Technical Note
Your Partner in Structural Concrete Design
TN294_RC_dfln_crack_ex_12
051208
DEFLECTION OF CONCRETE MEMBERS
USING NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
1 OVERVIEW
By way of a detailed numerical example, this Technical Note illustrates the application of
equivalent moment of inertia “Ie” and numerical integration in calculating the post-cracking
deflection of concrete members.
1.1 Background
Knowing the values listed below along the length of a span, the equivalent moment of inertia (Ie)
at each point can be calculated;
3 3
Ie = (Mcr / Ma) Ig + [1-(Mcr / Ma) ]Icr ≤ Ig (1)
Where,
Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section;
Ie = Effective moment of inertia;
Ma = Maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed; and,
Mcr = Cracking moment.
1.2 Deflection Computation
Consider the two-span beam shown in Fig 1-1. The particulars of the beam are:
f'c = 28 MPa
Ec = 24870 MPa
Concrete; normal weight = 2400 kg/m3
Creep/shrinkage factor = 2.0
Steel yield strength = 460 MPa
Distance from tension fiber to centroid of tension steel = 71 mm
Distance from compression fiber to centroid of compression rebar = 71 mm
Cover = 60 mm top and bottom
Loading: applied dead load of 10 kN/m; concentrated dead load,
P = 25 kN at center of first span; live loading = 12 kN/m of beam.
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Technical Note
The computed deflections by a software that accounts for cracking of sections (ADAPT-RC) are
given in Fig 1-2 graphically. The graphs show the deflection values at 1/20th points along each
span. The deflection values are also listed in Table 1-1 for the first span.
FIGURE 1-1
The numerical integration for deflection calculation is carried out span by span and is based on
slope-deflection procedure as described next.
Refer to Fig 1-3. The distance, t, offset to the tangent at A, from point B, is given by the moment
of the bending moment diagram between points A and B taken about point B divided by the
respective E*I.
t = (moment of the bending moment diagram about B)/(Ec*Ie)
θa = t /AB
(w + t') = θa * a
where, a, is the distance from support, A, to the location where deflection w is to be calculated.
The offset, t', at location of where deflection is to be calculated is given by:
t' = (moment of the bending moment diagram between A, and D, about, D)/(Ec* Ie)
2
Technical Note
TABLE 1-1 ADAPT-RC COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS OF SPAN 1
X/L X Deflections, δ
(mm) DL + LL (mm)
0.00 0 0.00
0.05 700 13.44
0.10 1400 26.50
0.15 2100 38.71
0.20 2800 49.86
0.25 3500 59.11
0.30 4200 66.75
0.35 4900 72.38
0.40 5600 76.00
0.45 6300 77.20
0.50 7000 76.40
0.55 7700 73.18
0.60 8400 68.36
0.65 9100 61.52
0.70 9800 53.48
0.75 10500 44.23
0.80 11200 34.69
0.85 11900 24.91
0.90 12600 15.41
0.95 13300 6.79
1.00 14000 0.00
FIGURE 1-2
3
Technical Note
FIGURE 1-3
Hence
w = θa * a - t'
Using the procedure described, “w” along the length of each span is calculated.
Dead and Live Load Deflection
For dead and live load deflection, the applied moment and the associated equivalent
moment of inertia are due to the simultaneous application of dead and live loading. The
values of the parameters involved are given in Tables 1-2 and 1-3.
t = ΣAi*Xi /(Ec*Ig) = 270.51 mm
4
Technical Note
θa = 270.51 mm/14,000 mm = 1.93E-02
For a point 6300 mm from the left support, the values are:
(wmax + t' ) = 1.93E-02*6,300 mm = 121.73 mm
t' = ΣA'i*X'i /(Ec*Ig) = 45.41 mm
w due to dead and live loading
= 121.73 mm - 45.41 mm = 76.32 mm
This agrees with the deflection value reported by the program in Table 1-1
TABLE 1-2 MOMENT-AREA INTERIM COMPUTATIONS
X Moment** Ie** Ai Ci Xi Xi' AiXi/EcIe AiXi'/EcIe
(mm) (N.mm) (mm4) (N.mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0 6165 7933400000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
700 124500000 5732064000 43577157750 233.34 13533.34 5833.34 4.137 1.783
1400 233700000 5176954000 1.2537E+11 314.43 12914.43 5214.43 12.575 5.078
2100 327500000 5114004000 1.9642E+11 330.50 12230.50 4530.50 18.888 6.997
2800 406100000 5096920000 2.5676E+11 337.50 11537.50 3837.50 23.370 7.773
3500 469400000 5090278000 3.06425E+11 341.56 10841.56 3141.56 26.242 7.604
4200 517400000 5087187000 3.4538E+11 344.33 10144.33 2444.33 27.693 6.673
4900 550100000 5085657000 3.73625E+11 346.43 9446.43 1746.43 27.905 5.159
5600 567400000 5084984000 3.91125E+11 348.19 8748.19 1048.19 27.056 3.242
6300 569500000 5084908000 3.97915E+11 349.78 8049.78 349.78 25.329 1.101
7000 556300000 5157166000 3.9403E+11 351.37 7351.37 -348.63 22.585 n/a
7700 510200000 5159284000 3.73275E+11 355.04 6655.04 -1044.96 19.360 n/a
8400 448900000 5163620000 3.35685E+11 357.46 5957.46 -1742.54 15.573 n/a
9100 372200000 5173880000 2.87385E+11 360.90 5260.90 -2439.10 11.750 n/a
9800 280300000 5205883000 2.28375E+11 366.43 4566.43 -3133.57 8.055 n/a
10500 173000000 5387626000 1.58655E+11 377.62 3877.62 -3822.38 4.591 n/a
11200 -554000 7933400000 60356100000 467.42 3267.42 -4432.58 1.000 n/a
11900 -108200000 7933400000 -38063900000 234.52 2334.52 -5365.48 -0.450 n/a
12600 -262500000 5134348000 -1.29745E+11 301.44 1701.44 -5998.56 -1.729 n/a
13300 -432200000 4390003000 -2.43145E+11 321.50 1021.50 -6678.50 -2.275 n/a
14000 -617200000 4248884000 -3.6729E+11 329.43 329.43 -7370.57 -1.145 n/a
S= 270.509 45.409
Ec = Modulus elasticity of concrete = 24870.00 N/mm2.
