FLUIDS MECHANIC (MDB 2013)

Semester May 2019

LAB REPORT

EXP 3: IMPACT OF JET

GROUP 4 (Mon 04.00 – 06.00 pm)

Group Members:

1) Muhammad Amir Syahmi bin Zainul Asri ID: 24916

Lab Session: Monday 04.00 – 06.00 pm, 17 Jun, 2019

Submission Date: Friday, 28 June, 2019

1.0 Abstract 3
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Overview 4
2.2 Objectives 4
3.0 Theory 5
4.0 Procedure
4.1 Apparatus 8
4.2 Material/Sample 8
4.3 Procedure 9
5.0 Results 11
6.0 Discussions 14
7.0 Conclusion 17

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1.0 ABSTRACT

For this laboratory session, we are studying on the impact of jet. The purpose of this
experiment is to prove the relation between force and the impact surface. In this experiment,
three different types of deflectors were used, and this includes flat, curved and hemispheric
deflectors as well as loading weights of different mass which will be placed on the water jet
platform. Each deflector has a different impact surface. Based on the results which were
tabulated, different results were produced from different types of deflectors. According to the
data which have been analysed, we can see that a higher velocity produced by the jet give a
shorter time span for the water to fill up the volumetric cylinder. The experimental and
theoretical values were compared, and the percentage error was obtained. Some
recommendations have been made to avoid mistakes in the future. One of them is making
sure that the apparatus is in the best condition as this will highly impact on the recorded data
and will also produce errors during calculations.

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2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Overview

A jet stream forms high in the upper troposphere between two air masses of very different
temperature. The greater the temperature difference between the air masses, the faster the
wind blows in the jet stream. The strong thermal contrast forces the air to flow horizontally
and as the Earth rotates, this fast-moving air picks up speed and produces a jet stream.
Depending on the angle of incidence of jet is the force exerted by the jet on a surface of
deflector. The application of Newton’s second law is applied here and the motion of a body
changes in the direction of the force. Water deflects to flow along the surface of an object
when a jet of flowing water with a steady velocity hits a solid object. Assuming that the fluid
is a negligible viscosity fluid, neglecting friction and there is zero loss caused by shocks, the
magnitude of the velocity of water remains constant. The magnitude of the force is equivalent
to the rate of change of momentum. By using the water jet apparatus, students are able to
conduct an experiment to study the force produced on the surface impact when the water jet
hits the surface. This is essential as this concept can be applied in hydraulic machinery like
the impulse turbines.

2.2 Objectives

2.2.1 Relation between force and momentum.

2.2.2 Verification of dependence of force with impact surface by comparing force exerted by
jet on flat, curved and hemispheric surface.

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3.0 THEORY

The force exerted by jet on a surface is calculated by using the angle of incidence of jet. Here,
the rate of change of momentum is used as the force is equivalent to the rate of change of
momentum.

F=ρQ (V ¿ −V out )

Where,

F=¿ Force

ρ=¿ Density of water

Q=¿ Flow rate

V =¿ Velocity of water

Flow rate, Q, is obtained through this equation:

V
Q=
t

Vnozzle can be obtained by dividing the volumetric flow rate, Q with the area of nozzle.

Q
V nozzle =
A

From here, we are able to use the equation:

V ¿ 2=V nozzle2−2 gs

Where,

g=¿ The gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s 2)

s=¿ The distance between the jet and the plates

To calculate Vout, we can use,

V out =V ¿ cosθ

where θ represents the incidence angle of the jet.

For the flat surface, θ=90 °, so the V out =0;

F=ρQ (V ¿ −V out )

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 Q
F=ρQ ( √ V nozzle2−2 gs− cos 90 ° )
A

F=ρQ ( √ V nozzle2−2 gs−0)

F=ρQ ¿

Q
F=ρQ ( )
A

ρQ2
F=
A

For a curved surface, θ=120°;

F=ρQ (V ¿ −V out )

Q
F=ρQ ( √ V nozzle2−2 gs− cos 120⁰)
A

Q 1
F=ρQ [ √V nozzle2−2 gs + ()
A 2
]

Q Q 1
F=ρQ [ +
A A 2
]()
3Q
F=ρQ ( )
2A

3 ρQ2
F=
2A

For a hemispheric surface, θ=180°, V out =−V ¿;

