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Hln
rozU nive,
THEORY AND PROBLE${S OF ELECTROMAGNETICS
scHA uM
rS OUTLINE , Seeonl E dition r Bu J ose ph A. Ed,'^rrisfur
CHAPTERS ELECTRIC FLUX AND GAUSS'LAW
9.1- NET ct{ARGE lN A REcloN
Fo,. v o\ur'r c c t".av3e Ae^s\l1 ',
p., t
dVe-
d 6l_ d,e = ,R, ),
cl'v
:, e = Jn V
dv
I rr general o
tJv ,itt ^J be 'o^'\*J t\^'o* h o,^\ lLc
^'rl; 'f' f 4 bt*ft( $2";+4
"cl.t2r?
Vo\u".^<. lU),
btL/,d[no ' U.,\a ' \*y-rgU*f.iul
cra c$o{ ? ^o ntts
EXAM PLE I Fi.^J *I.e- cLo-"3. ',n *t^e vo\' r'^.e- d'.lit J b)
t Sv< 2 "-^ in sphev'.eot eoovdi,,.otes, i8
2! 71 2_ yq
S c,\w\ io rn j
ool y1
=, Q #)$siv,o de)(T..s'S)
l,
l1I-)
2
dv = 4 J: =u,)[ t'- I'l = + - [ = t- +=(+)
j t, n0 dd = -cos d l- = cos-Tr -(- cos o) = tt t =(Z)
N
'i" ,or"S df =T+[ r + c os zil a/ = L"Tot cos 4tafr= iE * t"^"$u
o o
= l}n.tl si,. tr,]- r"t'+l-si^{
= + (an) _-(n)
e = 5 ,C)Cz)(rr) -_ srr
3,2. ELECTRIC FLUX AMD FLUX DENSITY
"E le-ct"ic f( ux.(ly)" i, a sala, t;rlJ (lt.u. o ,."1r)
ure5.)r ^ot
+ Lr^b*Jr
wt^ilc "Ele.rtri, f l,r,y- d"nsilr (bt) " is a, f ,ttJ
-;tk" ".too
+ )rfiit \'-a,)l
U,, lika €, tl"r. li"lJt o$e,nrt J;"e"lly h^eo.tt^r aLl ; e
tl^c;, exist",,... w cr.s ;n I erreA $ ro n i,'r, etee ^tl'. - c.<t,^"g
^
eYfCvir..,ra".'[S in e.le-ctrrsiof; cs .
KAMPLEZ- T^i s exo*f ta is ,^,.^cL \a\o\n€, f.il.e_ 4r^ experri*e,it,
So b) t.{.rri19 to fl^e. {i9*.,o s\no*r^ L elo* a'-d fotto-iy
Sfe.ps r^r\\l be toF..^ i^\o a."co,^.r,f :
L-A cla.3(* () is fi,rrt tix,oJ ir^ plocc .
Z-! itevieol, c,,ncevlvic 2 ct,.l*.ii13 "Loll I
is thc," closcl a"o, r..J it. v l/
3-I.itr^tty ilna sL"[l hos lro nJ
ch,avgi on its sn/lnee *d/ ,'*t...
4- Now lf a c,,^J,^"bi,^9 pot\^ to !
$vo,r-.o[ i I
ov\ant";b cr* p\et eJ
vt^
b2 closi,ag q s",i\ch
5 - A clav3" Gd), elna\ in ra^agnil"Ae
b*t. 6{ o ?posit e s igvr 2 is AiscnvcneA
on lhc tatt
T\nis cV*-g. CA) ,^^ight Le o..o*teJ bJ otr,.r.si"^t [[o- ",{ 8o,
^qatire X*ga f ,ro* tL< 9rc,. ^J,t)nro*gL iL. s*,i\"h , oJ o*.to
thc sLell .