Ai = Moment area each 1/20th subdivision (assumed as a trapezoid) (see Fig 1-3)
Ci = Centroid of each 1/20th subdivision (assumed as a trapezoid)
Xi = Moment arm of each 1/20th subdivision about point B (see Fig 1-3)
X i' = Moment arm of each 1/20th subdivision about point D (see Fig 1-3)
5
Technical Note
TABLE 1-3 ADAPT-RC MOMENTS AND MOMENT OF INERTIAS DUE TO DEAD AND
LIVE LOAD
ADAPT STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM
=================================================================================
Applied moment (Ma), Cracked moment (Mcr), Gross Moment of Inertia (Ig)
Cracked I (Icr) and Effective I (Ie) for span 1
S pts Ma Mcr Ig Icr Ie
Nmm Nmm mm4 mm4 mm4
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 0 .6165000E+04 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .79334000E+10
1 1 .1245000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .57320640E+10
1 2 .2337000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .51769540E+10
1 3 .3275000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .51140040E+10
1 4 .4061000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50969200E+10
1 5 .4694000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50902780E+10
1 6 .5174000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50871870E+10
1 7 .5501000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50856570E+10
1 8 .5674000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50849840E+10
1 9 .5695000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .50780750E+10 .50849080E+10
1 10 .5563000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .51571660E+10
1 11 .5102000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .51592840E+10
1 12 .4489000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .51636200E+10
1 13 .3722000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .51738800E+10
1 14 .2803000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .52058830E+10
1 15 .1730000E+09 .7617415E+08 .79334000E+10 .51500200E+10 .53876260E+10
1 16 -.5540000E+06 -.1665114E+09 .79334000E+10 .44118250E+10 .79334000E+10
1 17 -.1082000E+09 -.1665114E+09 .79334000E+10 .44118250E+10 .79334000E+10
1 18 -.2625000E+09 -.1665114E+09 .79334000E+10 .41750850E+10 .51343480E+10
1 19 -.4322000E+09 -.1665114E+09 .79334000E+10 .41750850E+10 .43900030E+10
1 20 -.6172000E+09 -.1665114E+09 .79334000E+10 .41750850E+10 .42488840E+10
1.3 Computation of Equivalent Moment of Inertia, Ie
Refer to ADAPT TN293 for the calculation of Ie. This Technical Note uses the formulation
given in TN293 and illustrates the calculation of Ie for a selected point along the first span of the
above example.
In addition to the geometry of the section, the location and amount of both the tension and the
compression reinforcement are necessary to compute Icr. Herein, Icr at the section next to the
second support is hand calculated. This section contains both negative and positive
reinforcement.
Since tension occurs at the top fiber of the section, indicated by the negative moment in Table 1-
3, the following are the primary equations used in determining the cracking moment of inertia,
Icr.
Icr = bk3d3/3 + nAs(d - kd)2 + As'(n-1)(kd-d')2
Where,
c = kd = {[2dB(1 + rd'/d) + (1 + r)2]1/2 -
(1 + r)}/B
and,
B = b/(nAs)
r = (n - 1) As'/(nAs)
6
Technical Note
For the current problem,
As = 6521 mm2
As' = 3156mm2
b = 400 mm
d = 429 mm
d' = 71 mm
Ec = 24,870 N/mm2
Es = Es' = 200,000 N/mm2
n = Es/Ec = 8.04
Solving for B and r, to obtain c,
B = 400/(8.04*6521)
= 7.629E-03 /mm
r = (8.04 - 1)*3156/8.04*6521
= 0.424
c = kd = {[2*429*7.631E-03*(1 + (0..424*71/429)) +
(1 + 0.424)2]1/2 - (1 + 0.424)}/ 7.629E-03
= 207.28 mm
(ADAPT-RC 207.33 mm)
And finally, solving for Icr,
Icr = 400*(207.28)3/3 + 8.04*6521*(429 - 207.28)2 +
3156(8.04 - 1)*(207.28 - 71)2
= 0.4177E+10mm4
(ADAPT-RC .4175E+10 mm4, Table 1-3)
Ie = (Mcr / Ma)3 Ig + [1-(Mcr / Ma)3]Icr ≤ Ig
where for the current problem,
Mcr = -.1665114E+09N.mm (Extracted from Table 1-3)
Ma = -.2625000E+09N.mm (Extracted from Table 1-3)
Ig = 0.7933400E+10 mm4 (Extracted from Table 1-3)
After substitution,
Ie = (-0.1665114E+09 / -0.2625000E+09 )3 *0.7933400E+10 +
[1-(-0.1665114E+09 / -0.2625000E+09)3]*0.4177E+10
= 0.5136E+10 mm4 < Ig = 0.79334E+10 mm4
(ADAPT-RC 0.51343480E+10 mm4, Table 1-3)
