Intern at ional Journal of Applied Research 20 16; 2(10): 583-588

ISSN Print: 2394-7500

ISSN Online: 2394-5869
Impact Factor: 5.2
Performance of rural women in self-employment
IJAR 2016; 2(10): 583-588
www.allresearchjournal.com
programme: A study in Nalgonda district
Received: 27-08-2016
Accepted: 28-09-2016
Dr. K Jayasree and Dr. V Suresh Babu
Dr. K Jayasree
Research Associate, Centre for Abstract
Wage Employment, NIRD & The paper evaluates the impact of the National Rural Livelihood Mission in Nalgonda district of
PR, Rajendranagar, Telangana. The Simple Random Sampling method was used to select 100 women beneficiaries
Hyderabad, India
(swarojgaris/self-employment seekers). The swarojgaris who are also Members of grassroot SHGs,
were interviewed to collect information on employment and income in particular. The success of Self
V Suresh Babu
Associate Professor (CCCDM),
Help Groups in Nalgonda district is active involvement in the NRLM programme. Women is very
NIRDPR, Rajendranagar, essential for the success of the any community development initiative. The success of Self Help Groups
Hyderabad, India (SHGs) in Nalgonda district due to the active role played by women. This article is on the role of
women in promotion of Dairy and Tailoring activities in the district. Tailoring is an important means
for generating employment, income enhancement and is a most appropriate household activity. In all
these activities, women have shown their tasks most skillfully. This article will endeavor to show how
“Dairy and Tailoring,” activities, has brought about overall development of individual households.

Keywords: Self-employment, self-help groups, entrepreneurship, skill development, quality of life,

livelihoods, tests of significance

Introduction
Poverty Alleviation Programmes – Genesis of NRLM
The problem of rural poverty was brought into a sharper focus during the Sixth Plan period.
The major programmes of the Rural Development are National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) and National Social Assistance Programme
(NSAP) and Integrated Wasteland Development Programmes (IWDP) etc.
National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) is the ongoing centrally sponsored scheme.
The goal of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) is rural poverty elimination
through the institutions of poor women. To make each poor household in the rural areas
come out of abject poverty, enjoy sustainable and viable livelihoods and lead a life of
dignity, NRLM will reach out to all the rural poor in the country, organize them into women
Self Help Groups (SHGs) and federations of SHGs, enable them to access financial
resources, improve their livelihoods. At least one woman member from each identified rural
poor household is brought under the Self Help Group (SHG). Special emphasis is on
mobilizing women from poorest of poor and most vulnerable tribal groups, single women,
women from woman-headed households, persons with disabilities, released bonded labour
and other vulnerable communities. The mission seeks to cover about 8-10 crore rural poor
and vulnerable households through formation and strengthening of 80-90 lakhs Self Help
Groups.
The NRLM is a central scheme with cost sharing basis of 75:25 by the Central and State
Governments. The scheme involves selection of key activities and planning of activity
clusters. It is implemented through the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with
the active involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), banks, line departments of the
Correspondence
state governments and Non- Government Organizations (NGOs); and there by emphasize on
Dr. K. Jayasree
Research Associate, Centre for participation of both formal and non-formal institutions. While individual families
Wage Employment, NIRD & (Swarojgaris) are eligible for inclusion in the programme, the NRLM laid great stress on the
PR, Rajendranagar, group approach, i.e., members of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for collective action and for
Hyderabad, India ensuring peer group pressure to adhering to work chic and reap benefits of scale economics.

