CHARACTERIZATION OF MACROSCOPIC FUNGI BASED ON
MACROMORPHOLOGY AND MICROMORPHOLOGY
CHARACTERS
Name : Pratiwi Kusuma Kurniawati
Student ID : B1B017007
Entourage :1
Group :3
Assistant : Anik Laeli Perdanawati
BIOLOGY OF MACROSCOPIC FUNGI PRACTICAL WORK REPORT
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2020
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Fungi are heterotrophic organisms. They need organic compounds for
nutrition. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms, with spores, without chlorophyll,
reproducing sexually and asexually, fungi based on their body size are
macroscopic which are large, so that they can be seen with the naked eye and
there are also microscopic fungi, which are small and can only be seen by using
microscope. Macroscopic fungi have a general structure consisting of body
parts, namely blades, hoods, stalks, rings, and volva. However, there are also
macroscopic fungi that do not have one part such as no ring (Fitriani et al.,
2016).
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms because their constituent cells already
have a nuclear membrane. Fungi are organisms with many cells (multicellular),
but some are single-celled (unicellular). The body of multicellular fungi consists
of fine threads called hyphae. Collections of fungal hyphae form a webbing
called the mycelium. Multicellular fungi are not insulated (aseptate), the cell
nucleus is scattered in the cytoplasm and has many nuclei. Fungi of this type are
called senocytic fungi, while those that are insulated are generally single-core or
so-called monocytic fungi (Campbell et al., 2008). There are fungi that live as
parasitic organisms that are saprophytic. In addition, there are also those who
live in symbiosis with other organisms mutually. Parasitic fungi, take food
directly from their host with haustorium, which is a special hyphae to absorb
food directly from the host. Saprophytic fungi take food from the remains of
other dead organisms (Sumarsih, 2003).
Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually. Sexual reproduction occurs by
the formation of buds or shoots in unicellular fungi as well as the termination of
hyphal threads and the formation of sexual spores in multicellular fungi. Sexual
reproduction is carried out by sexual spores. Sexual spores are produced
singami. Singami consists of two stages, namely plasmogamy and kariogamy.
Fungi are classified into 4 divisions namely Zygomycota, Ascomycota,
Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota (Baldauf & Palmer, 1993).
B. Objective
The objective of this practical activity are:
1. To know how to characterize Know how to characterize macroscopic fungi
using morphological characters, both macroscopic and microscopic characters
2. To know the benefit of macroscopic fungi characterization.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Material
The tools used in this practical activity are microscope, camera, and
stationary.
The material used in this practical activity are Trametes sp. (Turkey tail),
Flammulina velutipes (Enoki), Ganoderma lucidum (Ling zhi), Volvariella
volvacea (Merang), Pleurotus ostreatus (White Oyster), Agaricus bisporus
(button), Hypsizygus tessellatus (Shimeji), Auricularia auricula (Black Ear),
Tremella fuciformis (White Ear), and Lentinula edodes (Shiitake).
B. Methods
1. Macroscopic Characterization
Macromorphological Characters of fungi Fungi were
characters of fungi were recorded and captured
were observed drawn
2. Microscopic Characterization
Micromorphological Micromorphological Fungi were
characters of fungi were characters of fungi captured
observed using microscope were observed
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
Table 3.1 Observation Result of Macromorphological Characteristics of
Macroscopic Fungi
No. Preparate Picture Schematic Figure Figure Details Macromorphological
character
Local Name: Lingzhi Pileus shape: Offset
mushroom Pileus surface: Rough
Scientific name: Pileus color: Brown
Ganoderma lucidum Lamella attachment: -
Details: Stipe position:
1 1. Hold fast Eccentric
2. Stipe
3. Pileus
4. Annual ring
5. Porus
2 Local Name: Turkey Pileus shape: Offset
tail mushroom Pileus surface:
Scientific name: Filamentous
Trametes sp. Pileus color: Brown
Details: Lamella
1. Hold fast attachment:Deccurent
2. Stipe Stipe position:
3. Annual ring Eccentric
4. Lamella
5. Porus
3 Local Name: Enoki Pileus shape: Convex
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Flammulina velutipes cream
Details: Lamella attachment:
1. Hold fast Decurrent
2. Stipe Stipe position:
3. Pileus Concentric
4. Lamella
4 Local Name: Button Pileus shape: Convex
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Agaricus bisporus cream
Details: Lamella attachment:
1. Pileus Adnexed
2. Lamella Stipe position:
3. Cincin (annulus) Concentric
4. Stipe
5. Hold fast
