5.

The introduction of building typologies and contruction

SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
technologies through colonial infrastructures
Colonial Urbanism - Sturdier and more permanent
- Distinguishes itself from the flimsy indigenous
- Begins with the permanent occupation of the Island in architecture
1565
- The arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s expedition in MANILA- THE GENESIS OF AN INTRAMURAL COLONIAL CITY
Cebu that year ushered in an important phase in the
June 24, 1571 – Legazpi inaugurated a municipal council and
development of Architecture and Urbanism in the
proclaimed Manila as the capital of the new territories under the
Philippines.
Spanish crown.
- Found settlement in Cebu and Panay
- Moved northwards to Luzon and the goal is to invade Slowly a city was created in accordance with Hispanic law and
Muslim settlement in Manila urban heritage.
- Before Legazpi’s death in 1572, he had already
conquered great portions of archipelago to spread THE GREAT URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL TRANSFORMATION
Christianity and to colonize the island
- Arter a decade, Manila could lay claim to the possession
- Altered the social and economic conditions.
of urban elements common with most establish Spanish
In 1571, Spaniards successfully occupied Manila. cities.
- The city quaeters was surrounded by a spiked log
They inspired: palisade.
- Central Plaza
1. Colonial Settlements
- Cabildo – Municipal building
2. Chapels
- General Market
3. Forts\
- Wooden ports
Main Ingredients in the urban transformation of the Philippine - Garrison of soldiers
colonial landscape included in the ff.: - Residence of Governor general
- Residence of bishops
1. Establishment of Reduccion - Cathedral
- Forced urbanization Program and resettlement - Townsfolk house
- Resettle indigenous lowland population in larger urban
communities so as to accelerate the process of politico Manila was not spared its share of disasters and tribulations
religious transformation
- Persistently preyed upon by pirates of the sea
- The villages were literally in Bajos dela Campanas (under
- Earthquakes and conflagrations.
the bells), which sanctioned control of native’s everyday
- most of the early settlement were constructed with the
life
use of wood, bamboo and nipa thatch
2. The creation of land- use pattern through the
- edifices built by Spaniards were non-permanent,
Encomienda system
abundant and highly combustible materials
- Concept of land as a private property and capital was
- A fire from vigil candles that rapidly reduced the entire
introduced
city to ashes reinforced the need to utilize more durable
3. The institution of a hierarchical settlement system.
building materials
- “PUEBLOS”- Capitals or towns
- Prompted the next governor- General, Santiago De Vera,
- “CABECERA” (head) The core of municipality or
to order that all buildings of the city be constructed of
población
stone and tiles
- “BARRIOS” Adjacent Barangays
- “ESTANCIAS” – large ranches or first haciendas BUILDING MATERIALS
4. The creation and structuring of towns according to
“Cuadricula” model of planning. a. Bricks / Ladrillos – uses kilns or hornos
- System of streets and blocks b. Tejas / V-shaped Roof Tile
- Hierarchical fashion – Central Plaza or Plaza Mayor c. Baldosas – square floor tiles
symbolize power d. Abode Stone – soft stone of volcanic
e. Silleria / De Cal y Canto – edifices of cut stones
Laws of the Indies (Leyes de Indias) f. Placuna Pelucida – capiz shells
g. Dura la Madera – hard wood
- set of planning guideline
- decreed by King Philip II in 1573 1645, A devastating earthquake
- laws guided Spanish colonist to create and expand
towns in Spanish territories - Shattered the ambitious plans of the Spaniards and it
- it establishes the church as urban landmark and plaza marked a turning point in the development of
public space architecture in the Philippines.