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NRLM provides Revolving Fund [at Rs. 10000- the entire country. The share of SHGs in AP was over 21.3
15000/SHG] and community investment fund which percent to the total SHGs during 2008-2011 (MoRD, GoI).
includes seed capital, Vulnerability Reduction Fund (VRF) Under the Integrated Rural Development Programme
and Community investment fund. A revolving fund (Rs. (IRDP) and Development of Women and Children in Rural
10,000 – 15,000/SHG) is provided to the SHGs is an Areas (DWCRA), a large number of women have been
incentive. Till 30th November 2015, 25.29 Lakh SHGs are benefitted in the state. It may be added that a conducive
promoted. Rs 54530 lakh amount credit accessed. environment has provided the needed support to the poor
rural women covered under NRLM needs critical scrutiny.
Objectives Within the state of AP, Telangana region is considered as
The main objectives of the study are to backward in view of the historical, social and economic
1. Assess the socio-economic impact of NRLM on the reasons. The Telangana region the locus of our study
households with special reference to employment and consists of 10 districts of where eight districts have been
income generation among sample households; and classified as backward by the Planning Commission.
2. Elicit the perceptions of rural poor on NRLM and Since NRLM is a rural development programme, it does not
suggest measures for enhancing the overall impact of have coverage in Hyderabad district which is predominantly
SGSY on the livelihoods of rural poor. urban. Thus, the remaining nine districts are included in the
sampling frame which are found at different levels on socio-
Methodology economic development scale.
Since NRLM facilitates poor people’s access to income The selection of the districts was based on the objective
generating activities and employment opportunities, it is demarcation of high; ‘medium’ and low achievement of
desirable to examine the process in different typologies such NRLM during the year 2006-07. Besides, it is also based on
as backward/rainfed area, moderately developed area and four key indicators viz., concentration of SHGs, credit flow,
area within the vicinity of an urban area. Among the major share in NRLM expenditure and share of SHG members
states i.e., states with a population of over million, Andhra trained. As alluded to the nine (9) districts were rank
Pradesh (AP) is one where the Self-Help Group (SHG) ordered as low, medium and high performance districts for
movement has been very vibrant. The civil society and the the purpose of this study. District from category was
state have been playing an active role in organizing rural randomly selected for the study such as: Nalgonda (within
women drawn largely from the socially and economically ‘high’ progress category), it is to be noted that Nalgonda is
vulnerable sections into SHGs. The SHG movement in AP one of the drought prone districts of the region (See table
is almost three decades old and has emerged as a model for 3.1).

Table 3.1: Physical Progress of NRLM in Telangana -2006-07

No. of Total Share of Share of No. of SHGs
Share of Share Total credit
SHGs expendi- Credit Members taken Average
SHGs of Exp in disbursed to
District formed ture Disbursed trained in up in Econo- (2+4+ Rank
in total total SHGs (Rs. in
since 1999- (Rs. in in total total mic Activi- 6+7)/4
(percent) (percent) Lakhs)
2000 Lakhs) (percent) (percent) ties
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nalgonda 33669 13.77 279.64 9.07 1219 9.82 38.46 7842 17.78 1
Karimnagar 32963 13.48 447.09 14.50 1851.84 14.92 15.07 3073 14.49 2
Khammam 31412 12.85 392.57 12.73 2117.2 17.05 6.75 1377 12.35 3
Mahaboob-
29981 12.26 474.05 15.37 1583.63 12.76 3.12 637 10.88 4
nagar
Warangal 28692 11.74 394.63 12.80 1283.84 10.34 8.34 1700 10.80 5
Nizamabad 24901 10.19 281.04 9.11 1288.44 10.38 5.27 1074 8.74 6
Adilabad 19814 8.11 251.76 8.16 996.03 8.02 9.87 2012 8.54 7
Medak 24026 9.83 337.86 10.96 972.56 7.83 5.39 1100 8.50 8
Ranga Reddy 18996 7.77 225.02 7.30 1102.54 8.88 7.73 1576 7.92 9
Total 244454 100.00 3083.66 100.00 12415.08 100.00 100.00 20391 100.00

From each district, adopting the same criteria two mandals Table 3.2: Details of Selected Sampled Units Blocks
representing varied levels of progress were selected. Thus, a Name of the
total of six mandals were selected from three districts. In the Name of the District Name of the Mandal
village
selection of mandals, the (higher) number of groups formed Nalgonda (100) Bhuvanagiri (50) Thukapur
till the year 2008-09, was also considered as the criterion. Vadaparthy
Following the same procedure sample, villages also were
Nalgonda (50) Musampalli
selected. In each mandal, 10 SHGs were randomly selected
Velugupalli
from the sample villages. In each SHG, 10 Swarojgaris or
Figures in parentheses are sample households drawn from size of
individual beneficiaries were selected. Using the list of
the districts and mandals.
those who secured loan during the years of 2006-07, 2007-
08, 2008-09, 2009-10 the beneficiaries/Swarojgaris were
chosen. Over all 100 Swarojgaris and 20 SHGs (Groups) in
each district were selected for detailed investigation.

