functionality by calling user written basic subroutines, which you should
compile and catalog and add the library location to the library path in the JBCOBECTLIST
environment variables.
The first parameter of the called routine is the result parameter; used as the evaluated value of the
subroutine e.g.
FRED
001 SUBROUTINE FRED(Result, Param1)
002 IF Param1 > 100 THEN Result = 1 ELSE Result = 0
003 RETURN

One or other of the following formats can call subroutines from an I-TYPE.
FRED(param1 {,param2_}) or SUBR(“FRED”,param1 {,param2_})
Conversion
The Conversion attribute provides support for normal queries output conversions. E.g. D2, MT, F;, TFile etc

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Header
This attribute specifies the column heading text for display.
Format
The format attribute can be specified as follows:
Length {Padding} Justification { Conversion } { Mask }
Where:

Length the display column length

Padding Any character except L,R,U or T. default space

Justification L Left, R Right, T Text, U Unlimited

n Number of digits after decimal point.

$ Precede with current currency sign.

, Insert thousandths separator every third digit.

Z Suppress leading zeroes.

Mask Output pattern. e.g. ##-###-##

NOTE: Spurious trailing spaces can give invalid conversion errors.

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ICOMP

Using an I-TYPE for the first time in a query, i.e. jQL Command, the expression attribute will be
“compiled”, to produce internal op codes and parameter definitions. This mechanism provides greater
efficiency at run time. However to ensure it compiles all I-TYPE definitions, rather than on an ad hoc
basis, a utility, ICOMP, has been provided.
Called as:
ICOMP {DICT} FileName {RecordList | * }

Where:

FileName The name of the file to convert.

RecordList The list of the Record identifiers.

NOTE: ICOMP will always attempt to convert the dictionary section of a file. If RecordList is
omitted, it compiles all I-TYPE definitions. ICOMP will also respect a preceding SELECT list.

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BY ...................12, 16, 22, 34, 35, 59, 128

@
BY-DSND ...........................16, 22, 35, 61
@ID Field
BY-EXP ..............................33, 35, 59, 67
optional in jBASE files ...........................17
BY-EXP-DSND ........................35, 59, 67
@ID synonym
optional entry ..........................................18 C

@LPTR ................................................18 C 55
C Conversion........................................97
A
CAPTION.............................................22
A 22, 46
Changing Case ...................................116
A Conversion .......................................78
MCL ..................................................... 116
AFTER .................................................22
MCT ..................................................... 116
An" format MCU ..................................................... 116
converts a stored value ............................79
CLEAR-FILE ......................................49
AND ................................................22, 30
COL ................................................55, 64
ARE ................................................22, 46
COL.SUP..............................................40
Arithmetic Operators
COL-HDG ............................................39
* 82
COL-HDR-SUPP ...........................22, 40
+ 82
C 44
assigned storage areas
COL-SPACES................................22, 40
data section..............................................12
COL-SPCS ...........................................40
dictionary section ....................................12
Command line interface
B construct ad hoc reports .......................... 12

B Conversion........................................96 Command options

BEFORE ..............................................22 enclosed in parentheses........................... 43

BREAK-ON ...................................16, 37 Command prompt

entering a jQl sentence............................ 19
BREAK-ON Options...........................38
Concatenation Operator
B 38
D 38 : 83