5 Local Name: Shitake Pileus shape: Convex
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: Dark
Lentinula edodes brown
Details: Lamella attachment:
1. Pileus Adnexed
2. Lamella Stipe position:
3. Stipe Concentric
4. Hold fast
6 Local Name: Oyster Pileus shape: Offset
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Pleurotus ostreotus cream
Details: Lamella attachment:
1. Pileus Decurrent
2. Hold fast Stipe position:
3. Stipe Eccentric
4. Lamella
7 Local Name: Wood Pileus shape: Irregular
ear mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: Brown
Auricularia auricula Lamella attachment:
Details: Subdecurrent
1. Pileus Stipe position:
2. Hold fast Eccentric
3. Stipe
4. Lamella
8 Local Name: Merang Pileus shape: Convex
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Volvariella volvacea cream to grey
Details: Lamella attachment:
1. Volva Decurrent
2. Prospective pileus Stipe position:
3. Prospective stipe Concentric
4. Hold fast
9 Local Name: Shimeji Pileus shape: Convex
mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Hypsizygus cream
tessellatus Lamella attachment:
Details: Adnexed
1. Pileus Stipe position:
2. Hold fast Concentric
3. Stipe
4. Lamella
10 Local Name: Snow Pileus shape: Irregular
ear mushroom Pileus surface: Smooth
Scientific name: Pileus color: White to
Tremella fuciformis cream
Details: Lamella attachment:-
1. Hold fast Stipe position:-
2. Pileus
3. Porus
Table 3.2 Observation Result of Micromorphological Characteristics of
Macroscopic Fungi
No. Preparations Picture Schematic Figure Figure Details
1. Local Name: Lingzhi mushroom
Scientific name: Ganoderma
lucidum
Details:
1. Porus
2. Basidium
3. Spora
2. Local Name: Shitake mushroom
Scientific name: Lentinula
edodes
Details:
1. Basidium
2. Lamella
B. Discussion
In general, fungi are divided into 4 categories, there are edible fungi, for
example Agaricus bisporus and auricularia auricular. Fungi that have medicinal
properties, for example Ganoderma lucidum and tremella fuciformis. Poisonous
fungi, for examples Amanita phalloides and Hyphalonta sublateritium. Fungi
whose properties are unknown or the miscelanous group (Chang & Miles, 1989).
Characterization of mushrooms is an activity of grouping mushrooms based
on their characteristics. The benefits of characterization include identification and
searching for bloodlines or seeking kinship. The characters used in the
identification process include macro morphological and micro morphological
characters. Macromorphological characters are characteristics that can be
identified directly with eye without using microscope. Macromorphological
characters include color size, shape, pileus surface, lamella character, stipe
character, habitus, and hold fast. Micromorphological characters are
characteristics that cannot be observed and identified directly and must require
the assistance of microscope to observe them. Micromorphological characters
include the form of hyphae (septate and aseptate) and spores (Darwis et al.,
2011).
According to Sani (2016), the classification of Merang fungi (Volvariella
volvacea) is as follows:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Homobasidiomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Pluteaccae
Genus : Volvariella
Species : Volvariella volvaceae L.
Volvariella volvacea (merang fungi) is a type of fungi that is often used as a food
ingredient. Besides having a good taste, this fungi also has many health benefits.
Merang fungi are a good source of protein and minerals with high potassium (K)
and phosphorus (P) content. It is also rich in vitamins and contain complex
nutrients that make merang fungi is a healthy diet that is good for the body
(Sinaga, 2015). Mushroom is a source of several kinds of enzymes, especially
trypsin, which plays an important role in digestion (Nurman & Kahar, 1990).
Based on the result that the part can be observed in the practical class were
prospective pileus, volva, prospective stipe, and hold fast. Pilus shape is convex,
with white to cream color, and the surface is smooth. The lamella attachment
type is deccurent while the stipe type is concentric. It is in accordance with
Valverde et al. (2015), macromorphological characters possessed by merang
fungi include the shape of the convex pileus, smooth surface, white to cream
pileus color, attachment of decurent lamellae, and concentric type location. This
mushroom body part includes the volva of the candidate film type and the hold
fast. In addition of Gunawan (2008), Fungi have a light brown volva or cup, the
stalk is 3-8 cm long and 5-9 cm in diameter. It has pink spores, there are stripes
that are shaped like a fan and there are rounded rings on the spores. Has a hood
(pileus) with a diameter of 5-14 cm with an egg round shape and brown to
grayish brown. Veil is generally a membrane, forming a thick bowl-like volume
at the base of the stem.