Cuadricula Birth of Arquitectura Mestiza in the Philippines

- a system of streets and blocks laid out uniform precision ARQUITECTURA MEZTIZA
- use of gird pattern for urban fabric, together with the
- Term coined by Jesuit Francisco Ignacio Alcina in 1688
adherence to the other Architectural rules, was the
- Structures built partly of wood and partly stone
consequence of the Greco-Roma city concept
 - Used wood and wooden frame in the upper floor and - Coolies and Indios were remained outside the walls
stone in its ground floor to make it resistant to - The monumental structures and other edifices were all
earthquake designed to relieve the conquistador of his nostalgia and
- For Cathedrals, it exceeds to more than two floors and homesickness, away from his temperate homeland, in a
had walls of about three meters thick supported by strange tropical colony.
buttress Extramuros: Living beyond the walls
- Character was partly influenced by amateur and
artisans, but mainly executed by the maestros de obras - Spanish term for “outside the walls”
or master builders. - Other villages, towns and arrabales (suburbs) located
- Wood joineries like dovetails were used beyond the walls
- Churches authorities began to expand its mission into
Intramuros: THE BASTION OF AUTHORITY BInondo, Quiapo, Ermita and Malate.
A. Pueblo de Malate
BASTION system style - Home of ambitious Maharlika
b. Pueblo de Tondo
- 1590, the walled city, patterned after the medieval city - Was identified unprivileged natives
fortress of Europe, under the Supervision of Governor- c. Pueblo de Quiapo
General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas while it was designed
and supervised by Military Eng. Leonardo Turriano Military Architecture and Defense Installations

• Spanish walled city /Manila walled city The building of garrisons, naval constructions, and fortresses was
a military strategy to safeguard and protect the Spanish colonial
• Bordered by bay and the river possessions.

• 3916 meters of pentagonal perimeter walls of volcanic stuff Patterned to European Style and characterized by heavy
(Adobe) and brick filled in with earth stonewalls, moats, and grid road layouts.

• Native labor was used to build the walls A. Fort San Pedro – Cebu (1565)
B. Fort Santiago – Manila (1590)
• Stone landings artillery / casa matas - It was named after Saint James, the patron saint of
Spain
- 600 American prisoners of war died
•Baluarte De San Diego - In its dungeons
- Jose Rizal stayed before death
C. Fort San Felipe – Cavite (1609)
- Granite blocks, #0 ft high walls
- Dedicated to San Felipe Neri in 16th century
- Wide stairway leads to top of the port where a concrete
house can be found
• Garita or watch Tower D. Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (1617)
- Fort San Pedro was built because of a necessity
- Need for protection from frequent Dutch and Moro
raids
- An order for the construction of a wooden fortress at
• Entrance revellin Punta de Iloilo,
bridge - At the mouth of the Iloilo River
- Found an image of the Our lady of the Holy Rosary or
Revellin Nuestra Senora del Rosario which is still exists at San
Jose Parish Church at Plaza Libertad
E. Fuerza de Nuestra Seniora del Pilar – Zamboanga
Peninsula (1635)
• Moat
- Stone fort in defense against pirates and raiders of the
sultans of Mindanao and Jolo
- Cornerstone of the fort, originally called Real Fuerza de
San Jose (Royal Fort of Saint Joseph)

Puerta – Gates of Edifices for Religious conversion

Intramuros
14 April 1521 – Rajah Humabon was christened Carlos in honor of
• Puerta de Sta. Lucia Rei Carlos I de Espania

•Puerta Real - Hara Humamay, given the name Juana, after

Charles’mother, Reina Juana del Castillo
• Puerta Parian
Basilica de Sto. Nino de Cebu, 1565
• Puerta Isabel
- Oldest founded church in the Philippines
•Gate of Port Santiago
Simbahan – private places where families met for some rituals
Intramuros (According to Padre Francisco de San Antonio, OFM
- Reserved for nobility and clergy
Sibi – locals built their places of worship as extension of their a. Highest terrain in the community
homes b. Dominican Cagayan valley’s Exposed Bricks with
ascending or undulating volutes topped with Finials
Early Mission of Simbahan
c. Dominican Cagayan valley’s exposed bricks with detailed
The early Builders and Missionaries kilned ornaments
d. Churches are also fortress
a. Augustinians 1565 (order St. Augustine (OSA) e. Churches has unrelated and eclectic style
- Ilocos Norte & Sur, La Union, Tarlac, Pampanga, f. Philippine churches have locally Mediated ornaments
Northern Part of Bulacan, Manila- Malate & Ermita,
g. Mudejar - Philippine churches has locally mediated
Paranaque, Pasig, Batangas, Panay Island & Cebu Island
ornaments
Iglesia- Monasterio de San Agustin y San Pablo de Ermita h. Twin churches
i. Steel temple of Asia (San Sebastian Church)
- Oldest stone Church
b. Franciscans 1578 (Royal granted Missionaries/ Religious CUERPO DE IGLESIA / Parts of the Church
orders, Order of Friar Minor (OFM)
- Southern Parts of Bulacan, Manila-Del mOnte, Cubao, a. Facada
Paco-Dilao-Sta. Ana, Laguna, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines b. Contra fuerte – Buttress
Norte & Sur, Albay, Sorsogon c. Zaguan – Narthex

Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de Los Angeles y San Francisco de Asis Other Church features:

c. Jesuits 1581 (Royal granted Missionaries/ Religious d. Pila de agua bendita – holy water stoup
Oreders Society of Jesus (SJ) e. Coro choir loft
- Cavite, Samar Island, Leyte Island, Bohol Island, Majority f. Campanario – Bell tower/ belfry
parts of Mindanao
g. Baptisterio – under the campanario, Retablo Menor
San Ignasio 16th Century h. Plano De Iglesia Facada Principal
i. Plano de Iglesia Nave view to Prybesterio/ santuario y
d. Dominicans 1587 (Oreder of Preachers OP) crucero
- Pangasinan, Cagayan Valley, Isabela Province, Nueva j. Plano de Iglesia crucero Ala Izquierda, Lado De Evangelio
Ecija, Nueva Viscaya, Quirino Province k. Plano de Iglesia Crucero La Daretcha, Lado de Epistola
l. Plano de Iglesia nave central
e. Recoletos 1606 ( Order of Augustinian Recollects OSA-
m. Retablos – decorative altar piece which serves as the
R/OAR)
backdrop for altars Retro (lat) Back, Tabula (at) Table
f. Order of Friar Minor Capuchin late 19th century Retablo Mayor
(OFMcap) Retablo Menor – lado de epistola, ala Daretcha
n. Pulpito/ pulpit
o. Bangko/ pews
REGIONAL MATERIALS p. Tribuna – madre
q. Prybesterio / Sanctuario – sanctuary
Regional identification:
r. Comulgatorio – communion rail
A. Adobe & Volcanic stuff – Central parts of Luzon s. Sacristia -sacristy
B. Coralline and lime stone stone – Visayas and Mindanao t. Camarin – storage also pilgrim’s area
C. Sandstone – some parts of panay island u. Convento – convent
D. Bricks – Northern Parts of Luzon v. Iglesia y Convento
w. Cementerio/ Osuario - cemetery
IGLESIA / Church
x. Campo santo
Levels of Roman Catholic church y. Mortuario
- Campo y Santo mortuario
1. Basilica
2. Cathedral – Ecclesiastical Buildings
3. Parish
Monasterio de Santa Clara – oldest Nunnery Convent
4. Chapels
5. Monastic/ Religious Congressional (Monastery, Abbey, Beaterio de La Campania – oldest nunnery for mestiza and
Priory, Friary, Nunnery, etc.) Natives
Cathedral/catedral – principal church of a diocese housing the Beaterio y Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena – oldest
cathedra or bishops nunnery convent for Insulares
- Arzobispado/ obispado – Bishop’s palace Other beaterio/ nunnery:
Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia, Vigan 1. Colegio de Santa Rosa
2. Colegio de Santa Isabel
Archdiocese of Nueva Caceres, Naga
ARCHITECTURE FOR COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION
ESTILOS E IGLESIA (Church Style)
Monumental Civic Architecture
The unique characteristics in Philippine Setting
- Epitomized Spanish administrative institution
Casa del Ayuntamiento Colegio de Ninos Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran

- One of the most important administrative structures in - Founded in 1620 by Don Juan Geronimo Guerrero,
the archipelago Spanish military captain
- Seat of colonial governance and housed several - Administered by the Dominican Friars
administrative offices and archives. - Oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest second
- Underwent several modifications and reconstruction institution in Asia.
- Many Philippine presidents have graduated from this
works
institution
- The main façade was refashioned in a style inspired
- Originally orphanage for the Spanish Boys
from the renaissance - Secondary education with bachelor degree in Arts
Palacio del Gobernador General Ateneo de Manila
- Also known as Palacio Real - Escuela Municipal de Manila (1859-1865)
- Residence of the highest official of the land - Ateneo Municipal de manila (1865- 1901)
- Ateneo de Manila (1901- 1959)
Both were European style with spacious inner courts, both did - Exclusive school for the boys with bachelor degree in
not last enough Arts
- Ateneo de Manila – Ermita Campus 1921

Observatorio Astronomico Y Meteorologico de Manila,

Casa Aduana Manila Observatory (1865)
- Customs and Finance House - Exemplified the effort of Jesuits in the pursuit of
- Classicist Architecture scientific knowledge
- Established by the Jesuits in 1865 at the tower of San
EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC FACILITIES Ignacio Church, Intramuros
- In 1878, Padre Fedirico Faura, SJ inventor of Faura
The missionary task of bringing education, health care and social
Barometer became the director
welfare to the indigenous subjects were zealously fulfilled by the
Cable connections had been established with other
various religious order
countries overseas request typhoon warning received
Two types of school buildings surfaced during Spanish period: and granted by the observatory
- 1884 – The Spanish Government declared Father Faura’s
1. “Colegio” or “Universidad” found in urban areas weather bureau as a state instution to be known as
2. “Escuela Primaria” found in different pueblos Manila Observatory
- It was relocated to anew building in Ermita as a normal
Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595-1769) Jesuit School.

- Cebu City, known as the first educational institution Escuela Publica/ Public school
established in Asia by the Europeans outsideManila
Reyna Isabella II – Pampublikong edukasyon sa bisa ng real orden
- Currently, University of San Carlos, Cebu under SVD ni Reyna Isabella II 20 December 1863
fathers. Founded Padre Antonio Sedeno, SJ
Escuela Normal ( Escuela Normal De Maestros )
Colegio de San Jose Manila (1571)
- 23 January 1865
- 1910 restoration of the Escuela under Jesuits
- Oldest existing Seminary, now part ADMU Katipunan Liceo de Manila – In 1900 the first private school to offer an
- Founded by Padre Pedro Chirino, SJ academic title for Maestro de Obras (Master Builder)

Unibersidad de Santo Tomas Bahay na Bato: THE REALM OF ARISTOCRATIC DOMESTICITY

La Pontificia y Real Universidad de Santo Tomas, Universidad Casa mestiza / Bahay na bato – is evolved from bahay kubo/
Catolica de Filipinas Austronesian House
Founded by the Dominicans/ Fray Miguel Binavides, OP, Primera - Became an inspiration in developing a similar house
Obispo de Nueva Segovia having the same feature but on grader scale
- 1605, Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Santisimo del Bahay na Bato
Rosario
- 1611, renamed as Colegio de Santo Tomas - A new type of domestic architecture emerged from two
- 1645 promoted to University level centuries of gestation
- 1690 received the tittle Pontifical - Combined the elements of the indigenous and Hispanic
- Notable personalities have attended school in this building traditions
institution, including national hero Dr. Jose Rizal and - Prevent the dangers posed by fires, earthquakes, and
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo cyclones
- January 10, 1785 King Charles III of Spain granted the - Simple house of nipa y cana could no longer satisfy the
title “Royal” to the University of Santo Tomas for its demands of the new urban elites and the provincial
contribution to Manila’s defense from the British forces aristocracy

