EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines
Semester 2, 2018-2019
Lecture Notes on
Transformers
Dr. So Ping Lam
Associate Professor
Division of Power Engineering
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
Phone: 6790 5026
Office: S1-B1c-77
Email:
[email protected]___________________________________________________________________________ 1
EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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INTRODUCTION
A simplest transformer consists of two coils wound
on a common
magnetic core:
• Primary Winding
• Secondary Winding
A time varying current
produced by a time varying voltage connected one
winding establishes a time varying flux in the coil.
The flux links the secondary winding inducing a
voltage in the secondary winding.
• Step-up transformer, e.g. 110 Vac ⇒ 220 Vac
• Step-down transformer, e.g. 220 Vac ⇒ 110 Vac
Either winding can be connected to the source or the
load.
Power transfer from one winding to the secondary
winding occurs through the magnetic field/magnetic
flux in the core.
The frequency in the secondary winding is the same
as in the primary winding, i.e. f1 = f2.
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EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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CONSTRUCTION
The core is made of thin ‘electrical steel’
laminations in order to reduce the core (eddy current
and hysteresis) losses. The core is of two types:
(a) Shell type (b) Core type
The windings may be directly wound on the core in
small transformers. However, for high-power
transformers, the windings are usually form-wound
and then assembled over the core.
A cooling system is an integral part of the
transformer. Usually a transformer may be cooled
by natural air or forced air circulation. When natural
air or forced air circulation is not enough, the whole
transformer is immersed in a transformer oil tank.
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EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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IDEAL TRANSFORMER
The ideal condition assumptions are:
• The windings have negligible resistance ⇒ no
copper losses in the windings, no voltage drops.
• All the flux is confined the core and therefore the
same flux links both the windings. As µ →∞, R = (l/µ A)→0 c c c
• The permeability of the core is infinitely high,
which implies that a vanishingly small mmf
(current) is required to set up the flux ϕ. N i ↓= ϕ Rc ↓
• The core does not incur any hysteresis or eddy
current loss ⇒ no core losses.
If the number of turns in the two windings be N1
and N2, then Faraday’s Law gives
dϕ
v=
1 e=
1 N1
dt
dϕ
v=
2 e=
2 N2
dt
v1 e1 N1
= = = a (say)
v2 e2 N 2
where ‘a’ is called the turns ratio.
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EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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IDEAL TRANSFORMER (CONT’D)
As the core material is ideal, the total mmf required to
create the flux would be vanishingly small, so that
i2 N1
N1i1 − N 2i2 =0 ⇒ N1i1 =N 2i2 ⇒ = =a
i1 N 2
From the above two equations,
v1 i
= a= 2 ⇒ v1i=
1 v2i2
v2 i1
Expressing these equations in effective or rms quantities,
V1 I2
a, ==
a, and, V1I1* V=
2 I 2 * (also V1 I1 V2 I 2 )
V2 I1
An ideal transformer
connected to a source
on one side and a
load on the other side
can be schematically
represented as
shown, where
V1 E1 I2 I2
= = a, and =a ⇒ =I1
V2 E2 I1 a
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EE3010 – Electrical Devices and Machines Transformers
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REFERRED VALUES
For a voltage V2 in
the secondary side of
the transformer, the
primary voltage will be: V1 = aV2 = V2' (say)
And, for a current I2 in the secondary side the
current in the primary will be: I1 = I 2 /a = I 2' (say)
V2′ and I2′ are called the referred values of V2 and I2
referred to the primary side respectively.
If Z2 is the load impedance on the secondary side,
V2
then, Z 2 =
I2
On the primary side the impedance will appear to be:
V1 aV2 V2
Z=
1 = = a2 = a 2 Z=
2 Z 2′ (say)
I1 I2 / a I2
Z2′ is the referred value of Z2 referred to the primary
side.
Similarly, V1, I1, and Z1 when referred to the
secondary side become:
V1' =V1 / a, I1' =aI1 , and Z 1′ = Z 1 / a 2
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