ts de.fl.iI io,r , ete-clnia 8\,^^ Ly orig\nole,s ova po-siti*e chotgq .'*\
',
tar,*lnnn{ e.s o v\ ,.e-gotirc c\nc.rg e. }* lLe' abs,,^gg " f negat
i trc chqvS €r
tLa 4\ur q ter^i"n^tes a.f i*{i.i\2. Also by d.'(iti}for. r ort e
cou\o,-.t o$ rte"t"ie eharge gir,-.s vis<. $o o'r\e co, lr''t " { ele$rlc
,Fl,^x . H.ncC
v--a (c)
+a A-a
\7
\
+.--- . 4
/
.+d
/ \
(a) (b)
It'^' Ftg'(e) oborre tL.g f t"^x li'nts lea'es +d o^J lev'-inofg
o rn - A .TLir AeSt^raat tL.\ t\.e t-o cLavgcs a.\.e $ e1wr"[ ,n^ag.i],rA<
"
T',.c co.se clavge *\$. r^o ,n<,3oltr* c\,*^19c i,., lLc r3lo,^
"l Posrhr.
is itl ustrtcJ irn F,1.(b). He.e +L<- {t.^r lines o$t elua\\,
,7orJ thn,y,Lo*l }i. soliJ, o,^gle , o^J o,^t tr,-o..J l-f,-,t,
"<^cL
C = &a
ds
(c/''^')
d L/ , lD") .(Jsl c-s\ = D" ,1ds\ An =T,Ji
w h er^e ',
6n
an A .^^l\ ,..to, wov r*e'\
= S,*vtace S tr
ds ; 0 i $$.r..^^tt",l
^Yw,'
0 E\er,lvic $t,^x do^sl\5
=
3,3 GAUSS, LAW
G,^*rs' l,.* slot"+ {l,.o.t "Tt.. totol f l,^x. o^t o{ o closeoJ
strvface is e,1wcl t., tLe ,^et c\r*.rgz -ilLir, tL. s*"fl6.".t'
TV.ls cotn, l>e r,uviff s^ in i,l.1e3uo.l frr,^.r i
^s
0.n.. = $d d?
T'*e' si5',^, $ ,s€c*^ l^3 a c\osJ i^t%ro\ c)rr€r lU<
e,r.t ie,r
3o.\r\tt S \,\v $^.g , *\'.cL ,^....^ rt t< "\oa<r). , b.nt
i t c a,n b <- .^,..o..d e .^p o{ se\re,/,,[ s y1v l"."" e.te.^.+-l s .
I | lLes.e strr *o.ee ele,-..^,^ts c^^ he r.t*tJ so \\^dt
E- i s ei\Le,, I\ov '^,-o,[ o v to,^3e ',\ ic''\ 7 ot*I if tdt I s co*rt*t
ovev o*) ete-^*^"i t., wLi"L-$it Y\oy\^,\a,l , {L"t tLe i,n\tgro..1,r,r
be,ror=q vc-{g si'^^f\e. Tarr.s \L e d.8in'.^3 conBlitio*s o $
^rp.fol
Jatusia^a sta/f^"a a.te ..
L . -T\. su.v tc.." i s c tos-J .
2 , At e^q c\^ poi".t o8 t\<. suv 8o.ce d ts eill^e" novr,,ro\ ov to,g.r,hnl
to tLe su\y $0.." .
3. D' is seelir.^ott 3 cor^5\o^\ ov?,{ +f^^+ g,'rt o# lh. tt^rk..
w l.an.a d s v\ (r v,,^^ ^\ ,
i
FXAIVIPLE 3 Gr,sidev a point cl^.rr3z * d, of ihc ovi3i,',. 0ete.r.ain€ S at*.I;I
S o\,,,.\i o.^ '. f $ c^ sghe"icat sor.[o..€ o{ to"li.", r is ,^r-l a.s go'\ ssia,^. s*r$.*"
tLa. bt sg,^^,^.+U ,Dt d.re- to A is o{ *^rb^*t ^^r19,,ni\ nl+ 6r,.e-rr
tl^e t,^r$o"a a*d is e-vevywlet'e vr'orvnor\ to tLc
2:tt -tt "ot9o.".
