EE ------ Power System Analysis
Electrical Power System
An Introduction
Lecture No. 1: Power System Analysis
Functions of Power
System?
What is Electrical Components of Power
Power System? System?
Introduction
Course Aim?
How power system
are organized?
Course contents?
2
Course Outline as per SoS
This course is designed to teach students about the
analysis of electrical power system, which includes
comprehensive discussion of:
• Introduction of per unit system of calculations, One Line
Diagram, Impedance & Reactance Diagrams.
• Load Flow Problem Formulation & Solution
Methodologies
• Fault Analysis in Electrical Power System including
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults.
• Power system stability analysis including transient and
steady state stability.
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Lecture 1
General Introduction to Power
Systems (EPS)
What is an EPS?
Functions
Components
How PS are operated/controlled?
How PS are organized?
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
What is a Power System?
• A system dedicated to the business of
electric power:
– Generation (Production)
– Transmission (Transportation)
– Distribution (Retailing)
• A “Mission Critical System” that provides a
vital service to the society &, as such, should
be operated with the goal of achieving:
– Highest reliability standards
– Minimum environmental impacts
– Lowest operation cost
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Electrical Power System (EPS)
Critical Infrastructure
Highly Non-Linear
Highly Complex
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Future Power System ---
Requirements
New Goals are being set for the Working
Philosophy of Individual Utilities.
Priorities for the Modernization of their Power
System in the Next 20 Years.
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power System of Future Should Enable
the Utilities To:
Be More Competitive With Overall Strategies.
Provide Better Service.
Better Manage Their Assets.
Extend Equipment Life.
Improve Diagnostics.
Develop Reliability-centered Maintenance
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power System Functions
Generation Transmission Distribution
Power Utility Ownership
Consumption
Electric Power System Components
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power
Generation
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Generation
• Takes place in geographically dispersed power plants
• Power plants normally house multiple generating units
• Generating units can operate based on different:
– Energy Sources
– Energy Conversion processes
Energy Energy Energy Electric
Power
Source Conversion 1 Conversion n
A Generation Unit
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Energy Sources
Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
Water
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Tidal
Chemical
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Energy Converters
• Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:
– Burners: Chemical energy Thermal energy
– Boilers: Thermal energy Mechanical energy
– Turbines:Mechanical energy Kinetic energy (KE)
– Rotating machines: KE Electrical energy
• With today’s technology, overall conversion
efficiency of a thermal power plant can
approach 33%
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power
Transmission
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Transmission
• Transmission networks are needed to :
– Connect generating plants to consumption points
– Create large power pools for increased reliability
• High voltage AC transmission offers:
– Higher transmission capacity / Km
– Lower line-voltage drop / Km
– Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
– Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
– Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Transmission Equipment
• Transformers
– Step-up transformers
– Voltage Regulators
– Phase Shifters
– Step-down Transformers
• Transmission Lines & Cables
• Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
• Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors
• Static Var Compensators
• FACTS Devices
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power
Distribution
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Distribution
• Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV
levels at bulk power delivery points
• Supplies energy to customers:
– At standard voltage levels
– Single phase and/or three-phase
• Is made up of the following main equipment:
– Distribution transformers (DXF)
– Feeder sections (including underground cables)
Switches, fuses, reclosures
– Automatic load transfers
– Etc.
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
….Power Distribution
HV / MV
Commercial Residential
Network Large Industrial
& Municipal Customers
Industrial Customers
Customers Customers
Bulk
34.5/15 15/5 5/0.21
Power DXF DXF DXF
Point 208V
34.5 15 KV 5 KV
KV
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Key Operational Goals
• Power Balance: Generation must remain
balanced with demand
– Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)
• System Security: Equipment power flows
must not exceed equipment ratings, under
normal or a single outage condition:
– |pij(t)| < pij max
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Pg1(t) Pd1(t)
Transmission
Pg2(t) Pd2(t)
&
Distribution
Networks
Pgn(t) Pdm(t)
T&D
PG(t) PD(t)
Networks
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Quality Considerations
Frequency Regulation: System frequency,
must remain within its operational range
– f min < f(t) < f max
– 59.5 Hz < f(t) < 60.5 Hz
– 49.5 Hz < f(t) < 0.5 Hz
Voltage Regulation: Bus voltages must
remain within their operational limits
– Vmin < V(t) < Vmax
– 0.95 pu < V(t) < 1.05 pu
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Quality Considerations
Purity of Sine Wave
Continuity of Supply
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power System
Organization
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
PS Organization
• Power Utility Structures:
Traditional
– Restructured (Deregulated)
• Traditional utilities:
– Operate as Monopolies (have “captive customers”)
– Have been “regulated” by the government
– Have to get regulators approval for rate increases
– Have little room to increase generation efficiency
– Have largely moved toward “Vertically Integrated”
(VI) business structures for improved profitability
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Regulated Power Utility
Production
Inputs
Transmission
Production
&
Distribution
Networks
Transportation
Distribution
Vertically Integrated (VI) Business Structure
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Power Industry Deregulation
• Has necessitated break-up of traditional
utility VI structures into independent
business units:
– Gencos (Generating Companies)
– Power Marketers
– Transco (Transmission Company – Owner)
– Independent System Operator (operating
the transmission network)
– Retail Service Providers
– Discos (Distribution Companies)
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Deregulation Industry Structure
Gencos Transco Discos Consumers
Retail Service Provider
Power Marketers
Transmission
Network
(run by
ISO/RTO)
Energy Market Participants
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction Dr.
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Deregulated PS Structure
• Has been legislated by governments,
hoping that it results in:
– Increased competition (reduced rates)
– New technology utilization in generation,
Transmission & Distribution
– Influx of Private Capital or Increased
outside investment in PS infrastructure
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Restructured & Deregulated
Environment
Restructuring and Deregulation
is
the Working Environment
for
New Millennium Power System.
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
The Challenging Task
for
New Environment
is
Quick Decision Making.
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
EE ------ Power System Analysis
Thank You
Lecture No. 1: Electrical Power System --- An Introduction
