West Visayas State University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Chapter I

Introduction to the Study

This chapter presents the problem and its setting. It includes four (4) parts: (1)

Background of the Study; (2) Statement of the Problem; (3) Significance of the Study; (4)

Delimitation of the Study.

Part one, Background of the Study, discusses the rationale for choosing the study. This

gives the explanations on why the problem exists and justified the need for such investigation.

Part two, Statement of the Problem, presents the aims and research question(s) of the

study.

Part three, Significance of the Study, presents the audience who will benefit from the

study and explains how exactly the results will be significant to them

Part Seven, Delimitation of the Study, presents the coverage of the research in terms of

location, time, respondents and the potential weaknesses or problems with the study identified by

the researcher.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Background of the Study

Water is the key of human life. Water is necessary. Water is necessary to flush out any

impurities and it is essential for the survival of a life. There have been many cases in the

Philippines regarding people being poisoned by heavy metals present in their environment like

Mercury and Lead. Since these metals are naturally occurring in our environment, they can be

found everywhere and most possibly in our water supply.

Lead is the most abundant of the heavy metals in the Earth’s crust. It has been used since

prehistoric times, and has become widely distributed and mobilized in the environment. Exposure

and uptake of this non-essential element have consequently increased. Both occupational and

environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in many developing and

industrializing countries, as well as in some developed countries. Acute lead poisoning has

become rare in such countries, but chronic exposure to low levels of the metal is still a public

health issue, especially among some minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

Lead is particularly dangerous to children because their growing bodies absorb more lead

than adults do and their brains and nervous systems are more sensitive to the damaging effects of

lead. Babies and young children can also be more highly exposed to lead because they often put

their hands and other objects that can have lead from dust or soil on them into their mouths.

Children may also be exposed to lead by eating and drinking food or water containing lead or

from dishes or glasses that contain lead, inhaling lead dust from lead-based paint or lead-

contaminated soil or from playing with toys with lead paint.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Adults may be exposed to lead by eating and drinking food

or water containing lead or from dishes or glasses that contain lead. They may also breathe lead

dust by spending time in areas where lead-based paint is deteriorating, and during renovation or

repair work that disturbs painted surfaces in older homes and buildings. Working in a job or

engaging in hobbies where lead is used, such as making stained glass, can increase exposure as

can certain folk remedies containing lead. A pregnant woman’s exposure to lead from these

sources is of particular concern because it can result in exposure to her developing baby.

According to World Analysis Technologies (2018), lead can be ingested from various

sources, including lead paint and house dust contaminated by lead paint, as well as soil, drinking

water, and food. The concentration of lead, total amount of lead consumed, and duration of lead

exposure influence the severity of health effects. Because lead accumulates in the body, all

sources of lead should be controlled or eliminated to prevent lead poisoning.

In Iloilo City, Health officials in Guimaras found dangerously high levels of deadly

heavy metals lead in water samples taken from five villages in two towns in the province. The

results of the study conducted by Lozarita (2018), showed that lead content in water sources in

five villages in Nueva Valencia and Sibunag towns were above .01 mg per liter, the level of lead

considered safe, so she registered that the lead content were higher than normal levels.

In Villa Beach, Iloilo City, a study conducted by Sarinas, B., Gellada, L., Alfonso, Jake.,

Domiquel, K., Gumawa, L., Malan, J., & Umali, J., (2014) to determine the presence and

quantities of available heavy metals specifically cadmium, chromium and lead in the water

column (surface, middle and bottom). Water physiochemical parameters were determined such as

pH, salinity and temperature. Five sampling areas were identified in the shores of Villa Beach.

One liter was collected in each layer of

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

each sampling area for a total of 15 seawater samples and was

immediately transported to the College of Arts and Sciences-Analytical Service Laboratory of the

University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo for the quantification of heavy metals

through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). The results of the study showed that

the Available cadmium, chromium and lead exceeded the permissive value set by DENR AO No.

34 (1990).

Jetty Port (Parola Wharf) in Iloilo City is a depot of passengers going to Guimaras,

Philippines. A study was conducted to determine the presence and quantities of available heavy

metals specifically lead, cadmium and chromium in the water column (surface, middle and

bottom) of Iloilo-Guimaras Jetty Port. Three sampling areas were identified in the Jetty Port. One

liter was collected in the surface, middle and bottom layer of each sampling area for a total of

nine seawater samples. The results of the study showed that the available cadmium, chromium

and lead exceeded the permissive value.

In Iloilo Batiano River, an estuary located in the province of Iloilo, in Western Visayas,

Philippines. A study conducted by Flores, G., Jamolangue, T., & Sarinas. (2016), shows that the

river was contaminated with heavy metals where the available chromium and lead content

exceeds the standard value. If the sediment will be disturbed, these heavy metals will spread in

the water column and will pose hazards to animal, plant life and human health.

According to Frederic (2019), drinking water is a well-recognized pathway of exposure

to lead. Lead enters our water systems via copper pipes and fixtures connected by corroding lead

solder, or via pipes that directly contain lead. Studies have been made by National Center for

Biotechnology Information of the uptake of lead into drinking water and the association of that

with the blood lead of persons resident in houses supplied with such water. Significant

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

regressions were found between water lead and blood lead concentrations. Very high lead

concentrations were found in houses with lead plumbing. There were in addition increased lead

concentrations found in houses using copper piping joined with lead soldered joints. These

studies have suggested that some health hazards might be expected to be associated with the

increased environmental uptake of lead in these situations. According to Bagley, D., Robach, R.,

Gibb, T. & Bindu, B., (2016), the longer the water has been sitting in the pipes, the more lead it’s

likely to contain.

If our water supply is not filtered properly, these substances will cause metal poisoning to

humans especially to the children and pregnant women and have a high chance of them in a

detrimental state. The most significant way to prevent lead poisoning is to use a water filter.

According to Barton, G. (2018), hair is hydrophobic and bio sorbent, which means it,

repels water and can collect heavy metals and other contaminants, like oil. Gupta, A. (2014),

stated that the unique properties of human hair such as its unique chemical composition, slow

degradation rate, high tensile strength, thermal insulation, elastic recovery, scaly surface, and

unique interactions with water and oils, along with its sociocultural roles, have led to many

diverse uses. These uses also depend on the variety of hair available, varying in terms of five

parameters: length, color, straightness or curliness, hair damage, and contamination.

According to Dila, J. 2010, coconut coir is an excellent bio-absorbent, used for horticultural

applications and purposes. It also has very good water retention properties. The individual fiber

cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of Lignin and Cellulose. The phenolic groups

in lignin are responsible for initiating the absorbent property.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Some water filters use activated carbon to filter out impurities. The activated carbon works like a

magnet, and lead and other impurities in the water get chemically “stuck” to the filter. Eventually,

all the spaces on the carbon get filled up. How long a filter lasts will vary based on the type of

filter you have, the amount of impurities in the water and how much water is moving through.

According to Padakit, M.(2016) membrane separation processes have become an

emerging technology for the treatment of oily wastewater due to high oil removal efficiency and

relatively facile operational process.

This research study is conducted to develop a hybrid membrane device that uses

inorganic and organic particles in its membrane such as the human hair, coconut coir and

activated charcoal. It aims to effectively filter lead to prevent its contamination where it causes

irreversible health problems to the mental and physical aspects of human most particularly the

children and pregnant women. The results of this research study can be beneficial to every

household to have a lead-free drinking water and eventually through this study social issues

regarding lead poisoning will lessen.

A.1. Paradigm of the Study

Hybrid membrane made from

human hair and coconut coir

 Amount of Human hair and

Level of Lead content in the
Coconut Coir
water
 Amount of contaminated
water

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Figure.1. IV-DV Model

* Website: * Emailfor the effectiveness
Address: of Human hair
[email protected] and Coconut M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Coir as Hybrid Membrane for Lead

Statement of the Problem

This research study aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the average level of lead content present in the water filtered by human hair and

coconut coir as hybrid membrane in three different set ups namely 10mg, 20mg, 30mg?

2. Is there a significant difference in the lead content present in the water after being filtered

by human hair and coconut coir as hybrid membrane in three different set ups?

3. Is there a significant relationship in the lead content present in the water after being

filtered by human hair and coconut coir as hybrid membrane in three different set ups?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the amount of water (10 L, 20 L, 30L) and lead

content present in the water after being filtered amongst the three set –ups?

Objective of the Study

General Objective:

This research study is conducted to test the effectiveness of Human hair and Coconut coir as

organic particles used in developing Hybrid Membrane to effectively filter out Lead.

