Manual

You will likely stall the car. That's ok. Don't get nervous. You won't break anything.

Push the clutch pedal in, make sure the gearshift is centered in neutral, and start the engine.

Release the emergency brake.

With your foot on the clutch, shift to first gear. 

Ease your foot off the clutch slowly to feel where the engagement point is, and the car starts
moving.

Continue easing off the clutch while pressing the accelerator pedal (the throttle). Listen to the
engine revs rise; keep between 1,500 to 2,000 rpm at first. 

The trick is in coordinating the clutch release with the application of throttle. If you give the
car too much gas with the clutch half-engaged you will "ride the clutch." (If you keep doing this,
you'll eventually damage it.) 

If you release the clutch too quickly, the car will lurch forward. If that happens, simply push the
clutch back in and start again.

Release the clutch fully and apply throttle.

If the engine stalls, repeat the steps. Keep trying until you get the feel for how the clutch and
throttle work together.

Auto
Although automatic gearboxes are generally very easy to use, the confusion comes when
starting and stopping.

When you get into a car with an automatic gearbox, it should have been left in ‘park’.

Put your right foot on the left-hand pedal (the brake) and push down, start the car using the
key or start button, and (with your foot still on the brake), move the shifter to ‘D’ (if you want
to drive forward) or ‘R’ (if you wish to reverse).

Lifting your foot off the brake will cause most automatic vehicles to ‘creep’ forwards - this
helps with parking or in low-speed traffic.

It might need a bit more gas if you’re on a hill or want to move off quicker.

Once moving, the gearbox will select the correct gear for the situation and do all the hard work
for you.
When you’ve finished your journey and the car is stopped, keep your foot on the brake and shift
the lever to ‘P’, turn the ignition off and exit the car

Q*1
The “Safety Edge” is a 30 degree angle placed at the edge of newly installed asphalt. The purpose
of the 30 degree edge is to allow drivers that drift off of the pavement surface the opportunity
to safely return to the roadway. Studies have found that the typical means of applying asphalt
results in a steep edge at the outer edges of the pavement surface. When erosion or wear
remove the backing material of the shoulder this steep edge becomes exposed. When a driver
drifts off of the pavement with the steep edge the usual attempt to return to the pavement
involves a hard left turn. When the tire finally grabs the pavement edge it jumps the vehicle
onto the pavement surface resulting in the vehicle surging toward the opposite lane. At higher
speeds this lurching movement can send the vehicle either into oncoming traffic or across the
road into a ditch or fixed object on the opposite side of the road.

Safety Edge Measurement

The main purpose for the installation of the Safety Edge is to improve the safety along a
specified roadway. Benefits of the Safety Edge are the reduction in the frequency and severity
of road runoff types of accidents. Additionally, the angled edge provides better support to the
pavement edge than one would typically get from a steep edge, reducing the potential for edge
cracking

Q3
Whether you’re making a hill start in traffic or simply pulling away from a parked position, you
should always start with your handbrake firmly on to stop your car rolling backwards.

First, put the clutch to the floor and select first gear. Then push down gently on the accelerator
while bringing the clutch up to the biting point — you’ll know you’ve hit the biting point because
the engine sound will change slightly and your car will feel like it wants to move.

After checking it’s safe to move, release the handbrake and let the clutch bite a little more
until the car slowly starts rolling forward. Gradually push down further on the accelerator while
bringing the clutch up slowly and the car will move up the hill.

As you drive forward you can start moving through the gears but remember that driving uphill
will require you to stay in a lower gear to ensure you have enough power to get to the top.

To recap how to do a hill start:

Start with your handbrake firmly on

Put the clutch to the floor and select first gear

Check it’s safe to move, then release the handbrake whilst letting the clutch bite a little more
until the car starts to move forwards

Gradually push down on the accelerator and bring the clutch up slowly and you’ll move up the hill
One of the most common problems with hill starts is stalling, which is caused by two things: not
pressing on the gas pedal enough and bringing the clutch up too fast (i.e. past the biting point).

To avoid this, make sure you gradually bring the clutch up to the biting point while simultaneously
pushing down on the accelerator to keep the car moving forward at all times.  

Q5
Understanding the risk factors affecting road accidents is an important area in road safety
research. This paper provides a summary and overview of those factors, as well as road safety
theories that explain how and why these factors affect road traffic accidents. This provides
the road safety community with a better understanding of road accidents and aids in developing
suitable methods and policies for road safety improvement. Road safety analysts could use
the findings from this research as a marker as to the important risk factors that need to
be controlled for while developing accident prediction models so as to reduce the impact of
omitted variable bias. Several factors most notably: speed, traffic density, flow, congestion,
demographics (namely age gender and deprivation), driving behaviour (involving alcohol
consumption, helmet or seat belt usage) and land use, such as residential or economic zones,
were found to have mixed effects on road safety and need further examination. In addition,
factors relating to the environment, in particular lighting, road surface and weather conditions
need to be explored. Future research directions on the effect of risk factors are also developed
such as improving the quality of data and developing causal relationships. There is also a need to
further investigate issues such as the effect of speed on road accidents, whether curvature
improves road safety, the use of more sophisticated statistical models so as to better
understand the effects of risk factors on road accidents and the utilisation of naturalistic
driving data in accident analysis.

Last modified: 2:48 pm