F=ρQ (V ¿ −V out )

Q
F=ρQ ( √ V nozzle2−2 gs− cos 180 °)
A

Q
F=ρQ [ √V nozzle2−2 gs− (−1)]
A

Q
F=ρQ ( √ V nozzle2−2 gs+ )
A

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 Q Q
F=ρQ ( + )
A A

2Q
F=ρQ ( )
A

2 ρ Q2
F=
A

The below equations are used to calculate the predicted values of the force;

For a Cone cup,

F=ρQ V ¿

The force measured in the experiment is calculated using the equilibrium of moment
equation.

And to calculate the final relation of measured force is;

F=4 ×9.81 ×d

Where, d = ruler reading for jockey weight.

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4.0 PROCEDURE

4.1 Apparatus

 Water jet apparatus

4.2 Material/Sample

 Water

Figure 1 F1-10 Hydraulics bench

Figure 2 Loading weights of different mass

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 Figure 3 Flat deflector

Figure 4 Curved deflector

Figure 5 Hemispheric deflector

4.3 Procedure

1. The top cover of the deposit was dismantled, and the flat deflector was fitted
inside. Then, the top cover was placed back onto the water jet apparatus.
2. A loading weight of 50g was placed on the weight platform.

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3. The bench regulating valve was opened slowly and the calibre index was adjusted
until it was at the same height as the auxiliary platform.
4. The outlet flow by the nozzle was measured with a volumetric cylinder. At the
same time, the time taken for the water to fill up the volumetric cylinder at a
certain amount was also measured. This step was repeated three times in order to
calculate the average values of time and volume.
5. Steps 2 to 4 were repeated with loading weights with increments of 50g until the
loading weight was 450g.
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by changing the flat surface impact with curved and
hemispheric surface impact.

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 5.0 RESULTS
Surfac Mass, Volume, V (L) Time, t (s) Flow rate, Q
e type m (g) 1 2 3 Average 1 2 3 Average (10-4 m3/s)
50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.00 10.00 10.20 10.07 0.993
100 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.98 5.20 5.26 4.98 5.15 1.90
Flat 150 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.95 3.60 3.50 3.50 3.53 2.69
impact 200 0.89 0.86 0.88 0.88 3.00 2.90 2.90 2.93 2.99
250 0.86 0.81 1.20 0.96 2.40 2.20 2.20 2.27 4.22
surface 300 0.96 0.96 1.10 1.01 2.40 2.30 2.60 2.43 4.14
α=90° 350 0.99 0.86 0.98 0.94 2.40 2.10 2.30 2.27 4.16
400 0.99 0.98 1.20 1.06 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 4.80
450 0.93 1.20 0.87 1.00 2.10 2.20 1.90 2.07 4.84
Table 1 Measured and calculated data for 90° flat impact surface

Area, Exit
Mass flow Momentum, Experimental Theoretical Error
A (10-5 velocity,
rate, (kg/s) mV1 (kg.m/s) force, Fy (N) force, Ft (N) (%)
m2) V1 (m/s)
5.03 1.98 4.97E-03 0.10 0.20 0.49 59.98
5.03 3.78 1.94E-02 0.38 0.72 0.98 26.97
5.03 5.35 4.25E-02 0.80 1.44 1.47 2.26
5.03 5.95 6.82E-02 1.19 1.78 1.96 9.43
5.03 8.40 1.10E-01 2.10 3.54 2.45 44.50
5.03 8.23 1.23E-01 2.47 3.40 2.94 15.69
5.03 8.28 1.54E-01 2.90 3.45 3.43 0.36
5.03 9.56 1.82E-01 3.82 4.59 3.92 16.96
5.03 9.63 2.18E-01 4.33 4.66 4.41 5.51