L 38 Controlling and dependent fields .......38

P 38 D1 ifield8................................................ 38

R 38 Conversion Processing ........................75

U 38 A 75
V 38 B 75
BSELECT ....................15, 22, 23, 24, 47 C 75

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D 75 EQ......................................................... 22
D1 and D2 ...............................................75 error message
F 75 Master Dictionary ................................... 21
G 75 ESEARCH ......................... 15, 22, 23, 24
L 75
A 50
MC ..........................................................75
I 50
MD ..........................................................75
L 50
CONVERT.SQL ..................................18 N 50
Converting Characters......................118 S 50
Converting Numeric Values .............119 EVERY ................................................ 22
COUNT...........15, 22, 23, 25, 40, 48, 141 EXECUTE ........................................... 69
B 48 Explicit Defaults................................ 147
C{n} ........................................................48 explicit item-id..................................... 26
P 48
Expression
COUNT-SUP........................................40
@variables ............................................ 149
Conditionals.......................................... 149
D
Dictinary.id........................................... 149
D Conversion........................................99
Dictionary.id......................................... 149
D1 D2 Conversion..............................102 Functions .............................................. 149
DATA....................................................22 String Extraction................................... 149
Data Conversion User Subroutines................................... 149
UTF-* encoded byte sequences...............76
F
data definition records ..................12, 13
DATE-FORMAT ...............................100 F and FS code operations

DBL-SPC ..............................................40 to manipulate multivalues..................... 110

Default Output Specification ............147 F code

F 104
DEL-SPC ..............................................22
FE 104
DET-SUP ........................................39, 40
FS 104
DET-SUPP................................22, 38, 40
three forms of, ...................................... 104
D 44
F Code Operators
DICT .................................14, 22, 25, 135
Arithmetic............................................. 107

E F codes
JBCEMULATE .................................... 105
EACH....................................................22
The Stack .............................................. 105
EDELETE ..............12, 22, 23, 24, 25, 49
F Conversion ..................................... 104
ELSE clause .........................................94

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FILE................................................22, 46 I

File Definitions...................................139 ICOMP ...............................................152

File specifier .........................................16 ID-SUP............................................39, 40
FMC ID-SUPP .........................................22, 58
Field Mark Count ....................................38 I 44
FOOTING ......................................22, 40 I-DUMP ..........................................22, 23
FOR ................................................22, 46 I-DUMP / S-DUMP..............................52
Format Codes.....................................111 Attribute mark ^...................................... 52
Format specification............................16 Sub value mark "..................................... 52

Frequently used Verbs ........................23 Value mark ] ........................................... 52

LIST ........................................................23 IF 16, 22, 82, 92, 115, 118

SELECT ..................................................23 THEN . . . ELSE ..................................... 84
SORT ......................................................23 IF statements........................................94
Frequently Used Verbs Implicit Defaults ................................147
SSLECT ..................................................23 implicit item-id list...............................26
FROM list#...........................................14 implicit list............................................24
BSELECT............................................... 24
G
ESEARCH .............................................. 24
G Conversion .....................................112 GET-LIST............................................... 24
GE .........................................................22 QSELECT............................................... 24
GET-LIST ....................16, 20, 24, 26, 49 SEARCH ................................................ 24
creates an implicit list..............................19 SELECT ................................................. 24
GRAND.TOTAL .................................40 SSELECT ............................................... 24

GRAND-TOTAL .................................22 IN...........................................................22

CAPTION, synonym for .........................41 INDENT..........................................55, 64
GT .........................................................22 INIVISIBLE.........................................46
ISTAT ...................................................22
H
Item-id List...........................................30
HASH-TEST ........................................22 item-id selection clause........................27
HDR.SUP .............................................40 ITEMS ..................................................22
HDR-SUPP.....................................22, 58 I-TYPES .............................................148
H 44
HEADER..............................................22 J

HEADING......................................22, 40 JBCEMULATE
HEADING DEFAULT........................40 set to ROS............................................. 105
JBCOBECTLIST

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User subroutines....................................150 MCC ..................................................... 114

JEDIFILENAME_MD......................138 MCDR .................................................. 114

jQL Basic Subroutines ......................139 MCL ..................................................... 114

JQL Command ....................................16 MCP...................................................... 114

