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Bernoulli's Equation PDF

The document discusses the derivation and applications of Bernoulli's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid. It explains how the equation is derived from conservation of energy and outlines its practical uses, such as in pumps, pipes, and measuring fluid flow. Examples are provided to illustrate how Bernoulli's equation can be applied to problems involving fluid mechanics.

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Abdul Wares
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171 views8 pages

Bernoulli's Equation PDF

The document discusses the derivation and applications of Bernoulli's equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid. It explains how the equation is derived from conservation of energy and outlines its practical uses, such as in pumps, pipes, and measuring fluid flow. Examples are provided to illustrate how Bernoulli's equation can be applied to problems involving fluid mechanics.

Uploaded by

Abdul Wares
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Topic: Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation and Its

Practical Applications

1. Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation (Energy Equation):


 Energy presents in the form of pressure, kinetic (due to its velocity) and
potential (due to its elevation) in flowing fluids with no energy exchange
due to viscous dissipation, heat transfer, or shaft work (pump or some other
device).
 The relationship among these three forms of energy was first stated by
Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), based upon the conservation of energy
principle.
 Bernoulli’s theorem pertaining to a flow streamline is based on three
assumptions: steady flow, incompressible fluid, and no losses from the fluid
friction.

Method 1:
An element of fluid, as shown in Fig. 3.1 will possess potential energy due to its
height Z above the datum and kinetic energy due to its velocity V, in the same
way as any other object.

B A

B A
Z mg

Datum Level

Fig.3.1: Energy in flowing fluids

Potential energy = mgZ; m = mass of the fluid element


Potential energy per unit weight = Z
1
Kinetic energy = m𝑉 2
2
𝑉2
Kinetic energy per unit weight =
2𝑔

If the pressure at section BB is P and the area of pipe cross section is A,


Force exerted on BB = PA and section BB will have move to AA:
𝒎𝒈 𝒎
Volume passing BB = = ; 𝝆 = density of the fluid
𝝆𝒈 𝝆
𝒎
Therefore, distance BA = ,
𝝆𝑨
𝒎
Work done = force × distance BA = PA×
𝝆𝑨
𝑷 𝑷
Work done per unit weight = =
𝝆𝒈 𝛾
𝑷
The term is known as the flow work or pressure energy.
𝛾

Daniel Bernoulli states that, for steady flow of a frictionless fluid along a
streamline, the total energy per unit weight remains constant from point to point
although its division among these three forms of energy may vary:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙


( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) + ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) + ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) = ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) = Constant
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃 𝑉2
+ +Z=H
𝛾 2𝑔

This is the general form of Bernoulli’s equation.

Each of these terms has the dimension of a length, or head, and they are often
𝑃 𝑉2
referred to as the pressure head , the velocity head , potential head Z and
𝛾 2𝑔
total head H.

Method 2:
𝑑𝑝 1
The Euller’s equation: + gdz + d𝑉 2 = 0
𝜌 2

Integrating both sides of the above equation


𝑑𝑝 1
∫ + ∫ gdz + ∫ d𝑉 2 = Constant
𝜌 2

Assuming incompressible and steady flow


𝑃 1
+ gz + 𝑉 2 = Constant
𝜌 2

Dividing both sides by g


𝑃 1 2
+z+ 𝑉 = Constant
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

And rearranging the terms

𝑃 𝑉2
+ + Z = Constant
𝛾 2𝑔

This is the general form of Bernoulli’s equation.

Bernoulli’s equation estates that, for steady flow of a frictionless fluid along a
steamline, the total energy per unit weight remains constant from point to point
although its division among these three forms of energy may vary:

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙


( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) + ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) + ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) = ( 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 ) = Constant
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑃 𝑉2
+ +Z=H
𝛾 2𝑔

Each of these terms has the dimension of a length, or head, and they are often
𝑃 𝑉2
refered to as the pressure head , the velocity head , potential head Z and
𝛾 2𝑔
total head H.

2. Bernoulli’s Equation Including System Irreversibility (Losses) and Shaft Work:

The Bernoulli’s equation can be written between two points as follows

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Z2

Z1

Fig. 3.2: Fluid is flowing between two points


Energy could have been supplied by introducing a pump (WP) between two
points; equally, energy could have been lost by doing work against friction (hf )
and/ or in a turbine (WT). Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed in case of
applications with these mechanical systems and/ or machines:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
( 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ) = ( 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ) + ( 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ) + ( 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 ) − ( 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 )
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 1 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: 1 − 2 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: 1 − 2 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡: 1 − 2

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓 + 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Fig. 3.3: Water is transferring from lower reservoir to upper reservoir by using a pump
3. Practical Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation:

Bernoulli’s theorem provides a mathematical means to understanding the


mechanics of fluids. It has many real-world applications, ranging from
understanding the aerodynamics of an airplane; calculating wind load on
buildings; designing water supply and sewer networks; measuring flow using
devices such as weirs, and venturimeters; and estimating seepage through soil,
etc.
Examples:
(a) A centrifugal pump as shown in Fig. 3.3 is lifting water from lower reservoir
to upper reservoir at a rate of 5000 liters/min. The readings for the gages at
points C and D are -49 kPa and 49 kPa, respectively. The diameter of the
pipeline at C and D are 325mm and 265mm, respectively. Determine HP
requirement for operating the pump if the values of Z1 and Z2 are 3m and 5m,
𝑉22
respectively. Consider friction losses for the pumping system is 5 .
2𝑔
(b) Also find the value of HS in Fig. 3.3 if HA is 2m.

Solution: Hints
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
(a) We know + + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓 + 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑃
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑃1 𝑃2
We can calculate = −5𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟; = 5𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟; VC = 1m/sec (with
𝛾 𝛾
𝑄 𝑉12 𝑉22
the help of V= ) and VD = 1.5m/sec and hence = 0.051𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝐴 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22
0.115𝑚; hf = 5 = 5 × 0.115; WT = 0
2𝑔
The Bernoulli’s equation can be written as
-5 + 0.051 + 3 = 5 + 0.115 + 5 + 5 × 0.115 - WP
WP = 12.639 m of water = 10322W (with the help of 𝜸QH ); WP = 13.836 hp
(b) Apply Bernoulli’s equation between points A and G
0 + 0 + 2 = 0 + 0 + (HS + 2) + 5×0.115 + 0 – 12.639; HS = 12.064 m of water.

4. Mathematical Problems to be Practiced for Gaining Better Conception on


Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation Regarding Real World Fluid Flow
Situations:

Reference books:
(1) FLUID MECHANICS by Victor L. Streter & E. Benjamin Wylie
(First SI Metric Edition)

Problem Numbers: 3.26, 3.31, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.51, 3.60 and 3.63

(2) MECHANICS OF FLUIDS by IRVING H. SHAMES


(Second Edition)

Problem Numbers: 5.94, 5.96, 5.99, 5.105, 5.114, 5.115, 5.116, 5.117 and 5.118

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