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CARIBBEAN EAMINATIONS COUNCIL

ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATIONS

PURE MATHEMATICS

APPLIED MATHEMATICS

List of Formulae
and
Statistical Tables

DO NOT REMOVE FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM

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Arithmetic Series:

n
Tn  a  n  1 d Sn  2a  n  1d 
2

Geometric Series:

a r n  1 a
Tn  ar n  1 Sn  S  , r 1
r 1 1 r

Binomial Series:

n n n

a  b n  a n    a n  1 b    a n  2 b 2  ...    a n  r b r  ...  b n n  N 
1  2 r

n n!
where    n C r 
r n  r ! r !
n n  1 2 n n  1... n  r  1 r
1  x n  1  nx  x  ...  x  ... x  1, n  R 
1 2 1  2  ...  r

Logarithms and Exponentials:

ln a  ln b  ln ab
a
ln a  ln b  ln  
b
ln a b  b ln a
e x ln a  a x
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Trigonometric Identities:

sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
tan  A  B    A  B   k  12 
1  tan A tan B

A B AB
sin A  sin B  2 sin cos
2 2

A B AB
sin A  sin B  2 cos sin
2 2

A B AB
cos A  cos B  2 cos cos
2 2

A B AB
cos A  cos B   2 sin sin
2 2
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Differentiation:

f (x) f  x 

tan kx k sec 2 kx

sec x sec x tan x

cot x  cos ec 2 x

cosec x -cosec x cot x

f x  f 1  x  g  x   g  x f  x 
g x  g x 2
1
arcsin x
1  x  2

1
arcos x 
1  x  2

1
arctan x
1  x2
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Integration: (+ constant: a > 0 where relevant)

f (x)  f ( x ) dx
1
sec 2 kx tan kx
k

tan x ln sec x

cot x ln sin x

cosec x  ln cos ec x  cot x  ln tan 12 x

sec x ln sec x  tan x

 
dv du
u dx  uv  v dx
dx dx

1 x
arcsin   x a
a 2
x 2
 a

1 1 x
arctan  
a  x2
2
a a

Trapezium Rule:


ba
y dx 
1
2
 
h  y 0  y n   2 y1  y 2  ...  y n  1  h
n
a

Summations:

n
n n
n
r 2
 n  12n  1 r 3
 n  12
1 6 1 4

f  xn 
The Newton-Raphson Iteration for solving f (x) = 0: xn  1  xn 
f   xn 
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Complex Numbers:

e iθ  cos θ  i sin θ r cos θ  i sin θ   r

n n
cos nθ  i sin nθ

Maclaurin’s Series:

x2 x3 xr
f  x   f 0  f  (0) x  f  (0)  f  (0)  ...  f r (0)  ...
2! 3! r!

x2 xr
ex  1  x   ...   ... for all x
2! r!

r
x2 x3 r 1 x
ln (1  x )  x    ...   1  ...  1  x  x 
2 3 r

x3 x5 x 2r  1
sin x = x    ...   1r  ... for all x
3! 5! 2r  1!

x2 x4 x 2r
cos x = 1    ...   1r  ... for all x
2! 4! 2r !
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Statistics

Probability:

P  A  B   P ( A)  P ( B )  P ( A  B )

P ( A  B )  P ( A) P ( B A)

Discrete Distributions:

For a discrete random variable X taking values xi with probabilities P ( X  xi )

Expectation (mean): E (X) =    xi P  X  xi 

Variance: Var (X) =  2    xi    P  X  xi    xi P  X  xi    2

2 2

Distribution of X P (X = x) Mean Variance

Binomial B(n, p) n x np np (1 – p)
  p 1  p 
n  x

 x
Poisson P () λx  
eλ
x!

Continuous Distributions:

Expectation (mean): E (X) = μ 

 x f ( x ) dx

Variance: Var (X) = σ 2 

 x 2 f ( x ) dx  μ 2

Normal Distribution:

X 
X ~ N  ,  2  ~ Z 0, 1 Z


 2  X 
X ~ N   ,  ~ Z 0, 1 Z 
 n  
n
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