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Socio-Economic Profiles of the Beneficiaries Empirical Investigations and Discussion on the Results
Despite the fact that over 90 percent of the families are I. Training of SHG Members
‘nuclear’ the household size was rather high (4.9). Almost Enterprise management usually requires some minimal
80 percent of the sample Beneficiaries are young (20-40 skills and knowledge to perform various tasks. The sample
years); coverage of youth in Nalgonda is 32 percent. Beneficiaries were illiterate, they need to be oriented to
Percentage coverage of the socially disadvantaged in the manage several simple functions such as maintenance of
study area was very high in comparison with their share in book, conduct of meetings, etc., in a phased manner. Basic
the rural population. The economic status of the orientation including awareness generation on NRLM and
Beneficiaries in rural areas in the study area can be traced Skills development were provided by the Zilla Praja
by their principal household occupation. About, 80-90 Parisheds (ZPPs) with the support from NGOs. All the
percent of the sample Beneficiaries are engaged mainly in sample Swarojgaris received basic orientation. However, in
labour, mostly in agriculture. Since all the sample villages in regard to skill up gradation development, the inter-district
the study areas are backward, one would expect low levels variations were considerable; 39 percent received skill
of income for most of the sample beneficiaries. Almost 70 development in Nalgonda district. Coverage of Swarojgaris
percent of the Beneficiaries are agriculture labour while in equipping them with skills is inadequate. It was reported
non-agriculture labourers account for about 18 percent. by the Beneficiaries Swarojgaris that the training offered in
Housing status of the Beneficiarie’s is quite good. A very all the three districts was of good quality. It was also felt
large percentage of the Beneficiaries have good shelter that skills development training was organized better than
whereas very few Beneficiaries (9.3 percent) live in Semi the basic orientation training in all the three districts. The
pucca houses. skills development, training in Nalgonda districts, helped in
Education is one of the key determinants in regard to better management of the scheme. Training on ‘Basket
awareness generation about the NRLM, absorption of Making’ was provided in Nalgonda district. The Swarojgaris
training inputs, comprehending development messages, felt that skill upgradation trainings for their economic
accessing services apart from income generation. Illiteracy activities were necessary. The variations in income flow
is the dominant characteristic feature of the sample from IGAs could be partly ascribable to the exposure or
Beneficiaries (60.6 percent). otherwise to scheme specific skills training. Tables 5.1 &
Access to and ownership of land in the rural India is one of Table 5.2 reflects that more training sessions on Dairy
the determinants of social and the economic standing of an activity were provided. The Swarojgaris were satisfied with
individual. Almost 70 percent of Beneficiaries are landless. regard to the quality of training provided. (See Table 5.2).

Table 5.1: Training Received by the Swarojgaris Activity wise

District Activity No Yes Total

Dairy 26 9 35
Petty Business 8 4 12
Sheep Roaring 6 4 10
Nalgonda
Fruit business 3 5 8
Basket Making 5 3 8
Tailoring 13 14 27

Table 5.2: Aspects covered under Training and Satisfaction of Beneficiaries (Nalgonda)
S. No. Activity Aspect Covered Satisfied
1 Dairy Protection from Diseases, Feeding of the animals, high production, Marketing 9 9
2 Petty Business General stores keeping 4 0
3 Sheep Roaring Sheep to protection from diseases and measures to be taken up in event of death 4 4
4 Fruit Business Prepare juice from fruits 5 3
5 Basket Making Using Baboo sticks making baskets and other items 3 3
6 Tailoring Stitching of all variety designs & Marketing facilities 14 14

A series of hunches were tested using one-way ANOVA Results of one-way ANOVA for NRLM incomes across
that the incomes from the Training are not statistically Skill Training.
significant across social groups (i.e., SCs, STs, OBCs and
others). The results are presented below. District: Nalgonda