Specific Objectives:

1. To collect human hair and coconut coir

2. To develop a filtering device made from human hair and coconut coir

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* 3. To test the level of lead of lead content present in the water after M2700903PM
Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

filtered by human hair and coconut coir

4. To find out the difference in the level of level content present before and after being

filtered by human hair and coconut coir

5. To find out the relationship between the amount of human hair and coconut coir used

and the level of lead it can filter

Statement of the Hypothesis

1. There is no significant difference in the level of lead present and the amount of human

hair and coconut coir used in the hybrid membrane

2. There is no significant relationship in the level of lead present and the amount of human

hair and coconut coir used in the hybrid membrane

Significance of the Study

This research study entitled Human hair and Coconut coir as filtering membrane for

Lead will be beneficial to the human health, people, environment, students, fishing industry and

future researchers.

Human Health

This research study can help prevent humans from continuously accumulating mercury

from eating fishes and other sea foods. Thus, promoting health and wellness.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

People* Website: * Email Address: [email protected]

M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

This research study helps people have and mercury free protein

source, promotes a safer environment and being healthy.

Environment

This research study can help lessen the risk of mercury contamination and accumulation

in fishes and other wildlife.

Students

This research study can give students new ideas about mercury contamination, how are

humans and the environment are affected and help them create new and better ideas on how to

effectively prevent contamination of mercury in the human body.

Fishing Industry

This research study can help in the production of safer and better quality of fishes and

other seafoods. Through this, it can help boost their incomes as fishing industries.

Future Researchers

This research study can be used as reference by future researchers who would want to

conduct new studies regarding mercury and filtration of mercury.

Definition of Terms

a. Terms those are defined conceptually;

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Human* Website:
hair. It has*the ability
Email to absorb
Address: a variety of potential
[email protected] hazardous oils. M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Including motor oils, bilge oils and crude oils that have the possibility of being spilled in

terrestrial and aquatic environments (Jadhav, 2017).

b. Terms that are defined operationally;

Lead. Operationally defined as the substance to be filtered out to prove the effectiveness of the

Hybrid Membrane made from Human hair and Coconut coir.

Human hair. Operationally defined as an organic particle used in the membrane of the developed

device to help filtering out Lead from contaminated water.

Coconut Coir. Operationally defined as an organic particle used in the membrane of the

developed device to help filtering out Lead from contaminated water.

Activated Charcoal. Operationally defined as a fltering chemical that will be used in the aid of

the filtration process.

Hybrid Membrane. Operationally defined as the device to be developed in filtering Lead using

different organic particles in its membrane.

Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on human hair and coconut coir that served as filtering device for

Mercury. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of human hair and coconut coir in

filtering Mercury.

The coconut coir will be gathered in Lambunao, Iloilo. The human hair will get from a teen

girl, age 17 and has a long and think hair. The materials to be used are PVC Compression

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Coupling, human *hair,

* Website: [email protected]
Email Address: coir, mercury, activated charcoal,PHI-18939-2-QM
M2700903PM

cellulose/ceramic filter and a dishwashing foam.

In making the device the researchers will use a PVC Coupling which measures 25 by 10 cm,

30 milligrams of coconut coir, 30 milligrams of human hair, 5 pieces of dishwashing foam and

one kilo of activated charcoal. First the research will assemble the PVC Coupling and make sure

the stability of the device. Second the will develop a hybrid membrane by putting first the

dishwashing foam then human hair, followed by coconut coir, activated charcoal and will cover

up using a dishwashing foam. The researchers will test the effectiveness of the hybrid membrane

through setting up three groups which contains different amount of human hair and coconut coir.

Water that contains mercury will be poured over the hybrid membrane. Then the researchers will

test the level of mercury in the water that is filtered using the hybrid membrane.

The researchers will use an experimental research design. The pulverizing of human hair and

coconut coir will be conducted at Central Science Laboratory of West Visayas State University

Main Campus.

11
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter will include five (5) parts: (1) Lead (Pb); (2) Human Hair; (3) Coconut Coir

(4)Activated Carbon, (5) Hybrid Membrane, (6) Lead in Iloilo City and (7) Related Studies

Part one, Lead (Pb) presents about lead, lead standard, effects of lead ,causes of lead, lead

contamination, lead structure, sources of lead and problem of lead in the Philippines

Part two, Human hair presents about human hair, uses of human hair, structure of human

hair, source of human hair, statistics of human hair waste in the world and effectiveness of human

hair to filter heavy metals

Part three, Coconut coir presents the types of coconut coir, uses of coconut coir, structure

of coconut coir and effectiveness of coconut coir to filter heavy metals

Part four, Activated Carbon, presents about activated carbon and its effectiveness to filter

heavy metals

Part five, Hybrid membrane presents about the structure and effectiveness of hybrid

membrane

Part six, presents about the lead problem occurring in Iloilo

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* Part seven, * presents about different related studies regardingPHI-18939-2-QM

the M2700903PM
Website: Email Address: [email protected]

effectiveness of human hair and coconut coir as filtering chemicals.

I. Lead (Pb)

Definition of Lead. According to the World Health Organization (2019) lead is a toxic metal

whose widespread use has caused extensive environmental contamination and health problems in

many parts of the world. It is a cumulative toxicant that affects multiple body systems, including

the neurologic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and renal systems. 

Lead (Pb) Standards. A growing toxin and dangerous even in tiny amounts, lead is associated

with several ailments like laziness, loss of hunger, stomach torment, constipation, anemia, slow

loss of motion in the muscles, and can also be lethal. Lead is used principally in the production of

lead-acid batteries, solder and alloys. From a drinking water point of view, the universal use of

lead compounds in plumbing fittings (like PVC pipes) and as solder in water dissemination

systems is important (Moore 1988). Lead compounds leach into the water resulting in high lead

concentration in drinking water.

If 1 in 10 tests of a public supply surpasses 15 μg/L, the USEPA prescribes treatment to evacuate

lead and observing of the water supply for lead content (Environmental Protection Agency 1991).

The drinking water standards set by EPA has two levels of protection: The maximum

contaminant level goal (MCLG) is zero and is the level determined to be safe by toxicological

and biomedical considerations, independent of feasibility; EPA's final rule establishes an action

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

level, *set at 15 * µg/l

Website: or 0.015
Email Address: mg/l (World Health
[email protected] Organization M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

2008).

The 1958 WHO International Standards for Drinking-water recommended the maximum

allowable concentration of 0.1 mg/l for lead, based on health concerns. This value was lowered to

0.05 mg/l in the 1963 International Standards. Provisional tolerable weekly intake of 25 μg/l lead

per kg body wt or 93.5 μg/kg body wt/day for all age groups was established (WHO 1993).

Effects of Lead. Lead can affect the following:

a. Human Health; According to the World Health Organization (2019), at high levels of

exposure, lead attacks the brain and central nervous system to cause coma, convulsions

and even death. Children who survive severe lead poisoning may be left with mental

retardation and behavioural disorders. At lower levels of exposure that cause no obvious

symptoms lead is now known to produce a spectrum of injury across multiple body

systems. In particular lead can affect children’s brain development resulting in reduced

intelligence quotient (IQ), behavioural changes such as reduced attention span and

increased antisocial behavior, and reduced educational attainment. Lead exposure also

causes anaemia, hypertension, renal impairment, immunotoxicity and toxicity to the

reproductive organs. The neurological and behavioural effects of lead are believed to be

irreversible.

b. Animals; According to the California Department Of Food & Agriculture (2016), lead

poisoning is finding dead animals. When affected animals are observed, they show signs

of central nervous system (CNS) damage – they may cease grazing, appear dull and

unresponsive, walk aimlessly, or be blind. In some cases these symptoms are

14
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* accompanied by Address:
muscle [email protected]
twitches, paralysis of the tongue, M2700903PM
Website: * Email PHI-18939-2-QM

circling, and ‘stargazing’. Get immediate veterinary advice if your livestock show CNS

signs; a rapid and accurate diagnosis is vital to preventing continuing losses.

c.

d. Environment; According to the Environment, Great Lakes, And Energy (2019), lead can

remain in the environment as dust indefinitely. The lead in fuels contribute to air

pollution, especially in urban areas. Soils near highways, freeways, and smelting facilities

have higher levels of lead than soils in other areas because of their exposure to lead dust,

which accumulates over time. Plants exposed to lead can absorb the metal dust through

their leaves. Plants can also take up minimal amounts of lead from the soil.  Other ways

lead can enter the environment are through mining

e. practices, steel industry, crop enhancers, improperly disposed of batteries, or improperly

stored metal parts such as machinery that can break and leave pieces or shavings which

may leech into the environment

Causes of Lead. According to the Mayo Clinic (2019), the following are some of the causes why

lead is existing:

a. Lead in paint, lead-based paints for homes, children's toys and household furniture have

been banned in the United States since 1978. But lead-based paint is still on walls and

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

woodwork* Email
* Website: in many older
Address: homes and apartments.
[email protected] Most lead M2700903PM

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poisoning in children results from eating chips of deteriorating lead-based paint.

b. Water pipes and imported canned goods, lead pipes, brass plumbing fixtures and copper

pipes soldered with lead can release lead particles into tap water. Lead solder in food

cans, banned in the United States, is still used in some countries.

