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Chapter II Mathematical Language and Symbols (Part II) : Katelyn D. Escalante, LPT

This document discusses key concepts in mathematical sets including: 1. Elements, membership, and non-membership in sets 2. Methods for describing sets including roster/tabular and rule/descriptive methods 3. Types of sets such as empty, finite, infinite, and universal sets 4. Relationships between sets including equal, equivalent, joint, and disjoint sets 5. Set operations including union, intersection, difference, and complement of sets

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39 views

Chapter II Mathematical Language and Symbols (Part II) : Katelyn D. Escalante, LPT

This document discusses key concepts in mathematical sets including: 1. Elements, membership, and non-membership in sets 2. Methods for describing sets including roster/tabular and rule/descriptive methods 3. Types of sets such as empty, finite, infinite, and universal sets 4. Relationships between sets including equal, equivalent, joint, and disjoint sets 5. Set operations including union, intersection, difference, and complement of sets

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JhemDelfin
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Chapter II Mathematical

Language and Symbols


(Part II)
KATELYN D. ESCALANTE, LPT
SETS
 A well-defined collection of distinct object and is denoted by an
uppercase letter

A = { 1,2,3}
ELEMENTS
ELEMENT or MEMBER
- An object that belongs to a set
SETS
Membership of the element is denoted by this “€”
While non-membership is denoted by this “∉”
Example:
A = { 1,2,3}
1€A
(read as 1 is an element of A. )
4€A
4∉A
Ways of Describing a Set

ROSTER/ TABULAR METHOD


RULE/ DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
Ways of Describing a Set
ROSTER/ TABULAR METHOD
Method in which the elements in the given set
are listed or enumerated, separated by a comma, inside a
pair or braces.
RULE/ DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
Method in which the common characteristics
of the elements are defined. This method uses set builder
notation where x is used to represent any element of the
given set.
Example:
1. The distinct letters in the words “mathematics”
Let A be the set of distinct letters of the word “mathematics”

Roster form: A = {m, a, t, h, e, m, a, t, i, c, s}


Rule form: A = {x∣x is the distinct letters in the words “mathematics”}
Example:
2. The colors of the rainbow
Let B be the set of the colors of the rainbow

Roster form: B = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}


Rule form: B = {x∣x is the colors of the rainbow}
Example:
3. An even prime number
Let C be the set of the even prime number

Roster form: C = {2}


Rule form: C = {x∣x is the even prime number}
TYPES OF SETS
 Empty/Null/ Void Sets
 Finite Sets
 Infinite Sets
 Universal Sets
TYPES OF SET
1.EMPTY/ NULL/ VOID SET
– set that has no elements,
- denoted by Ø or by a pair of braces with no element inside.
Example:
The set of numbers in the English Alphabet
2. FINITE SET
- a set with a countable number of elements.
Example:
The set of letters in the English Alphabet
TYPES OF SET
3. INFINITE SET
– a set has uncountable number of element
Example:
The set of counting numbers

4. UNIVERSAL SET
- the totality of all the elements of the sets under
consideration, denoted by U.
Example:
The set of real numbers.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
EQUAL SETS
EQUIVALENT SETS
JOINT SETS
DISJOINT SETS
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
1. EQUAL SETS
– set with same elements

2. EQUIVALENT SETS
– set with the same number of elements.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
Example:
A = {r, e, a, d} C = {m, a, t, e}
B = {d, e, a, r}

Sets A and B EQUAL EQUIVALENT

Sets B and C EQUIVALENT

Remember: It can be noted that equal sets are equivalent sets,


however not all equivalent sets are equal sets
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
3. JOINT SETS
- sets with at least one common element

4. DISJOINT SETS
– sets that have no common element
RELATIONSHIPS OF SETS
Example:
E = {1,2,4} G = {2,4,6,8,10, …}
F = {1,3,9}

Sets E and F JOINT

Sets E and G JOINT

Sets F and G DISJOINT


SUBSET
- set wherein every element of which can be found on the bigger set.
- this is denoted by this ⊂

PROPER SUBSET
- contain at least one common element from the bigger set
IMPROPER SUBSET
- The set itself and null set
SUBSET
Example
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,8}

A = {1, 3, 5} B = {2,4,8}

C = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} D = {2, 4}

E = {2}
Power Sets
- Set containing all the subset of the given set
Formula : 𝟐𝒏 “wherein n is the number of element”

Example;
A = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑}
𝟐𝒏 = 𝟐𝟑 = 8 subsets
Subset 1 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} Subset 5 = {𝟏}

Subset 2 = {𝟏, 𝟐} Subset 6 = {𝟐}

Subset 3 = {𝟏, 𝟑} Subset 7 = {𝟑}

Subset 4 = {𝟐, 𝟑} Subset 8 = {}


OPERATIONS ON SETS
 Union of Sets
 Intersection of Sets
 Difference of Sets
 Complement of Sets
OPERATIONS ON SETS
1. UNION OF SETS
- set whose elements are found in A or B or in both.
- This is denoted by A U B

Example:
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
A U B = {a, b, c, d, e}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
2. INTERSECTION OF SETS
- set whose elements are common to both sets.
- This is denoted by A ∩ B

Example.
Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
Then A ∩ B = {c, d}
OPERATIONS ON SETS
3. DIFFERENCE OF SETS
- sets whose elements of A which do not belong to B.
- We have, A – B.
Example
Let A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
A - B = {a, b}

A-B=B–A -?
OPERATIONS ON SETS
4. COMPLEMENT OF Set
- the set of elements found in the universal set but not in set A.
- This is denoted by 𝐴𝑐
Example;
U = {a, b, c, d, e}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e}
Then 𝐴𝑐 = {e}
Thank you for
Listening

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