ANOVA
NRLMINCOME
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 57409957.640 1 57409957.640 1.396 .240
Within Groups 4029275317.360 98 41115054.259
Total 4086685275.000 99

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The scheme incomes across training are not significantly Making, Tailoring. Among these activities. The most
different in Nalgonda. preferred ones are Dairying (35 percent), Tailoring (27
The flow of credit to Swarojgaris can be gleaned from Table percent) and Petty Business (12 percent) in that order.
5.3. It is very clear that credit disbursement was higher in In Nalgonda district, diary activity fetched more benefit.
Nalgonda since 38 percent of Swarojgaris received credit The Swarojgaris were selling 5 to 7 liters directly to the
exceeding Rs.9000 market @ Rs. 20 to Rs. 25 per liter per day.
In Nalgonda district, the Beneficiaries had evinced keen
Table 5.3: Average Credit Provided to the Beneficiary by Activity interest in tailoring activity since it has been fetching good
(Rs.) returns to the tailors in the market. The Beneficiaries had
District Activity Average Credit N Std. Deviation
received training for 3 to 4 months. The stitched garments
are being sold to the shop keepers in the nearby towns.
Dairy 9128.57 35 798.37
Petty Business 9500.00 12 674.20 b. Income of the Beneficiaries from NRLM
Sheep Rearing 8400.00 10 809.66 Nalgonda: Dairy turned out to be the most profitable
Nalgonda
Fruit Business 8750.00 8 707.11 income generating activity. The average annual income
Basket Making 9125.00 8 834.52
from milch animal scheme was about Rs.43,800/-. Besides it
provided employment throughout the year to the
Tailoring 9185.19 27 833.76 beneficiaries. Next in order of preference on account of
profitability are tailoring and other activities. The gross
II: Income Generation income from IGAs under NRLM varied between Rs.
a. Returns from the NRLM 37,412/- (Petty Business) and Rs. 43,800/- (Dairy). The
In Nalgonda district, main activities taken up were Dairy, capital-output ratio (COR) was, however, higher for ‘Sheep
Petty Business, Sheep Rearing, Fruit Business, Basket Rearing ‘(1:4.75) and lower for ‘Petty Business’ (1:3.77).

Table 5.4: Average Earned income from NRLM - Activity wise (Rs. Per year)
District IGA Number of Beneficiaries NRLM income (Rs.) Capital-Output Ratio
Dairy 35 43,800.00 1:4.53
Petty business 12 37,412.50 1:3.77
Sheep roaring 10 41,250.00 1:4.75
Nalgonda
Fruit Business 8 40,462.50 1:4.23
Basket Business 8 39,881.25 1:4.25
Tailoring 27 47,387.04 1:4.27

Before joining NRLM, Beneficiaries were earning between helped in enhancing the household incomes significantly.
Rs. 500 to Rs. 1000 per month in Nalgonda district. After (See Table 5.5)
joining of NRLM most of the Beneficiaries’ income rose The location effect of the NRLM scheme incomes is also
between Rs. 2000 to Rs. 4000 per month. Incomes levels striking. For instance, the income from dairy was Rs.
before and after joining the NRLM are significantly 43800/- in Nalgonda.
different at 1 percent level of significance and NRLM

Table 5.5: Distribution of Beneficiaries by their monthly income before and after joining the NRLM- Nalgonda
S. No. Monthly Income Category Number of Beneficiaries
After Joining NRLM After Joining NRLM
Before joining NRLM
(Current Prices) (Constant Prices)
1 Up to Rs. 500 18
2 Rs.501-1000 54
3 Rs.1001-1500 26
4 Rs.1501-2000 10
5 Rs.2001-2500 2 2 47
6 Rs.2501-3000 8 38
7 Rs.3001-3500 30 5
8 Rs.3501-4000 26
9 Rs.4001-4500 29
10 Rs.4501-5000 5
11 Rs.5001-5500
Mean income (Rs.) 834 3729
t-value 46.78
**: Significant at 1 percent level.

