PSIT, Kanpur
PERFORMANCE OF LONG TRANSMISSION LINE
UNDER NO & LIGHT LOAD
AIM
To study the performance of a long transmission line under no load and under light
load conditions.
APPARATUS
Transmission line model is consisting of four actions of transmission on line
operatable at 220V with current rating at 2A connected in network. A continues variable
power supply with two Digital voltmeter and two digital ammeter mounted on front panel
with Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive load fitted in m.s. sheet complete with patch chords for
interconnection. Additionally one LPF Wattmeter is required if A.B.C.D. parameter with
phase angle is to be calculated, for which the calculation are given in our manual
THEORY
Transmission line model consists of four sections and each section represents 50 km
long 400 KV transmission line. Parameters of 50 km long 400 KV Transmission line are
taken as :-
Series Inductance = 80 mH
Series Resistance = 2
(In addition to resistance of inductance coil)
Shunt Capacitance = 0.47 F
Leakage resistance or Shunt Conductance = 470 k
For actual 400 KV transmission lines range of parameter is :-
l = Series Inductance = 1.0 to 2.0 mH/Km
r = Series Resistance = 0.5 to 1.5 /Km
c = Shunt Capacitance = 0.008 to 0.010 F/Km
g = Leakage resistance (Shunt Conductance) = 3 x 10–8 to 5 x 10–8 mho/Km
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A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a
line is open circuited for a very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at the
receiving end may become higher then the voltage at the sending end. This is known as
‘FERRANTI EFFECT’ and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to the
charging current) being in phase the sending end voltage. The both capacitance and
inductance are necessary to produce this phenomenon. The capacitance and charging current
is negligible in short line but significant in medium length lines and appreciable in long lines.
Therefore, phenomenon occures in medium and long lines.
In the phaser diagram, Ferranti effect is illustrated. The line may be represented by a
nominal circuit so that half of the total line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the
receiving end. OM represents the receiving end voltage. OC represents the current drawn by
the capacitance assumed to be consetrated at the receiving end. MN is the resistance drop and
NP is inductive reactance drop. OP is the sending end voltage under no load condition and is
less than receiving end voltage.
The line resistance is usually small as compared to the line inductive reactance. More
over, the resistance drop MN is in quadrature with OM and NP. Therefore, the resistance can
neglected in calculating the Ferranti Effect.
For a nominal model :-
Vs = (1 + ZY/2) VR + ZIR
At no load, IR is = 0
Vs = (1 + ZY/2) VR
Vs - VR = ZY/2 . VR
Z = (r + j l) S, Y = j c S. S = length of Transmission line.
If the resistance of the line is negligible.
Z = j l S
And Vs – Vr = ½ (j l S) (j c S) VR
= - ½ (2 S2) lcVR
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for overhead lines :-
1/ lc = Velocity of propogation of electromagnatic waves on the line = 3 x 108 m/s
Vs - VR = - ½ (2 f )2 S2 . (1/ 3 x 108)2 . Vr
= - (42 x 10-6) /18 . f2s2Vr
Above equation shows that Vs – Vr is negative. i.e. Vr > Vs. This equation also shows
that ferranti effect depends upon frequency and electrical length of the line. The conductor
diameter and specing have no bearing on ferrati effect.
FERRANTI EFFECT
A simple explanation of Ferranti Effect can be given by approximating the distributed
parameters of the line by lumped impedance as shown in Fig –‘1’.
Fig – ‘1’ : Line representation (Lumped) under No Load Condition
Fig – ‘2’ : Phasor Diagram for Line representation (Lumped) under No Load Condition
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Since usually the capacitor reactance of the line is quite large as compared to the
inductive reactance under no load or lightly loaded conditions the line current is of
leading P.F. The phasor diagram is given as fig –‘2’ for thus operating conditions.
The charging current produces drop in the reactance if the line which is in phase
opposition to the receiving end voltage and hence the sending end voltage becomes smaller
than the receiving end voltage.
For finding out inductance KVAR required to obtain zero% voltage regulation
variable shunt inductor is connected at the receiving end and its value is changed till we get
voltage at receiving end equal to that of voltage at the sending end.
IR VR
Inductive KVAR of % regulation =
1000
where VR = voltage at receiving end for % voltage regulation
IR = current through shunt inductor when VR = VS
PROCEDURE
(i) Apply the voltage (200 V max.) to the sending end and connect power factor
meter. Also connect 1 ammeter and voltmeter to each end (receiving and
sending).
(ii) Connect the load comprising of R, L and C at the receiving end and note down
the value of receiving end voltage.
(iii) Now remove the load from the receiving end and note down the voltage on
receiving end. This voltage at the receiving end is quite large as compared to
sending end voltage.
SAMPLE OBSERVATION
LOAD VS (V) IS (A) VR (V) IR (A)
For Inductive 208
For Capacitive 208
For Resistive 208
At No Load 208
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INFERENCE
Transmission Line model is for long transmission lines when this line is open
circuited means at No load or for a very lightly loaded condition at receiving end. Voltages at
the receiving end may become higher than the voltage at sensing end. For an inductive load
voltage decreases while for capacitive load voltage increases.
Values of Variable Capacitive Load (in steps of 1.5 f, 2.25 f, 4.0 f)
Values of Variable Resistive Load (in steps of 25W, 40W, 60W)
Values of Variable Inductive Load (in steps of 75 mH, 150 mH, 225 mH)
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