1 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

Double Integral

b
 Definite integral  f ( x)dx for
a
function of one independent variable is used to

approximate the region in the plane, which is bounded by the continuous function
f ( x)  0 , the x-axis, and the line x  a and x  b .

 Similarly, the double integral for a function of two independent variables

 f ( x, y)dA ,
R
in fact, approximates the volume of a solid under the surface

z  f ( x, y) and over region R.

,y)
z = f(x

c d
y
a
R
b

 It should be noted that:

Area of Region =  1dA
R

Volume =  f ( x, y)dA
R
 2 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

 Partial Definite Integrals

b d
 The symbols 
a
f ( x, y )dx and  f ( x, y )dy denote partial definite integrals.
c
b
  f ( x, y )dx is
a
called partial definite integral with respect to x, which is

evaluated by holding y fixed and integrating with respect to x.

d
  f ( x, y )dy is
c
called partial definite integral with respect to y, which is

evaluated by holding x fixed and integrating with respect to y.

Example 1
1 1

 xy dx and  xy dy .
2 2
Calculate the value of
0 0

Solution
1 1 x 1
y2 x2 y 2 (1)2 y 2 (0)2 y 2
0  0    
2 2
xy dx y xdx
2 x 0
2 2 2

1 1 y 1
xy 3 x(1)3 x(0)3 x
0 xy dy  x 0 y dy  3   
2 2

y 0
3 3 3

Double Integral over Rectangular Region

 Method of Integration
If f ( x, y ) is function of two variables over a rectangular region
R  {( x, y) | a  x  b, c  y  d} , then
d b

d b


c a
f ( x, y )dxdy     f ( x, y )dx  dy
c a 
b d
d b

a c f ( x, y )dydx a  c f ( x, y )dy  dx
which are known as repeated/iterated integrals.
 3 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

Example 2
2 1 1 2

  xy dxdy and   xy dydx .

2 2
Evaluate
0 0 0 0

Solution
x 1 y 2
2 1
 x2 y2 
2 1 2 1
 xy 3 
0 0  0  2  dy 0 0 xy dydx  0  3  dx
2 2
xy dxdy
x 0 y 0

2
 y2 0  1
 8x 0 
    dy     dx
0
0
2 2 3 3
2 1
y2 8x
 dy  dx
0
2 0
3
y 2 x 1
 y3   4 x2 
   
 6  y 0  3  x 0
2 3 03 4(1) 2 4(0) 2
   
6 6 3 3
4 4
 
3 3

It can be observed that these two iterated integrals have the same value. Generally, it is stated
in the theorem as follows:

Fubini’s Theorem
Let R be the rectangle defined by the equalities a  x  b and c  y  d . If f ( x, y ) is
continuous on this rectangle, then
d b b d


R
f ( x, y )dA    f ( x, y )dxdy    f ( x, y )dydx
c a a c

Example 3
Evaluate the double integral  (3  x  y )dA over rectangle R  {( x, y) | 0  x  2,0  y  1} .
R

Solution
2 1

 (3  x  y )dA    (3  x  y )dydx
R 0 0
 4 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

2 y 1
y2
  3 y  xy  dx
0
2 y 0
2
 (1) 2   (0) 2 
  3(1)  x (1)    
2   2 
3(0) x (0) dx
0 
2
5 
    x  dx
0 
2
x 2
5x x 2
 
2 2 x 0

 5(2) (2) 2   5(0) (0) 2 

    
 2 2   2 2 
3

x
0 2

Example 4
Calculate the volume formed by the surface z  8  x 2  y 2 over rectangle
R  {( x, y) | 1  x  1, 1  y  1} .

Solution
1 1

 (8  x  y )dA    (8  x  y 2 )dydx
2 2 2

R 1 1
y 1
1
 y3 
  8 y  x 2 y   dx
1 
3  y 1
1
 (1)3   (1)3 
  8(1)  x 2 (1)  
 8( 1)  x 2
( 1)   dx
1 
3   3 
1
2
  (16  2 x 2  )dx
1
3
5 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

1
46
 (  2 x 2 )dx
1
3
x 1
 46 2 x3 
  x 
3 3  x 1
 46 2(1)3   46 2( 1)3 
  (1)  
  ( 1)  
3 3  3 3 
88

3
y

R
-1
x
1

-1

Double Integrals over Non-Rectangular Regions

 In applying double integrals over non-rectangular regions, one of the challenges is to

determine the intervals of the integrals.
 Technique of using “vertical stripe” or “horizontal stripe” is applicable, where both
of them will give the same final answer.