Essential Features:
 - Two storeys, at times, three Puente Grande
- Ground floor is made of cutstone or bricks
- Upper floor is made of wood - The first bridge to ever cross the Pasig River was the
- Grillwork that protect the ground floor windows Puente Grande, a ten-span bridge opened in 1630 by the
- Second storey windows are broad with sliding shutters Spanish colonial government.
whose latticework frames either capiz shells (placuna
Puente de Espana
placenta) or glass panels
- Beneath the pasamano (window sill), auxillary windows - 1875
called ventanillas, (small windows), reach to the floor. - Designed by Jose Echevarria
Protected with either iron grilles or wooden barandillas
(baluster) and sliding wooden shutters Puente de Claveria or (Colgante/Suspension)
- The house is capped by a high hip roof with a 45 degree
angle points to repel rain and discharge warm air - Arroceros to Quiapo Link
- Constructed in 1852 with toll basis
- Designed by French Engr. M. Gabaud

a. Zaguan (vestibule) – lower part as storage area Puente de Convalencia y Ayala

b. Entresuelo (mezzanine area) – raised a meter above
ground. Used as offices for servants quarter - Malacanang to Convalencia
c. Escalera (wooden staircase) – with two landings led to - 1880
the upper floor and directly onto the interior hanging - Designed by M. Gabaud
veranda (caida). Farolas / lighthouse
d. Caida (antesala) – waiting area before being received.
This is the most immediate room from the stairs and San Nicolas Light House (Pasig Farola)
was an all purpose room for entertaining, sewing,
dancing, or even dining - Designed in Renaissance Revivalist Style
e. Sala (Living room) – dances and balls were held during
Waterworks and Utilities
fiestas and special occasions. European influence was
evident in the furniture, draperies, paintings, porcelain Carriedo Water works
jars, or piano adorning the sala
f. Comedor (dining room) – well furnished with silverware, - A piped in water system opened in 1882.
displayed in “plateras” or glass paneled cabinets or - The water daily consumption was drawn by means of
mesa platera pail and kept in jars TAPAYAN to which small alum
g. Cocina (kitchen ) – with its distinctive “banguerra” crystals TAWAS were added for purification for drinking
h. Banyo or paliguan (bathroom) – adjacent to the kitchen.
It was often built separately from the toilet Commercial
i. Latrina (toilet)
1809 Calle Escolta – The premier Business district in the
j. Batalan – metamorphosed into the azotea, an outdoor
Philippines. Some of the entrepreneurs are European commercial,
terrace where the residents and their guests usually
British, French, German and other expatriates.
relaxed
k. Balon (well) and Aljibe (cistern ) – beside the azotea for a. Carinderia with turo turo (ready to eat restaurants) and
food preparation and laundry activities with sari sari/ Tiange (small quantities shop)
l. Volada – cantilevered gallery extending from the b. Mercado – market
exterior of a building c. Botica – Drugstore
m. Cuarto – bedrooms d. Alcalferia – commercial building
e. Almazen – warehouse
Examples of Bahay na Bato:
f. Camarin – store house
1. Syquia Mansion, Vigan g. Fabrica – factory
2. Pamintuan Mansion h. Acieteros – oil house
i. Alciacera – silk house
Infrastructure and Industrial j. Arroceros – rice dealers
k. Jaboneros – soap makers
Ferrocarril (Railway) l. Platerias – silver and gold smiths
m. Salinas – salt maker
- Initiated in 1875 by the royal order issued by king
n. Azucarera – sugar house
Alfonso of Spain
o. Teatro de a lai libre (open air)
- Planned by royal engineer Eduardo Lopez Navarro
p. Sabungan en Rueda – cockfighting arena, earliest
(General Plan for Railways on the island Luzon )
amusement gaming system, cockfighting a vernacular
- This plan aimed to construct a line network totaling
pastime
1730 km
- Cagayan Valley, Central Plains and Bicol Jail 1857, Calabozo, Jail
a. TUtuban Rail station
- Manila to Dagupan line Carcel y Presidio Correccional de Manila. Manila Bilibid Prison,
- Designed by Juan Hervas Radial Configuration with a central panopticon tower. Designed by
b. Tranvias Emilio Diaz and Armando Lopez Ezquerra
- Sponsored by Jocobo Zobel de Zangroniz
- Designed by Luciano Breman and Adolfo Bayo Bank – Real Banco Espano de Las Islas Filipinas de Reyna Isabela II
- Founded the “La Campana Tranvia de Filipinas oldest existing bank in the country located also in Casa Aduana
- Manila to Malabon line
- Owned by the familla Zobel de Ayala
Puentes/ Bridge