FLUID MECHANICS(KG22903)

Bachelor Of Oil And Gas Engineering

Chapter 1: Introduction

By: Dr. Emma Suali

Faculty of Engineering
Course objective Program outcome Assessment
CO1: To describe the PO1: Engineering Knowledge Quiz 1
basic theory of fluid Apply knowledge of Test 1
properties, and mathematics, science,
pressure forces engineering fundamentals and
oil and gas principles to the
solution of complex engineering
problems
 1. What is a fluid?
C 2.What good is fluid mechanics?
o 3.Basics idea in fluid mechanics
n 4.Liquid and gases
t
5.Properties of fluids
e
6.Pressure
n
7.Force, mass and weight
t
8.Unit and conversion factors
s
9.Engineering problems
Mechanics
 Is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationery and
moving boundaries under the influence of forces.
 Study of forces and motions in fluids.

Fluid Mechanics
 Is defined as the science that deals with the behavior of fluids
▪ at rest (fluid statics)
▪ in motion (fluid dynamics)
▪ interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids
 Statics
Fluid
mechanics
Dynamics
Comparison of tensile,
compressive and shear stress
a)The rope is in tensile stress
b)The column is in compressive
stress
c) The glue is in shear stress
 Solids Fluids

• Substances which can • Cannot permanently resist a

permanently resist very large shear force.
shear forces. • When subjected to a shear
• When subjected to a shear force, fluid start to move and
forces, solid move a short keep moving as long as the
distance (elastic force is applied.
deformation),setting up
internal shear stresses which
resist the external forces and
they stop moving.
 Can be either gas (vapor) or liquid
 The particles of which easily move and
change position
 That will continuously deform
The arrangement of atoms in different phases:
a) molecules are at relatively fixed positions in a solid
b) groups of molecules move about each other in the liquid
phase
c) individual molecules move about at random in the gas phase.
 All components associated with the transportation of the
fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinders
 the fuel line, fuel pump, and fuel injectors or carburetors
 Others
 The first law of
The principle of the thermodynamics (the
conservation of mass principle of the conservation
of energy)

Newton’s law of motion

The second law of
which may be summarized as
thermodynamics
F=ma
 Two types of fluid: liquid and
gases
• Gas filled all
the vacant
space
On the molecular level gas and
• Liquid expand liquid are quite difference.
only a small
amount
The properties of gas and liquid
become identical when the
temperature and pressure reach
at the critical level.
 Density
 Density is defined as mass per unit
Density
volume.
m

V
Surface Specific
 The density of a substance, in general,
tension gravity
depends on temperature and pressure.
Properties
 The density of most gases is proportional
Dynamic to pressure and inversely proportional to
and temperature.
Kinematic Viscosity
viscosity
 Density of Ideal Gases
• The simplest and best-known equation of state for substances in
the gas phase is the ideal-gas equation of state, expressed as:
Values of R (Gas constant) Units
P  RT or P   RT or PV  nRT 8.31446261815324 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1
P:pressure 8.314462618...×10−2 L⋅bar⋅K−1⋅mol−1
R:gas constant 8.314462618... m3⋅Pa⋅K−1⋅mol−1
T:temperature 8.314462618...×107 erg⋅K−1⋅mol−1
V:volume
8.3144626211(25)×103 Da⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1
n:mol
62.3635982215293... L⋅Torr⋅K−1⋅mol−1
ρ:density
1.98720425864083...×10−3 kcal⋅K−1⋅mol−1
8.20573660809596...×10−5 m3⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1
0.0820573660809596... L⋅atm⋅K−1⋅mol−1

Ref: 2018 CODATA Value: molar gas constant. The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
 Particles densities

Example of composite
Density of composite liquids: slurries
materials Example of composite
gases: smokes

Sample must be large than

Bulk densities dimensions of one particle
density
 Specific gravity, SG

• Sometimes the density of a substance is given relative to the

density of a well-known substance.


SG   H O at 4oC  1000kg / m3
H O
2
2

• If SG of crude oil is 0.98 at 4oC, what is the density of crude oil?