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 Flow rate, Q
Mass Volume, V (L) Time, t (s)
Surfac (10-4 m3/s)
,m
e type Averag Averag
(g) 1 2 3 1 2 3
e e
0.9 0.9 0.9 14.0 13.5 13.4
50 0.93 13.63 0.685
5 3 2 0 0 0
0.9 0.9 0.9
100 0.92 5.80 6.10 5.80 5.90 1.56
1 4 1
0.9 0.9 0.9
150 0.90 4.40 4.50 4.50 4.47 2.02
Curve 1 0 0
d 0.9 0.9 0.9
200 0.92 3.70 3.70 3.80 3.73 2.46
impact 2 1 3
0.9 0.9 0.8
surfac 250 0.91 3.20 3.40 3.20 3.27 2.79
0 4 9
e 0.9 0.9 0.9
α=120 300 0.92 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.10 2.98
3 1 3
° 0.9 1.0 0.9
350 0.98 2.80 2.80 2.90 2.83 3.45
4 0 9
1.1 1.0 0.9
400 1.02 3.00 2.90 2.70 2.87 3.56
0 0 6
0.9 0.9 0.9
450 0.93 2.40 2.50 2.50 2.47 3.78
3 4 3
Table 2 Measured and calculated data for 120° curved impact surface

Area, Exit
Mass flow Momentum, Experimental Theoretical Error
A (10-5 velocity,
rate, (kg/s) mV1 (kg.m/s) force, Fy (N) force, Ft (N) (%)
m2) V1 (m/s)
5.03 1.36 3.67E-03 0.07 0.14 0.49 71.49
5.03 3.10 1.69E-02 0.31 0.73 0.98 26.03
5.03 4.02 3.36E-02 0.60 1.22 1.47 17.05
5.03 4.90 5.36E-02 0.98 1.81 1.96 7.63
5.03 5.54 7.65E-02 1.39 2.32 2.45 5.57
5.03 5.93 9.68E-02 1.78 2.65 2.94 10.04
5.03 6.86 1.24E-01 2.40 3.55 3.43 3.27
5.03 7.08 1.40E-01 2.83 3.78 3.92 3.72
5.03 7.53 1.82E-01 3.39 4.27 4.41 3.22

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 Flow rate, Q
Volume, V (L) Time, t (s)
Mass, (10-4 m3/s)
Surface type
m (g) Averag
1 2 3 Average 1 2 3
e
0.9 0.9 11.0 11.3
50 0.99 0.99 11.30 11.20 0.884
9 9 0 0
0.9 0.9
100 0.96 0.96 6.60 6.70 6.60 6.63 1.44
4 7
0.9 0.9
150 0.99 0.96 5.00 5.50 5.20 5.23 1.84
4 6
0.9 0.9
Hemispheri 200 0.95 0.93 4.10 4.20 4.10 4.13 2.25
1 3
c impact 0.8 0.9
250 0.94 0.92 3.70 3.90 3.90 3.83 2.41
surface 7 6
α=180° 0.9 0.8
300 0.96 0.92 3.20 3.40 3.30 3.30 2.80
2 9
0.8 0.9
350 0.88 0.90 3.10 3.00 3.10 3.07 2.93
7 5
1.0 1.1
400 0.98 1.03 3.10 2.80 3.20 3.03 3.38
0 0
0.8 0.8
450 0.88 0.87 2.70 2.40 2.60 2.57 3.40
7 7
Table 3 Measured and calculated data for 180° hemispheric impact surface

Area, Exit
Mass flow Momentum, Experimental Theoretical Error
A (10-4 velocity,
rate, (kg/s) mV1 (kg.m/s) force, Fy (N) force, Ft (N) (%)
m2) V1 (m/s)
5.03 1.76 4.46E-03 0.09 0.31 0.49 36.62
5.03 2.87 1.51E-02 0.29 0.83 0.98 15.64
5.03 3.66 2.87E-02 0.55 1.35 1.47 8.38
5.03 4.48 4.84E-02 0.90 2.01 1.96 2.67
5.03 4.79 6.52E-02 1.20 2.31 2.45 5.87
5.03 5.57 9.09E-02 1.67 3.11 2.94 5.84
5.03 5.84 1.14E-01 2.04 3.43 3.43 0.19
5.03 6.73 1.32E-01 2.69 4.56 3.92 16.16
5.03 6.77 1.75E-01 3.05 4.61 4.41 4.35