The classification of Ganoderma Lucidum (Ling zhi) according to Parjimo
& Soenanto (2008) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Agaricomycota
Class : Basidiomycota
Order : Polyporales
Family : Ganodermataceae
Genus : Ganoderma
Species : Ganoderma lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum (Ling zhi) has benefits in the medical field that is as a
traditional medicine. Ling zhi fungi contain germanium, triterpenoids, adenosine,
polysaccharides, ergosterol, coumarin, mannitol, fungal, lysozyme, protease
enzyme, water-soluble protein, amino acids , minerals, vitamins, niacin, etc.
which can lower cholesterol levels in the blood, and its beta glucan content can
cure arteriosclerosis (Jaelani, 2008).
Based on the result Ganoderma lucidum has offset pileus, the surface of
pileus is rough, the pileus is brown in color, has no lamellar attachment and the
stipes are eccentric. Ganoderma lucidum have morphological characteristics of
fruiting bodies such as the existance of stipes, shape of pleus, length or thickness
of stipes, size or shape of pores, color of fruiting body, myceli al types, and host
range ( Kim et al., 2001). Lingzhi mushroom fruit bodies are semicircular and
there are circular lines which are the boundaries of the growth period or the circle
of the year, the layer is called himefora (Jaelani, 2008).
The classification of Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) according to
gbif.org (1946) is :
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Agaricaceae
Genus : Agaricus
Species : Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus have a very good history of using in many traditional
therapies. The use of Agaricus bisporus extracts and its bioactive compounds as
antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammation is increasing in the world against
many human diseases such as coronary heart diseases, diabetes mellitus, bacterial
and fungal infections, disorders of the human immune system and cancers (Atila
et al., 2017).
Based on result morphological characters possessed by Agaricus bisporus
include the convex concentric pileus shape, smooth pileus surface, adnexed
lamella adhesion and concentric type location. The body parts of the Agaricus
bisporus fungi include the pileus, ring lamellae, stipes, and hold fast (Falguera et
al., 2011). Agaricus bisporus have macromorphology characteristics there are
have pileus with 30-80 mm in diameter, 8–15 mm thick at the disc, circular,
convex to planate, margin decurved, edge exceeding and entire. The surface dry,
covered by fibrils completely and broken into fibrillose scales, thick at disc and
fading toward the margins, brown, ochreous brown. Lamellae free, narrow and
crowded, unequal, intercalated with lamellulae, pink, pinkish brown, brown to
dark brown. Stipe 40-70 × 8–13mm, cylindrical, hollow, surface smooth or
slightly fibrillose. Annulus membranous when young, then thick, intermediate,
5–8 mm in diam, entire, in median or apical position of stipe, slightly striate at
the upper side (Zhang et al., 2017).
Classification of Lentinula edodes according to Widyastuti (2009) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Amastigomycota
Class : Homobasidiomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Marasmiaceae
Genus : Lentinula
Species : Lentinula edodes
Lentinula edodes is low in fat overall but high in polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is
a good source of carbohydrates, protein and essential amino acids. Lentinula
edodes also contains many vitamins and minerals including copper, zinc,
selenium, iron, vitamin B-complex, vitamin C and vitamin D. The proteins in
Lentinula edodes are made up of 18 different types of amino acids, including all
essential amino acids. These are found in ratios that are similar to human
nutritional requirements. Beside that, spores from Lentinula edodes are known to
relieve influenza, inhibit the growth of cancer cells, leukemia, and rheumatism
(Widyastuti et al., 2017).
Based the result macromorphological characters possessed by Lentinula
edodes include pileus, lamella, stipe, and hold fast. Pilus shape is convex, with
dark brown color, and the surface is smooth. The lamella attachment type is
adnexed while the stipe type is concentric. The micromorphological characters
possessed by Lentinula edodes include basidium and lamella. The body parts of
Lentinula edodes include the pileus, lamellae, stipe and hold fast (Widyastuti,
2009). The morphology of Lentinula edodes can be recognized by its umbrella-
shaped hood, light brown to dark, sometimes white spots which are often called
'lace', and some are even cracked. The width of the hood varies between 2,5-9 cm
and there is a cuticle membrane. The stalk of the hood is colored like the hood
and a little bit hard, the length of the hood is 3- 9 cm and the diameter is 0,5-1,5
cm (Sarwintyas, 2001).