Q"^". =9o.di =Jg,$ ds =lDlrf
=90".j? =lo!$ = lDlf' vLsinotodP- ai- D
Note.: lol g.rt o,^t {yo'^ ,*.3J
vo
beco, s. i I is
J
Co'.Sta.,^t o.ll o:r':ev tLc Srrty$acg
,
cLLetrL
a = tDl ,'Qcose{) (fiT) =l D I vz ?T)
a = tDlG-$,e) + lDl= 6:=fu^"
k-D
EXA MPLE 4 ()t. a slecial gausrian stry $o.. to $i^J b* ,tn. t-
cr *,^i Bo''.^ line clnavge
&- @/r^) ,
So\utio- --ila\<e- bLe [i^e. chovg.e o.s lLc ?ax is { .gl;Arlc^l
"
coordinates as stn.,,,.,,... be\ow, BS c-yh.Jr\e^\
*,^^_^.!,
ff on\3 h**e. a,r^. y- cr,*pr)*o.^t z a^d tL,rs cow.porr<,r*
"r,^
C owt, o,..\,3 d,ry+*-d on (r)
.
\,^s 2 \Le" specia\ gor^ssicr,a snr/:6,sa (o, *his pro\l1.,,-,
is octoseJ right ciycutlaaz cgl;,^.Jc." wl.rose ctxis fsll^r
z orxis. Appty,:l Ga"ur, law3ire.s:
Q.^"., st F I
ls
D.As * I o.Js + Io,a,
L z3 #
ToP Side Betto.^
o4
=jo'.u 'f'0,*J,r] ,r4;: 6 I
I
+ J ror .ta4frws
8,,"F191 J
+
4, ds, vdt'av(t", s;re cg[nJr) - e
NoteL:;
--
l6t\ !..os bee-' 9"t o' \ 8*r^^ intgroutiot . te. caws€ i| is secti"'n^ll3
Co,n sta...t ( i. a. It i s co'..sto"-t
t\.-o13\,^o,^t \L. siJe o.ryat
"
I t[ot egl;'"Ac'. ),
Note Z'. &.^.. = fl xL , b acar,Ls e, i I is +\^.t a\^^owra,t o "Log.
(
e n ctose-J bJ tt"* 3 anss i a.r. sqY loce w hi"L has at lc^gil".
or a h'r9\b "{ (L) L ZlT L L'ff
a
A.n.=,fi. L =\Dr[ Y df dz= lDl
ar0
[ "( [^)([d0
,fu L , tDl r(L) kl = lDl (envQ 4,
!L;
fn /,lDl@r$ + lDl '4*+ ,i> D = Z1I Y
& RELATION BETT,VEEN FLUX DENSITY AND ELECTRTC FIELD
IN TEN SITY
+ ""-l>
D = €E (c / *,,2)
w he-e 3
D" is l[e ele'{ri. fl,^* dr^si{3 G\rFr**Jr-JU<)
? is {r^. el<-ct"ic fi.tJ r*\*,^s1\3 (dvrpr0\+\?.4)
€ i s {1n. p er,"^',*tiui \3 ( A*.U*) r l,[.<,,^ .Ji.r,*,., -1.,,i " i s
callcJ €o = ri9 . 8.gS *r6re (F/,^^) lo, $ru
= 36-lt
sfac<
oY va.cl/'"Ll.'v1,\
'
A."o"J;^9\3 , {on tb f revio^s exaw,p(s5 3g q € c-o,^U bC
$r*' J o-S:
L - Poi,'.\ Ct^o.rg e
I
-+ & av -G: =
D
r-t-tl vt €o
*+
o
Je
E =-La,
r+ -lT €oYL
L- 1^$ i",,i\e Li^e- Cl,.o-'.gz
-4 4
4
P=#Av
O/1
2
6, D
€u
c
€- ft Br
z1f €"Y
O r^a C-Ovt\ e.-st Lt i .e hrw s',r^-p\ e is gi-.dl^o
J
,*\ e,C
^ot
bJ .l'siy G atass 1 L*w ,^r,l;l.e t\^e lonSc l) YaceJ,nr.s of
c;l,.o^fiev L
CHAPTER3 SOLV ED PROBU EM
-L Fi.^A tL. et^o.'3e i,^\\.e ,r\,^-^. ,t"fi,,.J t) .SxSt*,
o€3S \.^ z *,'^d " (2. S r,^^ if f, = Zo x tb
Wh"t cha ^ge occnrs 8o, t\ne t;,^^l{s _t fuc/"^).