Sources of Lead Exposure. Mayo Clinic (2019) cited that lead sometimes can also be found in:

a. Soil; lead particles from leaded gasoline or paint settle on soil and can last years. Lead-

contaminated soil is still a major problem around highways and in some urban settings.

Some soil close to walls of older houses contains lead.

b. Household dust; household dust can contain lead from lead paint chips or from

contaminated soil brought in from outside.

c. Pottery; glazes found on some ceramics, china and porcelain can contain lead that can

leach into food served or stored in the pottery.

d. Toys; lead is sometimes found in toys and other products produced abroad.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

e. * Cosmetics;
Website: *Tiro,
Email an eye cosmetic
Address: from Nigeria, has
[email protected] been linked to M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

lead poisoning.

f. Herbal or folk remedies; lead poisoning has been linked to greta and azarcon, traditional

Hispanic medicines, as well as some from India, China and other countries.

g. Mexican candy; Tamarind, an ingredient used in some candies made in Mexico, might

contain lead.

h. Lead bullets; time spent at firing ranges can lead to exposure.

i. Occupations; people are exposed to lead and can bring it home on their clothes when they

work in auto repair, mining, pipe fitting, battery manufacturing, painting, construction

and certain other fields.

Lead Contamination. According To The Centers for Disease Control And Prevention (2019),

The most common sources of lead in drinking water are lead pipes, faucets, and plumbing

fixtures. Certain pipes that carry drinking water from the water source to the home may contain

lead. Household plumbing fixtures, welding solder, and pipe fittings made prior to 1986 may also

contain lead.

Lead can enter drinking water when a chemical reaction occurs in plumbing materials that contain

lead. This is known as corrosion – dissolving or wearing away of metal from the pipes and

fixtures. This reaction is more severe when water has high acidity or low mineral content. How

much lead enters the water is related to:

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

a. * the acidity or
Website: alkalinity
* Email Address:[email protected]
the water, M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

b. the types and amounts of minerals in the water,

c. the amount of lead that water comes into contact with,

d. the water temperature,

e. the amount of wear in the pipes,

f. how long the water stays in pipes, and

g. the presence of protective scales or coatings in the pipes.

Problem of Lead in the World. According to the World Health Organization (2019), important

sources of environmental contamination include mining, smelting, manufacturing and recycling

activities, and, in some countries, the continued use of leaded paint, leaded gasoline, and leaded

aviation fuel. More than three quarters of global lead consumption is for the manufacture of lead-

acid batteries for motor vehicles. Lead is, however, also used in many other products, for example

pigments, paints, solder, stained glass, lead crystal glassware, ammunition, ceramic glazes,

jewellery, toys and in some cosmetics and traditional medicines. Drinking water delivered

through lead pipes or pipes joined with lead solder may contain lead. Much of the lead in global

commerce is now obtained from recycling. 

Young children are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead and can suffer profound and

permanent adverse health effects, particularly affecting the development of the brain and nervous

system. Lead also causes long-term harm in adults, including increased risk of high blood

pressure and kidney damage. Exposure of pregnant women to high levels of lead can cause

miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Problem of lead in* Email

* Website: the Philippines. Rice and fish are the
Address: [email protected] staple food for M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Filipinos. The global environmental condition has continually been deteriorating. Metro Manila,

Philippines showed heavy metal contaminations in air, water, plants and soil which could pollute

rice and fish. Lead is hard to biodegrade hence may accumulate in the biologic system leading to

neurologic deficits particularly among children. From the results obtained using Flame Atomic

Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS), all rice varieties and fish samples showed the presence

of lead. Only regular Malagkit and NFA rice went above while all kinds and parts of fish went

beyond the allowable limit for lead in food. The projected blood levels also went beyond the safe

limit of lead in relation to fish consumption in both children and adults. However, in relation to

rice consumption all of the projected blood lead exceeded the allowed limit only among children.

The

projected blood lead in adults exceeded the safe limit with rice consumption of only four varieties

(Solidum, 2014).

II. Human Hair

Definition of Human Hair. Hair is hydrophobic and biosorbent, which means it repels water and

can collect heavy metals and other contaminants, like oil. It’s also an abundant, renewable

resource. But the use of hair booms and hair mats for such a purpose hasn’t gone mainstream just

yet, especially in the case of large-scale environmental disasters (Barton, 2018).

Uses of Human Hair. The unique properties of human hair such as its unique chemical

composition, slow degradation rate, high tensile strength, thermal insulation, elastic recovery,

scaly surface, and unique interactions with water and oils, along with its sociocultural roles, have

led to many diverse uses. These uses also depend on the variety of hair available, varying in terms

19
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

of five* Website:
parameters:* length, color,[email protected]
Email Address: straightness or curliness, hair damage, M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

and contamination. (Gupta, 2014)

This variation depends on the culture, ethnicity, hair styles, and the hair care practices in the

region. For example, in areas with malnutrition or in areas where hair treatments such as

permanent waving, dyeing, and chemical shampoos are common, hair is more damaged.

Chemical contamination in hair is observed due to use of toxic dyes and chemicals in hair care, or

due to the presence of toxic chemicals in the atmosphere or food chain of the area. For example,

in many areas of the world where electronic waste recycling is carried out, hair is found

contaminated with brominated flame retardants. (Gupta, 2014)

Structure of Human Hair. According to Rheinstädter, M., Yang, F., Zhang, L., (2014) Hair is a

filamentous biomaterial consisting mainly of proteins in particular keratin. The structure of

human hair is well known: the medulla is a loosely packed, disordered region near the centre of

the hair surrounded by the cortex, which contains the major part of the fibre mass, mainly

consisting of keratin proteins and structural lipids. The cortex is surrounded by the cuticle, a layer

of dead, overlapping cells forming a protective layer around the hair. The corresponding

structures have been studied extensively using a variety of different techniques, such as light,

electron and atomic force microscopes, and also X-ray diffraction. We were interested in the

question how much the molecular hair structure differs from person to person, between male and

female hair, hair of different appearances such as colour and waviness. We included hair from

parent and child, identical and fraternal twins in the study to see if genetically similar hair would

show similar structural features. The molecular structure of the hair samples was studied using

20
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

high-resolution
* Website: X-ray diffraction,
* Email which covers length scales
Address: [email protected] from molecules M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

up to the organization of secondary structures. Signals due to the coiled-coil phase of α-helical

keratin proteins, intermediate keratin filaments in the cortex and from the lipid layers in the cell

membrane complex were observed in the specimen of all individuals, with very small deviations.

Despite the relatively small number of individuals (12) included in this study, some conclusions

can be drawn. While the general features were observed in all individuals and the corresponding

molecular structures were almost identical, additional signals were observed in some specimen

and assigned to different types of lipids in the cell membrane complex. Genetics seem to play a

role in this composition as identical patterns were observed in hair from father and daughter and

identical twins, however, not for fraternal twins. Identification and characterization of these

features is an important step towards the detection of abnormalities in the molecular structure of

hair as a potential diagnostic tool for certain diseases.

Source of Human Hair. According to the Free Encyclopedia (2019), The growth of human

hair occurs everywhere on the body except for the soles of the feet, the lips, palms of the hands,

some external genital areas, the navel, scar tissue, and, apart from eyelashes, the eyelids.[1] Hair is

a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium made of multi-layered flat cells whose rope-

like filaments provide structure and strength to the hair shaft.

The protein called keratin makes up hair and stimulates hair growth.

Hair follows a specific growth cycle with three distinct and concurrent phases: anagen, catagen,

and telogen. Each phase has specific characteristics that determine the length of the hair.

