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Study of Components (Hydrogen Chloride) : Lab Preparation of HCL

The document summarizes the laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and some of its properties. Sodium chloride is reacted with sulfuric acid at 200°C to produce HCl gas, which is then dried with concentrated sulfuric acid and collected by displacing air. HCl gas is highly soluble in water, forming hydrochloric acid. When dissolved in water to 22.2% concentration, HCl reaches its azeotropic point and cannot be further concentrated by boiling. HCl is identified through its reaction with ammonia vapor to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride.

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SANDEEP SINGH
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383 views

Study of Components (Hydrogen Chloride) : Lab Preparation of HCL

The document summarizes the laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) and some of its properties. Sodium chloride is reacted with sulfuric acid at 200°C to produce HCl gas, which is then dried with concentrated sulfuric acid and collected by displacing air. HCl gas is highly soluble in water, forming hydrochloric acid. When dissolved in water to 22.2% concentration, HCl reaches its azeotropic point and cannot be further concentrated by boiling. HCl is identified through its reaction with ammonia vapor to form dense white fumes of ammonium chloride.

Uploaded by

SANDEEP SINGH
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Study of Components (Hydrogen Chloride)

Lab preparation of HCl


200°𝐶
 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ↑
 Gas is dried by passing through concentrated sulphuric acid
 Collected by upward displacement of air
 Reversible reaction, but goes to completion as HCl constantly escapes as gas
 Why 200°?
 Above 200°, sodium sulphate is formed, it forms a hard crust & sticks to the test
tube
 Why displacement of air and not water?
 Because HCl is highly soluble in water
 Why sodium chloride?
 Because it is cheap and abundant
 Why 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 as drying agent, why not quick lime?
 Because other drying agents react with HCl
Preparation of HCl acid from the gas

 What is back suction?


 The rise of HCl into the delivery tube due to decreased pressure
 What would happen if ordinary glass tubing is used?
 Water will fill it, pass into generating flask, stop the reaction, generate heat and result in an
explosion
 Why the funnel arrangement?
 To prevent back suction, to provide a large surface area for absorption of HCl gas
 When is HCl acid formed?
 When HCl gas is passed through water until no more gas is absorbed, HCl acid is formed
which contains 36% HCl by weight i.e. an aqueous solution of HCl in water
 What is an azeotropic mixture?
 An aqueous solution of HCl with 22.2% HCl and 77.8% water by weight; boils at 110°C.
This is an azeotropic solution (one which boils without any change in composition). No
further concentration is possible after this point by boiling.

To show that HCl gas is highly soluble


 What happens inside the flask?
 HCl gas dissolves due to high solubility, pressure decreases
 Why does blue litmus enter flask?
 Outside pressure is higher, so litmus solution enters through jet tube
 Why does blue litmus become red?
 HCl gas forms tiny droplets of HCl acid in moist air, and turns blue litmus red due to
acidic nature

To show HCl is heavier than air


 HCl is 1.28 times heavier than air:
 Blue Litmus must be present as solution
Identification of HCl
 When the jar is filled with HCl, fumes appear above the jar due to formation of HCl acid
(𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟)
𝐻𝐶𝑙 (𝑔) + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑)
 A rod dipped in NH4OHNH4OH and brought near the mouth of the gas jar produces dense
white fumes of ammonium chloride proving that the jar is filled with HCl
𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Properties and test of Hydrogen Chloride:
Hydrogen Chloride is a Diatomic Molecule which consists of two atoms. It is a compound of the
element’s hydrogen and chlorine,
Hydrogen Chloride is a colourless, poisonous gas with an unpleasant, acrid odour. It is highly
soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol and ether. It fumes in moist air. It is not flammable,
and the liquid is a poor conductor of electricity.
When hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, hydrochloric acid is formed.
 Molecular Formula: HCl
 Molecular Mass: 36.5
 Bond; Covalent.
 Melting Point: -114 °C
 Boiling Point: -85 °C
 Formula weight 36.46
 Specific gravity or density 1.2
 Flash Point: none
Chemical Properties of HCl

Type of Reaction Example

(M + HCl ⟶Metal Chloride + Hydrogen)


With metal
2𝑁𝑎 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 ↑

(MO/MOH + HCl ⟶ Metal Chloride + water)


With oxides/hydroxides
𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑂

With (𝑀𝐶𝑂3 /𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + HCl ⟶ Metal Chloride + Water + CO2)


carbonates/bicarbonates 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 ↑

With (𝑀𝑆𝑂3 + HCl ⟶ Metal Chloride + Water + Sulphur dioxide)


sulphites/bisulphites 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂2 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂2 ↑

(MS + HCl ⟶ Metal Chloride + Hydrogen sulphide)


With metal sulphide 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆 ↑

With thiosulphate (S is
not precipitated when
(Thiosulphate + HCl ⟶ Metal Chloride + Water + 𝑆𝑂2 + S↓)
sulphites are treated with
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑆 ↓
HCl, it precipitates only
with thiosulphate)
With nitrates (White
precipitate formed
with 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 is insoluble (Does not normally react with nitrates, but forms precipitate
in nitric acid, but soluble with (𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 , 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3 )2 , 𝐻𝑔(𝑁𝑂3 )2 )
in 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 and forms a 𝐴𝑔 𝑁𝑂3 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 ↓ +𝐻𝑁𝑂3
complex
salt ([𝐴𝑔(𝑁𝐻3 )2 ]+ 𝐶𝑙 − )

Reaction with ammonia


When a rod dipped in ammonia is brought near vapours of HCl, dense white fumes of ammonium
chloride are formed. This is also a confirmatory test for HCl
𝑁𝐻3 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙

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