s. b O t^.^ t <
So\tAi u'rr S i-..es ;A = ,f; A U
rtt
A '- J F"-,66x'g dr d'J dz
t
o60
=3* * (l 5 ,r(j d)
't$:"r,
=za*,-u6{+ I.)(+" I:) (=l:)
-6^
" 3on, 5"(- -, G - o) (t - ). zo*;q(i) FJ C'l
A = 9*r{6-
6
s,uc
to, +t- Ct"o'je i,,.. ll,"^i\ S ov\ $ I
ol
a'l I fo
I
-l
.oxr66 x',U d'x Ay
o
Az
&= -Sitx C
3,2- T^--- ;zol..l cVang<.s Cl l- = 3o ,- C , Q" = l5A ",C t
^,-..A &.s i -4o ". c , o\ve ovrctoseJ b) strv8ocg 8,
!{ hart n, t f l,^ x cvo ss ?-s S ?,
-S.,l*t i, r,a ',
?^.t =
' 3o
J
Qr,"t
+ l5o '7o g.;
3.3 Wha,t ,ne\ $l*x cyoss.q- +t.* clos"A s.^Y ln", S sLto-n
in Ftg bl';lo* , .LicL conto,i^s ^ cVavge di.tri b,alion
irt t\,^e 8ov* o{ a p\o^e. ditk o! "odiu'g 4 ^ wi}!^.
dc^sitr7 f, = ,fr_ (c t*r) |
^ Lv
Srl^tl o'-. ',
q,a --Jr, ds
s
ds i Y A, Jf
LIr q
v = JJ
oo
(*lrd' ey
z'ti
?= Lff"in'd^4(i4 =L ({, - cos "/)
'r) (q)
=+QL6- + si^z-()l:) o)
V
V= +(tlb,r- r,f-rl-(a-+/;l (,*)
U=Lr(+. "1 [t)
L/ -- LT (C)
% A civcu\o'v d;sk o I
"t"tli*s {
v'a wi\L a, ch*g< A.^si \3
f, ct?- s\^f ,AC/*z fs .^"los*) b b s.,*Yfo.* S.
^+ ,.et f,l^x cvo ssee S ?
W h
Sot,^t io^: w
l- Q= I,nds
s
L1J q
(zsi^{)rJ" dil
{ {
= tz (T'i^frrlxi " r,
=tL (."c l:) (+\: )
L Cos ?-n-(-c<'s ')] €)
=tz
= tz t1-,'^+ (+)
Ll) , o,f- C
Since 4he. d is k a"la I ,'.,9 e-q,^al cr -^.ourn{ s o{ potili'e
au,-d negal itn. cV^rg< fsi^69+rr) =-si*dl, n o t\e II
f\"x cYossres S
2'"@/='"
ffice-S
3.s A c\tavgz i,^ tU€ f,o"*-- o f a pla*e s[.ot .il\^ J.^ril'
,P, = +o l C/n," is lo.r,t gJ of Z = -o.g ,-.. . fl, nrti0or-..
li".e llrorgz "f fts -C7*C/* lie.s olo".gt\^.5oxiS,
What v"e,t { t,^* cvo ssl. s tLe s .,tv I o.ce- o ( a. cr*b e Lq o-,
A.,,,\ e-Ag e q ce*i.-rl o"t +\"< aviSi h , 6s -9\,r ov-r6 i.^ Fi3. Lslon
S o\'^\iora
L/ Q .-'.,
"
@f," CLa-Je .,...los<J
lrou^ +L< (lc*,-s i5
6r= "?t x A
t Q*o * rJn)*(zxz)
4rs r6o f C
€) -IGe, CVo'.ga {r, .^ \ t-€ \;-, q
Qf fl *L =(-6xri')*(L) = -tL/,u'c
\\^r".s
.3,6- A poi^\ cVo'rgz ( is o.f *l<. origfna ul a, sp\evical coordi..n^\.
sgste'.... Fi'^.J t\"e- .8t.^x whlcL, cvosses tL'.e. pov\{o-^.
ol o tphe,iu,l shett ^ d ?scv,y? lf6<a < F) o.s sLo',,','.". tt\o'^2,
What lL th<. Yzst"lt ;+ d'=o b F= E1 F 1,/
.