The body has different types of hair, including vellus hair and androgenic hair, each with its own

type of cellular construction. This varied construction gives the hair unique characteristics,

serving specific purposes, mainly warmth (redundant in modern humans) and physical protection.

21
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
[2]* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879
Acc. No.:

 Most* Website:
humans develop the longest
* Email Address: thickest hair on their
[email protected] scalps and M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

(mostly observed in males) faces. This hair will usually grow to several feet before terminating,

but many humans develop much longer hair.

Statistics of human hair waste in the world. Human hair is a material considered useless in

most societies and therefore is found in the municipal waste streams in almost all cities and towns

of the world. In rural areas or areas with low population density, the hair is thrown away in nature

where it slowly decomposes over several years, eventually returning the constituent elements,

namely, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and so forth, to their respective natural cycles. In urban areas or

areas with high population density, it often accumulates in large amounts in the solid waste

streams and chokes the drainage systems, posing a multifaceted problem. Due to slow

degradation, it stays in the dumps/waste streams for long occupying large volumes of space. Over

time, leachate from these dumps increases the nitrogen concentration in the water bodies, causing

problems of eutrophication. Burning of human hair or the waste piles containing them—a

practice observed in many parts of the world—produces foul odor and toxic gases such as

ammonia, carbonyl sulphides, hydrogen sulphides, sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitriles, pyrroles,

and pyridines. Open dumps of hair generate hair dust which causes discomfort to people near

them and, if inhaled in large amounts, can result in several respiratory problems. Oils, sweat, and

other

organic matter sticking to the hair rot over time and become a source of foul odor and breeding

ground for pathogens.

The best way to address such problems is to develop systems which utilize the waste material as a

resource. In addition to reducing waste, it contributes to the economy. As a potential material

22
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

resource, human hair

* Website: has Address:
* Email the advantage that it is completely
[email protected] biodegradable, M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

renewable, and available in every locality.

Interestingly, while the hair is dumped as waste in most places, certain kinds of high quality

human hair and its products are also traded internationally at large scales. In 2010, India alone

exported ~1 million kg of human hair and its products worth US $238 million, and total global

imports were valued at US $1.24 billion. Largely centered on wigs, hair extensions, and so forth,

this trade also has been a source of many of the above mentioned environmental and health

problems. Due to hair dust and decaying hair, workers of many hair-processing units in India

have increased cases of tuberculosis and respiratory tract infections. Improper disposal of hair

and other processing waste in many of these units has been a source of pollution and legal

conflicts. In one such case of Jwalapuri market in New Delhi, India, the traders used to put the

waste hair to fire. Protests and legal efforts by neighbors in 1998 led to relocation of the

processing units to villages in outskirts of New Delhi (personal discussions with Malik, I., 2012),

but no systemic

improvement was attempted in the processing practices. In Eluru district in Andhra Pradesh

(India), dumping of large amount of hair waste from the processing units at the banks of a local

river led to pollution, health problems, and conflicts, but the authorities could not resolve the

issue because they found no way to deal with the hair waste other than to burn or dump it. These

examples show that in spite of a large scale economy running around human hair, there had been

no systemic thinking about environmentally safe management of the human hair waste (Gupta,

2014).

23
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Effectiveness
* Website: of human hair [email protected]
* Email Address: to filter heavy metals. IndustrialPHI-18939-2-QM
and M2700903PM

agricultural activities discharges huge amount of hazardous pollutants that lead to massive

environmental pollution and health hazards. Keratin is a fascinating protein and useful

biopolymer, which is usually found in wool, human hair, nails, feathers, etc. The present

research deals with the potentiality of human hair towards removal of hexavalent chromium

from aqueous solution through batch mode. The adsorbent was characterized by pH ZPC and

SEM study. The Cr(VI) adsorption was studied with the help of different process parameters,

viz. initial concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Results revealed

that Cr(VI) adsorption by human hair was highly pH sensitive (Mondal, 2019).

III. Coconut Coir

Definition of Coconut Coir. Coconut coir is an excellent bio-absorbent, used for horticultural

applications and purposes. It also has very good water retention properties. The individual fiber

cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of Lignin and Cellulose. The phenolic groups

in lignin are responsible for initiating the absorbent property (Dila, 2010).

Types of Coconut Coir. According to the Green and Vibrant (2019), Based on the maturity of

the coir fibers at the time of harvest, coco coir can be of two types:

a. White coir, this is made from young, immature fibers. It is less durable.

b. Brown coir, made from mature fibers, this variety is stronger and more durable.

c. Bristle coir, is the longest variety of coir fibre. It is manufactured from retted coconut

husks through a process called defibring. The coir fibre thus extracted is then combed

24
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

d. * using
Website:steel *combs to make
Email Address: the fibre clean and to
[email protected] remove short M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

fibres. Bristle coir fibre is used as bristles in brushes for domestic and industrial

applications.

e. Buffering, because coir pith is high in sodium and potassium, it is treated before use as a

growth medium for plants or fungi by soaking in a calcium buffering solution; most coir

sold for growing purposes is said to be pre-treated. [10] Once any remaining salts have been

leached out of the coir pith, it and the cocochips become suitable substrates for

cultivating fungi. Coir is naturally rich in potassium, which can lead to magnesium and

calcium deficiencies in soilless horticultural media. Coir fiber is rarely used as a potting

material, except for orchids, and does not need buffering, as it has a very low cation-

exchange capacity (CEC) capacity, hence not retaining salts.

Uses of Coconut Coir. According to the Green and Vibrant (2019), Coconut Coir can be used in

gardening.

a. As a Garden Soil Additive, in outdoor gardening, coconut coir is an excellent addition to

all types of soil. It has excellent water holding and aerating capabilities. It can either be

used whole or as one of its above mentioned several byproducts.

In clayey soil, it has a lightening effect. In sandy soil, it helps retain water more

efficiently. Generally, it helps improve soil drainage and water retention.

b. As a component in Soilless Potting Mixes, the same reasons that make it an excellent

additive to garden soil also make coir a fantastic component in homemade soil mixes.

25
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* Most
Website:major* Email
manufacturers these days add coir in some form to M2700903PM
Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

their mixes.

c. A Better Alternative to Peat Moss, Coir has only one principal use in hydroponics: as a

growing medium. But it is an excellent performer for this job.

If you are slowly transitioning towards hydroponics, coir is an excellent choice that can

make the process easier. It behaves like potting soil, so you can create a hydroponics

setup using regular pots.

Structure of Coconut Coir. According to the Free Encyclopedia (2019), coir fibers are found

between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. The individual fiber cells are

narrow and hollow, with thick walls made of cellulose. They are pale when immature, but later

become hardened and yellowed as a layer of lignin is deposited on their walls. Each cell is about

1 mm (0.04 in) long and 10 to 20 μm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter. Fibers are typically 10 to

30 centimeters (4 to 12 in) long. The two varieties of coir are brown and white. Brown coir

harvested from fully ripened coconuts is thick, strong and has high abrasion resistance. It is

typically used in mats, brushes and sacking. Mature brown coir fibres contain more lignin and

less cellulose than fibres such as flax and cotton, so are stronger but less flexible. White coir

fibres harvested from coconuts before they are ripe are white or light brown in color and are

smoother and finer, but also weaker. They are generally spun to make yarn used in mats or rope.

The coir fibre is relatively waterproof, and is one of the few natural fibres resistant to damage by

saltwater. Fresh water is used to process brown coir, while seawater and fresh water are both used

in the production of white coir. It must not be confused with coir pith, or formerly cocopeat,

which is the powdery material resulting from the processing of the coir fibre. Coir fibre is locally

named 'coprah' in some countries, adding to confusion.

26
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Source* Website:
of Coconut * Email Coir. According to the Free
Address: [email protected] Encyclopedia M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

(2019), Coir or coconut fibre, is a natural fibre extracted from the husk of coconut and used in

products such as floor mats, doormats, brushes and mattresses. Coir is the fibrous material found

between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut. Other uses of brown coir (made

from ripe coconut) are in upholstery padding, sacking and horticulture. White coir, harvested

from unripe coconuts, is used for making finer brushes, string, rope and fishing nets. [2] It has the

advantage of not sinking, so can be used in long lengths on deep water without the added weight

dragging down boats and buoys.

