Invasion and
Arab & Turk
Arab Invasion And Turkish Invasion
➢ The first Arabic Muslim to invade India was
Muhammad bin Qasim, while the first Turkish Muslim
was Subuktagin.
➢ Subuktagin attacked Jaipal, the ruler of the Hindushahi
dynasty of India twice, but could not succeed.
MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM (AD 712)
❑ Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi an Arab commander of
the Umayyad Caliphate general, who, during the reign of
Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715), led the Muslim conquest of
Sindh and Multan (both in present-day Pakistan) from
the third and the last Maharaja of the Brahman
dynasty, Raja Dahir in the battle of Aror.
❑ He was the first Muslim to have successfully captured
Sindh.
➢ Mohammad Bin Qasim Invaded India in AD 712.
➢ He defeated the ruler of Sind, Dahir and province were
given to Omayyad Khilafat.
Administrative System
❑ Sind and Multan were divided into number of Iqtas or districts by
Muhammad-bin-Qasim and Arab military officers headed the Iqtas.
❑ The sub-divisions of the districts were administered by the local
Hindu Officers.
❑ Jizya was imposed on non-Muslims except the Brahmins, women’s,
children’s etc
❑ Muhammad-bin-Qasim’s Army
❑ 25,000 troops with 6000 Camels, 6000 Syrian horses, 3000
Bactrian Camels and an artillery force with 2000 men, advanced
guards, and five catapults.
End of Muhammad-bin-Qasim
❑ Caliph Walid was succeeded by Caliph Sulaiman.
❑ He was an enemy of Al-Hajjaj, the Governor of Iraq.
❑ Muhammad-bin Qasim was the son-in-law of Al-Hajjaj, so he dismissed
him and sent to Mesopotamia as a prisoner where he was tortured to
death.
❑ For more than 150 years, Sind and Multan continued to remain as the part
of the Caliph’s Empire.
Effects of Arab Conquest
❑ The subjugation of Sind made way for Islam into India.
❑ The art of administration, astronomy, music, painting, medicine and
architecture were learnt by Arabs from our land and they spread
astronomy, Indian Philosophy, and numerals to Europe.
Turkish Invasion
❑ In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Turks dominated the Caliphs of Baghdad
❑ They extended their dominion beyond Sind and Multan into India and
finished the work begun by the Arabs.
Turkish Invasions
Mahmud of Ghazni
❖ After the Arabs, the Turks invaded India.
❖ An Ottoman chieftain named Alaptagin established the
Ottoman Empire at Ghazni.
❖ In 977 AD, Alaptagin's son-in-law Subuktagin ruled
Ghazni.
❖ After the death of Subuktagin, his son Mahmud
Ghaznavi ascended the throne of Ghazni.
❖ He invaded India 17 times between 1001 and 1026 AD
to expand Islam and gain wealth.
❖ His attacks have been mentioned by the scholar Henry
Elliot.
❖ He plundered Somnath Temple in AD 1025 (his
sixteenth raid).
❖ He plundered Nagarkot, Thaneshwar, Kannauj,
Mathura, and Somnath.
❖ He patronized three persons, Firdausi (court poet),
Alberuni (scholar) and Utbi (court historian).
❖ Alberuni wrote ‘Kitab-ul-Hind'.
➢ In AD 1026, he defeated the Jats.
➢ Al-Qadir Villah, the Khalifa of Baghdad, conferred the
titles of Yamin-ud-daulah and Amen-ul-Millah on him.
➢ He died in AD 1030.
➢ The objective of Mahmud’s expeditions was to plunder
and loot. He was not interested in expanding his
empire to India.
Muhammad Ghori
❖ The Turkish Empire in India is attributed to Muhammad
Ghori.
❖ He was the ruler of Ghazni, a small mountainous region
between Ghazni and Herat.
❖ He was of the Sansabani dynasty.
❖ Gauri's full name was Shihabuddin Muhammad Gauri.
❖ He conquered Multan (first invasion AD 1175) and
Kutch (AD 1178).
❖ He made a second attack on Gujarat in 1178 AD but
was defeated by Moolraj II at the foothills of Mount
Abu.
❖ This was the first defeat of Muhammad Ghori in India.
❖ This war was conducted by the Nayika Devi, who was
the wife of Mulraj.
❖ By 1186 AD, Gauri had conquered Lahore, Sialkot, and
Bhatinda.
❖ Muhammad Ghori died in AD 1206.
❖ After 1194 AD, Qutubuddin Aibak and Bakhtiyar Khilji,
two commanders of Gauri, started conquering Indian
territories.
❖ It is also believed that Muhammad Ghauri also issued
coins bearing the shape of Goddess Lakshmi.
❖ After the death of Muhammad Ghori, Qutubuddin
Aibak ruled Delhi and founded his dynasty, the Ilbari or
Slave Dynasty.
BATTLE OF TERRAIN
➢ In the First Battle of Terrain (1191), Ghori forces were
completely rooted out by Prithviraj Chauhan.
➢ The Second Battle of Terrain (1192), is regarded as one
of the turning points in Indian history which led to the
defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori.
➢ It is said that Jaichand, the ruler of Kannauj did not help
Prithviraj Chauhan during the Second Battle of Terrain.
➢ The defeat laid the foundation of Muslim rule in India.
➢ Later, in 1194, Jaichand was also defeated at the Battle
of Chandawar.
❑ Rajput Uprisings
❑ There were many Rajput mutinies between 1193 and
1198 A.D.
❑ Qutb-ud-din-Aibak defeated them and brought many
regions under his control.
❑ Muhammad of Ghori made Delhi as the capital.
❑ Death of Muhammad of Ghori
❑
❑ He was assassinated on 25th March 1206 A.D. in Central
Asia by some Shia rebels and Khokhars.
❑
❑ He is considered to be the real founder of the Turkish
Empire in India because of his various invasions and
subjugations of the Rajput territories in North India.