- Tx.- \otat fl** V, Q. cvosses a u-'ylele sphevical \,
s\cl\ ol ,'o^ 4rv\ -Thc o.reo\_ o{ .tU" slvip 1s
A,T f Fv"i^ o do Jf = a(
,:"7
;'- r. t'l
o -o<,
"(fs'-ea|)(,""a4)
cusp + c"s a)(ztr)
= vL (-- 3) ---- ," (-
cosltll C # |l:" {-.
V^.4
' , LA
rt.lfrz , -9 (.ot a1- cos f)
Z^- . 'N.ro
k /u ,^r\aaq &F" T/t
3,lo Given {t^rt i=tox ?y (c/,,^')2detrvv-^iw? +L*e (l^x cvossi-tg
a /L' ,.^z oL{ta, 4ha.t iS wor",.ol to 4V-l- x axig ut X s 3 r^-r
Solu.t i o- i 9i,^ce. 5 i: co.'^sto,,^t over' tLe atra o"^J (zvpev.Ji",^L,
t" it ?
'+
tr @x s3 is Q= tol63 ax
6:= 3o ?r toX 3x
is &u z
V,lDlA i aYt/\
t)
-- (zo cnf (t'"
C
=30
3,lZ A ,,..ri f,.,'.-,. lin,e cVor'.le ol f,2 ' i ,bc/n f ies alo.3 tw.
Z'^
? cr :t i g, a^J o\ cey\ c€,,1t"1c- eivc.,t\o" c5\l-'d er "8 ta'lit^s
has f, = ( 1,5/qr),bC/uL. BotL J;strlb.,rtio,.s ave i"'f,;'^ltt
in exle^l rrri lL z, . 0s. f,,awss' [a,^, t. 4l'^J D* l^ o\l tyioq
Bolni io,n '.
@ {on G<v <Q
Usi'.^., lLrl- syeci,,l gaassi,,,,- s,.nlr^.e A
as sho*n \<..<, lLe,^ yvo Cess iy as
gY a'^6le 4 i q. tt* ; s chap \c"r 2 ,ue- 3 ,t ,,
ts
t, 2-1f
{4 Y
tr cr(., < Z_
----
-.j1.>
- -4_
@ 4o, G>t
0si*-9 gor*ssiatv" s. r-f7 ."n g Tue ,*l o{ cAl:^AorJ.Pe
n--c- i;le
= 9 D-,LS a fi,eL + "GG-q4qoyq
U"+ q, f)
vodi.^s. Js
16nl"nr,{, -alwogs bolc.^,., a,g
uariablc low gavsria- s*rfti"a
Ss ,fa + \T,fs. v >2- ,#
2--rf v
dv
^.- a, Qtcy,*) s(ycz,
1o n +\-^c \A wv1^-€riCa,[ d,ot o g\ryn hCrC
rya,Uc/*)
3,13 Use Ga*ss rs la* f" shov t[a.t O *"rd E drre &rct ot
all poinls fn tV.e p)ane a,.^i8o.,*,13 eJ circnlav
"( "L^*3
ti".3 ,that o'{r. i,^sidc +L- ,i13.
Sol,rt irn., Co.^. s; I L, t i-.steJ .1 d
^e ,iy, l*
t!,. cU-g e
-,^f ig ^.*tio.,r s I-,^,"
he--e , -f..".e {La *.r.i { ov -^\3
Jda
C\rcr"ge.dr, cgli",Jc,v is i,.9ir.i \ q
in ext.-.^\r *c^.de ,^t ,{ -o',,rj
L
-
a-f .',1
r-'-- t _---- =,Y-- |
a
EEA..iI
r i n:5 S , No- 3a^ss i o,,. su.v Sact i , ::..G9-..