Type 1 Region (Vertical Stripe)

Type 1 region contains points ( x, y) such that for each fixed x between constants a and b,
y varies from g1 ( x) to g 2 ( x) , where g1 ( x) and g 2 ( x) are continuous functions.

Thus, the double integrals  f ( x, y)dA is given by:

R
y  g 2 ( x)
b y  g2 ( x )

 f ( x, y)dA   
R a y  g1 ( x )
f ( x, y )dydx

y  g1 ( x)
a
b
6 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

Type 2 Region (Horizontal Stripe)

Type 2 region contains points ( x, y) such that for each fixed y between constants c and d,
x varies from h1 ( y) to h2 ( y) , where h1 ( y) and h2 ( y) are continuous functions.

Thus, the double integrals  f ( x, y)dA is given by:

R

d x  h2 ( y )

 f ( x, y)dA   
R c x  h1 ( y )
f ( x, y )dxdy

Example 5

Let R be the triangular region enclosed by the line y  0 , y  2 x and x  1 . Evaluate the
double integral

 ( x  y)dA
R

using iterated integral with:

(a) y-integration first

(b) x- integration first

Solution
1 y 2 x
(a)  ( x  y)dA   
R 0 y 0
( x  y )dydx

1 y 2 x
y2
  xy  dx
0
2 y 0
1
 (2 x) 2   (0) 2 
   x(2 x)  
  x (0)   dx
0 
2   2 
1
  4 x 2 dx
0
1
4 x3

3 0

4

3
 7 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

2 x 1
(b)  ( x  y)dA  
R

0 x  y /2
( x  y )dxdy

2 x 1
x2
   yx dy
0
2 x  y /2
2
12   ( y / 2) 2 y 
    y (1)     y ( ) dy
0    2
2 2 
2
1 5 y2
  y dy
0
2 8
2
y y 2 5 y3
  
2 2 24 0

 5
 1  2    0
 3
4

3

Example 6

By using double integrals, find the area of the regions enclosed by y  4  x 2 and y  3x.

Solution 15

10
(1,3)
5

R
-5

-10

-15
(-4,-12)
-20

-25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

To find the intercepting points between y  4  x 2 and y  3x , we let

4  x 2  3x
x 2  3x  4  0
( x  4)( x  1)  0
x = -4 and x = 1

When x = -4, y = 3x = 3(-4) = -12

When x = 1, y = 3x = 3(1) = 3
 8 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

1 y 4 x
2

Area of region, R =  
4 y 3 x
1dydx

1 4 x2

 y
4
dx
3x
1
  (4  x 2  3 x)dx
4
1
x3 3x 2
 4x  
3 2 4

 1 3  (64) 
  4(1)      16   (24) 
 3 2  3 
 20.83

Example 7

By using double integrals, find the volume of the solid enclosed by the planes
2 x  3 y  z  6, x  0, y  0 and z  0 .

Solution

Volume =  f ( x, y)dA
R

62 x
y
x 3 3
  
x 0 y 0
(6  2 x  3 y )dydx

6 2 x
x 3
 y
3y2  3
  (6  2 x) y   dx
x 0 
2 0 2
x 3
(6  2 x) 3  6  2 x 
2 2

 
x 0
3
 
2 3 
 dx 2x+3y=6

x 3 R
1
 
6 x 0
(6  2 x) 2 dx
3 x
3
1  (6  2 x)3 
  
6  6  0
1
 (0  (36))
6
6
 9 Chapter 2: Multiple Integrals

Example 8

By using double integrals, evaluate  ( x  y)dA , where R is the region bounded by

R
y x

and y  x 2 .

Solution

x 1 y  x 1.4

 ( x  y)dA   
R x 0 y  x2
( x  y )dydx 1.2

x 1 x
 y2 
   xy  
0.8

x 0 
2  x2 0.6

x 1 4
x 3 x
  x3/2   x  dx 0.4

x 0
2 2
0.2
1
2 x 2 x 4 x5 
  x5/2     0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

5 4 4 10  0
3

10

Example 9
4 2

  y dydx . Interchange the order of integration and evaluate

3
Given that
0 x

Solution
4 2

  y dydx , we derive the information as shown in the figure as follows, where the
3
From
0 x

technique of vertical stripe has been used.

Thus, interchange the order of integration from dydx to dxdy, we have:

2 x y 2
2
2
x y2
  y dxdy   y x x 0 dy
3 3 1.8

0 x 0 0 1.6

2 1.4

  y dy 5
1.2

0 1

32 0.8

3 0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4