Effectiveness to Filter Heavy Metals. According to Chaudhuri, M. & Saminal S. N. B., (2019),

The coconut coir activated carbon (CCAC) possessed higher surface and micropore areas,

micropore volume and average pore diameter, and welldeveloped meso- and micropores

compared to those of a commercial bituminous coal-based activated carbon (CAC). Maximum

lead adsorption occurred at pH 5 and equilibrium adsorption was attained in 2.5 h. Lead

adsorption by CCAC followed pseudo second-order kinetics. The CCAC showed higher lead

adsorption capacity compared with CAC. The CCAC is a suitable substitute for commercial

activated carbon in the adsorptive removal of lead from water.

IV. Activated Carbon

Any solid substance can be used as an adsorbent. Adsorbents effortlessly draw in high

molecular weight organics, low molecular weight and non-polar compounds and ions. Low

molecular weight, highly polar compounds are not as readily adsorbed (Cecen 2011).

27
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Activated carbon is
* Website: oneAddress:
* Email of [email protected]
most commonly utilized adsorbents for M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

wastewater and drinking water applications because of its large specific surface area, reaching

up to approximately 1000 m2/g (Hendricks 2006), capacity to expel organic compounds and its

ability to grow bio-layer.

Activated carbon helps in the removal of organic matter, especially natural organic matter

(NOM), synthetic organic compounds (SOC), total organic carbon (TOC), as well as

particulates, metal ions, odor, taste, and excess chlorine (Hendricks 2006). Removal was also

demonstrated using isotherms like Freundlich or Langmuir, the former is used more commonly

(Hendricks 2006).

Activated carbon is divided into two categories based on particle diameter. Adsorbent particles

greater than approximately 0.3 mm in diameter are considered granular activated carbon (GAC)

and diameters smaller than 0.3 mm are considered powdered activated carbon (PAC).

Activated carbon for water treatment purpose was utilized for the first time in rapid filters in

1875, although the patents for its utilization in filtration techniques began appearing in the early

1900s, particularly for the control and expulsion of taste and odor. Powdered activated carbon

(PAC) was the favored form of activated carbon until the 1960s when the Advanced Water

Treatment Research Program was shaped by the U.S. General Health Association (Hendricks

2006; Cecen 2011). Trials on the use of activated carbon adsorption strategies to supplant

natural/biological treatment in the 1930s were unsuccessful, however, systems were changed to

current day techniques using both the technologies in succession (Hendricks 2006). Either order

28
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

of technologies
* Website: is *possible and [email protected]
Email Address: can proficiently treat the desired water M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

source, however, the most ordinary setup uses natural/ biological treatment before activated

carbon filtration due to the over burdening of the activated carbon with organic films

V. Hybrid Membrane

Definition of Hybrid Membrane: According to ScienceDirect, the term hybrid, or combined

hybrid membrane refers to the combination of one or more membrane processes with the

presence or absence of the standard unit operations to enhance the performance, depending on the

type and quality of the product required.

According to Mahdi Ahmadi from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, hybrid

membranes are called mix matrix membranes which are composed of porous inorganic materials

that has the absorbing capacity.

A hybrid membrane plant includes several technologies and processes since a single membrane

cannot produce high-quality product that can be made using synthetic membranes and can lead to

defects (Rajindar Singh).

Uses of Hybrid Membrane: According to Rajindar Singh, earliest hybrid membranes were

developed for dairy plants and brackish water desalination. This is the typical hybrid membrane

for producing high-purity water (HPW). HPW includes the potable water, deionized water for

power plants, purified water for beverage nd pharmaceutical industry, and ultrapure (UPW) for

semiconductor manufacturing.

29
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Structure of Hybrid
* Website: * Email Membrane: Poly (arylene ether
Address: [email protected] sulfone) PHI-18939-2-QM
M2700903PM

(PES)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid membranes were prepared via solution blending method

using TiO2 nanoparticles as inorganic filler. The chemical structure and thermal stability of the

matrix polymer were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform

infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure,

morphology, mechanical properties, and gas separation performance of hybrid membranes were

characterized in detail. As shown in scanning electron microscopic images, TiO2 nanoparticles

dispersed homogeneously in the matrix.(Yunwu Yu, Wenhao Pan, Xiaoman Guo, Lili Gao, Yaxin

Gu, Yunwe Liu)

A novel organic–inorganic hybrid membrane as heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel

production was prepared from zirconium sulfate (Zr(SO4)2) and sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)

(SPVA). The structure and properties of the hybrid catalytic membrane were investigated by

means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter

(DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray

photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The catalytic performance of the hybrid membranes was

tested by the esterification of the acidified oil with methanol. It was found that the Zr(SO4)2

particles were better dispersed in SPVA matrix as a result of the stronger interaction between

Zr(SO4)2 and SPVA compared with Zr(SO4)2/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hybrid membrane.

Esterification results showed that the conversions of free fatty acid (FFA) in acidified oil were

94.5% and 81.2% for Zr(SO4)2/SPVA and Zr(SO4)2/PVA catalytic membranes, respectively.

The stability of Zr(SO4)2/SPVA catalytic membrane is superior to Zr(SO4)2/PVA catalytic

membrane."(Wenying Shi, Xiaoping Liang)

30
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Effectiveness:
* Website: A * Emailhybrid membrane
Address: is formed by
[email protected] implementation M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

of transport proteins into a highly permeable hollow fiber. The transport of free solutes and

albumin bound toxins is tested in vitro in comparison with conventional high flux membranes.

The transport characteristics for tightly albumin bound toxins are significantly improved for the

hybrid membrane. The transport of albumin bound toxins across the membrane is not associated

with albumin. The selectivity of the transport is evaluated in vivo. No significant loss of middle

molecular weight hormones attached to other carrier proteins was observed. Neither transport of

immunologically relevant proteins across the membrane nor loss of valuable proteins was

measured. Also in vivo, a significant reduction of protein bound toxins and a transport of

metabolically relevant solutes, like amino acids, was shown. The presented hybrid membrane

may be used like an “intelligent membrane” as a safety barrier between the patients’ blood and

cell devices.

VI. Lead Problem in Iloilo.

In Iloilo City, Health officials in Guimaras found dangerously high levels of deadly heavy metals

lead in water samples taken from five villages in two towns in the province. The results of the

study conducted by Lozarita (2018), showed that lead content in water sources in five villages in

Nueva Valencia and Sibunag towns were above .01 mg per liter, the level of lead considered safe,

so she registered that the lead content were higher than normal levels.

In Villa Beach, Iloilo City, a study conducted by Sarinas, B., Gellada, L., Alfonso, Jake.,

Domiquel, K., Gumawa, L., Malan, J., & Umali, J., (2014) to determine the presence and

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

quantities of available
* Website: heavy
* Email metals
Address: specifically cadmium,
[email protected] chromium and M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

lead in the water column (surface, middle and bottom). Water physiochemical parameters were

determined such as pH, salinity and temperature. Five sampling areas were identified in the

shores of Villa Beach. One liter was collected in each layer of each sampling area for a total of 15

seawater samples and was immediately transported to the College of Arts and Sciences-

Analytical Service Laboratory of the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo for

the quantification of heavy metals through flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS).

The results of the study showed that the Available cadmium, chromium and lead exceeded the

permissive value set by DENR AO No. 34 (1990).

Jetty Port (Parola Wharf ) in Iloilo City is a depot of passengers going to Guimaras, Philippines.

A study was conducted to determine the presence and quantities of available heavy metals

specifically lead, cadmium and chromium in the water column (surface, middle and bottom) of

Iloilo-Guimaras Jetty Port. Three sampling areas were identified in the Jetty Port. One liter was

collected in the surface, middle and bottom layer of each sampling area for a total of nine

seawater samples. The results of the study showed that the available cadmium, chromium and

lead exceeded the permissive value.

In Iloilo Batiano River, an estuary located in the province of Iloilo, in Western Visayas,

Philippines. A study conducted by Flores, G., Jamolangue, T., & Sarinas. (2016), shows that the

river was contaminated with heavy metals where the available chromium and lead content

exceeds the standard value. If the sediment will be disturbed, these heavy metals will spread in

the water column and will pose hazards to animal, plant life and human health.