Classification of Flammulina velutipes according to gbif.org (1951) is:
Kerajaan : Fungi
Divisi : Basidiomycota
Kelas : Agaricomycetes
Ordo : Agaricales
Famili : Physalacriaceae
Genus : Flammulina
Species : Flammulina velutipes
Flammulina velutipes one of the main edible mushrooms on the market, has long
been recognized for its nutritional value and delicious taste. This mushroom is
known to have bioactive compounds that can function as anti-cancer and anti-
bacterial. The body part of the Flammulina velutipes mushroom consists of hold
fast and pileus (Tang et al., 2016). Based on the result, macromorphological
characters possessed by the Flammulina velutipes fungi include the convex-shape
pileus, the surface of the pileus is smooth, the color of pileus is white to cream,
the lamellae adhesions is deccurent and the location of the stipe is concentric The
research conducted by Shah et al. (2018), showed that Flammulina velutipes
structure composed of pileus, lamella and stipes.
Classification of Tremella fuciformis according to Permana & Purnawan
(2015) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Tremellomycetes
Order :Tremellates
Family :Tremellaceae
Genus : Tremella
Species : Tremella fuciformis
As an edible mushroom, Tremella fuciformis is useful for supplements, anti-
infection, anti-tumor, lowers blood cholesterol, increase levels of superoxide
dismutase (antioxidants) in the brain or liver and increases body fluids. Benefits
of jelly mushrooms as food for drinks, juice and ice cream. In addition, a mixture
of porridge, soup and dessert dishes is used (Permana & Purnawan, 2015).
Based on the result, the part that can be observed in the practical class were
pileus, stipe, and hold fast. Pilus shape is irregular, with mostly white, and the
surface is smooth. According to Hasanudin (2014), the body looks like tufted, or
irregular. The color is white mostly. They live on the decayed wood.
Classification of Pleurotus ostreatus according to Gosh et al. (2019) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Pleurotaceae
Genus : Pleurotus
Species : Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus is commercially produced mushroom in the world due to its
high nutritional values. Oyster mushrooms are rich in nutrition. They contain a
high amount of protein, with carbohydrate and vitamins. The amount of each
varies from species to species. The net content of protein is quite higher in oyster
mushrooms, making them a good alternative protein sources for vegetarian and
low fat content is promotes it as a very good dietary food. Oyster mushroom is
full of various kinds of therapeutic effects such as anticancer, antitumor,
antioxidant, etc. Oyster mushrooms are also found to have some bioremediation
capabilities. It is capable of degrading Oxo-Biodegradable plastic (Gosh et al.,
2019).
Based on result, he part that can be observed in the practical class were
pileus, lamella, stipe, and hold fast. Pilus shape is depressed, with white to cream
to grey color, and the surface is smooth. The lamella attachment type is deccurent
while the stipe type is eccentric. According to Rahmah et al. (2018), this
mushroom has a broad, fan or oyster-shaped cap spanning 5–25 cm; natural
specimens range from white to gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled
when young, and is smooth and often somewhat lobed or wavy. The flesh is
white, firm, and varies in thickness due to stipe arrangement. Tthe stipe is off-
center with a lateral attachment to wood. The spore print of the mushroom is
white to lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background. The mushroom's stipe is
often absent. When present, it is short and thick.
Classification of Auricularia auricula according to Wiardani (2010) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Amastigomycota
Class : Basidiomycetes
Order : Auriculariales
Family : Auriculariae
Genus : Auricularia
Species : Auricularia auricula
Auricularia auricula is a food fungus that is useful in the medical field as a
cervical cancer drug. Auricularia auricula mushrooms have potential as
functional food ingredients, namely food ingredients that not only meet
nutritional needs but also provide a healthy effect for those who consume them.
Behind the deliciousness of Auricularia auricula mushrooms, there are various
nutrients that can provide health benefits, these nutrients include a source of
carbohydrates, protein, a source of vitamins and minerals (Hikam et al., 2019).
Based on the result, the part that can be observed were pileus, stipe, lamella and
hold fast. Pilus shape is irregular (like an ear), with mostly dark brown, and the
surface is smooth. Wood ear mushroom is distinctively shaped, typically being
reminiscent of a floppy ear, though the fruit bodies can also be cup-shaped. It is
normally attached to the substrate laterally and sometimes by a very short stalk
(Mohanan, 2011).
Classification of Hypsizygus tessellatus according to Wiardani (2010) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Division : Basidiomycota
Class : Agaricomycetes
Order : Agaricales
Family : Tricholomataceae
Genus : Hypsizygus
Species : Hypsizygus tessellatus
Hypsizygus tessellatus have benefit as nutrition requirement food because its high
protein, fiber, energy and low-fat content, it is an effective functional food for
people having noncommunicable diseases. Beside that, Hypsizygus tessellatus
could become antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.
because of bioactive compound that contains in this function. Hypsizygus
tessellatus is believed to be a diabetes drug because it contains hypsiziprenol,
hypsin, polysaccharides, and dietary polyphenols, such as resveratrol (Chauhan
et al., 2017).
