Materials

Materials. In order for a material to perform

satisfactorily in service, it must possess the following
characteristics. strength of materials used for pipes and fittings must be adequate for the
system pressures and possible over-pressures. Pipelines and valves, for
example, used to carry and control the flow of high temperature, high pressure
steam must obviously be made to very exacting specifications by approved
manufacturers.
Various and often varying pressures and temperatures pose problems.
Temperatures of about 450°C can cause recrystallization and creep in iron and
steels. Very low temperatures as with liquefied natural gas, can result in brittle
failure. Varying temperatures give problems with stress due to expansion and
contraction. Cast iron and gunmetal fittings are used freely in small sizes at moderate
pressures. Large fittings, those for high pressure and temperature and for oil
fuel under pressure, are cast or fusion welded (fabricated) mild steel or SG iron.
For temperatures above 460°C they are usually of 0.5% molybdenum steel.
addition of 0.5% molybdenum, inhibits recrystallization and therefore the
resulting creep.
• Sufficient strength or load-carrying ability at the
operating temperature to resist the imposed stresses.
• Retention of suitable ductility and impact properties
at all operating temperature.
• Satisfactory corrosion and erosion resistance to the
medium which it contacts.
• Resistance to galling with mating materials in
moving contact.
Many materials may be suitable for the same service.
Factors which could influence the decision to select a
particular material includes the service, availability,
cost, castability, forgeability, weldability, and lead time
required in production. Metals cannot be classed
simply as castable, forgeable, or weldable as such
properties are a matter of degree. What might be
considered as a satisfactory application for one category
of service could be unsatisfactory in another application.
Past successful practice plays an important role in the
selection of material.

Pipe Material Standard

• A53 - A53/A53M-99b - Specification for Pipe,

Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,

Welded and Seamless

• A106 - A106-99e1 - Specification for Seamless

Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service

• A312 - A312/A312M-00 - Specification for

Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel

Pipes

• BS 2871-2:1972 - Specification for copper and

copper alloys Tubes. Tubes for general purposes

 MATERIAL ASTM SPEC. DESIGN LIMIT TEMPERATURE, deg F
PRESSURE, psi
STEEL PIPE
Seamless Carbon A53-A, B … 750
A106-A, B, C … 775
Seamless alloy A335-P1 … 875
A335-P2 … 900
A335-P11 … 1050
P21, P21, P22, A312-TP321, … 1200
TP347
Electric-resistance A53-A, B 350 650
welded
A135--A, B 350 650
Butt welded A53 250 450
WROUGHT IRON PIPE
Lap welded A72 225 450
Butt welded A72 225 450
PLATES
Carbon steel A201-A, B 150 650
IRON CASTINGS
Malleable iron A47-32510, 35018 300 450
A197-(Cupola) 150 450
Cast iron A126-A, B, C 125 450
A278 125 450
COPPER & COPPER ALLOY
Seamless copper B42 … 406
B75 … 406
B88 … 406
Copper alloy B43 (Red brass) … 406
B111 (Adm. Metal) … 406
B111 (Al-brass) … 450
B111 (Al-bronze) … 450
B111 (Red brass) … 406
B111 (70-30 Cu-Ni) … 500
B111 (80-20 Cu-Ni) … 500
B111 (90-10 Cu-Ni) … 500
Brazed copper … 75 320
BRONZE B61 (Steam bronze) 300 450
B62 (Ounce metal) 150 366
B143 (Tin bronze) 300 450
PLASTIC PIPING D1785 (PVC) 150 140
SELECTION OF PIPING :

Determination of pipe sizes A fluid flowing through a pipe must be supplied with a pressure gradient
to overcome the frictional resistance of the pipe walls. The typical engineering problem is to find the
pressure difference between specified points along a pipe in terms of flow rate, pipe dimensions and
roughness and properties of the fluid. The tools of analysis are derived from the momentum relation
(an expression of Newton’s second law), continuity (an expression of conservation of mass), a
friction factor, the general energy equation, and the equation of state. The first three of these may
be combined to form the following differential equation which describes the condition of fluid in
motion:

where

p = fluid pressure, psf

γ = fluid density, lb/cu ft

V = fluid velocity, fps

g = acceleration of gravity, ft/ sec2

z = elevation of fluid, ft

t = fluid frictional shear stress, psf

R = mean hydraulic radius of flow channel

L = pipe length, ft

Piping is generally sized on the basis of pressure drop and flow requirements except where other
criteria or operating conditions specified for a particular system impose additional considerations.

The following table contains a tabulation of suggested fluid velocities which may be used as a guide
in selecting pipe sizes. The upper velocity limits listed in the table should not be exceeded even for
the larger sizes because of erosion, water hammer, or the possibility of noise.