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

VII. * Related
Website: Studies
* Email Address: [email protected]
M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Human hair as filtering element. According to Aseminaso, A.,

Idogun, A. K., Iriakuma, C. T., Ukotijie-Ikwut, P. R., (2016) Oil exploration has enormous

economic benefits; however, these benefits are associated with environmental issues arising from

oil spills. Numerous methods exist for cleaning up oil spills along with their after-effect as well as

huge financial burden. Hence, the shift to methods that are environmentally friendly and cost

effective is imperative. This paper investigates the efficiency and mechanics of using human hair

to clean up crude oil contaminated water using various parameters such as contact time, recovery

and reuse, adsorbent dosage, temperature, modification. Human hair has proven to be an efficient

material in removing oil from water with a maximum adsorption capacity of 7470mg/g for crude

oil as well as its recovery and reusability. Investigation reveals that African hair came first,

followed by Asian hair and finally, European hair with an adsorption capacity of 7470, 6176 and

5246mg/g for crude oil respectively. The result obtained for the kinetics of adsorption revealed a

good fit in pseudo-second order model, indicating that the mode of adsorption is exothermic

which is controlled by a chemisorption process. The isotherm studies also revealed that the

experimental data is better described with Freundlich isotherm model. A comparative analysis

conducted using the maximum adsorption capacity of different adsorbents revealed that human

hair performed better than organoclay, rice husks, reed bed canary grass, treated sludge, modified

oil palm leaves, peat moss and activated carbon, but less than exfoliated graphytes, kapot and

recycled wool based non-woven material. Hence, human hair can be modified into boom to clean-

up oil spills. This is a promising area that researchers need to focus more on inorder to explore

the huge benefits it presents.

33
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Offcuts* Website:
of human * hair could be
Email Address: used to help clean up
[email protected] environmental M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

disasters such as oil spills, according to new research being conducted in Australia.

It sounds a little strange, but it could mean we use a cheap and natural product to clean up oil,

instead of the synthetic or expensive products currently used (Bowler, 2017).

A similar study conducted Jadhav, S., Naniwadeker, M., Shinde, N., Anekar., S., (2016), entitled

“Study of Absorption of Oil from Oily Water Using Human Hair”, revealed that the process of

separation of oil from water by human hair as an adsorbing medium is found to be very efficient

at laboratory scale. A critical point of view is kept throughout the experimentation and every care

is taken to minimize the human as well as instrumental errors. Even if the process does not reduce

the concentrations to micro levels it can still reduce the cost drastically by reducing the amount of

demulsifying agents required. The above efficiencies are calculated for emulsified oil but it is as

efficient for separation of free oil. It is found from the preliminary studies that the efficiency of

the process increases if multistage arrangement is employed. Still the search is no for a solvent

that can be used to regenerate the bed economically. Different qualities of hair could not be tested

due to the inherent difficulty in retrieving same quality of hair. Waste hair is an effective

adsorption medium for oil spills in a marine or fresh water environment and could be used for

industrial spills where the oil is not able to drain into the topsoil.

Coconut Coir for removing heavy metals. The findings in the study of Bhargava Sagarika

entitled, “The Construction and Adsorption Efficiency of a Carbon Pre-Filter for the Removal

of Heavy Metals form Drinking Water in Developing Areas” have significant bearing that

coconut husk was identified as a low cost and widely available biosorbent material. The acid

treated coconut husk carbon had a better removal efficiency for lead. The initial metal

concentration plays an important role in determining the removal efficiency of the pre-filter. At

lower initial concentration (2 ppm), the removal efficiencies were greater but as the initial

34
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

concentrations were increased the removal efficiencies decreased

because of the quick exhaustion of the adsorption sites.

Another study by Chaudhuri, M. & Saminal, S. N. B. focused on the preparation of activated

carbon from an agricultural solid waste and assess its effectiveness in adsorptive removal of

lead from aqueous solution. Activated carbon was prepared from coconut coir and its

characteristics were compared with that of a commercial bituminous coal-based activated

carbon. The coconut coir activated carbon possessed higher surface and micropore areas,

micropore volume and average pore diameter, and well developed meso- and micropores.

Adsorption of lead from aqueous solution by the coconut coir activated carbon was examined.

Batch adsorption test showed that extent of adsorption was dependent on lead concentration,

contact time, pH and activated carbon dose. Adsorption was low at acidic pH and increased up

to pH 5, with marginal increase up to pH 6. Equilibrium adsorption was attained in 2.5 h. Lead

adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Equilibrium lead adsorption data for the

coconut coir activated carbon and commercial activated carbon were described by the

Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Coconut coir activated carbon showed higher lead

adsorption capacity [7.75 (Langmuir) and 3.63 (Freundlich)] compared with the commercial

activated carbon [7.55 (Langmuir) and 1.87 (Freundlich)]. Coconut coir activated carbon is a

suitable substitute for commercial activated carbon in the adsorptive removal of lead from

water.

A similar study by P. C. Okafor1, P. U. Okon1, E. F. Daniel1 & E. E. Ebenso revealed that

Coconut shell adsorbed Pb2+, Cu,2+ Cd2+ and As3+ ions from aqueous solutions and the

concentration of the metal ions adsorbed increased with increase in concentrations, increase in

35
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

contact time, increase in temperature and increases in pH for each metal.

The rate of adsorption of the metal ions by coconut shell was rapid initially but decreases

gradually due to the gradual blocking of the initial available uncovered surface area of the

adsorbent. The rate of adsorption of metal ion in aqueous solution on the active sites on the

surface of the CNS is highest for Pb2+ and Cu2+ compared to those of Cd2+ and As3+, which

was at its lowest. This may be due to its larger ion size. Adsorption for the metal ions increases

with increase in metal ion concentration because at low concentrations, the active site on the

surface of the adsorbent are not completely covered. Analysis of the data showed that

Freundlich isotherm described the date more appropriately than any other isotherm. Kinetic

studies showed that the sorption of the metal ions can best be described by both pseudo-second-

order and intra-particle diffusion models. It is therefore suffices to conclude that coconut shell

could serve as cheap, readily available effective adsorbent for the removal of Pb,2+ Cu,2+

Cd,2+ and As3+ from wastewater as a way of treatment before discharge into the environment.

VIII. Summary

The Review of Related Literature includes the topics of Lead, Human Hair Coconut Coir,

Activated Carbon, Hybrid Membrane, Lead Problem in Iloilo, and the Related Studies. Under the

topic of Lead, it presents the definition, its standards, the effects is has on human health, animal,

and the environment, its causes, the sources of lead exposure, the problem on lead in the world,

and the problem of lead in the Philippines. Under the topic of Human Hair, it presents the

definition, the uses of human hair, its structure, its source, the statistics of human hair waste in the

world, and its effectiveness to filter out heavy metals. Under the topic of Coconut coir, it presents

the definition, the types of coconut coir, its uses, the structure, and its effectiveness to filter out

heavy metals. Under the topic of activated carbon, it presents its effectiveness as an absorbent.

36
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Under * the topic *ofEmail

Website: hybrid
Address:membrane, it presents its
[email protected] definition, its M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

effectiveness, its uses, and its structure. And under the topic of Lead problem in Iloilo, it presents

the problem of lead in the various bodies of water in Iloilo and how dangerous are the levels of

heavy metals are present in the waters of Iloilo.

Chapter III

Research Design and Methodology

Chapter 3 consists of four parts: 1) Research design; 2) Setting; 3) Materials used in the

study; 4) Data Gathering procedure 5) Data analysis and Statistical Tools

Part one, Research method discusses the method used in the study.

Part two, Setting discussed where the study will be conducted

Part three, Materials used in the study discusses the equipment and materials used to conduct

the study.

Part four, Procedures in conducting the study discusses procedures in making hybrid

membrane made from human hair and coconut coir

37
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Part five, Data *analysis

* Website: explain
Email Address: how to the data will be
[email protected] analysedPHI-18939-2-QM
and M2700903PM

the statistical tools used in analysing the study

Research Design

Experimental research design uses manipulation and controlling variables in order to

understand a certain process. It is used to determine the relative effects of the independent

variable to the independent variables. This study uses an experimental research design that

focuses in proving the affectivity of human hair and coconut coir as hybrid membrane to filter out

Lead from the contaminated water. It involves controlling the major variables, particularly,

making three set ups namely Set up A which contains10mg of human hair and 10mg of coconut

coir, Set up B which contains 20mg of human hair and 20 mg coconut coir, Set up C which

contains 30 mg of human hair and 30 mg of coconut coir. Each set up will be poured with 10

liters, 20 liters and 30 liters of lead-contaminated water to identify the difference and relationship

between the amount of human hair and coconut coir as a hybrid membrane and the level of lead

present in the water after it was filtered.

38
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Setting* Website: * Email Address: [email protected]

M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

The study will be conducted at the Villa Beach during the

second grading period of the first semester of 2019. According to previously conducted studies,

Villa Beach has lead concentration present in the bottom, middle and top layers of the water.