 Viscosity
• Measure of resistance to flow.
• A quantity expressing the
magnitude of internal friction in
a fluid, as measured by the
force per unit area resisting
uniform flow.
• Viscosity unit: kg/m·s, Source: https://wiki.anton-paar.com/en/basic-of-viscometry/

N·s/m2,centipoise (cP),Pa.s The viscosity of water

at 20°C is 1.002
centipoise.
• If we slide the upper plate steadily
in the x direction with velocity vo,a
force is needed to overcome the
friction in the fluid between the
plates.
• The forces is different for different
velocities, plate sizes, fluids and
distance between plates.
• The effect of the difference in
plate sizes can be eliminated by
taking consideration on force per
unit area which defined as the
shear stress, .
• The velocity profile,
• Shear rate
Vo y dV Vo
V   • Rate of strain
yo dy yo • Rate of shear
deformation
• Newtonian line because it obey
the Newton’s law of viscosity.
dV 
   
dy dV dy

Bingham

Non-
newtonian
Dilatant Pseudoplastic
 Time-
thixotropic rheopectic
independent
• Viscosity • Viscosity • Increase
remain decrease with time
constant with time
with time
Dynamic and kinematic viscosity
• Dynamic (or absolute)
viscosity, µ


• Kinematic viscosity,  


• Unit is m2/s and stoke (1 stoke

= 1 cm2/s = 0.0001 m2/s).
Surface tension
• Liquid droplets behave as if • The magnitude of this force
they were surrounded by a per unit length is called
skin that tends to shrink or surface tension or
contract like a sheet of coefficient of surface
stretched rubber. tension 𝜎𝑠 .

• The pulling force that causes • Expressed in the unit N/m

this tension acts parallel to the (or lbf/ft in English units).
surface and is due to the
attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid.
Some consequences of surface tension:
(a)drops of water beading up on a leaf,
(b)a water strider sitting on top of the surface of water
Video about surface tension

Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_
RTF0DAHBBM
 Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the
 Partial pressure is defined
force applied perpendicular to the
surface of an object per unit area
as the pressure of a gas or
over which that force is distributed. vapor in a mixture with
other gases.
 Gauge pressure (also spelled
gage pressure) is The ambient pressure on an
the pressure relative to the object is the pressure of the
ambient pressure. surrounding medium, such as a
gas or liquid, in contact with
the object
 Various units are used to
express pressure (i.e. atm, Pa, bar) Atmospheric pressure= 1 atm
• At a given pressure, the temperature
at which a pure substance changes
phase is called the saturation
temperature Tsat.

• Likewise, at a given temperature, the

pressure at which a pure substance
changes phase is called the
saturation pressure Psat also known
as vapor pressure, Pv.

Psat = Pv
YouTube video about vapour pressure:
source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re9r0kzQp_M
 Engineering is about
real physical things English system of unit:
SI unit: meter,kilogram,
which can be measured Foot, pounds, degree degree Celcius
and described in terms Fahrenheit
of the units of measure.
• Any physical quantity can
be characterized by
dimensions (measurement)

• The magnitudes assigned to

dimensions are called units.

• Primary dimensions (or

fundamental dimensions)
include: mass m, length L,
time t, and temperature T,
etc.
• Secondary dimensions (derived dimensions) can be expressed in
terms of primary dimensions and include: velocity V, energy E,
and volume V.

• Unit systems include English system and the metric SI

(International System). We'll use both.
Some SI and English Units
• In SI, the units of mass, length, and time are the kilogram (kg), meter
(m), and second (s), respectively.
• The respective units in the English system are the pound-mass (lbm),
foot (ft), and second (s).
Force Units

We call a mass of 32.174 lbm 1 slug

• Weight W is a force. It is the gravitational force and defined as:

where m = mass, and g =gravity

g = 9.807 m/s2
= 32.174 ft/s2

• The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called the specific

weight g and is determined from g= g, where  is density.
• Work, which is a form of energy, can simply be defined as force times
distance; therefore, it has the unit “Newton-meter (N . m),” which is
called a joule (J). That is,

• Dimensional homogeneity is a valuable tool in checking for errors.

Make sure every term in an equation has the same units.
Example
• A 150-lbm astronaut took his bathroom scale (a spring scale)
and a beam scale (compares masses) to the moon where the
local gravity is g =5.48 ft/s2. Determine how much he will weigh
(a) on the spring scale and (b) on the beam scale. (Answer:
25.5lbf, 150lbf)
 Example (solution)
W  mg
 1lbf 
 (150lbm )(5.48ft / s )  2
2 
 32.174 lbm.ft/ s 
 25.55lbf
W  mg
 1lbf 
 (150lbm )(32.174ft / s ) 
2
2 
 32.174 lbm.ft/ s 
 150lbf
Thank you