The velocities suggested should be disregarded if the corresponding pipe sizes are so small
as to incur head losses exceeding the pump suction or discharge head ratings.

SERVICE FLUID VELOCITY, fps

NOMINAL ( × squareroot of LIMIT
internal pipe diameter in
inches)
Condensate pump suction 1 3
 Condensate pump discharge 3 8
Condensate drains 0.3 1
Hot-water suctions 1 3
Hot-water discharge 3 8
Feedwater suction 1.3 4
Feedwater discharge 4 10
Cold freshwater suction 3 15
Cold freshwater discharge 5 20
Lube-oil service pump suction 1 4
Lube-oil discharge 2 6
Fuel-oil service suction 1 4
Fuel-oil service discharge 1.5 6
Fuel-oil transfer suction 1 6
Fuel-oil transfer discharge 2 15
Diesel-oil suction 2 7
Diesel-oil discharge 5 12
Hydraulic-oil suction 1.5 8
Hydraulic-oil discharge 8 20
Seawater suction 3 15 (9 for galvanized)
Seawater discharge 5 15 (9 for galvanized)
Steam, high pressure 50 200
Steam exhaust, 215 psig 75 250
Steam exhaust, high vacuum 75 330

Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers,

– nominal pipe size (NPS)

– schedule number (SCH)

and the relationship between these numbers determine the inside diameter

of a pipe.

• Stainless Steel Pipe dimensions determined by ASME B36.19 covering the

outside diameter and the Schedule wall thickness. Note that stainless wall

thicknesses to ASME B36.19 all have an "S" suffix. Sizes without an "S"

suffix are to ASME B36.10 which is intended for carbon steel pipes.

• The International Standards Organization (ISO) also employs a system with

a dimensionless designator.

Diameter nominal (DN) is used in the metric unit system. It indicates

standard pipe size when followed by the specific size designation number

without a millimeter symbol. For example, DN 80 is the equivalent

designation of NPS 3. Below a table with equivalents for NPS and DN pipe

sizes. The thickness variation for a pipe of particular size is mentioned in terms of schedule. Higher
the schedule number, higher will be the wall thickness for a particular size of pipe. Classification
societies specify the minimum wall thickness to be provided for each size for pipe depending on the
service.

Industrial pipe thicknesses follow a set formula, expressed as the "schedule number" as established

by the American Standards Association (ASA) now re-organized as ANSI - the American National

Standards Institute. Eleven schedule numbers are available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100,

120, 140, & 160. The most popular schedule, by far, is 40. Schedules 5, 60, 100, 120, & 140 have

rarely used.

• The schedule number is defined as the approximate value of the expression:

Schedule Number = (1,000)(P/S)

Where,

P = the internal working pressure, psig

S = the allowable stress (psi) for the material of construction at the conditions of use.

For example, the schedule number of ordinary steel pipe having an allowable stress of 10,000 psi

for use at a working pressure of 350 psig would be:

Schedule Number = (1,000)(350/10,000) = 35 (approx. 40)

• Piping Class RaRngs based on the ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fijngs: NPS 1/2 through

NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard - class and the corresponding ISO 7005 PN (Pression Nominal*)

raRngs:

* "Pression Nominal" is the French equivalent of Pressure Nominal

COLOUR CODING
It is usual to identify pipes by a colour code for the individual system or by bands of paint at
intervals on pipes of a common colour. There are standard codes but individuals or companies may
prefer variations. Frequently pipes are incorrectly coloured. Before working on or using a pipe
system, it should be checked and verified. For maintenance and fault detection, the contents and the
flow direction of the contents in the pipeline should be known in order to prevent potential hazards,
accidents and to reduce operational errors. Here comes the necessity to mark the pipeline in either
of two ways:

1. By colouring the whole pipe with the universally accepted colour codes
2. By using marking tapes with specific colour patterns at strategic locations

The ISO 14726 Standards defines the principal colours for identifying pipes. Each of the following
colours indicate a certain group of substances. As this is an international standard and most ships
sail in international waters, all text is in English only.

Craftmarks ISO 14726 Marine Pipe Markers follow these colour recommendations

AIR IN VENT COLOR BAND LEGEND BAND COLOR BAND

SYSTEMS
Atmospheric Air White Green White
Conditioned White Violet White
Supply Air
Decontaminated White Maroon White
Supply Air
Discharge Air White Black White
Mechanical White Orange White
Recirculated Air
Mechanical White Gray White
Exhaust Air
Mechanical White Blue White
Supply Air – Cold
Mechanical White Silver White
Supply Air –
Warm
Natural Exhaust White Brown White
Air
Natural Supply White Yellow White
Air
Smoke Clearance White Red White