Therefore, it would be the place where we would gather the water that would be of benefit to our

study.

The study will be conducted at The University Research and Development Center

(URDC) of EVSU during the second grading period of the first semester of 2019. The University

Research and Development Center (URDC) is committed to develop highly competent

researchers who will produce relevant quality research outputs and transfer generated knowledge

and technology that will contribute to the continuous.

The study will be conducted at the University of the Philippines Visayas - Miagao

Campus (College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences) during the second semester of 2019. The

College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences has four institutes: the Institute of Aquaculture, the

Institute of Fish Processing Technology, the Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanology, and

the Institute of Fisheries Policy and Development Studies. The College of Fisheries and Ocean

Sciences of the University of the Philippines Visayas is at the forefront of fisheries education in

the country. Over the years, the College has instituted degree programs that address the need for

sustainable development of the country’s fisheries resources and respond to the call for highly

trained manpower in the field. Its curricular offerings, both in the graduate and undergraduate

levels, aim to impart to their students theoretical knowledge and practical skills, as well as

develop analytical capabilities as tools toward innovative approaches and solutions to fisheries

and related problems.

39
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Materials used in the

* Website: study
* Email Address: [email protected]
M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

The materials used in this study are the following: 60 mg human hair,

60 mg coconut coir, 30 grams activated charcoal, 6 pieces of dishwashing sponge, 3 pieces of 2in

by 2.375 in (Polyvinyl chloride) PVC Pipe. For our Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) we

need the following; 5 pieces of Safety Glasses, Respirator, 5 pieces of Solvent-proof gloves and 5

pieces heat-resistant gloves. For the cleaning and prepping of our hybrid membrane we need the

following; 3 pieces steel wool, 6 pieces sandpaper, 100mL acetone, sanding block and 5 pieces of

colourfast rags or paper towels. For the measuring, marking, and clamping of our hybrid

membrane we need 3 pieces of Dry-erase markers, 1 measuring tape, 3 callipers, 3 pieces of

4”bar clamps. For the cutting of the PVC pipe we need the following; miter box, ratcheting pipe

cutter, hacksaw, deburring tool, rotary tool, spade bits and a drill or driver. For the gluing of our

hybrid membrane, we need PVC primer and PVC clear cement. For our set ups we need a 3

pieces 50 L plastic tub and 3 basins.

Data Gathering Procedure

The dishwashing sponge will

Request permission from SHS be put inside first, then human
coordinator and adviser to hair, followed by coconut The hybrid membrane will be
conduct the research study inside coir, then the activated clamped and make sure it was
and outside the school premises charcoal, lastly the tightly closed.
dishwashing sponge.

Send request letter to conduct in

College of Arts and Sciences-
Analytical Service Laboratory of
the UP Visayas, Miag-ao and Second, the PVC will be The hybrid membrane will be
WVSU, Research laboratory to assembled attached in a tub
operate the research study in
assembling and testing lead
content.

40
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Collect 60 mg of hair from a

single source, 60 mg of coconut The developed hybrid
coir from Lambunao, Iloilo and First the, PVC Pipe will be membrane will be poured in
30 grams of activated charcoal cleaned and prepared different amounts of
that will be bought at contaminated water
Supermarket Iloilo City.

The filtered water will be

brought and will be tested in
College of Arts and Sciences-
The contaminated water will Analytical Service Laboratory
be collected at Villa Beach, Making of Hybrid Membrane of the University of the
Iloilo City in the amount of Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao,
180 Liters. Iloilo using flame atomic
absorption spectrophotometer
(FAAS).

1. Researchers will be requesting permission from the Senior High School Coordinator and

the research adviser to conduct the study inside and outside the school premises. This

would ensure formality of conducting the research study and also to be guided with the

proper formats to be used. This is also for the safety purposes of the researchers.

2. Send a letter of request to conduct the study in the College of Arts and Sciences-

Analytical Services Laboratory of the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao,

Iloilo and to the Research Laboratory of West Visayas State University. This would allow

us to operate and use their facilities in testing the lead content present in the water

samples and also for the assembling of the filtering device.

41
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

3. Materials needed will be collected. A total of 60mg of human hairs

from a 17 year old girl with long and thick hair, 60 mg of coconut coir which will be

gathered from Lambunao, Iloilo and 30g of activated charcoal which will be bought from

Iloilo Supermart. Other materials needed for the hybrid membrane such as PVC pipes

dishwashing sponge, and a ceramic filter.

4. A total of 180 liters of lead- contaminated water will be collected from Villa Beach, Iloilo

city since studies had proven that it has high level of lead concentration on its bottom,

middle, and top layers.

5. Assembling of the hybrid membrane will begin. First, the researchers will assemble PVC

coupling and ensure its durability and stability. Next, the researchers will develop the

hybrid membrane by putting first the dishwashing sponge followed by the human hair,

coconut coir, activated charcoal, and again put the dishwashing sponge go serve as its

cover. It will also be clamped to make sure that it is tightly closed.

6. The researchers will use an experimental research design to test the effectiveness of the

hybrid membrane developed to filter out lead from water by setting up three set ups

namely Set up A which contains 10mg of human hair and 10mg of coconut coir, Set up B

containing 20mg of human hair and 20mg of coconut coir, and Set up C with 30mg of

42
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* human
Website: hair* and
Email30mg [email protected]
coconut coir. Each of the set up will be M2700903PM
Address: PHI-18939-2-QM

poured with 10L, 20L, and 30L of contaminated water.

7. The filtered water samples will be brought to the College of Arts and Sciences-

Analytical Services Laboratory of the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao,

Iloilo to test the presence of heavy metal specifically lead through flame atomic

absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS).

8. The statement of the problem will answered and the hypotheses will be proven wrong or

right. Conclusions about the effectiveness of the hybrid membrane made of human hair

and coconut coir will be made.

Data Analysis

The level of lead content present in the water after being filtered using the hybrid

membrane made from human hair and coconut coir will be tested in College of Arts and

Sciences-Analytical Service Laboratory of the University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao,

Iloilo using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS).

Statistical Tool

43
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

* The Pearson * Emailcorrelation coefficient is a M2700903PM

Website: Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

statistical formula that measures the strength between variables and relationships. To determine

how strong the relationship is between two variables, you need to find the coefficient value,

which can range between -1.00 and 1.00. The researchers used this to know if there is a

relationship in the amount of human hair and coconut coir used and the level of lead present in

the water after it was filtered. This will be used also to know if there is a relationship between the

amount of water being filtered and the level of lead present in the water after being filtered.

The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are any

statistically significant differences between the means of two or more independent (unrelated)

groups (although you tend to only see it used when there are a minimum of three, rather than two

groups). This was used to compute the mean between the different amount of human hair and

coconut coir used in the hybrid membrane.

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is simply an ANOVA with several

dependent variables that is used to test the difference in means between two or more groups. This

was used to test the mean difference in the lead content present in the water after being filtered in

three different setups (A, B and C).

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
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Iloilo, Philippines
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Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

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49
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

LifeExtension.
* Website: 1998. Heavy
* Email metals
Address: detoxification. Available
[email protected] from: M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-156.shtml. Accessed 2016 November 10.

Low KS, Lee CK. 1991. Cadmium up take by moss calympess delcsertiis beasch. Bioresor.

Technol., Vol.38 PN.1-6.

Momčilović, M., Purenović, M., Bojić, A., Zarubica, A. & Ranđelović, M., Removal of lead(II)

from aqueous solution by adsorption onto pine cone activated carbon. Desalination, 276(1-3), pp.

53−59, 2011.

Principal Source: FAO. 2006. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme - Oreochromis

niloticus. Text by Rakocy, J. E. In FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome.

FAO, 2007. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Species Fact Sheets Oreochromis niloticus

(Linnaeus, 1758) FishBase., 2007. Oreochromis niloticus niloticus Nile tilapia: Summary

Rao, M.M., Ramesh, A., Rao, G.P.C. & Seshaiah, K., Removal of copper and cadmium from

aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls. Journal of Hazardous

Materials, 129(1-3), pp. 123−129, 2006.

Sarinas, B. G. S., Gellada, L. D., Jamolangue, E. B., Teruñez, M. R., & Flores, J. R. P. V. (2014).

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Iloilo Batiano River, Philippines. International

Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 5(6).

Solidum, J. M., De Vera, M. J. D., Abdulla, A.-R. D. C., Evangelista, J. H., & Nerosa, M. J. A. V.