MCPN................................................... 114
jQL Command sentence......................14
MCT ..................................................... 114
Contain command and file name.............14
MCU ..................................................... 114
JQLCOMPILE ....................................70
MCXA .................................................. 114
JQLEXECUTE ....................................71
MCXB .................................................. 114
JQLEXECUTE function.....................70
MCXD .................................................. 114
JQLGETPROPERTY .........................73 MRCD .................................................. 114
JQLPUTPROPERTY .........................74 M Codes
MC/B .................................................... 116
L
MCN ..................................................... 116
L Conversion......................................113
Macros ........................................... 17, 44
LE........................................22, 29, 83, 92
MASTER dictionary........................... 21
LINEFEED
MASTER DICTIONARY
B 44
verb defined in ........................................ 20
LIST ....12, 15, 22, 23, 25, 47, 53, 65, 141
MC codes
LIST-ITEM ....................................15, 22 ASCII characters, conversion of........... 118
LIST-LABEL ...........................15, 23, 39 conver ASCII characters....................... 117
Literal Operand ...................................88 converting nmeric values...................... 119
Logical Connectives.............................30 extract characters from a string............. 116
AND or OR .............................................30 MC/A............................................ 114, 116
Logical operators ...............................109 MCA ............................................. 114, 116

Logical Operators MCAB .......................................... 114, 118

AND........................................................83 MCAX or MY ...................................... 118

OR...........................................................83 MCB ..................................................... 116

MCBA .................................................. 118
LPTR ....................21, 22, 39, 40, 42, 139
MCBX .................................................. 119
P 44
MCC ..................................................... 117
LT........................................22, 28, 83, 92
MCDR .................................................. 119
M MCDX or MCD.................................... 119
MCNP................................................... 117
M codes
MCP...................................................... 117
MC/B ....................................................114
MCPN................................................... 117
MC/N ....................................................116
MCRD or MCR .................................... 119
MCB......................................................114

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MCXA or MX.......................................118 field 8.................................................... 128

MCXB...................................................119 Ms Conversion ...................................128
MCXD or MCX ....................................119 Mt Conversion ...................................129
replacing characters...............................117 Multivalued Files .................................13
MC Conversion..................................114
N
MC/A ..................................................114
MC/B ..................................................114 NE .................................22, 28, 29, 83, 92
MC/N ..................................................115 NO ...................................................22, 28
MCA ...................................................114 non-first normal form data model
MCAB{S} ...........................................114 to store multiple values........................... 13

MCAX or MX ....................................114 NOPAGE ........................................22, 40

MCB....................................................114 N 44

MCBA.................................................114 NOT ..........................................22, 28, 29

MCBX.................................................114 O
MCC ...................................................114
OF ...................................................22, 46
MCDR ................................................115
ONLY........................................22, 25, 40
MCDX or MCD .................................115
Operand
MCL....................................................115
Field Name ............................................. 81
MCN ...................................................115
Field Number.......................................... 80
MCNP{c..............................................115 Literal ..................................................... 81
MCP{c}...............................................115 N (field name)......................................... 86
MCPN{c} ............................................115 System Parameters.................................. 81
MCRD or MCR .................................115 Operands ..............................................82
MCT....................................................115 Special .................................................... 82

MCU ...................................................115 Summary of ............................................ 80

MCXA or MY ....................................115 Operator

MCXB{S} ...........................................115 Concatenation ......................................... 83

MCXD or MCX .................................115 Operators

Arithmetic............................................... 82
MD CONVERSION ..........................121
Logical.................................................... 83
Miscellaneous operators....................108
Relational................................................ 83
Mk Conversion ..................................123
summary of ............................................. 82
Ml/mr Conversion .............................124
options...................................................17
Mp Conversion ..................................126
Options..................................................17
MS code
OR ...................16, 22, 27, 30, 83, 93, 109

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Other jQL Verbs..................................23 REFORMAT ........................... 15, 23, 24