Based on the result, the part that can be observed in the practical class were
pileus, lamella, stipe, and hold fast. Pilus shape is convex, with white to cream
color, and the surface is smooth. The lamella attachment type is deccurent while
the stipe type is concentric. This fungi has very neat soft stipe with small soft
white pileus. Lamella is present and attached on the substrate directly (Darma,
2002).
Classification of Trametes sp. according to NBN Atlas (2020) is:
Kingdom : Fungi
Phylum : Basidiomycota
Subphylum : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Polyporales
Family : Polyporaceae
Genus : Trametes
Species : Trametes sp.
Trametes sp. is importance for wood decomposition, and medicinal properties.
Trametes sp. produce large and diverse variety of secondary metabolites It are
also medically used as healing agents in inflammation, leucorrhoea, gonorrhea,
burns, piles and antidote. Steroids in modern clinical studies have supported their
role as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents (Doris, 2018). Based on the
result,the part that can be observed in the practical class were pileus, lamella,
stipe, porus, and hold fast. Pilus shape is offset, with mostly brown color, and the
surface is filamentous. Lamella attachment is decurrent and the stipe type is
eccentric. According to Rahmah et al. (2018), fungi from genus Trametes is
widely spread over damp places with decayed wood on it. The shape of pileus is
half-circle and whith-brownish in color. The edge of the pileus is decurved and
wavy. Upper face of pileus is dull and the underneath part is like a smooth
porous. The texture of the basidiocore is hard like a wood. Annulus and stipe is
present.
V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on the result and discussion above, can be concluded that:
1. Characterization of macromorphological character of fungi can be observed
through the pileus, stipe, lamella while the micromorphological character can
be observed through porous, basidium, and lamella.
2. Characterization can be used for later purposes on the identification of fungi
and know the diversity and the benefit of fungi.
B. Suggestion
The suggestion for this practical is please give completely and clearly
explanation about practical material.
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APPENDANCE CHARACTERIZATION OF MACROSCOPIC FUNGI BASED ON MACROMORPHOLOGY AND MICROMORPHOLOGY
CHARACTERS
Name : Pratiwi Kusuma Kurniawati
Group :3
Entourage :I
Asistant : Anik Laeli Perdanawati
Table 1. Observation Table of Macromorphological Characteristics of Macroscopic Fungi
No Species name Schematic figure Details Morphological character
. of fungi
Lamella
Pileus shape Pileus surface Pileus color Stipe position
attachment
1. Hold fast
2. Stipe
Flammulina 3. Pileus White to
1 convex smooth deccurent Concentric
velutipes cream
4. Lamella
1. Pileus
2. Lamella
Agaricus 3. Cincin (annulus) White to
2 convex smooth adnexed Concentric
bisporus cream
4. Stipe
5. Hold fast
1. Pileus
2. Hold fast
3. Stipe
Pleorotus White to
3 Offset smooth deccurent Eccentric
ostreatus 4. Lamella cream
1. Pileus
2. Hold fast
Hypsizygus White to
4 3. Stipe convex smooth adnexed Concentric
tesselattus cream
4. Lamella
1. Volva
2. Prospective pileus
Volvariela 3. Prospective stipe White to
5 convex smooth deccurent Concentric
volvacea cream to grey
4. Hold fast
1. Pileus
2. Lamella
Lentinula 3. Stipe
6 convex smooth Brown adnexed Concentric
edodes
4. Hold fast
1. Hold fast
2. Stipe
3. Pileus
Ganoderma
7 Offset rough Dark brown - Eccentric
lucidum 4. Lingkaran tahun
5. Porus
1. Hold fast
2. Stipe
3. Lingkaran tahun
8 Trametes sp. Offset Filamentous Dark brown Deccurent Eccentric
4. Lamella
5. Porus
1. Hold fast
2. Pileus
Tremella 3. Porus
9 Irregular smooth white - -
fuciformis
1. Pileus
2. Hold fast
Auricularia 3. Stipe
10 Like an ear smooth brown subdeccurent Eccentric
auricula 4. Lamella
Species Name Schematic figure Details
1. Basidium
2. Lamella
Lentinula edodes
1. Porus
2. Basidium
Ganoderma lucidum 3. Spora