(2013). Quantitative Analysis of Lead, Cadmium and Chromium found in Selected Fish marketed

in Metro Manila, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development,

4(2)

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 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Sulaymon, A.H., Abid,

* Website: * EmailB.A. & Al-Najar,
Address: J.A., Removal of
[email protected] lead, copper, M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

chromium, and cobalt onto granular activated carbon in batch and fixed-bed adsorbers. Chemical

Engineering Journal, 155(3), pp. 647−653, 2009.

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed.; American Public

Health Association, Washington DC, pp. 3-17−3-19, 2005.

Weber W.J., Jr., Adsorption (Chapter 5). Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control,

ed. W.J. Weber, Jr., Wiley–Interscience: New York, pp. 199−259, 1972.

51
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Appendices

52
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Appendix A

Approval Letter

October 29, 2019

Dr. Francis O. Pantino

Coordinator, Senior High School Department

West Visayas State University

Main Campus

Dear Sir,

Good Day!

In partial fulfillment of Practical Research II subject, the students of West Visayas State

University of Senior High School, General Academic Strand are tasked to conduct a research

study that is of interest to us students and that is beneficial for our society.

Our research study is entitled “Human Hair and Coconut Coir as Hybrid Membrane for Lead”

to test the effectiveness of Human hair and Coconut coir as organic particles used in developing

Hybrid Membrane to effectively filter out Lead.

In connection with this, we would like to ask from your good office to grant us permission to

allow us to conduct the said study at West Visayas State University Main Campus Research

Laboratory where we are going to assemble our hybrid membrane device and Development

53
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Center* of University
Website: of the
* Email Philippines
Address: Visayas to test the
[email protected] lead the content M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

present in the water before and after being filtered. Rest

Assured that the data will be gathered will be strictly for research purposes only and will be kept

utmost confidentiality.

We are hoping for your kind consideration regarding this matter.

Thank you and more power.

Very truly yours,

PHELLA AUDREY FUENTES

Researcher

ALLYSSA MARIE GASCON

Researcher

SHEKAINAH MAURINE GELENA

Researcher

HEIKE ISSA MARI ONG

Researcher

JESTER JOSEPH SUAREZ

Researcher

Noted:

DR. CHERLY LYN C. DELGADO

54
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Research Adviser * Email Address: [email protected]

* Website:
M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Approved by:

DR. FRANCIS O. PANTINO

Coordinator, Senior High School

Appendix B

Time Frame

ACTIVITIES DATE/TIM DATE/TIME PLACE PROGRESS

E STARTED ENDED

First consultation for September September Senior High The research topic was

research topic 12, 2019 12, 2019 School office accepted but there are

revisions to be made

2:45 PM 3:03 PM
The parts of chapter one September September Online The parts of Chapter One

which is the Introduction was 12, 2019 13, 2019 were distributed

distributed to each member successfully and the entire

of the group 9:27 PM 3: 15 AM member finished their

parts.

 Fuentes –

Background of the

study

 Gascon- Delimitation

of the study &

55
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Hypothesis* Website: * Email Address: [email protected]

M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

 Gelena- Significance

of the study

 Ong – Research

Questions

 Suarez – Definition of

terms

Jester emailed the Seafdec September September Jester’s place The seafdec institution sent

Institution if it is possible to 19, 2019 19, 2019 list of persons that must be

conduct the research study contacted for the proper

under their facility. 9:45 PM 9:49 PM inquiry and approval for

conducting the study.

Second consultation for the September September Senior High Our research teacher

progress of the topic 19, 2019 19, 2019 School office suggests if the study is

possible to be made and

3:35 PM 3: 57 PM choose another variable

aside from human hair that

can help in filtering the

mercury.

56
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Allyssa and Phella proceed to September September The research laboratory

the West Visayas State 19, 2019 19, 2019 personnel asked what our
WVSU, Research
University Research study is all about. They
Laboratory
Laboratory to propose the 3:58 PM 4: 15 PM said that using mercury in

study if it is possible to be an experiment is very

conducted in the said dangerous and suggested

laboratory. to choose other alternatives

that has the same

characteristics with

Mercury or other heavy

metals.
Heike and Shiekainah went September September Jaro, Iloilo City They found out that

to find a store that sells 19, 2019 19, 2019 Mercury is not available

Mercury. due to its poisonous

3: 58 PM 4: 20 PM content.
Making of time frame September September In front of College Successfully started the

26, 2019 26, 2019 of Business and time frame of the study

Management

3:07 PM 3:23 PM building

Jester received an September September College of The seafdec is asking for a

information from the Seafdec 26, 2019 26, 2019 Business and soft copy or abstract of our

Management research study

3:23 PM 3:23 PM building

57
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

Request permission from

SHS coordinator and adviser

to conduct the research study

inside and outside the school

premises

Send request letter to conduct

at College of Arts and

Sciences-Analytical Service

Laboratory of the UP

Visayas, Miag-ao and

WVSU, Research laboratory

to operate the research study

in assembling and testing

lead content.

Making of Chapter III October 16, October 16, Online The Chapter III was

( Methodology) 2019 2019 successfully distributed

and finished by the

Research Design – Shekainah 8:00 PM 11: 53 PM assigned member of the

Settings – Jester group.

Instruments – Allyssa

Data Gathering Procedure –

58
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Allyssa * Website: * Email Address: [email protected]

M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

Flowchart – Phella

Data Analysis – Allyssa

Print - Phella
Consultation of Chapter III October 17, October 17, West Visayas The Chaper III was

( Methodology) 2019 2019 State University, thoroughly scanned and

Senior High checked by Prof. Delgado

3:37 PM 3:40 PM School office

Consultation of Letter October 28, October 28, West Visayas The letter was successfully

2019 2019 State University, consulted and checked by

Senior High Prof. Delgado and it was

3:00 PM 3: 17 PM School office given back, for us to

revised
Making of Chapter II October 30, November 3, Each member’s The Chapter II was

(Review of Related 2019 2019 house and through successfully made with the

Literature) by Fuentes, online help of group’s member

Gascon, Suarez and Gelena 10:37 PM 12:00 AM

Consultation of Review of November 04, November 04, West Visayas

Related Literature 2019 2019 State University,

Senior High

School office
Collect 60 mg of hair from a November 11, November 12, Lambunao,Iloilo The needed amount of the

59
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

single source, 60 mg of * Email Address:

* Website: 2019 [email protected]
2019 & variablesPHI-18939-2-QM
needed in the
M2700903PM

coconut coir from Supermarket Iloilo study will be successfully

Lambunao, Iloilo and 30 City collected and bought

grams of activated charcoal

that will be bought at

Supermarket Iloilo City.

The hybrid membrane device November 13, November 15, West Visayas The hybrid device that will

will be assemble at West 2019 2019 State University, be used for the filtration of

Visayas State University, Research lead will be successfully

Research Laboratory Laboratory assembles with the help of

the laboratories’ consultant

and personnel
The contaminated water will November 18, November 18, Villa Arevalo, The contaminated water

be collected at Villa Beach, 2019 2019 Iloilo City will be successfully

Iloilo City specifically at collected in different area

Calaparan area in the amount 7:00 AM 3:00 PM of sea water specifically in

of 180 Liters. the bottom, mid-level and

upper area with the help of

a hired diver
The contaminated water will November 20, November 22, Sciences- The effectiveness of the

be bought and will be filtered 2019 2019 Analytical Service developed hybrid

using the developed hybrid Laboratory of the membrane will be tested

membrane in College of Arts 8:00 AM 8:00 AM University of the by having three different

and Sciences-Analytical Philippines set ups of the variables and

60
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:

Service Laboratory of the * Email Address: [email protected]

* Website: test afterwards the lead
M2700903PM

PHI-18939-2-QM

University of the Philippines Visayas, Miag-ao, content present after it was

Visayas, Miag-ao, Iloilo Iloilo filtered

using flame atomic

absorption spectrophotometer

(FAAS).

Continuation of the Research

paper, specifically making of

the Chapter IV (Results and

Findings)
Making of the Chapter V

(Conclusion)
Edit whole research paper for

submission by Allyssa

Gascon

61
 West Visayas State University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City 5000
Iloilo, Philippines
* Trunkline: (063) (033) 320-0870 loc 1824 * Telefax No.: (033) 320-0879 Acc. No.:
M2700903PM
* Website: * Email Address: [email protected] PHI-18939-2-QM

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