BSELECT ...............................................23 similar to LIST ....................................... 58
COUNT...................................................23 Relational operators ......................... 108
EDELETE ...............................................23 Relational Operators .......................... 28
ESEARCH ..............................................23 Remainder Function ........................... 89
I-DUMP ..................................................23
Repeat Operators.............................. 110
LIST-ITEM .............................................23
report qualifiers .................................. 39
LIST-LABEL ..........................................23
Report qualifiers ................................. 39
REFORMAT...........................................23
Keywords................................................ 39
SORT-ITEM ...........................................23
report-qualifiers .................................. 14
SORT-LABEL ........................................23
SREFORMAT.........................................23 REQUIRE-SELECT........................... 17
ST-DUMP ...............................................23 RETRIEVE ......................................... 70
Output Specification............................16 Reverse Polish notation system
output-limiter .......................................14 F codes use ........................................... 104

output-specification .................14, 47, 66 ROW .............................................. 55, 64

P S

P Conversion ......................................131 S

PAGEPG ..............................................23 suppress summary................................... 44

Predefined Data Definition Records 148 S Conversion...................................... 133

Pre-processor Conversion.................100 SAMPLE FIRST ................................. 40

Field 8 codes .........................................100 SAMPLED........................................... 40

prime emulation S-DUMP......................................... 23, 52

@ID contains default output ...................18 SEARCH........................................ 15, 24
PRINT...................................................46 SELECT.... 12, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 26,
Push Operators ..................................106 35, 47, 49, 67
c{n} ........................................................ 59
Q
n 59
QSELECT ............................................24 select prompt
entering a jQL sentence .......................... 19
R
SELECT,.............................................. 12
R Conversion......................................132 Selection criteria ................................. 16
READNEXT.............................35, 59, 67 selection criteria clause....................... 32
Record list.............................................16 Selection-expression............................ 14
records .ix, 12, 14, 35, 40, 44, 48, 50, 140 SELECTSORT.................................... 23

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SIZE................................................55, 64 T

SKIP................................................55, 64 T Conversion......................................134
SORT ....................15, 23, 25, 61, 66, 128 TAPE ........................................23, 25, 58
Sort criteria ..........................................16 T-ATT Command ................................58
sort-expression.....................................14 TCL prompt .........................................20
SORT-ITEM ..................................15, 23 entering a sentence.................................. 20
SORT-LABEL ...................15, 23, 39, 64 T-DUMP ...................................15, 23, 25
SPACE............................................55, 64 Tfile Conversion.................................135
Special Field-mark Counts ...............146 THAN....................................................46
Special Operands.................................89 THE.................................................23, 46
SREFORMAT ...................15, 23, 24, 66 The Stack
similar to SORT ......................................66 F codes.................................................. 105
SSELECT.....................15, 23, 24, 59, 67 three-dimensional file structure
STAT ..............................................15, 23 non first normal form data model ........... 13

ST-DUMP.............................................23 Throwaway connectives ......................45

SUB.CODE.LEN Throwaway Connectives .....................46
characters defined by...............................90 A 46

Sublists - V Code ...............................141 ARE ........................................................ 46

FILE........................................................ 46
substring function
FOR ........................................................ 46
Len ..........................................................90
INVISIBLE............................................. 46
Start-charno.............................................90
OF ........................................................... 46
SUBVALUE .........................................23
PRINT..................................................... 46
SUM ..........................................15, 22, 23
THAN ..................................................... 46
SUPP.....................................................23
THE ........................................................ 46
Synonyms .............................................30
TimeStamp ...........................................76
& = AND.................................................30
T-LOAD....................................15, 23, 24
System Parameter Operands
TOTAL .....................................16, 23, 38
D 81
TOTAL connective ........................37, 38
LPV .........................................................81
Types of Item List ................................26
NA...........................................................81
explicit list .............................................. 26
NB ...........................................................81
implicit list.............................................. 26
ND...........................................................81
item-id selection clause........................... 26
NI 81

U Conversion......................................137

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User Subroutines ...............................150 Verb...................................................... 14

USING ..................................................23 VERTICALLY.................................... 41
Using Clause...................................17, 36
W
USING file specifier.............................16
WITH ................................................... 23
V WITHIN......................................... 23, 25
VALUE .................................................23 WITHOUT .......................................... 23

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