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6.0 DISCUSSION

Due to the nature of this experiment conducted in the Y-axis (vertically), we can use the
Newton’s second law of motion that states the force is equal to the change in momentum with
a change in time. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. In this experiment, we are
making the mass as a constant for each interval from 50g till 450g and the acceleration as
gravitational acceleration (g=9.81 m/s2).

m2 v 2 −m1 v 1
F=
t 2−t 1

Where,
F represents force (N)
m represents mass (kg)
v represents velocity (m/s)
t represents time (s)
When the mass is made as a constant, we get
v 2−v 1
F=m( )
t 2−t 1
Which also can be simplified into
F=ma
Where,
a represents acceleration (m2/s)
The experimental and corresponding theoretical forces have been determined in Tables 1, 2
and 3. Based on those tables, theoretical value should be considered to be more precise. The
reasoning behind this is because all assumptions based on the Newton’s Second Law are used
in order to calculate theoretical values. As for experimental values, it is not as accurate as
theoretical values. This is due to the errors that might have been made throughout conducting
the whole experiment. The percentage errors calculated in tables 1,2 and 3 show that the data
obtained from the experiment might have been inaccurately read, producing a less precise
data.

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 Force VS Momentum
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Force,F (N)

3.0 Theoretical
2.0 Experemental
1.0
0.0
98 16 49 43 38 66 07 64 22
435 154 332 644 467 557 411 603 018
96 55 16 39 24 21 48 58 47
033 327 131 520 685 055 765 667 797
14 75 35 91 91 91 78 21 18
988 .37 802 .18 . 09 . 46 . 89 . 82 . 33
0 0 0. 1 2 2 2 3 4
0.

Momentum,mV1 (kg.m/s)

Figure 6 Force versus momentum graph for 90° flat impact surface

Force VS Momentum
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Force,F (N)

3.0 Theoretical
Experimental
2.0
1.0
0.0
42 57 86 76 99 77 39 78 92
093 102 097 377 085 183 415 244 280
44 95 37 27 19 96 10 53 10
873 023 777 754 139 750 200 046 519
09 22 51 51 55 76 02 15 74
068 310 603 980 .38 . 77 .40 . 83 .38
0. 0. 0. 0. 1 1 2 2 3

Momentum,mV1 (kg.m/s)

Figure 7 Force versus momentum graph for 120° curved impact surface

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 Force VS Momentum
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Force,F (N)

3.0 Theoretical
2.0 Experimental
1.0
0.0
22 76 49 99 72 58 42 59 16
5 07 623 166 170 384 566 006 550 284
86 69 44 77 34 11 85 96 40
844 1 52 7 91 5 14 984 3 72 1 71 1 71 9 28
26 92 31 25 97
9
69
9
43
5
93
4
46
1
879 286 549 895 .1 .6 .0 .6 .0
0 . . . 1 1 2 2 3
0. 0 0 0

Momentum,mV1 (kg.m/s)

Figure 8 Force versus momentum graph for 180° hemispheric impact surface

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7.0 CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted in order to verify the correlation between the force produced
by the momentum difference when the bane was hit by the water jet. Through the experiment,
we can conclude that different type of surfaces that was hit by the water jet would end in a
different value of force exerted. Essentially, the relation between the force exerted and the
type of surfaces can be determined by this experiment. In this experiment, different vane used
resulted in different amount of force exerted.

In this experiment, the time taken for the water to fill up the measuring cylinder of various
volumes were measured. This data is essential in order to calculate the volumetric flow rate.
The force exerted by the water jet was affected by the volumetric flow rate and the velocity
of the water. To calculate the force exerted simply multiply the volumetric flow rate and the
water velocity.

F ( N ) =Q(m3 s−1) . v (m s−1)

By doing this, the objective of this experiment was able to be achieved which is to study
these forces which is important in fluid mechanics.

Errors are inevitable when conducting the experiment. Some errors have been taken into
consideration and recommendations were made for future improvement. Firstly, the apparatus
used must be in the best condition during the experiment was conducted. However, in our
experiment there was leakage in the apparatus, and this caused the water released through the
valve leaking out from the system. This resulted in collecting slightly more water in the
measuring cylinder than usual. Furthermore, the reading of water level may be affected due to
the bubbles produced by the water flow. Therefore, the observer should always be alerted to
take measurements to avoid errors in during calculations.

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