III. Employment Status of the Beneficiaries Beneficiaries were getting work throughout the year.
a. Employment Status of the Beneficiarie-Swarozgaris Beneficiaries reported on an average 297 days of
The Beneficiaries were getting employment on an average employment. Prior to NRLM, the modal class was 61-90
for 88 days before taking up an activity under NRLM, in days of employment and after the scheme was introduced.
Nalgonda district. After joining NRLM, the employment The Swarozgaris employable status had shifted to 271-300
levels improved considerably. In the past NRLM period, days. Mostly in rainy season the Beneficiaries faced
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problems in securing employment due to lack of transport Swarojgaris (Human Capital) to improve their income
facility to move to other nearby villages and also to carry levels. As incomes improve, the households tend to invest in
out market transactions. Thus, the NRLM has made a health and education of their children (investment in human
significant impact on the employment of sample resources of the next generation) and accordingly responses
beneficiaries as revealed by statistic t-value (see Table 5.6 on items 12-14 are collected. Consequent to improvements
for details). on the preceding indicators, the status of Swarojgaris
households and in particular the society in general is likely
Table 5.6: Distribution of Beneficiaries on the basis of to improve. These aspects are captured with the help of
employment generation – Nalgonda other indicators (15-20) district-wise.
S. Employment Percentage Distribution of Nalgonda district: The income levels of the Beneficiaries
No. (Man Days) Beneficiaries increased by 90 percent after joining SGSY. Previously,
Before Joining only 10 percent of Beneficiaries were aware of
SG After Joining implementation of various rural developmental programmes
SY but after joining SGSY, 80 percent of the Beneficiaries
1 61-90 68 realized while participating in them. Prior to the
2 91-120 22 participation in SGSY, Beneficiaries were hardly spending
3 121-150 10 money on health care and education of their children.
4 151-180
Subsequently the Beneficiaries started sending their children
5 181-210 1
to schools and colleges. There was a spurt in Beneficiaries
6 211-240 3
7 241-270 10
regularly saving their money in the groups. The quantum of
8 271-300 62 savings got enhanced was evident after their joining SGSY.
9 301-330 14 Beneficiaries have been investing in household items,
10 331-365 10 ornaments; thus, assets creation, became a regular
Mean employment phenomenon. There have been changes in the consumption
87 297 pattern as evidenced from intake of quality of food was
(person days)
t-value 64.40 ** reported by 90 percent Beneficiaries prior to staring IGA,
** Statistically significant at 1 percent level. only a 20 percent of them had access to quality food items.
Beneficiaries were also incurring expenditure on health care.
IV. Reduction in Incidence of Poverty after Unfolding of Due to SGSY, women empowerment process had gained
NRLM momentum as 90 percent of them involved in taking
According to the Planning Commission estimates, the household decisions. The indebtedness got reduced and
poverty line the per capita for Andhra Pradesh in 2009-10 many Beneficiaries were free from the clutches of the
was Rs. 693.00 per month. Using the poverty line of AP, money lenders.
poverty ratios were calculated for the three study districts.
The percentage of Beneficiarie households, who had crossed Table 5.8: Benefits of Participation in SGSY- Distribution
the poverty line after enrolment into NRLM, was estimated Responses- Nalgonda (Percent)
by using per capita per month poverty line of Rs.433.43 S. Benefits (Tangible &
(before joining NRLM) for 2004-05 in the State. Before Before After
No. Intangible)
Joining NRLM, 98 percent of Beneficiaries were poor in Yes No Yes No
Nalgonda district. After joining NRLM the 63 percent 1. Adequacy of income 20 80 90 10
Beneficiaries became non-poor which means that still 37
2. Family savings - 100 100 -
percent of sample households continued to be in utter
poverty in Nalgonda district. The details are shown in Table 3. Easy access to credit -- -- 100 -
5.7. 4. Reduction in indebtedness -- 100 100 -
5. Freedom from money lenders 70 30 90 10
Table 5.7: Status before and after Joining NRLM 6. Purchase of Household items 10 90 25 75
District Before NRLM After NRLM 7. Purchase of ornaments 15 85 20 80
Non- Poverty Ratio Non- Poverty Ratio 8. Self-employment skills 25 75 39 61
Poor Poor 9. Skill development -- -- 85 15
poor (%) poor (%)
Nalgonda 98 2 98.0 37 63 37.0 10. Training facilities (Basic) -- -- 100 -
11. Proper Marketing facilities -- -- 60 40
V. Perception of Swarojgaris 12. Children’s education 20 80 100 -
Participation through SHGs in SGSY had helped the Take care of sick person in the
13. 60 40 100
Swarojgaris in several ways. These include both tangible family
and intangible gains. 14. Quality food intake 20 80 90 10
Table 5.8 through light on the percentage of Beneficiaries Increased awareness about the
all the study district reporting progress covering four 15. 10 90 80 20
developmental programmes
categories of benefits. Items from 1-7 relate to the 16. Social status 10 90 90 10
immediate outcomes (economic) accrued /realized by the Decision making in the family
SGSY beneficiaries. The access to and also availing of 17. 15 85 90 10
affairs
amenities (such as training) leading to formation/ 18. Group togetherness/cohesiveness -- -- 85 15
upgradation of skills and higher income earning
19. Improved self-esteem 10 90 100
opportunities (marketing) are included under items 8-11.
20. Social inclusion 10 90 80 20
These factors are expected to enhance the abilities of the
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Conclusion impressions. Jaipur: RBSA, Publishers, 2009, 174.