[i--.---= 1,.--*
Q r,,^.. =sd,r -r&
b ^t t)^ore ,.s rao ") aL.or3e- e,.^c\oses{ LJ t\e 3a.ssr'ct,a
svrvSr*.* a so tLr"t (Ae.^ c. = O)
noW &u,,.-.. 5c) = D $Jt
1,1r,,... Tf , o 4o, r4K
als o e--o
-+ lr
.?'15 T.e val*,^^. in cglinJricc,,.l coo"Ai',r,.orle-s belwe*-*.. v=Z-,, ,"-.J r=\r-
ca '.,tori"rg a *^ifor* CVo-tgZ clensi\5
€ (c tt). U'e Gowrla- {o
l:,^J d t^ all vA\o-"'e '
.("4v (- z*\
S.r\,,ttio.a3!, J___
" ---J
Cl.,--..=6d# =D CrnvL)
b*t Q. o',-c-, ' c)
D-= o
Q*u. =$dJr
0 ,tty)f, = D(ITYY)
L (r t- ,+) en C /".*-Z
zY
@ro"^ cat) (-rr f t- 1r *L)f" t D (znvq
T= (ct'*)
-Tt^e ,o\*r^^. in s ple'ico\ coovAinates ol. tcvibd bl r < a co,..tainr
-g 16:
a nni.f a,,,^^ cVa -yt ole^s i |9 fu , U se Ga ntt ' I a* f u def.v r^,. iw€
ff. lrtl!'. .lf 1.l*!r:,\ clta,,,Jn:,. ,rf *t, + ,lrri5l, , rri ltr ',esa lf ;ro $1, e SA*r€ ,e*
i,.;ll, {"' * } 2 ?
S"l*i i o.^ i
8,- (r' ( a) E-lr. G^ssi,,^ Sn,
@
Q-*.-.. = fid i;
"f x(%l".;,lspL"*) = D# as
+
\ bl,a;'jilusia...l s*vlact
f '. '-1o:;'l
- *'+ . ,
4:l\--1".'\di"'/"
rLg ut"' qxiY
f, . @/ "l s = r ri/"iir
6=ry2v
& No-
Q,.--.. -- #6.ff
f" x(v"lt^,,.^e 4t* G'^^plzt< \ - D 6l'
,L.P
c-Vo3e -ill vs a/ S*' f*.. o.cr.. / tI^< gre.,..
\Sy).",ir.t
Sarltsia,a S.rv{a,C€' wi\ r"li,*(r)
f, (-yra3) D (qn rt)
't \3 /
=
--t a^3
Jv a Av
D=
3vL
-To Ce>v^t1)M- ,-f pol*\ cVong- wc L.o..ne- \ -
\L vl) e 1',.,,
dr*r^. t\,-e. ff pr"J,^.J {to.'^-- po',^\ cLo.3- *J '1**\s I b
\- ; t\^ tLo+ ob tc^i*--A L,, tL+. c,se "1 U2O
4
D e=*n^'
-3,17 A p,.voll€\- plot. cayaci[ov h,.s A sr^v l,... cLrn ge or^ tl^c lo-?-v
side ol fhe uFF", plats o t + & k/"*^"). JLe uffev swvlace o I tL.
low<'v plate cerwta'lns - .rr C c 7^z) . Negleci
fvr^gin3 or,,-c) us e.
Gavss, lo'* t o *;^J do^.I E in the vegiovr
bet*e.,r th< plotes.
-Sotnt,b"r'.
+fs
A Il ll,^x leovtr3 fh{ ltoslliv<
cla'.gs ",,, tf.e uppct Tlafe ler,,1^oL,
oy1 thc e.1,l.al ncgaliv<. eho.gc on lLq
I ontc, plat e. J[. slate'*.,,i nnlc.t
fri^9i^3 i.ast^v€s ft€'t fln* i5 novr^ol
{^, t}n e pla-l cs . Fo, ll., SFe cia,l 3a,,se;an
s*yface. shr-r,, in .ll..is l;gv.n
,
Q u."r. i Sr'.ri
f, x Ar,.", = Jtor D.rs + JI D.Js +
?
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