The main concern of NRLM is to reduce poverty in rural ISBN: 81 7611 462 2. 331.11 CHA P09E.
areas by creating several micro-enterprises through 6. Das BC. Performance of SGSY-SHGs linked to RRBs
systematic planning. A series of measures have been in Karnataka. ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, 55(3&4), 2010,
suggested to transform the poor into entrepreneurs and these 207-216.
include social mobilization, awareness building, 7. Kalkoti, Gopal. Performance of Swarnajyanti Gram
identification of activity clusters with necessary forward and Swarozgar Yojana. Kurukshetra, 2013; 61(4):20-26.
backward linkages, capacity building of the poor
(Swarojgaris) for selected activity and release of credit for
the enterprise.
After the scheme was granted, the NRLM had become the
principal activity for the Swarojgaris. About 70 percent of
the Swarojgaris have operated themselves in the
local/village markets while others have marketed their
products in the nearby villages and towns. The district
administration arranged Melas/Exhibitions for a few
Swarojgaris which were found to be very useful in
understanding the market potential and choice of selling
places. The monthly incomes have improved significantly
due to the NRLM suggesting that the schemes enabled
vertical mobility of the Swarojgaris along the income
ladder. The t-tests confirm that the increase in incomes are
statistically significant. The incremental incomes are higher
in Nalgonda. The employment days have registered
significant increase and most of them achieved full
employment status (i.e., 297 days).
The poverty incidence based on per capita monthly income
at constant prices came down drastically due to NRLM and
the poverty declined to 58 percent from almost cent percent
among the Swarojgaris. The poverty levels varied across
districts and social groups. The poverty levels after getting
into NRLM were 63 percent in Nalgonda. The variations in
the degree of decline were on account of the differences in
earnings from the scheme and also initial economic status of
Swarojgaris in these districts. Across the districts, the
poverty levels in 2009-10 were 60% of Nalgonda.
The present study has proved that inclusive growth can be
made possible by the contribution of Swargaries by means
of the SGHs, which has provided the main thrust to the
governmental efforts over time. In fine, it is crucial to have
SHGs to be in the center of developmental trajectory; and,
thereby their access to economic spheres. This process not
only sets an example for the society in general but also
makes gender equity in particular, crucial to policy making.
Lastly, the findings of our study found echo in the now
familiar Radhakrishna Committee recommendations toward
evolving the much cited National Rural Livelihood Mission
(NRLM) to make NRLM a vibrant movement. The volume
of self-employment in this study indicates that the self-
employment beneficiaries can indeed provide wage
employment to a sizeable number of beneficiaries within the
rural communities. The local institutions such as
Panchayats, SHGs and DRDAs should consolidate the
outlined gains even while strengthening their own human
and physical resource base for sustainable employment and
income generation. Women

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